System and method for CO2 sequestration in marine vessels

Abstract

The invention relates to systems and methods for CO2 sequestration in marine vessels. Systems and methods for sequestering emissions from a marine vessel are provided. Emissions (flue gas from exhaust gas, or CO2 under pressure in a gas cylinder carried on the vessel, or CO2 obtained via capture during the navigation of the vessel) are mixed with seawater in a reactor (e.g., via gas exchange by headspace equilibrium or bubbling by a diffuser) until a pH of 5.5-6.5 is obtained. The system and reactor pumps sea water through a reactor vessel containing reaction media (e.g., carbonate and silicate). The reactor produces an effluent that can be discharged into the ocean. The effluent produced by the reaction according to embodiments has an alkalinity (Alk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of approximately twice as the introduced seawater and has an increased Ca + 2 concentration higher than seawater.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the patent application with the application number 202080037932.7, the filing date of May 22, 2020, and the invention title of "Systems and Methods for CO 2 Sequestration in Marine Vessels".

[0002] Cross - reference to related applications

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 852,236, entitled "Systems and Methods for CO 2 Sequestration in Marine Vessels", filed by Adkins et al. on May 23, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Technical field

[0004] The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for sequestering emissions from marine vessels. Background art

[0005] Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) constitutes approximately 0.04% (400 parts per million) of the atmosphere. Although the total concentration of CO 2 is relatively small, it is a potent greenhouse gas that plays an important role in regulating the temperature of the Earth's surface. Currently, anthropogenic generation of CO 2 occurs at a rate greater than the rate at which CO 2 is consumed and / or stored, resulting in an increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. There is growing concern that the rising levels of CO 2 in the Earth's atmosphere may pose significant environmental challenges. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in developing methods for removing CO 2 from emissions streams and the atmosphere in a manner that prevents its future release into the atmosphere and storing it. This capture and storage are collectively referred to as CO 2 sequestration. 2 Summary of the invention

[0006] Many embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods for sequestering emissions from marine vessels.

[0007] In one embodiment, an emissions sequestration reactor for a marine vessel includes: a reaction vessel having at least a gas inlet in fluid communication with an emissions output stream from the marine vessel, a seawater inlet in fluid communication with a seawater source, and a fluid outlet, the reaction vessel further having at least a mixing zone adjacent to the seawater and gas inlets, and a reaction zone disposed between the mixing zone and the outlet; a reaction medium disposed in the reaction zone and configured to sequester at least one of carbon and sulfur from the output emissions; and, a diffusion grille having a porous reaction medium disposed thereon, located between the mixing zone and the reaction zone, and configured to allow seawater to pass from the mixing zone into the reaction zone while preventing the porous reaction medium from passing into the mixing zone.

[0008] In a further embodiment, the seawater inlet is connected to a structural access point on the hull of the marine vessel.

[0009] In another embodiment, the fluid outlet directs water to a location near the propeller of the marine vessel.

[0010] In yet a further embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes an inflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater inlet for pumping seawater into the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0011] In yet another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes an outflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater outlet for pumping seawater out of the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0012] In still a further embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes sensors for monitoring reaction parameters within the emissions sequestration reactor.

[0013] In still another embodiment, the sensors measure parameters selected from: temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ion concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, and flow rate.

[0014] In yet a further embodiment, the sensors are in communication with a controller configured to control the reaction kinetics.

[0015] In yet another embodiment, the controller controls the reaction kinetics via at least one of: introducing additional reaction medium; increasing the water inflow; increasing the water outflow; decreasing the water inflow; decreasing the water outflow; releasing pressure; increasing pressure; raising temperature; and lowering temperature.

[0016] In further other embodiments, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a reaction medium inlet connected to the reaction vessel to provide additional reaction medium to the reaction zone.

[0017] In another other embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a gravity feed system or a conveyor system for providing a reaction medium to the reactor vessel.

[0018] In still a further embodiment, the reactor vessel is a closed system.

[0019] In still another embodiment, the reactor vessel includes an overpressure vent for maintaining the pressure of the reaction vessel.

[0020] In yet a further embodiment, the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0021] In yet another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for controlling the flow of exhaust gas into the reaction vessel.

[0022] In yet a further other embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for controlling the temperature of the reactor vessel using the heat of the exhaust gas.

[0023] In yet another other embodiment, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0024] In still a further embodiment, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0025] In still another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for enhancing the contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

[0026] In yet a further other embodiment, for emissions sequestration of a marine vessel, it includes: a first reaction vessel having at least a gas inlet in fluid communication with an emissions output stream from the marine vessel and a seawater inlet in fluid communication with a seawater source; a second reaction vessel having at least a fluid outlet; and a reaction medium disposed within the second reaction vessel and configured to sequester at least one of carbon and sulfur from the output emissions, wherein the first reaction vessel and the second reaction vessel are in fluid communication via a conduit.

[0027] In a further embodiment, the seawater inlet is connected to a structural access point on the hull of the marine vessel.

[0028] In another embodiment, the fluid outlet directs water to a location near the marine vessel's propeller.

[0029] In yet a further embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes an inflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater inlet for pumping seawater into the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0030] In yet another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes an effluent pump in fluid communication with the seawater outlet for pumping seawater out of the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0031] In still further embodiments, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes sensors for monitoring reaction parameters within the emissions sequestration reactor.

[0032] In still another embodiment, the sensors measure parameters selected from: temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ionic concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, and flow rate.

[0033] In yet further embodiments, the sensors communicate with a controller configured to control the reaction kinetics.

