Electrophoretic capsule capable of blocking visible and invisible wavelengths

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrophoretic capsule capable of blocking visible and invisible wavelengths. A system for blocking one or more wavelengths is described, the system comprising a window comprising a detector capable of detecting a target wavelength bandwidth and a first layer connected to the detector. The system includes a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer and also connected to the detector. The system includes a plurality of capsules disposed between the first layer and the second layer, and a surface charge control layer proximate to the first layer or the second layer, the surface charge control layer connected to the detector and configured to switch one or more of the plurality of capsules from a first state to a second state upon detection of a target wavelength bandwidth.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the blocking of targeted wavelengths and, more particularly, to the use of electrophoretic capsules for switchable blocking of wavelengths. Background Art

[0002] Blocking specific wavelength ranges in aerospace can provide protection against targeted attacks by lasers or other harmful electromagnetic radiation during operation to intrude into an aircraft or aerospace vehicle. A laser attack on an aircraft could have serious consequences (including blinding the pilot, damaging sensitive equipment, or causing temporary or permanent loss of control). To address these and similar types of threats, blocking specific wavelength ranges in various areas of the aircraft, especially in windows, can provide an appropriate means of protection.

[0003] Laser attacks on aircraft involve using high-powered lasers to target cockpit windows, sensors, or other critical components. Such attacks may occur during takeoff, landing, or flight. Cockpit windows can also be particularly vulnerable areas of an aircraft in terms of laser or other targeted attacks. In these applications, specialized coatings or materials that can block or absorb harmful laser wavelengths while maintaining optical transparency for the pilot are of interest. Green or blue lasers use specific wavelengths of light that are harmful to the human eye and sensitive equipment. Developing materials that can selectively block certain wavelengths (including those mentioned above and other spectral regions) without sacrificing transparency can be a significant technical challenge. Additional real-time monitoring and detection systems that identify such threats and respond to these types of threats accordingly with temporary or switchable filters or reflectors are also of interest.

[0004] Therefore, the ability to electrically or automatically switch pigments in filters or coatings that intentionally absorb, reflect, transmit, or are transparent to one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation is of interest. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of one or more embodiments of the present invention, a simplified overview is given below. This overview is not an extensive overview, nor is it intended to identify key or important elements of the present invention, nor is it intended to describe the scope of the present disclosure. Instead, its main purpose is simply to present one or more concepts in a simplified form as a preface to the detailed description presented later.

[0006] A window is disclosed, the window comprising a first layer and a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer. The window further comprises a plurality of capsules disposed between the first layer and the second layer, and wherein the plurality of capsules may comprise a functional additive, the functional additive being contained within each of the plurality of capsules, and the functional additive being switchable to a first state and a second state. Implementation of the window may include wherein the functional additive may comprise a negatively charged component and a positively charged component. The functional additive or pigment absorbs light in a wavelength bandwidth. The wavelength bandwidth is 520 nm to about 532 nm or about 630 nm to about 670 nm. The functional additive may comprise a plurality of quantum dots. The functional additive may comprise one or more pigments. The functional additive may comprise a colorant. The first layer and the second layer are transparent in a wavelength range of about 380 nm to about 700 nm. The first layer may comprise polycarbonate, glass, or a combination thereof, and the second layer may comprise polycarbonate, glass, or a combination thereof. The window may comprise a surface charge control layer adjacent to the first layer or the second layer. The first state may comprise transparency in a first wavelength bandwidth, and the second state may comprise absorptivity in a second wavelength bandwidth. The first wavelength bandwidth is between wavelengths of 380 nm to about 700 nm. The second wavelength bandwidth is between wavelengths of 380 nm to about 700 nm. The size of each of the plurality of capsules is about 15 to about 100 microns. The carrier layer may include the plurality of capsules and allow each of the plurality of capsules to move freely.

[0007] Another window is disclosed, comprising a first layer and a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer. The window comprises a plurality of capsules disposed between the first layer and the second layer, and wherein the plurality of capsules may comprise a functional additive, the functional additive may comprise a negatively charged component and a positively charged component contained within each of the plurality of capsules, and the functional additive may be switchable between a first state and a second state. Embodiments of the window include wherein the gap between the first layer and the second layer is about 80 microns to about 150 microns. The window may be a component of eyeglasses. The window may be a component of an aerospace vehicle.

