Method for digging germplasm resources of feeding triticale compatible in winter and spring and widely applicable to stress resistance

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a method for mining germplasm resources of feeding triticale compatible in winter and spring and widely applicable to stress resistance. The method comprises the following steps: performing spring identification in a planting area of winter feeding triticale; identifying the spring property of the winter feed triticale planting area and the spring feed triticale planting area; and performing multi-point region spring verification in the winter feed triticale planting region and the spring feed triticale planting region. According to the embodiment of the invention, the triticale germplasm resources with wide adaptability and disease resistance can be quickly and accurately excavated, the germplasm resources and technical reference are provided for breeding of excellent new varieties of feed triticale, and the method has the characteristics that the operation is simple, the management is convenient, the input cost is low, and the excavated germplasm resources have high accuracy and wide adaptability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of forage triticale germplasm resource exploration, and particularly relates to a method for exploring forage triticale germplasm resources that are compatible with winter and spring growth and have wide adaptability to stress resistance. Background Art

[0002] Triticale is a new species artificially cultivated by using chromosome engineering breeding methods through distant intergeneric hybridization and doubling between wheat and rye. Forage triticale is a type of hexaploid triticale that is directionally cultivated with the goal of using the whole plant as forage, and it is derived from tetraploid durum wheat and diploid rye. As a cool-season forage grass, forage triticale has tall plants, high biological yields, good forage quality of the whole plant, and can make full use of the cold seasons (idle winter fields) in winter and spring for forage production, providing high-quality green forage for livestock in the dry winter and spring seasons, thus achieving off-season production. Forage triticale is immune to powdery mildew, highly resistant to rust, and resistant to aphids. It is also an excellent ecological protection crop. Through green biological coverage in winter and spring, it can prevent farmland from sand and dust, and has significant ecological benefits. Currently, forage triticale has become one of the most important winter and spring forage crops in China, with a planting area of nearly 300,000 mu.

[0003] Forage triticale varieties can be divided into winter and spring types according to their ecological types. As of 2023, a total of 13 national-certified forage triticale varieties have been registered in China, mainly winter hexaploid varieties, and only 1 (Zhongsi 1881, certified in 1995) is a spring variety. There are 13 provincially certified (identified) varieties, including 7 spring varieties and 6 winter varieties. Winter varieties need to be sown in autumn and undergo a period of low temperature in winter to complete vernalization before they can normally joint and head. If sown in spring, they cannot normally joint and head. Spring varieties can joint and head without undergoing vernalization and are generally sown in spring; they cannot be sown in autumn because their cold resistance is poor and they cannot survive the winter safely.

[0004] Winter forage triticale is mainly planted in areas with relatively mild climates, not too cold in winter, and with a certain low-temperature period to meet its vernalization requirements, that is, the traditional winter wheat planting areas, mainly including: 1) North China and Northwest China: including Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui and other places. The winter temperature in this area is generally above -10°C, which can meet the overwintering needs of winter forage triticale. Moreover, the soil is fertile and the irrigation conditions are good, which is conducive to the growth of triticale. It is an important planting area for winter forage triticale. Since its harvest time is earlier than that of winter wheat, it is beneficial to the arrangement of the next spring-sown crops, especially suitable for planting in areas where two seasons are insufficient and one season is surplus, to produce an additional crop of high-quality forage. 2) The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: such as provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, etc. The winters in these areas are relatively mild, with an average temperature above 0°C. Triticale can overwinter safely, and there is sufficient precipitation and moderate sunshine, which is conducive to the vegetative growth of triticale. It can be planted in winter fallow fields to improve land utilization rate.

[0005] Spring forage triticale is mainly planted in the traditional spring wheat and oat planting areas, mainly including: 1) Northeast and Northwest China: Heilongjiang, Jilin and other places in the Northeast, and Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and other places in the Northwest. The spring temperature in these areas rises relatively fast, which is suitable for the growth and development of spring forage triticale. For example, in Yili area of Xinjiang, after spring sowing of spring forage triticale, it can make full use of the local sufficient sunlight and relatively rich irrigation water resources to grow rapidly, providing high-quality feed for local animal husbandry. 2) North China: including provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, etc. The spring sunlight in this area is sufficient, and the temperature is suitable for the seedling growth of spring forage triticale. In places such as Zhangjiakou and Chengde in Hebei, and Datong and Shuozhou in Shanxi, spring forage triticale can be planted, which can effectively alleviate the contradiction of forage shortage in the development of local animal husbandry.

[0006] Through trial planting, researchers found that some winter forage triticale varieties can also be spring-sown and utilized in alpine regions of China. Zhao Fangyuan et al. found that Gannong No. 2 triticale can be spring-sown in early May in Xundian, Yunnan. The plant height at the flowering stage is about 120 cm, and the hay yield reaches 610 kg / mu. Duan Nanning et al. found that Zhongsi 828 triticale can be spring-sown in late April in Xining, Qinghai. The seeds can mature in late August. The plant height at the flowering stage can reach 148 cm, but its tiller number per plant is only 2 - 3. Song Qian et al. found that Shida No. 1 triticale can be spring-sown in late May in Hezuo, Gansu. It reaches the flowering stage in early September, with a plant height of 140 cm and a forage yield of 433.33 kg / mu; Zhongsi 1048 triticale can be spring-sown in alpine pastoral areas of Gansu, with a plant height of about 130 cm and a hay yield of 646.7 kg / mu; these two varieties showed high susceptibility to rust in the late growth and development stage, with poor disease resistance performance.