[0034] In yet another embodiment, the controller controls the reaction kinetics via at least one of the following: introducing additional reaction medium; increasing the water inflow; increasing the water outflow; decreasing the water inflow; decreasing the water outflow; releasing pressure; increasing pressure; raising temperature; and lowering temperature.

[0035] In further other embodiments, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a reaction medium inlet connected to the reaction vessel to provide additional reaction medium to the reaction zone.

[0036] In another other embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a gravity feed system or conveyor system for providing reaction medium to the reactor vessel.

[0037] In still yet further embodiments, the reactor vessel is a closed system.

[0038] In still yet another embodiment, the reactor vessel includes an overpressure vent for maintaining the pressure of the reaction vessel.

[0039] In yet again further embodiments, the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0040] In yet again another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for controlling the flow of waste gas into the reaction vessel.

[0041] In yet further other embodiments, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for using the heat of the waste gas to control the temperature of the reactor vessel.

[0042] In yet another other embodiment, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0043] In still yet further embodiments, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0044] In yet another embodiment, the emissions sequestration reactor further includes a system for enhancing the contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

[0045] In yet another other embodiment, a method for sequestering carbon from a marine vessel includes: providing a reaction medium disposed in a reaction zone of a reaction vessel, the reaction medium configured to sequester contaminants from an emissions source, wherein the contaminants include at least one of carbon and sulfur; mixing seawater with the emissions from the marine vessel; and flowing the mixture of seawater and emissions through a porous medium to sequester the contaminants from the mixture.

[0046] In still further other embodiments, the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0047] In yet another other embodiment, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0048] In still yet further embodiments, the reaction medium includes particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0049] In still yet another embodiment, the seawater is obtained from a structural access point on the hull of the marine vessel that is in fluid communication with the reaction vessel.

[0050] In still yet another further embodiment, the reaction vessel includes a fluid outlet.

[0051] Other embodiments and features are set forth in part in the following description, and, when examining this specification, will become apparent in part to those skilled in the art or may be learned by practice of the disclosed subject matter. A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present disclosure can be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings that form a part of this disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] These and other features and advantages of the apparatus and method will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying data and drawings, which are presented as exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be construed as an exhaustive recitation of the scope of the method of the present invention, wherein:

[0053] Figure 1A-1B A schematic diagram of a reactor system according to an embodiment is provided.

[0054] Figure 2 An emissions sequestration method according to an embodiment is provided.

[0055] Figure 3Data regarding steady-state calculation methods for a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided.

[0056] Figure 4 Data regarding the impact of seawater mixing on a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided.

[0057] Figure 5 Data regarding the impact of volume and flow rate on a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided.

[0058] Figure 6 Data regarding the impact of volume and flow rate on the DIC flux from a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided.

[0059] Figure 7 Data regarding the impact of volume and flow rate on the pCO 2 output from a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided.

[0060] Figure 8 Data regarding the impact of mixing ratio on a reactor system according to an embodiment are provided. Detailed Embodiments

[0061] Now referring to the drawings, systems and methods for sequestering emissions (e.g., CO 2 ) are provided. In various embodiments, carbon emissions are obtained from sources such as: e.g., ambient capture (e.g., direct air capture), from a ship or other emitter, or from the exhaust of CO 2 that is contained or compressed. In certain embodiments, the emissions (flue gas from the exhaust of a ship, or CO 2 under pressure in a gas cylinder carried on a ship, or CO 2 obtained via capture during ship operation) are mixed with seawater in a reactor (e.g., via gas exchange balanced through a headspace or bubbling through a diffuser) until the seawater is acidified (e.g., having a pH of 5.5 - 6.5). Various embodiments of the system and reactor pump seawater through a reactor vessel containing reaction medium particles. The reaction medium according to various embodiments includes one or more of carbonates (e.g., CaCO 3 , aragonite, calcite, sodium bicarbonate, etc.) and / or silicates (e.g., MgSiO 3 , olivine, pyroxene, mafic rock, etc.). Many embodiments utilize CaCO 3 with an average particle size of 100 μm (e.g., fine sand size). Certain embodiments have a particle size finer than 100 μm. In some embodiments, the reactor produces an effluent that can be discharged into the ocean. Using CaCO3 Exemplary reactions of the medium include CO 2 + seawater + CaCO 3 , where the effluent includes dissolved Ca +2 and HCO 3 - ions such that the water leaving the reactor vessel has approximately twice or greater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and alkalinity (Alk) as the introduced seawater and has an increased Ca +2 concentration (e.g., at least about 10% higher than the seawater value).

[0062] Similar to the foregoing, further embodiments also remove sulfur emissions from sources (including flue gas, ambient capture, or storage therein), where sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) or other sulfur oxides (SO x ) are mixed with seawater and reacted with a carbonate or silicate reaction medium. In such an embodiment, SO 2 + seawater + CaCO 3 produces SO 4 in the effluent.

[0063] Embodiments of implementing the reactor system

[0064] Referring to the accompanying drawings, embodiments of a system for treating emissions from marine vessels are provided. Figure 1A-1B An emissions treatment reactor according to many embodiments is illustrated. In particular, Figure 1A a single-stage reactor 100 is illustrated, while Figure 1B a two-stage reactor 150 is illustrated.