[0008] A system for blocking wavelengths is disclosed. The system for blocking wavelengths also includes a detector capable of detecting a target wavelength bandwidth and a first layer connected to the detector. The system for blocking wavelengths also includes a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer and connected to the detector. The system also includes a plurality of capsules disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The system also includes a surface charge control layer proximate to the first layer or the second layer, the surface charge control layer being connected to the detector and configured to switch one or more of the plurality of capsules from a first state to a second state when the target wavelength bandwidth is detected, and wherein the plurality of capsules may include a functional additive, the functional additive may include a negatively charged component and a positively charged component contained in each of the plurality of capsules. The functional additive may be switched to the first state and the second state, and the functional additive absorbs the target wavelength bandwidth when switched to the second state.

[0009] The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various implementations or may be combined in yet other implementations, further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, are used to explain the principles of the present disclosure. In the drawings:

[0011] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an aerospace vehicle according to the present invention.

[0012] Figure 2 is an exemplary schematic diagram showing an article or window incorporating a structure including one or more electrophoretic capsules according to the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 3A and Figure 3B Schematic diagrams of an electrophoresis capsule in a first state and a second state, respectively, according to the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 4 is a graph depicting multiple wavelength ranges corresponding to several exemplary pigments or functional additives according to the present disclosure.

[0015] It should be noted that some details of the drawings have been simplified and are drawn to facilitate understanding of the present invention rather than maintaining strict structural accuracy, detail, and scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same, similar or like parts.

[0017] The present disclosure relates to articles and windows and structures thereof, such as wavelength blocking films, which utilize functional additives contained in electrophoretic controllable capsules to control light transmission through the structure. The functional additives are designed to absorb light within a specific wavelength bandwidth and introduce positive or negative charges, so that the articles and windows effectively block visible light wavelengths in a switchable manner. The articles or windows can be used in various industries (including aerospace, automotive, agriculture, and consumer electronics).

[0018] Existing solutions for blocking specific wavelengths of light include applying coatings or tints to surfaces or transparent bodies. However, these solutions cannot be turned on or off once applied, and they sometimes limit visibility when blocking specific wavelengths is not desired. Examples of the present disclosure also provide the ability to electrically switch pigments in filters or coatings that intentionally absorb, reflect, transmit, or make one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation transparent. This allows for blocking specific wavelengths on demand, such as protecting crew members from user laser attacks or providing switchable reflectors of specific wavelengths that can be activated based on conditions.

[0019] Technical features of the present disclosure also include incorporating organic and / or inorganic pigments into electrophoretic particles capable of filtering specific wavelengths. Functional additives and capsules are switched between a first state and a second state using an electrophoretic switch (the electrophoretic switch is applied to each of a plurality of particles (also referred to as capsules or microcapsules) from the outside), and they can absorb light in the visible range, near-infrared light, or ultraviolet light. In other examples, the absorbed light or electromagnetic radiation can be outside the visible range. The surface charge control layer is connected to the detector via an electrical connection, and the surrounding window structure can include materials such as polycarbonate, glass, or a combination thereof. The gap between the first and second layers of the window or film affects the functionality of the article and window by controlling the amount of light that can pass through the window or keeping the capsule in a carrier layer between the first and second layers. Articles, windows, or films can be designed to meet the specific requirements of different applications (e.g., reflecting light, blocking light, or absorbing light), or for lighting or for windows in greenhouses or agricultural environments.

[0020] The examples described herein are general and can be used in conjunction with other optical technologies such as lenses or reflectors and windows. The electrophoretic control articles can be designed or packaged to function in terms of thermal stability and durability. The articles and windows can be made of known materials or combinations of known materials in conventional window manufacturing, and can be designed to be bendable or flexible depending on the specific requirements of the application or installation. Depending on the application, the maximum gap between the first and second layers of the electrophoretic control film is about 80 to about 150 microns, and multiple capsules or surrounding carrier layers can be filled with a liquid or gel-like substance that allows the electrophoretic capsules to rotate or move freely.

[0021] The present disclosure provides additional advantages to the fields of aviation, aerospace, etc. by providing articles and windows that can be used in these various industries and can block specific wavelengths of light on demand. The technical features described herein provide advantages over existing solutions, such as the ability to electrically switch the pigments in the filter or coating, and enhance the versatility of the article, window, and thereby enhance the performance of the vehicle or structure in which the window or article is incorporated. Examples of the present disclosure can be used in a variety of applications (including aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics) and can provide protection against specific wavelengths of light that may be harmful or unwanted.