[0007] The above research results only show that some varieties are suitable for planting in individual regions and do not have broad-spectrum characteristics. At present, there is a lack of varieties in production that can be sown in autumn and spring, are compatible with winter and spring growth habits, and have strong adaptability and disease resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create a method that can quickly and accurately identify triticale germplasm resources with broad adaptability and disease resistance, accelerating the breeding process of new varieties of stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale in China. Provide excellent grass seed options for the development of animal husbandry in northern, western, and northwestern regions of China, effectively alleviating the problem of shortage of high-quality forage in the local animal husbandry development. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To solve at least one problem mentioned in the background art, the embodiments of the present application provide a method for identifying germplasm resources of winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale, which can quickly and accurately identify triticale germplasm resources with broad adaptability and disease resistance, providing germplasm resources and technical references for the breeding of excellent new varieties of forage triticale, with the characteristics of simple operation, easy management, low input cost, and the identified germplasm resources having strong accuracy and broad adaptability.

[0009] To achieve the above object, the embodiments of the present application provide a method for identifying germplasm resources of winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale, including the following steps:

[0010] S1: Spring growth habit identification in winter forage triticale planting areas

[0011] In the first year, in the winter forage triticale planting areas, a set number of germplasm resources with good performance in autumn sowing are sown in spring, and the germplasm resources with good spring growth habit and disease resistance are initially identified;

[0012] S2: Spring growth habit identification in winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas

[0013] In the second year, the germplasm resources initially identified as having good spring growth habit and disease resistance in the first year are sown in the winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas, and the germplasm resources with good spring growth habit and disease resistance are further identified;

[0014] S3: Spring growth habit verification at multiple locations within winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas

[0015] In the third year, the germplasm resources further identified as having good spring growth habit and disease resistance in the second year are sown in multiple locations within the winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas for spring sowing verification, and the stability and adaptability of the germplasm resources with good spring growth habit and disease resistance are further verified.

[0016] In an implementable embodiment, the steps of spring identification in the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area include: In the second year, the germplasm resources that were initially identified as having good spring characteristics and disease resistance in the first year are sown in the winter forage triticale planting area, the spring forage triticale planting area, and the specific climate verification area to further identify the germplasm resources with good spring characteristics and disease resistance.

[0017] In an implementable embodiment, the steps of spring identification in the winter forage triticale planting area include: In the first year, a large number of germplasm resources with good performance in autumn sowing are sown in spring in the warm temperate monsoon climate region to initially identify the germplasm resources with good spring characteristics and disease resistance;

[0018] The steps of spring identification in the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area include: In the second year, the germplasm resources that were initially identified as having good spring characteristics and disease resistance in the first year are sown in spring in the warm temperate monsoon climate region and the high altitude cold and arid region, and sown in winter in the tropical marine climate region to further identify the germplasm resources with good spring characteristics and disease resistance;

[0019] The steps of multi-point regional spring verification in the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area include: In the third year, the germplasm resources that were further identified as having good spring characteristics and disease resistance in the second year are used to carry out multi-point regional spring sowing verification in the warm temperate monsoon climate region and the high altitude cold and arid region to further verify the stability and adaptability of the germplasm resources with good spring characteristics and disease resistance.

[0020] In an implementable embodiment, in the steps of spring identification in the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area, the warm temperate monsoon climate region includes the Haihe Plain area in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the high altitude cold and arid region includes Bashang in Hebei, and the tropical marine climate region includes Sanya in Hainan;

[0021] In the steps of multi-point regional spring verification in the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area, the multi-point regions in the high altitude cold and arid region include the spring sowing areas of forage wheat crops in Bashang in Hebei, Lanzhou in Gansu, Ulanhot in Inner Mongolia, Yinchuan in Ningxia, Huzhu in Qinghai, Yushu in Qinghai, and Lhasa in Tibet.

[0022] In an implementable embodiment, winter sowing and spring sowing in each ecological type area both include sowing in stages during a selected time period.

[0023] In one possible implementation, the divided spring sowing periods in the temperate monsoon climate region are the first ten days of March and the first ten days of April; the spring sowing period in the high altitude cold and arid region is divided into the middle ten days of May and the first ten days of June, and the winter sowing period in the tropical marine climate region is divided into the first ten days of November and the first ten days of December;

[0024] Preferably, the divided spring sowing periods in the temperate monsoon climate region are from March 10th to April 1st; the spring sowing period in the high altitude cold and arid region is from May 15th to June 5th, and the winter sowing period in the tropical marine climate region is from November 1st to December 3rd.