[0065] In Figure 1AIn many embodiments, a reaction vessel 102 is in fluid communication with an inlet 104 for emissions (e.g., gaseous carbon, sulfur, etc.). Further embodiments include a water inlet 106 for seawater that is in fluid communication with the reaction vessel 102. In many embodiments, the inlet 106 is connected to a structural access point (e.g., a hole, aperture, or drain) in the hull of a ship such that incoming water can flow directly into the reaction vessel 102. Some embodiments include an inflow pump 108 that is in fluid communication with the inlet 106 and that is configured to assist in moving seawater into the reaction vessel 102. Further embodiments include a water outlet 110 for seawater, and some of these embodiments include an outflow pump 112 that is in fluid communication with the outlet 110 and that is configured to assist water in leaving the reaction vessel 102. A substantial amount of reaction medium 114 is disposed within the reactor vessel 102 in many embodiments, and the reaction medium 114 is configured to sequester carbon from the output emissions. In various embodiments, the reaction medium 114 includes one or more of carbonates and silicates. In various embodiments, the reaction medium 114 is separated from the inlet 104 by a diffusion grid 116. While some embodiments are configured to operate at ambient pressure, other embodiments are configured to operate at a specific pressure or pressure range. Certain embodiments include an overpressure vent 118 that is configured to maintain the pressure of the reaction vessel and / or act as a pressure relief (unloading) vent by discharging excess fluid (e.g., gas or water) in the event that the pressure within the reaction vessel 102 exceeds an appropriate limit. Further, some embodiments include a reaction medium inlet 120 that is connected to the reaction vessel 102 and that is configured to provide additional reaction medium 114 to the reaction zone 115. Certain embodiments further include a system 119 that is configured to enhance the contact between the gas phase rising from the inlet 104 and the liquid phase rising from the inlet 106. In certain embodiments, the system 119 that is configured to enhance the contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase is a bubbler.

[0066] During operation of such a system implementation, the exhaust gas is piped into the reaction system 100 via the inlet 104. In some such implementations, ship exhaust gas is emitted from the main engine via a manifold through a chimney (typically) located near the rear (stern) of the ship or vessel. In certain implementations, the inlet 104 includes valves, nozzles, connectors, special geometries (e.g., U-shaped bodies), blowers, and / or other fixtures for improving the flow into the reaction vessel 102 and / or for preventing any substances within the reaction vessel 102 from flowing back into the inlet 104. Any method or system for capturing ship exhaust may be employed according to the implementation to direct the exhaust gas through the seawater reaction system. It will be understood that the reactor system according to the implementation may be combined with other emissions systems typically integrated with the ship exhaust system (including, for example, "scrubbers" configured to remove particulate waste or standard pollutants (e.g., NOx, SOx, PM, VOC, etc.)). Implementations may also employ an exhaust system that mixes the exhaust gas with seawater (also known as a "wet exhaust" system), which is used on many inboard motor boats. In such a process, the water is heated while the gas is cooled. The heating of the seawater can enhance its kinetic "power (energy)", such that dissolution occurs faster than described below for baseline measurements (baseline measurements for seawater at T = 21°C). Various calculations and / or measurements have shown that the carbonate dissolution rate in seawater as a function of temperature at unsaturated levels, as expected for the application, will increase by a factor of 3 - 4 for temperatures increasing from 5°C to 37°C.

[0067] When the flue gas is directed into the system through the gas inlet 104, the water inlet 106 moves seawater into the reaction vessel 102 with or without the pump 108, and the seawater leaves the reaction vessel 102 via the outlet 110 with or without the second pump 112. The combination of the inlet 106 and the outlet 110 causes the water to cycle through the system at a desired rate (e.g., 1000 - 2000 liters per second). The specific configuration of the inflow pump 108 and the outflow pump 112 varies with the specific location of the reactor 100. For example, if the reactor is located below the ship's waterline, the inlet 106 may be provided via gravity feed such that the water is pushed into the reaction chamber 102 without the assistance of the pump 108. However, an outflow pump 112 may be required to remove the water from the reaction vessel 102. As a corollary, if the reactor 100 is above the ship's waterline, an inflow pump 108 may be required to introduce the water into the reaction vessel 102, while the outlet 110 may be configured for gravity feed. The pumping intensity of the inflow pump 108 or the outflow pump 112 depends on the specific location of the reactor 100, such that a greater distance from the ship's waterline to the reactor 100 may necessitate a stronger pump.

[0068] In various embodiments, incoming water is pumped from a sea chest (sea-chest) located below the ship into the reaction system, and the sea chest screens out large debris. Although such a configuration is shown in the figure, in which the water mixes with the flue gas when entering the bottom of the reaction vessel 102, it should be understood that the water can be mixed with the flue gas in any configuration (e.g., from the top or side of the reaction vessel). In some embodiments, seawater entering at surface ocean temperatures (0 - 30 °C) can be heated by the flue gas (as described above) or by waste heat from an engine using a heat exchanger.

[0069] In many embodiments, the effluent pump 112 can be configured to remove water from the reaction vessel at the same rate as the water enters. In various embodiments, by allowing the water column above the sediment-water slurry to act as a sediment barrier, the removal of the fine-grained medium (e.g., CaCO 3 ) from the outlet pump can be minimized. In various embodiments, when this configuration allows seawater to return to the ocean by overflow or gravity feed, the return pump can be omitted.

[0070] In various embodiments, seawater / gas is mixed at the mixing zone 122 of the reaction vessel 100. This mixing section can be separated from the main reaction vessel 102 by a diffusion grid 116. A large amount of reaction medium (e.g., a layer of limestone with a diameter of about 6’’ and about 1.3 cm) is provided on this grid. This reaction medium layer acts as a permeable horizon through which the mixture of water and gas moves before encountering limestone of fine sand size. On this permeable horizon, another large amount of reaction medium (e.g., CaCO with a diameter size of 100 µm 3 (limestone)) is provided so that it can react with seawater + CO 2 during the water residence time (e.g., about 8 minutes) inside the reactor. In an embodiment, the turbulence inside the reaction vessel can thoroughly mix the calcium carbonate, allowing the gas / seawater mixture to penetrate the reaction medium. It is understood that in some embodiments, the volume of the reaction vessel in which the gas and seawater are mixed can be adjusted by moving the position of the grid. Additionally, although specific examples of the particle size of the reaction medium are provided, other sized particles can also be directly located on top of the grid 116, just as a layer of limestone particles of pebble-cobblestone size can be provided to assist in the mixing of the water-gas mixture when the water-gas mixture penetrates through a pile of limestone particles of fine sand size.