[0022] The present disclosure includes the use of electrophoretic capsules that incorporate technology that enables manipulation and control of pigment particles within the capsule to produce a general display or block specific wavelengths, such as in the objects of the articles described herein. The electrophoretic capsules can be characterized and defined by structure, composition, incorporated pigments, respective absorption ranges of the pigments, color of the pigments, and bistability of the electrophoretic capsules.

[0023] Electrophoretic capsules consist of a microcapsule core that electrically encapsulates charged pigment particles or functional additives suspended in a transparent dielectric fluid. Flexible transparent electrodes surround the capsules, enabling the application of an electric field to control the position of the pigment within each capsule. The capsules can be arranged in an array to form a display, or in the examples of the present disclosure, to form a targeted wavelength blocking or absorbing article. In an embodiment, the structure of the electrophoretic capsule is similar to The structure of a display in which microcapsules filled with charged pigments are sandwiched between two electrodes.

[0024] is a commercially available electrophoretic display technology that may include millions of microcapsules containing charged pigments that can be manipulated by an electric field to produce a printed appearance similar to that described herein. A display using these capsules can maintain its appearance without the need for electricity until the display needs to be changed, making it a more sustainable and field-available alternative to LED or LCD displays. The displays can be provided in black and white or multi-color options, can be made flexible, and have outdoor and indoor usage scenarios over a wide range of environmental or temperature uses. In examples, while readable images may not be the intent of the present disclosure, a portion or all of a display, panel, or window may be configured to change a portion or all of the display or panel in response to an incident wavelength to block or absorb an incident or target wavelength bandwidth when detected by a vehicle occupant or a detection system or sensor.

[0025] In addition, functional additives, pigments or dyes can be incorporated into the electrophoretic capsule to enhance the stability and performance of the system. These functional additives can include stabilizers, surfactants and polymers to optimize the dispersion and movement of pigment particles. For example, adding a polymer with a high dielectric constant can improve the response time of the electrophoretic capsule. Examples include polydimethylsiloxane or copolymers (the copolymers include polyvinylidene fluoride).

[0026] The choice of pigment in the electrophoretic capsule, particularly those used in the articles and embodiments of the present disclosure, plays a key role in determining the visual characteristics of the display. Electrophoretic capsules can use a wide range of pigment materials, including organic and inorganic particles. Titanium dioxide is a commonly used pigment in electrophoretic capsules because of its high reflectivity and light scattering properties. Other examples of electrophoretic capsules can incorporate quantum dots, nanoscale semiconductor particles, to expand the color gamut and improve display quality. Examples include cadmium selenide quantum dots to enhance the color saturation and range of electrophoretic displays or to provide additional transmission, reflection or absorption properties. In other examples, electrophoretic capsules can be designed to include multiple pigments, or have discrete multi-layer pigments, each with a different absorption range, to provide a wider color spectrum and improve display quality. When the capsule is combined with pigments that absorb in the red, green, and blue regions of the spectrum, this can allow the production of full-color displays. For example, the appropriate combination of pigments and the ability to control their respective positions within the capsule can display a wide range of colors. From monochrome displays to full-color displays, electrophoretic capsules can achieve vibrating and customizable visual effects. These colors can include black and white, grayscale, and vivid, saturated colors.

[0027] Another property exhibited by electrophoretic capsules is bi-stability, which means that once the pigment is located within the capsule, it remains stable without the need for a continuous power source. This property allows low power consumption and a long-lasting display without discoloration until the time when the pigment is relocated. In this way, static images can be displayed for extended periods of time, up to several weeks, with minimal power consumption. In addition, the structure including the electrophoretic capsules requires power only when the displayed content is changed, which can ensure that the battery life of the article or device containing these capsules is extended. Other properties of these types of electrophoretic capsules include temperature stability after exposure to -55°C and 85°C for at least 3 hours, high visibility under wide-angle observation without backlight under dark and bright viewing conditions, thermal management, solar absorptivity and emissivity, and drivability by remote wireless power.