[0025] In one possible implementation, when sowing in each ecological type area, dibbling is carried out, with a plant spacing of 4 - 6 cm, 2 rows sown for each germplasm resource, 80 - 100 seeds in each row, a row length of 4 - 5 m, a row spacing of 20 - 25 cm, a 20 - 25 cm interval between 2 different germplasm resources, and thinning to 50 - 60 plants per row at the three - leaf stage.

[0026] In one possible implementation, the criteria for identifying and verifying germplasm resources with good spring growth performance include: selecting at least one germplasm resource with relatively good spring growth performance as a control, the heading date being no later than or equivalent to that of the control, the plant height having a difference of within 20 cm compared with the same germplasm resource sown in autumn, the number of spikes per plant being more than 4, all individual plants being able to pass vernalization and normally head and flower, and the percentage of ear - bearing plants reaching 100%.

[0027] In one possible implementation, the heading date of germplasm resources sown in spring in the temperate monsoon climate region should be before the middle ten days of June, the heading date of germplasm resources sown in spring in the high altitude cold and arid region should be before the last ten days of September, and the heading date of germplasm resources sown in winter in the tropical marine climate region should be before the last ten days of February.

[0028] In one possible implementation, the criteria for identifying and verifying germplasm resources with good disease resistance performance include: investigating three rust diseases, namely stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust, at the flowering stage, and selecting germplasm resources with no disease in the whole plant or with the basal two leaves infected.

[0029] The embodiment of the present application provides a method for excavating winter - spring compatible, stress - resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale germplasm resources. Based on the previously created germplasm resources with relatively good winter growth performance, it can be directly used to excavate drought - resistant, highly rust - resistant and widely adaptable germplasm resources from existing winter forage triticale germplasm resources.

[0030] The embodiment of the present application has the advantages of convenient management, simple operation and low cost. The embodiment of the present application does not require a greenhouse. By using the climate conditions of different regions and means such as spring - stage sowing, it induces the expression of spring growth characteristics. The investigation of field agronomic trait indicators is simple, easy to operate, with a small workload and low input and management costs.

[0031] The embodiments of the present application are characterized by being fast and accurate. In the prior art, for vernalization identification at the same location, it takes many years and multiple rounds of experiments to obtain relatively accurate results. The embodiments of the present application adopt a progressive method. In the first year, a large number of germplasm resources with good performance in autumn sowing are spring-sown in two phases, and the germplasm resources with good performance are preliminarily identified. In the second year, the germplasm resources screened in spring sowing in the first year are spring-sown in two phases in three different ecological environments that induce the vernalization expression of forage triticale, and six rounds of identification can be completed within one year (from October of the first year to the end of September of the second year). In the third year, the germplasm resources identified in the two years are further carried out in multi-point spring sowing regional trials across the country for verification, which not only effectively saves the time of identification but also ensures the accuracy of the identification results.

[0032] The embodiments of the present application have wide adaptability and stability. By using the specific quantitative criteria for vernalization evaluation established, after carrying out vernalization identification tests on the preliminarily screened germplasm resources in three different ecological regions, they are further spring-sown in different ecological regions across the country for verification of wide adaptability and stability, so that the winter-spring characteristics and disease resistance of the excavated germplasm resources can be stably expressed.

[0033] The forage triticale germplasm excavated in the embodiments of the present application has sowing date flexibility and can be sown either in autumn or in spring, that is, it can be sown from October in autumn to soil freezing and in the second spring. It can cope with late sowing caused by various extreme weather in autumn and has the cold resistance of winter varieties and the characteristics of spring varieties that do not require vernalization. It has wide adaptability, that is, it can be planted in all artificial forage production areas, and can overcome the defect that the existing varieties are not resistant to rust after spring sowing, greatly expanding the planting area of forage triticale. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present application. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0035] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the steps of the embodiments of the present application;

[0036] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the technical route of the embodiments of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0037] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following will describe in more detail the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application. It should be noted that the embodiments described in the accompanying drawings are only a part of the embodiments of this application, rather than all embodiments. That is, the embodiments described through the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are intended to explain this application, and should not be construed as a limitation to this application.

[0038] Since one of the parents of forage triticale is diploid rye, 27 rye germplasm resources as shown in Table 1 were introduced from different regions and countries in China. After years of autumn sowing experimental research, it was proved that rye has good winter hardiness after autumn sowing in Hengshui area of Hebei Province. Even in the coldest years in winter (the lowest temperature is -16.8 °C), it can overwinter safely and has the characteristic of strong cold resistance. And through years of experiments, it was found that rye has the characteristics of jointing and heading without vernalization after sowing, that is, it can be sown in autumn or spring. Based on this, it is speculated that some forage triticale germplasm resources should also have this characteristic.

[0039]

[0040]

[0041] Existing spring-type triticale varieties that have been approved at the national or provincial level have poor cold resistance and disease resistance. Therefore, there are problems such as less application area in forage production. For example, in the northern winter wheat area, after autumn sowing, it cannot overwinter due to poor cold resistance, and after spring sowing, the problem of reduced forage quality due to poor disease resistance is more prominent in the later stage. Therefore, we need to further explore resources with the trait of winter-spring compatibility.