[0071] During the process, this fine reaction medium (e.g., limestone sand) is converted into ionic products (e.g., Ca and HCO 3) And thus must be continuously replenished. Accordingly, in many embodiments, access components may be provided to ensure a continuous supply of the medium within the reaction vessel (e.g., via gravity feed, conveyor systems, or other loading devices). For example, in various embodiments, the reaction medium may be provided via a transport mechanism that includes a slurry having surface seawater. In such a configuration, water is carried by the input device (e.g., water and flue gas may enter via inlet 104 and inlet 106). Such limestone slurry may be disposed within a shipping container (e.g., within a removable bladder) such that the slurry may flow by gravity to its mixing destination. Embodiments of such bladders may be movable such that they may be folded at the destination and returned to the port of origin to free up the container for cargo on the return voyage. In various other embodiments, dedicated shipping containers may be used to contain the slurry mixture. In some such embodiments, the containers may be made collapsible such that they may be shipped back without being displaced like many cargo containers.

[0072] However, standard shipping containers or twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) may not be able to withstand being filled with the medium in terms of mass, e.g., a TEU filled with a carbonate medium may exceed the loading limit of the TEU. Accordingly, certain embodiments use various alternative methods to hold and / or store the medium. Some embodiments may use towed slurry bags such that the reaction medium does not occupy cargo space. Embodiments of such bags may have one or more mechanisms for getting the slurry to the ship, including, for example, an internal bladder arranged to pump the slurry onto the ship via a tow rope, an electric power, an internal bladder that expands via water being pumped in (freshwater or seawater) to extrude the slurry, and a mechanical device for extruding or vacuuming out the slurry. The slurry system in various embodiments may also be integrated into the ship's ballast mechanism. In such an embodiment, the slurry is loaded and then, as the slurry is consumed, the slurry is displaced by seawater. In such an embodiment, the bladder and / or other mechanisms may remain separate. It is understood that any and all of the foregoing may be provided with monitoring, control, and safety mechanisms. Additional embodiments use hoppers or other storage systems that are constructed and configured to hold large amounts of the medium.

[0073] While the foregoing discussion provides CaCO 3 as a possible reaction medium, it will be understood that other materials capable of sequestering CO 2Any reaction medium. Exemplary materials include, for example, calcite, aragonite, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium silicate, and the like. Certain embodiments introduce a combination of carbonate and silicate media for the reaction. Various embodiments use carbonate / silicate ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, or higher to optimize reaction conditions and / or kinetics. Certain embodiments are capable of varying the carbonate / silicate ratio to optimize reaction conditions and / or reaction kinetics.

[0074] In addition, the reaction medium need not be pure, such that some media may contain additional components, provided that the reaction medium is capable of reacting in the reactor to sequester carbon, sulfur, or other emissions. When the reaction material is CaCO 3 , it may be ground high-purity limestone or it may be CaCO 3 obtained by dredging carbonate-rich sediments, including calcium carbonate-rich sediments. The composition of CaCO 3 (whether it is pure calcite or pure aragonite or other substances) will affect the rate of dissolution and thus the rate of neutralization of CO 2 and / or sulfur. For example, in various embodiments, if aragonite is used instead of calcite, the dissolution rate of the reaction can be increased. The reaction rate can also be changed by varying the particle size of the reactant materials (e.g., carbonates, silicates, etc.). For example, the dissolution of particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm is about 30 times slower than that of particles of about 70 - 100 μm. Thus, in many embodiments, finer granulated media (e.g., carbonates and / or silicates) can be used to increase the reaction rate. In addition, the particle size can be adjusted to control the bubble size, which can increase the interaction between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

[0075] In further embodiments, the pressure, temperature, and / or other relevant reaction parameters are varied to control the reaction kinetics. Certain embodiments regulate the temperature via the use of engine heat by using a circulation line configured to capture heat generated from one or more engines. Additional embodiments are configured to utilize heat from the exhaust gas to raise the temperature for the reaction. Certain embodiments include a system for cooling the reactor or the reactor vessel. In some such embodiments, reactor cooling is achieved by a circulation line passing through a body of water. Other embodiments can control the temperature by using auxiliary heating or cooling elements (e.g., heaters and coolers).

[0076] Some embodiments are open systems that allow the reaction to occur at ambient pressure in a particular location. Other embodiments are closed systems that allow the pressure to gradually increase and / or be regulated within the reaction vessel. The reaction pressure can be gradually increased by introducing water and gas into the reactor. In some embodiments, the reaction pressure is regulated using a valve (e.g., overpressure vent 118), which can be opened to release or maintain pressure while the pressure is increased by introducing exhaust gas.

[0077] Some embodiments include one or more sensors 124 to monitor reaction parameters such as temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ionic concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, flow rate, and / or any other relevant parameter. In many of these embodiments, the sensor 124 communicates (e.g., wired or wirelessly) with a monitor or controller 126 to provide readings, alerts, and / or to record the status of the ongoing reaction. In further embodiments, the monitor or controller 126 is configured to control the reaction kinetics by introducing additional reaction medium, increasing or decreasing the water inflow or outflow, releasing or increasing the pressure, increasing or decreasing the temperature, and / or any other relevant parameter for controlling the reaction kinetics. The advantage of monitoring and controlling reaction parameters is to maintain reactor efficiency and maintain the chemical composition of the effluent water. For example, the introduction of too much base in the effluent can cause precipitation of carbonates, resulting in the release of CO 2 , rendering part or all of the capture efficiency ineffective.