[0028] The use of electrophoretic capsules loaded with pigments designed to block specific electromagnetic bandwidths (including user lasers) may find application in aerospace vehicle components. This may provide the ability to electrically switch pigments in filters, windows, coatings, or other transparent structures that may intentionally absorb, reflect, transmit, or make transparent one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. In examples including multilayer configurations, the articles of the present disclosure may absorb at one or more wavelengths, reflect at one or more other wavelengths, or include combinations thereof.

[0029] In other examples, exemplary articles of the present disclosure may allow for blocking of specific target wavelength bandwidths on demand. For example, an article may allow a crew member to turn on protection for a user laser. Such an article may also be used for a switchable reflector for a specific wavelength that can be activated depending on the situation or condition of the aircraft (e.g., landing, in theater, refueling, etc.).

[0030] While it is currently possible to coat transparent bodies or surfaces with pigments that selectively absorb or reflect specific electromagnetic wavelengths, they cannot be turned off or changed once coated. Traditional filters that protect pilots from being blinded by user lasers also limit visibility as a secondary effect. When in a different environment, an adversary could also coat a combat vehicle with a coating that is highly reflective at a specific wavelength, which is useful for safety in a specific environment or in operations outside of a theater. The difference between existing electrophoretic coloring technology and the articles and methods provided herein includes the ability to intentionally reflect or absorb energy at specific wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum.

[0031] Figure 1 1 is a schematic diagram of an aerospace vehicle according to the present invention. A vehicle 100, in this case an aircraft, is shown having a fuselage 102 or hull. In several locations around the fuselage 102, a windshield 104 is positioned toward the front of the vehicle 100, and along the sides are several side windows 106. Although the windshield 104 and the side windows 106 are suitable locations for placing or incorporating the articles or devices of the present disclosure within the vehicle 100, there may be other advantageous locations for placing such articles, including but not limited to sensors or other areas of the aircraft or vehicle 100 that may be sensitive to attack or exposure to specific wavelengths as described herein. In addition to aircraft, other vehicles or structures may include windows or similar articles as described herein. These structures may include but are not limited to greenhouses, automobiles, ships, aerospace vehicles, etc. The articles, windows, displays, or films described herein may be used on any interior or exterior surface containing any type of electrophoretic capsule for blocking a target wavelength bandwidth. In examples, the background color of the exemplary panels can be customized or color tuned as desired and can be applied as a wavelength blocking film to be applied in the interior structure of the window or applied after construction using a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA).

[0032] Figure 2 2 is an exemplary schematic diagram showing an article or window incorporating a structure including one or more electrophoretic capsules according to the present disclosure. Window 200 is shown in cross section. Figure 2 An exemplary window 200 structure is shown in FIG. 1 , but those skilled in the art may implement arrangements such as alternative orientations, positions, or compositions based on existing or newly designed carrier components. Figure 2 As shown, a window 200 is shown with a positionable dust cover 202 on the inside of the window 200. A first panel and a second panel of a window 206 disposed on the outside are also shown. A wavelength blocking film 204 is also shown, which has an electrical connection 214 connected thereto, wherein all components are held in an inner window structure 208 within the body of an appropriate vehicle panel or component 210. It should be assumed that any target wavelengths (which will be further described in more detail later) that the operator or passenger wants to block, absorb or attenuate using the electrophoretic capabilities included in the wavelength blocking film 204 will be introduced or detected from the outer surface of the vehicle 212. Alternative arrangements or examples may include a windshield or sensor component for an aerospace vehicle (such as but not limited to an aircraft). In an example, the sensor component or detector may be configured to detect a target wavelength range or wavelength of interest and electrically connected to the wavelength blocking film 204 as part of the article or window, so that the wavelength blocking film 204 is activated when the sensor or detector detects the target wavelength bandwidth or a specific wavelength of interest. When the wavelength blocking film 204 is activated, the target wavelength may be absorbed or blocked by the activated wavelength blocking film 204. The wavelength blocking film may be applied to transparent materials (e.g., windows or sensor covers). The wavelength blocking device or its elements may also be applied as a coating on an opaque surface to enable or prevent detection.

[0033] In an example, the article may include an inner layer, an outer layer parallel to the inner layer, and a plurality of capsules disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer, wherein the plurality of capsules contain functional additives or pigments as described herein. The inner layer and the outer layer may be transparent within the visible and invisible electromagnetic spectrum range (including but not limited to visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, x-beams, or combinations thereof). The inner layer or the outer layer may be or include polycarbonate, glass, or other transparent materials known to those skilled in the art for use in window or display manufacturing.