[0042] The embodiments of this application provide a method that can quickly and accurately identify forage triticale germplasm resources with both wide adaptability and disease resistance, accelerating the breeding process of new varieties of stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale in China. It provides excellent grass species selection for the development of animal husbandry in western and northwestern regions of China, effectively alleviating the problem of shortage of high-quality forage in the local animal husbandry development.

[0043] A method for identifying forage triticale germplasm resources with winter-spring compatibility, stress resistance, and wide adaptability, as Figure 1 shown, includes the following steps:

[0044] S1: Spring-type identification of the planting area of winter-type forage triticale

[0045] In the first year, a large number of germplasm resources with good performance in autumn sowing in the planting area of winter-type forage triticale are sown in spring, and the germplasm resources with good performance in both spring-type and disease resistance are initially identified.

[0046] Among them, the planting areas of winter forage triticale can include at least one of the Huang-Huai-Hai region in the temperate monsoon climate zone and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the subtropical monsoon climate. And theoretically, the number of germplasm resources with good performance in autumn sowing should be at least greater than 1. In order to provide sufficient screening samples, 260 germplasm resources with good winter performance that have not been approved or registered are selected for spring sowing in the following embodiments of the present application.

[0047] S2: Spring identification in the planting areas of winter forage triticale and spring forage triticale

[0048] In the second year, the germplasm resources that showed good performance in both spring habit and disease resistance in the first year are sown in the planting areas of winter forage triticale and spring forage triticale to further identify the germplasm resources that show good performance in both spring habit and disease resistance.

[0049] Among them, theoretically, the planting areas of spring forage triticale can include at least one of the northwest region, northeast region in the high-altitude cold and arid area and the north China region in the temperate monsoon climate zone.

[0050] Specifically in the embodiments of the present application, based on the specific development of animal husbandry in different regions, the germplasm resources selected for this research and development purpose are mainly used to produce high-quality forage after spring sowing in the high-altitude cold and arid area and the temperate monsoon climate zone to meet the demand for high-quality forage in these regions' animal husbandry. Therefore, the planting areas of spring forage triticale can be limited to North China, the western region and the northwest region. In addition, the embodiments of the present application also tentatively introduce the tropical marine climate zone as a comparative verification for exploring specific climate regions of germplasm resources.

[0051] Considering the climate of the planting areas, spring sowing can be carried out in the planting areas of winter and spring forage triticale, and winter sowing can be carried out in the tropical marine climate zone.

[0052] S3: Multi-point regional spring verification in the planting areas of winter forage triticale and spring forage triticale

[0053] In the third year, the germplasm resources that showed good performance in both spring habit and disease resistance in the second year are sown in multiple regions in the planting areas of winter forage triticale and spring forage triticale to further verify the stability and adaptability of the germplasm resources that show good performance in both spring habit and disease resistance.

[0054] Similarly, considering that the tropical marine climate zone is not the main planting area for spring-sown forage wheat crops and is only used as a specific climate region for resource exploration for experiments. Therefore, the verification in the tropical marine climate zone can be omitted in the spring sowing verification in the third year.

[0055] The following combines Figure 1 and Figure 2A method for excavating germplasm resources of winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale provided by the embodiments of the present application is described.

[0056] The embodiments of the present application provide a method for excavating germplasm resources of winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable forage triticale, including the following steps:

[0057] In the first year, a set number of germplasm resources with good autumn sowing performance are spring-sown in the temperate monsoon climate region, and germplasm resources with good spring growth and disease resistance are initially identified.

[0058] In the second year, the germplasm resources initially identified in the first year with good spring growth and disease resistance are spring-sown in the temperate monsoon climate region and the high-altitude cold and arid region, and winter-sown in the tropical marine climate region, and further identify germplasm resources with good spring growth and disease resistance.

[0059] In the third year, the germplasm resources further identified in the second year with good spring growth and disease resistance are subjected to multi-point regional spring sowing verification in the temperate monsoon climate region and the high-altitude cold and arid region, and further verify the stability and adaptability of germplasm resources with good spring growth and disease resistance.

[0060] In the first year, the test site: Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei, the test time: from March 2019 to October 2019.

[0061] Taking the national-approved varieties Gannong No. 2 and Shida No. 1 with better spring growth performance as controls, 260 winter-type germplasm resources with better performance are spring-sown in two sowing periods. The spring sowing times are early March (March 10th) and early April (April 1st) respectively. Each germplasm resource is sown in 2 rows, with 80 seeds in each row, the row length is 4m, the row spacing is 20cm, and the interval between 2 different germplasm resources is 20cm. At the three-leaf stage, 50 plants are thinned per row, and each germplasm resource repeats the above sowing settings 3 times. Record the growth period, investigate the plant height, number of spikes per plant, and ear-bearing plant rate at the full-bloom stage, and observe its disease resistance and lodging resistance in the later stage to determine its adaptability to spring sowing in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of the temperate monsoon climate region, and identify the growth period, agronomic traits and stress resistance of the germplasm resources.