[0078] Within the reaction vessel of many embodiments, CO 2 equilibrates with seawater and dissolves in the water; however, other gases (e.g., N 2 and / or Ar) and unreacted CO 2 can be directed to the overpressure vent 118 (e.g., via a suitable vent stack). Similarly, an outflow 110, with or without an outflow pump 112, directs water out of the reaction vessel via a suitable pipe and back to the ocean. In many embodiments, the water can leave the ship through a (conical and perforated) diffuser tube located at any suitable location. Allowing the effluent water to exit the discharge pipe in smaller amounts along the perforations enhances the mixing and dilution of the effluent with the surrounding seawater. In various embodiments, the outlet can be located near the ship's propeller. In such embodiments, immediate dilution (50x) of the reaction vessel effluent is achieved. Subsequently, through the action of the propeller blades and the turbulence in the ship's wake, the water is further mixed with the surface seawater.

[0079] Figure 1BDescribe a two-stage reaction reactor 150 according to many embodiments. In the two-stage reactor 150 of many embodiments, a first reaction vessel 152 is used to mix the gas feedstock coming in via inlet 104 with the water coming in via inlet 106 to produce acidified water, where both inlets 104, 106 are in fluid communication with the first reaction vessel 152. In addition, a second reaction vessel 154 allows a reaction between the acidified water produced in the first reaction vessel 152 and the reaction medium 114. The neutralized effluent from the second reaction vessel 154 is discharged through an outlet 110 that is in fluid communication with the second reaction vessel 154. As described elsewhere herein, the inflow and outflow of water can be assisted by using one or more pumps 108, 112 that are in fluid communication with the water inlet 106 or the outlet 110. In certain embodiments, the first reaction vessel 152 is in fluid communication with the second reaction vessel 154 via a conduit 156 to allow the acidified water from the first reaction vessel 152 to travel to the second reaction vessel 154. In many embodiments, the flow through the conduit 156 is supported by a pump 158 that is in fluid communication with the conduit 156. However, certain embodiments use gravity-assisted conveyance by placing the first reaction vessel 152 above the second reaction vessel 154. Overpressure within either of the reaction chambers 152, 154 can be discharged through an overpressure vent 118, and additional reaction medium can be input into the second reaction vessel 154 via a reaction medium inlet 120. One or more sensors 124 can be added to one or both of the reaction vessels 152, 154 to monitor the reaction conditions. As described elsewhere herein, the sensor 124 can communicate with a monitor or controller 126 to monitor or control the reaction conditions within the reaction vessels 152, 154.

[0080] It will be understood that the reaction vessels 102, 152, 154 can be of any suitable size or volume. For example, an increase in the size of a ship or other marine vessel is accompanied by an increase in the power plant source, which generates more emissions. Larger reaction vessels 102, 152, 154 will compensate for the increased CO 2 generated. In addition, an increase in the speed of a ship or other marine vessel increases the CO 2 emissions due to the increased propulsion force, and thus, additional reaction vessel size will compensate for faster marine transportation.

[0081] In various embodiments, the reaction vessels can be multiple standard containers (or twenty-foot equivalent units or TEUs). For example, in some embodiments, the reaction vessel can be 10m × 10m × 10m, and thus approximately 1000m 3 (= 35,000 cubic feet 3) The volume of which is equivalent to 27 TEUs or a stack of 20' containers with a 3×3×3 configuration. It is understood that such a reaction vessel will be configured to hold corrosive (pH 6) seawater that can weigh up to 48,000 pounds. In some embodiments, such a reaction vessel can be made of, for example, stainless steel, titanium, or any other suitable metal. Although a specific volume of the reaction vessel has been described, such vessels can be provided in a variety of volumes such that CO can be implemented at different rates and volumes depending on the desired operating conditions. 2 Neutralization.

[0082] It should be understood that reactors 100, 150 can be included on any number of the following vessels or applications: including cargo ships, ferries, tankers, cruise ships, ocean liners, and other marine vessels. It should also be understood that reactors 100, 150 as described herein are applicable to capturing or sequestering many types of emissions and are not limited to ships or other marine vessels. Certain embodiments are configured to be static and capture atmospheric carbon, sulfur, or other emissions such that the reactor is combined with a direct air capture system. Further, when implemented on a marine vessel, various embodiments are configured to be stand-alone systems that can be installed during the retrofit of an existing marine vessel, while other embodiments are integrally constructed during the construction of a new-build vessel.

[0083] Reference Figure 2 , and other embodiments relate to methods of sequestering carbon using a carbon sequestration reactor (such as those described herein). Specifically, Figure 2 illustrates method 200 of sequestering carbon using a reactor embodiment. At 202, many embodiments provide a reaction medium in a reaction vessel, as described elsewhere herein, disposed within the reaction vessel. At 204, various embodiments mix seawater and emissions from a source within the reaction vessel. As described elsewhere herein, one or more reaction vessels can be used, depending on the use of a single-stage or two-stage reactor. Similarly, some embodiments can provide the reaction medium 202 and mix the seawater and emissions 204 in a single reaction vessel, or, the reaction medium 202 can be provided to a first reaction vessel and the seawater and emissions can be mixed in a second reaction vessel. At 206, many embodiments pass the mixture of seawater and emissions through the reaction medium such that carbon is sequestered from the mixture. It should be noted that various embodiments will perform the features of method 200 simultaneously and / or in a different order than Figure 2 that described and illustrated therein.