[0062] The specific index evaluation criteria of the embodiments of the present application are as follows:

[0063] (1) Plant height: Compared with the plant height of the same germplasm resource in autumn sowing, the difference in plant height is within 20cm.

[0064] (2) Growth period: After the forage triticale is harvested for forage use, it is required to use the germplasm resources with better spring growth performance as the control, and the heading stage is not later than or equivalent to the heading stage of the control.

[0065] Specifically, it is required to reach the heading stage in early May after sowing in autumn in Hengshui, Hebei, and before mid-June after spring sowing; for the following areas in Bashang, Hebei, it should reach the heading stage before late September after spring sowing; for the following areas in Sanya, Hainan, sowing is carried out from November to December, and it should reach the heading stage before late February.

[0066] (3) Percentage of productive tillers: To fully express spring growth characteristics, all individual plants should be able to undergo vernalization, normally head and flower. The percentage of productive tillers should reach 100% when investigated at the flowering stage.

[0067] (4) Number of spikes per plant: The number of spikes per plant is investigated after the heading stage and should reach 4 or more.

[0068] (5) Disease resistance: For disease resistance, mainly three rust diseases (strip rust, leaf rust, stem rust) are investigated, and it is carried out according to the four-level standard of none (0) with no disease in the whole plant, light (1) with the two basal leaves infected, medium (2) with the middle leaves infected, and severe (3) with the flag leaf and spike infected. The occurrence of rust diseases is investigated at the flowering stage, and the level of mild (1) or none (0) infection is selected.

[0069] The embodiments of this application have created agronomic trait indicators and quantitative standards for spring growth evaluation. First, it is clear that the population size should reach 100 plants to ensure the reliability of the germplasm resources excavated; second, 3 replicates are required during sowing, that is, each germplasm resource is replicated 3 times, which can avoid the influence caused by differences in soil fertility between plots. Finally, 5 specific agronomic trait evaluation indicators such as plant height, growth period, percentage of productive tillers, number of spikes per plant, and disease resistance are determined.

[0070] Considering that the selected germplasm resources are mainly used for forage production, aspects such as growth period, plant height, ear formation rate, and disease resistance need to be focused on. The embodiments of this application have removed the determination of indicators such as the number of the tallest stems, stem-leaf ratio, dry-fresh ratio, and grain traits (1000-grain weight, seed yield), simplified the determination indicators, and reduced the workload.

[0071] During the experiment, it was found that after a long time, some plants of some varieties could also head. To fully express their spring growth characteristics, the embodiments of this application require that all individual plants can undergo vernalization, normally head and flower, and the number of spikes per plant should reach more than 4 when determining the identification criteria.

[0072] When spring sowing in the same ecological area, the embodiments of this application adopt the method of sowing at different times to clarify the threshold of light and temperature ecological conditions required for the expression of spring growth characteristics of different germplasm resources. In the same ecological area, the same germplasm resource is sown in spring at different times (with an interval of 20 - 30 days) to induce and observe the expression of spring growth characteristics, identify the sensitivity of germplasm resources to light and temperature conditions, and select germplasm resources with good spring growth expression under the conditions of sowing at different times.

[0073] Since both the temperature fluctuations in spring and the inter-annual temperature changes are relatively large, which will affect the accuracy of the identification results. Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, referring to the conventional sowing time of local spring-sown crops, by setting appropriate sowing in stages (20 - 30 days), neither too short nor too long interval time can achieve good identification effects, thus achieving the purpose of improving the accuracy of the identification results.

[0074] Due to the large number of germplasm resources screened and identified, and limited space, most of the germplasm resources with poor performance are not listed one by one. Table 2 lists some of the germplasm resources with better performance in the spring identification test of forage triticale germplasm resources in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei in 2019. The results show that: when sown before early April, the plant height of these 8 germplasm resources, namely JS005, JS027, JS038, JS078, JS121, JS127, JS139, and JS186, differs from that of autumn sowing by within 20 cm, and they can all reach the heading stage before mid-June; the growth period is not later than or is equivalent to that of the two controls; the number of spikes per plant is more than 4, the disease resistance is better than or equivalent to that of the two controls, and the ear-bearing plant rate is 100%. Generally, the overall performance shows a high ear-bearing plant rate in spring sowing and strong rust resistance.

[0075]

[0076] In the second year, 3 test sites were set up: Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei; Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei; and Nanbin Farm, Sanya, Hainan. The test time was from November 2019 to October 2020.

[0077] Test site 1: Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei. From March 2020 to October 2020, the 8 germplasm resources preliminarily identified in the first year were spring-sown in 2 sowing periods with the national-approved varieties Gannong No. 2 and Shida No. 1 as controls. The spring sowing times were early March (March 10th) and early April (April 1st) respectively. For each germplasm resource, 2 rows were sown, with 80 seeds in each row, the row length was 4 m, the row spacing was 20 cm, and the interval between 2 different germplasm resources was 20 cm. At the three-leaf stage, 50 plants were thinned per row, and the above sowing settings were repeated 3 times for each germplasm resource. After emergence, agronomic traits such as the number of plants, growth period, plant height, number of spikes per plant, and disease resistance were investigated to identify the growth period, agronomic traits, and stress resistance of the germplasm resources.

[0078] Table 3 lists the results of the spring identification test of forage triticale germplasm resources in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei in 2020. The results show that: when sown before early April in Hengshui, Hebei, these 7 germplasm resources, namely JS005, JS027, JS038, JS078, JS127, JS139, and JS186, can all reach the heading stage before mid-June, and the plant height differs from that of autumn sowing by within 20 cm; the growth period is not later than or is equivalent to that of the two controls; the number of spikes per plant is more than 4, the disease resistance is better than or equivalent to that of the two controls, and the ear-bearing plant rate is 100%.

[0079] Generally, it shows a high percentage of ear-bearing plants in spring sowing and strong resistance to rust.

[0080]

[0081] Test Site 2: Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei. From May to October 2020, the 8 germplasm resources preliminarily identified in the first year were spring sown in 2 sowing periods with Guoshen variety Gannong No. 2 and Shida No. 1 as controls. The spring sowing times were mid-May (May 15th) and early June (June 5th) respectively. For each germplasm resource, 2 rows were sown, with 80 seeds per row, row length of 4 m, row spacing of 20 cm, and an interval of 20 cm between 2 different germplasm resources. At the three-leaf stage, 50 plants were thinned per row, and the above sowing settings were repeated 3 times for each germplasm resource. After emergence, the agronomic traits such as the number of plants, growth period, plant height, number of spikes per plant, and disease resistance were investigated to identify the growth period, agronomic traits, and stress resistance of the germplasm resources.

[0082] Table 4 lists the results of the spring identification test of forage triticale germplasm resources in Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei in 2020. The results show that for the 5 germplasm resources JS005, JS038, JS127, JS139, and JS186, when sown before early June in Bashang, Hebei, they can all reach the heading stage before early August, with the plant height differing within 20 cm from that of autumn sowing; the growth period is not later than or is equivalent to that of the two controls; the number of spikes per plant is more than 4, the disease resistance is better than or equivalent to that of the two controls, and the percentage of ear-bearing plants is 100%. Generally, it shows a high percentage of ear-bearing plants in spring sowing and strong resistance to rust.

[0083]

[0084]

[0085] Test Site 3: Nanbin Farm, Sanya, Hainan. From November 2019 to February 2020, the 8 germplasm resources preliminarily identified in the first year were winter sown in 2 sowing periods with Guoshen variety Gannong No. 2 and Shida No. 1 as controls. The winter sowing times were early November (November 1st) and early December (December 3rd) respectively. For each germplasm resource, 2 rows were sown, with 80 seeds per row, row length of 4 m, row spacing of 20 cm, and an interval of 20 cm between 2 different germplasm resources. At the three-leaf stage, 50 plants were thinned per row, and the above sowing settings were repeated 3 times for each germplasm resource. After emergence, the agronomic traits such as the number of plants, growth period, plant height, number of spikes per plant, and disease resistance were investigated to identify the growth period, agronomic traits, and stress resistance of the germplasm resources.

[0086] Table 5 lists the results of the spring growth habit identification test of forage triticale germplasm resources from 2019 to 2020 in Nanbin Farm, Sanya, Hainan. The results show that: When the germplasm resources JS139 and JS186 are sown before early December in Sanya, Hainan, they can all reach the heading stage before late January, and the plant height difference from autumn sowing is within 20 cm; The growth period is not later than or is equivalent to that of the two controls; The number of spikes per plant is more than 4, and the disease resistance is better than or equivalent to that of the two controls, and the ear-bearing plant rate is 100%. JS139 shows the best overall performance, with good growth after spring sowing, a high ear-bearing plant rate, and strong rust resistance.

[0087]

[0088]

[0089] In summary, after a total of 6 rounds of spring growth habit identification tests with 2 sowing periods in spring at 3 different locations, 2 germplasm resources were screened out from 8 germplasm resources as shown in Table 6: JS139 and JS186 both showed good comprehensive performance, with normal growth and development after spring sowing and a medium growth period; The number of spikes per plant is more than 4, with strong rust resistance, and the ear-bearing plant rate is 100%. Among them, JS139 shows the best overall performance, with good growth after spring sowing, a high ear-bearing plant rate, and strong rust resistance.

[0090]

[0091] Based on the germplasm resources with good winter growth habit created in the main winter growth habit cultivation area (the Haihe Plain area of the Huang-Huai-Hai region - Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei), the embodiments of this application were sown in spring in the long-day autumn sowing area of wheat crops (the Haihe Plain area of the Huang-Huai-Hai region - Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei), sown in spring in the spring sowing area of wheat crops (the high-altitude cold and arid area - Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei), and sown in winter in the short-day and low-temperature area in winter in Hainan (the tropical marine climate area - Nanbin Farm, Sanya, Hainan). Sowing was carried out in 3 regions to induce the expression of its spring growth habit, and at the same time, excavation and identification work were carried out. The embodiments of this application have discovered various ecological environments that can induce the spring growth habit expression of forage triticale: By setting different light and temperature conditions in the same place but different seasons and different ecological regions in different places, the spring growth habit expression is induced, and the excavation of germplasm resources compatible with winter and spring growth habits is carried out.