[0084] Some embodiments include more than one reactor 100, 150 within a larger system for sequestering carbon, sulfur, or other emissions. In such embodiments, multiple reactors 100, 150 are placed in series or in parallel. For example, in series, the effluent from one reactor can be fed into a second reactor to allow additional reactions and neutralization of the acidity in the water. When using a two-stage reactor 150, some systems use only the second reaction chamber 154 to allow continued neutralization of the water via the reaction medium 114. In embodiments using a parallel system, one gas inlet 104 can be fed into multiple reactors 110, 150 to increase the amount of carbon, sulfur, or other emissions dissolved in the water and acidifying the water.

[0085] The present invention includes the following aspects / embodiments / features in any order and / or in any combination:

[0086] 1. An emissions sequestration reactor for a marine vessel, comprising:

[0087] A reaction vessel having at least a gas inlet in fluid communication with an effluent output stream of emissions from a marine vessel, a seawater inlet in fluid communication with a seawater source, and a fluid outlet, the reaction vessel further having at least a mixing zone adjacent to the seawater and the gas inlet, and a reaction zone disposed between the mixing zone and the outlet;

[0088] A reaction medium disposed in the reaction zone and configured to sequester at least one of carbon and sulfur from the output emissions; and

[0089] A diffusion grid having a porous reaction medium disposed thereon, located between the mixing zone and the reaction zone, and configured to allow seawater to pass from the mixing zone into the reaction zone while preventing the porous reaction medium from passing into the mixing zone.

[0090] 2. The emissions sequestration reactor of any preceding or subsequent embodiment / feature / aspect, wherein the seawater inlet is connected to a structural access point on the hull of the marine vessel.

[0091] 3. The emissions sequestration reactor of any preceding or subsequent embodiment / feature / aspect, wherein the fluid outlet directs the water to a location near the propeller of the marine vessel.

[0092] 4. The emissions sequestration reactor of any preceding or subsequent embodiment / feature / aspect, further comprising an inflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater inlet for pumping seawater into the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0093] 5. The emissions sequestration reactor of any preceding or subsequent embodiment / feature / aspect, further comprising an outflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater outlet for pumping seawater out of the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0094] 6. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a sensor for monitoring reaction parameters within the emissions sequestration reactor.

[0095] 7. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the sensor measures a parameter selected from: temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ionic concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, and flow rate.

[0096] 8. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the sensor communicates with a controller configured to control reaction kinetics.

[0097] 9. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the controller controls reaction kinetics via at least one of: introducing additional reaction medium; increasing the inlet water flow; increasing the outlet water flow; decreasing the inlet water flow; decreasing the outlet water flow; releasing pressure; increasing pressure; raising temperature; and lowering temperature.

[0098] 10. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a reaction medium inlet connected to the reaction vessel to provide additional reaction medium to the reaction zone.

[0099] 11. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a gravity feed system or conveyor system for providing reaction medium to the reactor vessel.

[0100] 12. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reactor vessel is a closed system.

[0101] 13. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reactor vessel includes an overpressure vent for maintaining the pressure of the reaction vessel.

[0102] 14. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0103] 15. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for controlling the flow of exhaust gas into the reaction vessel.

[0104] 16. The emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for using the heat of the exhaust gas to control the temperature of the reactor vessel.

[0105] 17. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0106] 18. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0107] 19. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for enhancing the contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

[0108] 20. An emissions sequestration reactor for a marine vessel, comprising:

[0109] A first reaction vessel having at least a gas inlet in fluid communication with an emissions output stream from the marine vessel and a seawater inlet in fluid communication with a seawater source,

[0110] A second reaction vessel having at least a fluid outlet; and

[0111] A reaction medium disposed within the second reaction vessel and configured to sequester at least one of carbon and sulfur from the output emissions;

[0112] wherein the first reaction vessel and the second reaction vessel are in fluid communication via a conduit.

[0113] 21. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the seawater inlet is connected to a structural access point located on the hull of the marine vessel.

[0114] 22. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the fluid outlet is located near the propeller of the marine vessel.

[0115] 23. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising an inflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater inlet for pumping seawater into the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0116] 24. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising an outflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater outlet for pumping seawater out of the reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

[0117] 25. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising sensors for monitoring reaction parameters within the emissions sequestration reactor.

[0118] 26. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the sensor measures a parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ionic concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, and flow rate.

[0119] 27. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the sensor communicates with a controller configured to control reaction kinetics.

[0120] 28. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the controller controls reaction kinetics via at least one of the following: introducing additional reaction medium; increasing the inlet water flow rate; increasing the outlet water flow rate; decreasing the inlet water flow rate; decreasing the outlet water flow rate; releasing pressure; increasing pressure; raising temperature; lowering temperature.

[0121] 29. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a reaction medium inlet connected to the reaction vessel to provide additional reaction medium to the reaction zone.

[0122] 30. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a gravity feed system or conveyor system for providing reaction medium to the reactor vessel.

[0123] 31. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reactor vessel is a closed system.

[0124] 32. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reactor vessel includes an overpressure vent for maintaining the pressure of the reaction vessel.

[0125] 33. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0126] 34. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for controlling the flow of exhaust gas into the reaction vessel.

[0127] 35. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for using the heat of the exhaust gas to control the temperature of the reactor vessel.