[0092] It should be noted that although spring-growing forage triticale can also be planted in the Northeast region, considering that the main crop planted in this region is silage corn in spring, which is used after being harvested as forage, the income from planting forage wheat crops is significantly lower than that of silage corn, and the problem of forage shortage in animal husbandry in the Northeast region is relatively small. Therefore, the main purpose of this application is to screen spring-sown forage wheat crops for regions with developed animal husbandry in North China, West China, and Northwest China. In these regions, the growth environment of spring-sown crops is relatively harsh, and the problem of forage shortage in animal husbandry is relatively prominent.

[0093] The winter-type forage triticale planting area also includes the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Based on the main purpose of this application, which is to screen spring-sown forage wheat crops for the regions with developed animal husbandry in North China, the western part, and the northwestern part of China, no experimental verification has been carried out in this area.

[0094] In the second-year experiment, sowing was carried out in winter in Hainan, but verification was not continued in Hainan in the third year. This is because spring-sown forage wheat crops are mainly distributed in the western and northwestern regions with developed animal husbandry, such as Bashang in Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Tibet. Hainan is more suitable for sowing tropical forages such as Stylosanthes guianensis and King grass for animal husbandry production.

[0095] Third year: Multi-point spring-type experiments were carried out in different ecological regions across the country. From March to October 2021, the germplasm resource JS139 further identified and screened in the second year was used to conduct spring-type verification in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei; Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei; Lanzhou City, Gansu; Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia; Yinchuan City, Ningxia; Huzhu County, Qinghai; Zadoi County, Yushu, Qinghai; Lhasa City, Tibet, etc. Sowing was carried out in spring (March - May). For each germplasm resource, 2 rows were sown, with 80 seeds per row, row length of 4m, row spacing of 20cm, and a 20cm interval between 2 different germplasm resources. Thinning to 50 plants per row was carried out at the three-leaf stage, and the above sowing settings were repeated 3 times for each germplasm resource. After emergence, agronomic traits such as the number of plants, growth period, plant height, number of spikes per plant, and disease resistance were investigated to identify the growth period, agronomic traits, and stress resistance of the germplasm resources.

[0096] Table 7 lists the results of the multi-point spring-type experiments of forage triticale germplasm resources in different ecological regions across the country in 2021. The results show that the plant height of JS139 at the flowering stage is about 150 - 160cm, and it can reach the flowering stage in August of the same year. The number of spikes per plant is more than 5, the ear-bearing plant rate is 100%, and it is highly resistant to rust.

[0097] After multi-point verification, JS139 showed excellent comprehensive performance after spring sowing in various places, and it was named Jisi 139.

[0098]

[0099]

[0100] In the embodiments of the present application, in the first year, a batch of 260 triticale germplasm resources with good winter performance were sown in spring in stages in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei. Eight germplasm resources were identified as having normal growth and development, high spike numbers per plant and high ear-bearing plant rates, and being highly resistant to rust. In the second year, these eight germplasm resources were simultaneously evaluated for spring habit and disease resistance in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei; Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei; and Nanbin Farm, Sanya, Hainan. Finally, two germplasm resources were identified as having normal growth and development, high spike numbers per plant and high ear-bearing plant rates, and being highly resistant to rust in all three regions. In the third year, the identified germplasm resource JS139 was sown in spring in Hengshui, Hebei; Bashang, Hebei; Lanzhou, Gansu; Wulanhaote, Inner Mongolia; Yinchuan, Ningxia; Huzhu, Qinghai; Yushu, Qinghai; and Lhasa, Tibet respectively to further conduct multi-point adaptability and disease resistance identification. It was shown that it could grow and develop normally after spring sowing in different ecological regions, had high spike numbers per plant and high ear-bearing plant rates, and was highly resistant to rust. Later, it was named Jisi 139.

[0101] The forage triticale Jisi 139 cultivated by using the present invention has the following characteristics: It develops normally under the condition of spring sowing in Shenzhou City, Hengshui, Hebei. When sown on March 10th and April 1st, it can reach the flowering stage in late June. It has 6 spikes per plant, a high ear-bearing rate, and is highly resistant to rust. It develops normally under the condition of rain-fed spring sowing in Zhangbei County, Bashang, Hebei. When sown from May 15th to 23rd, the forage is harvested from August 9th to 18th, with a hay yield of 540 - 590 kg / mu, a plant height of about 165 cm, strong tillering ability, large leaf amount, strong rust resistance and good lodging resistance. It can be sown in autumn or spring, can be planted in autumn and spring in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, and can also be planted in the spring sowing area of cold and arid regions such as the northwest, northeast, and north China, with outstanding wide adaptability, combining the characteristics of winter varieties and spring varieties.

[0102] It should be noted that unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, in the description of the present application, the term "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise precisely and specifically specified. Terms such as "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc. (if any) are used to distinguish similar objects and do not necessarily need to be used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged under appropriate circumstances so that the embodiments of the present application described here can include implementations in addition to those illustrated or described here.