[0128] 36. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0129] 37. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0130] 38. An emissions sequestration reactor of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, further comprising a system for enhancing contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

[0131] 39. A method for sequestering carbon from a marine vessel, comprising:

[0132] providing a reaction medium disposed in a reaction zone of a reaction vessel, the reaction medium configured to sequester contaminants from an emissions source, wherein the contaminants comprise at least one of carbon and sulfur;

[0133] mixing seawater with emissions from a marine vessel; and

[0134] flowing the mixture of seawater and emissions through a porous medium such that the contaminants are sequestered from the mixture.

[0135] 40. The method of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates and silicates.

[0136] 41. The method of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

[0137] 42. The method of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

[0138] 43. The method of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the seawater is obtained from an access point of a structure on the hull of the marine vessel that is in fluid communication with the reaction vessel.

[0139] 44. The method of any of the foregoing or subsequent embodiments / features / aspects, wherein the reaction vessel includes a fluid outlet.

[0140] Exemplary embodiments

[0141] Although specific embodiments of reaction systems, reaction system functions, and reaction system applications are discussed in the following sections, it should be understood that these embodiments are provided by way of example and are not intended to be limiting.

[0142] Exemplary setup

[0143] In one exemplary illustrative example, 1.25×10 9 g supply of CaCO 3Titrate the CO produced by a ship burning 175 tons of diesel fuel per day (a 10,000 TEU ship traveling at 21 knots). 2 Assuming a porosity of 50%, this mass (and thus volume) of particulate CaCO 3 could be contained in a space equivalent to 24.3 standard 20' shipping containers (TEU). A shipping container (one TEU) is 8'×8.5'×20'. It is 38.14 m 3 . Thus, approximately 24 shipping containers of CaCO 3 (porosity 50%) per day would have to be used to neutralize a ship of >10,000 TEU traveling at 20 knots. This is based on 175 tons of fuel per day and a conversion factor to carbon of 0.855. This is approximately 15×10 7 grams of CaCO 3 (514,890 moles of carbon) per TEU.

[0144] In the following example simulations, the following assumptions are made:

[0145] - 5% of the CO in the flue gas 2 ,

[0146] - A reactor of volume 10×10×10 m 3 ,

[0147] - Seawater flowing through a volume of 50% rock and 50% pre-bubbled CO 2 / seawater at a flow rate of 250 liters per second

[0148] - An initial alkalinity (Alk) of 2200 μmol / L, an initial dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of 2000 μmol / L, and an initial [Ca] of 10.3 mmol / L

[0149] - A limestone reaction medium ground to a diameter of 100 μm

[0150] - Dissolution rate data (uncatalyzed) at 21°C determined experimentally.

[0151] In these embodiments, the calculations are performed in 3 steps:

[0152] 1. Bubble the flue gas into the seawater and assume complete equilibrium.

[0153] 2. Calculate the time course (progress time) of the dissolution reaction in the reactor.

[0154] 3. Obtain the output of the steady-state reactor and mix it with different amounts of ambient seawater.

[0155] Based on these parameters and the average transit times across the Atlantic (9 days) and Pacific (16 days), the ship would need to carry between 219 and 389 shipping containers (TEUs) equivalent in volume to those filled with CaCO 3 . However, the mass of a TEU filled with CaCO 3 can exceed the weight specification of the TEU, and thus, the TEU may not be completely filled with the reaction medium. Similarly, additional TEUs and / or hoppers may be needed to accommodate all of the reaction medium.

[0156] As will be discussed in more detail below, to achieve this degree of CO 2 neutralization, seawater must be pumped from the surface ocean at a rate of 36,000 - 72,000 liters per second (571,000 - 1,141,000 grams per minute), into the gas equilibration chamber and through the reaction chamber (containing CaCO 3 ). Assuming a ship speed of 20 knots (approx. 10 meters per second), this maximum water flux would require a hull opening of 7.25 m 2 (approx. 9'×9') to achieve the required 72,000 liters per second.

[0157] Example 1: Time course for the research reactor to reach steady state

[0158] Method: In the first study, the time course in the steady state direction of the following various parameters of a reactor according to an embodiment was provided: including pH, pCO 2 , [CO 3 , alkalinity (Alk), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)), and saturation (Ω, which is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the formation or dissolution of a mineral according to the following: ).

[0159] Results: The data was summarized in Figure 3 . In this study, the ambient seawater had 2000 μmol / L of DIC and 2200 μeq / L of Alk. The reactor input (after mixing between seawater and flue gas) had 3768 μmol / L of DIC, 2200 μeq / L of Alk, and 5000 ppm of pCO 2 . The calculated output after reaction was: 4880 μmol / L of DIC, 4425 μeq / L of Alk, and 1562 ppm of pCO 2 . This indicates that the reaction does dissolve a significant fraction of the carbon introduced into the reactor. Specifically, the reaction dissolves 1.05×10 5 moles of C per day, which is equivalent to one TEU of carbonate every 4 days. As discussed, based on the estimate, this would not be sufficient to capture all of the CO 2Emissions. However, as also shown, the Ω or saturation level in the reactor is only 0.73 (where 1 represents saturation).

[0160] Conclusion: This means that the reactor conditions (e.g., volume, flow rate, etc.) can be further designed to increase the reaction rate. In the following sections, a further discussion on how to (according to the embodiments) the reaction rate in the reactor will be provided.

[0161] Example 2: Study on the mixing of the output 2 of pCO

[0162] Method: As described above, the pCO at the steady-state output in the reactor 2 is approximately 1562 ppm. This pCO 2 output is high and can cause outgassing from the reactor effluent, which will reduce the net carbon sequestration. According to some embodiments, the effluent can be mixed with seawater at the output to reduce this pCO 2 .

[0163] Result: As Figure 4 shown in the data graph, mixing the output effluent with seawater significantly reduces the pCO of the effluent 2 . Specifically, at a mixing ratio of 5 times, the pCO 2 drops to approximately 1350 ppm, at 10 times, it drops to approximately 889 ppm, and at 30 times, it drops to approximately 641 ppm.

[0164] Example 3: Influence of the reactor volume and flow rate on the reactor efficiency

[0165] Method: In the third study, as Figure 5-7 summarized in, the effects of reactor volume and flow rate on multiple reactor parameters were studied.

[0166] Result: Specifically, as Figure 5 shown in, lower flow rates and larger volumes allow the reaction to proceed further to completion, such as increasing the DIC, alkalinity, etc. in the reactor effluent. However, the more important parameter is the DIC flux through the system (e.g., the product of [DIC] and the flow rate). The data from the study of this DIC flux are provided in Figure 6 . As shown, the DIC flux does not depend on the reactor volume, but the change in the flow rate is large compared to the change in DIC.

[0167] Conclusion: Based on these studies, a flow rate of approximately 2000 liters per second will provide a residence time of 0.66 TEU per day, which means that using four to five such systems will potentially achieve the target sequestration rate of 3 TEU per day. As Figure 7 shown in, pCO 2The output is affected by both the flow rate and the volume. At a given flow rate, a larger reactor volume results in a lower pCO 2 value. This effect will be further discussed in the following section.

[0168] Example 4: Influence of volume on post-mixing

[0169] Method: As previously discussed, it has been shown that by designing the flow rate and the post-reaction mixing, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the reactor implementation in capturing carbon. As Figure 8 shown, at the same time, the volume of the reactor does have an impact on the pCO 2 after mixing with seawater.

[0170] Conclusion: Therefore, the volume of the reactor can be designed (as permitted by the occupied space of the ship) to further improve the efficiency of the reactor implementation.

[0171] Doctrine of Equivalents

[0172] Although several alternative configurations for the system have been described, it should be clear that any one of the various system architectures can be implemented in accordance with many embodiments of the present invention.

[0173] More generally, as can be inferred from the above discussion, the above concepts can be implemented in various arrangements in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it should be understood that the present invention can be practiced in a manner different from that specifically described. Thus, the embodiments of the present invention are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive in all respects.

Claims

1. An emissions sequestration reactor for a marine vessel having a hull and a waterline, wherein the marine vessel generates an emissions stream, the emissions sequestration reactor comprises: a first reaction vessel having at least a gas inlet in fluid communication with the emissions stream and a seawater inlet in fluid communication with a seawater source, a second reaction vessel having at least a fluid outlet; and a reaction medium disposed within the second reaction vessel and configured to sequester at least one of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from the emissions stream; wherein the first reaction vessel and the second reaction vessel are in fluid communication via a conduit and are located below the waterline of the marine vessel.

2. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein the seawater inlet is connected to a structural access point on the hull of the marine vessel.

3. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein the fluid outlet is located near the propeller of the marine vessel.

4. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising an inflow pump in fluid communication with the seawater inlet for pumping seawater into the first reaction vessel at a desired flow rate.

5. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising an outflow pump in fluid communication with the fluid outlet for pumping seawater out of the emissions sequestration reactor at a desired flow rate.

6. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor for monitoring reaction parameters within the emissions sequestration reactor.

7. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 6, wherein The sensor measures a parameter selected from the following: temperature, pH, pressure, pCO 2 , alkalinity, ion concentration, turbidity, optical depth, spectral data, and flow rate.

8. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 6, wherein the sensor communicates with a controller configured to control reaction kinetics.

9. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 8, wherein the controller controls reaction kinetics via at least one of the following: introducing additional reaction medium; increasing the water inflow; increasing the water outflow; decreasing the water inflow; decreasing the water outflow; releasing pressure; increasing pressure; raising temperature; and lowering temperature.

10. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a reaction medium inlet connected to the second reaction vessel to provide additional reaction medium to the second reaction vessel.

11. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 10, further comprising a gravity feed system or conveyor system for providing reaction medium to the second reaction vessel.

12. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein the emissions sequestration reactor is a closed system.

13. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 12, wherein the emissions sequestration reactor includes an overpressure vent for maintaining the pressure of the emissions sequestration reactor.

14. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein the reaction medium is selected from at least one of carbonates, silicates, and any combination thereof.

15. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a flow system for controlling and directing the emissions stream to the emissions sequestration reactor.

16. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 15, further comprising a thermal system for controlling the temperature of the emissions sequestration reactor using the heat of the emissions stream.

17. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein, the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

18. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, wherein, the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

19. The emissions sequestration reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a system for enhancing the contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase.

20. A method for sequestering carbon dioxide from a marine vessel having a hull and a waterline and generating an emissions stream, wherein the method is carried out by using the emissions sequestration reactor according to any one of claims 1 to 19, the method comprises: providing a reaction medium configured to sequester contaminants from the emissions output stream of the marine vessel, wherein the contaminants comprise at least one of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide; providing and mixing seawater and emissions from the emissions stream in the emissions sequestration reactor to form a mixture; and flowing the mixture of seawater and emissions through the reaction medium in the emissions sequestration reactor such that the contaminants are sequestered from the mixture.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein, the reaction medium is selected from at least one of the following: carbonates, silicates, and any combination thereof.

22. The method according to claim 20, wherein, the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 500 - 700 μm.

23. The method according to claim 20, wherein, the reaction medium comprises particles having a diameter of about 70 - 100 μm.

24. The method according to claim 20, wherein, the seawater is obtained from an access point on the hull of the marine vessel that is in fluid communication with the emissions sequestration reactor.

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