[0103] The terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or units does not necessarily have to be limited to those clearly listed steps or units, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or are inherent to these processes, methods, products, or devices.

[0104] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit it; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements on some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1: Identification of spring quality in winter forage triticale planting areas In the first year, a set number of germplasm resources with good autumn sowing performance will be sown in spring in winter forage triticale planting areas, and germplasm resources with good spring performance and disease resistance will be preliminarily identified; S2: Identification of winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas In the second year, the germplasm resources that were preliminarily identified in the first year and showed good performance in both spring and disease resistance will be sown in winter and spring forage triticale planting areas to further identify germplasm resources that showed good performance in both spring and disease resistance; S3: Spring verification in multiple areas within winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas In the third year, the germplasm resources with good spring properties and disease resistance shown in the second year will be further identified, and multi-point regional spring sowing verification will be carried out in winter forage rye planting areas and spring forage rye planting areas to further verify the stability and adaptability of the germplasm resources with good spring properties and disease resistance shown in the second year.

2. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of S2: identifying the spring nature of winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas includes: in the second year, the germplasm resources that were preliminarily identified as having good spring nature and disease resistance in the first year are sown in winter forage triticale planting areas, spring forage triticale planting areas and specific climate verification areas, and the germplasm resources that are good in both spring nature and disease resistance are further identified.

3. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources according to claim 2, characterized in that: The step of S1: identifying the spring nature of winter forage triticale in planting areas comprises: in the first year, a large number of germplasm resources with good autumn sowing performance are sown in spring in the temperate monsoon climate zone, and preliminarily identifying germplasm resources with good spring nature and disease resistance performance; The step of identifying the spring nature of winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas comprises: in the second year, the germplasm resources with good spring nature and disease resistance that were preliminarily identified in the first year are sown in spring in temperate monsoon climate zones and high-altitude cold and arid areas, and winter sown in tropical marine climate zones, and further identifying the germplasm resources with good spring nature and disease resistance; The step of S3: multi-point regional spring verification in winter forage triticale planting areas and spring forage triticale planting areas includes: in the third year, the germplasm resources with good spring properties and disease resistance further identified in the second year are used to carry out multi-point regional spring sowing verification in temperate monsoon climate zones and high-altitude cold and arid zones to further verify the stability and adaptability of the germplasm resources with good spring properties and disease resistance.

4. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the step of S2: identifying the winter forage triticale planting area and the spring forage triticale planting area, the temperate monsoon climate zone includes the Haihe Plain area of ​​Huanghuaihai, the high altitude cold and arid area includes Bashang, Hebei, and the tropical marine climate zone includes Sanya, Hainan; In the step of S3: spring verification in multiple areas within the winter forage triticale planting areas and the spring forage triticale planting areas, the multiple areas in the high-altitude cold and arid areas include the spring sowing areas of forage wheat crops in Bashang, Hebei, Lanzhou, Gansu, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, Huzhu, Qinghai, Yushu, Qinghai and Lhasa, Tibet.

5. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to claim 3, characterized in that: Winter and spring sowing in each ecological type zone includes sowing in stages during selected time periods.

6. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources according to claim 5, characterized in that: The spring sowing period in the temperate monsoon climate zone is divided into early March and early April; the spring sowing period in the high-altitude cold and arid zone is divided into mid-May and early June; and the winter sowing period in the tropical marine climate zone is divided into early November and early December; Preferably, the phased spring sowing period in the temperate monsoon climate zone is divided into March 10 to April 1; the spring sowing period in the high-altitude cold and arid zone is divided into May 15 to June 5; and the winter sowing period in the tropical marine climate zone is divided into November 1 to December 3.

7. A method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: In a feasible implementation, when sowing in each ecological type area, spot sowing is carried out with a plant spacing of 4 to 6 cm, 2 rows of each germplasm resource are sown, 80 to 100 seeds per row, a row length of 4 to 5 m, a row spacing of 20 to 25 cm, and a spacing of 20 to 25 cm between 2 different germplasm resources. At the three-leaf stage, 50 to 60 plants per row are seedled.

8. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The criteria for identifying and verifying germplasm resources with good spring performance include: selecting at least one germplasm resource with good spring performance as a control, the heading period is no later than or equivalent to the heading period of the control, the plant height is within 20 cm compared with the autumn-sown germplasm resource, the number of ears per plant is more than 4, all plants can head and flower normally through vernalization, and the rate of mature ears reaches 100%.

9. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to claim 8, characterized in that: The heading period for spring-sown germplasm resources in temperate monsoon climate zones should be before mid-June, the heading period for spring-sown germplasm resources in high-altitude cold and arid areas should be before late September, and the heading period for winter-sown germplasm resources in tropical marine climate zones should be before late February.

10. The method for mining winter-spring compatible, stress-resistant and widely adaptable triticale germplasm resources for forage according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The criteria for identifying and verifying germplasm resources with good disease resistance include: investigating three types of rust during the flowering period: stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust, and selecting germplasm resources with no disease on the whole plant or two leaves at the base infected.

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