[0034] A carrier layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer or within the wavelength blocking film of the present disclosure may include a carrier layer containing a plurality of capsules and allowing each of the plurality of capsules to move freely within the carrier layer material, such as, but not limited to, a physically transparent material that operates over a wide temperature range (e.g., silicone, water with or without antifreeze or boiling additives, etc.). The example of using silicone may result in a slower (approximately 1 ms) switching. The switching speed may also depend on temperature, viscosity, or other factors. In an example, the functional additive may include a negatively charged component and / or a positively charged component contained within each of the plurality of capsules, wherein the functional additive may be converted into a first state and a second state. Examples may include windows or viewing elements or optical devices in glasses, aerospace vehicles, etc.

[0035] Figure 3A and Figure 3B Schematic diagrams of an electrophoresis capsule in a first state and a second state, respectively, according to the present disclosure. Figure 3A An electrophoretic capsule assembly 300 is shown, which shows a capsule 312 in a first activation state. The electrophoretic capsule 312 is sandwiched between a first electrode layer 302 and a second electrode layer 304. The first electrode layer 302 and the second electrode layer 304 are configured to introduce a charge or bias to a plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 contained within a capsule shell 306 of the capsule to place the capsule 312 in a first activation state. When activated, the plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 are free to move within a carrier layer 310 also contained within the capsule shell 306 of the capsule 312, and are distributed within the carrier layer 310 so that the plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 fill the capsule 312 in such a manner that light of a target wavelength bandwidth can be blocked from passing or transmitting through the capsule 312. In other words, when the system is activated, the capsule containing the wavelength absorbing particles covers the screen to filter the light of the target wavelength. In some examples, the types of the plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 can be selected or designed so that the target wavelength of light introduced into the capsule 312 or the membrane containing the plurality of capsules in the first activation state is reflected rather than absorbed. about Figure 4 Examples of absorbing pigments or additives are further described.Examples of reflective additives or pigments within the scope described herein may include titanium dioxide, glass, mica, and other substances known to those skilled in the art.

[0036] Figure 3BAn electrophoretic capsule assembly 300 is shown showing a capsule 314 in a second, inactive state. The electrophoretic capsule 314 is sandwiched between a first electrode layer 302 and a second electrode layer 304. The first electrode layer 302 and the second electrode layer 304 are configured to introduce a charge or bias to a plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 contained within a capsule shell 306 of the capsule to place the capsule 314 in a second, inactive state. When inactive, the plurality of pigment or functional additive particles 308 are free to move within a carrier layer 310 (the carrier layer 310 is also contained within the capsule shell 306 of the capsule 314) and are distributed within the carrier layer 310 such that the plurality of pigments or functional additives direct the particles 308 toward the capsule shell 306 in such a manner that light of a target wavelength can be allowed to pass through or through the capsule 314, or through a membrane containing the plurality of capsules 314 in the second, inactive state. Thus, when the system is disabled, the capsule 314 moves to the side to create a transparent opening through the electrophoretic capsule assembly 300. In the example of an electrophoretic capsule assembly, the first electrode layer 302 and the second electrode layer 304 may be embedded within a window cell or layer of a structured window as described herein, or may be a freestanding flexible film, or a combination thereof.

[0037] In the example, these microcapsules (which can be approximated to be about the diameter of a human hair) contain black pigments. In each microcapsule, when electricity is applied, the pigment can move from one side to the other. When the pigment or functional additive moves to the side of the capsule, a transparent opening can be formed, which can be seen or transmitted by light. When the pigment or functional additive is dispersed, they are filled in the capsule to produce a closed, blocked, absorbed or dark state. The functional additive includes a pigment, more than one pigment, a pigment that absorbs light of a target wavelength, a pigment that absorbs light of one or more different target wavelengths or wavelength bandwidths, or an organic and / or inorganic pigment is used or combined with an electrophoretic particle that can filter a specific wavelength, so that the microcapsule is transparent in one state (inactive) and opaque in another state (active). The size of the pigment, functional additive or quantum dot can be about 1nm to about 20 microns. Pigments, functional additives, quantum dots or other components can block or absorb green or red lasers, high-power lasers (e.g., ND:YAG lasers), high-power laser diodes, and other lasers that may cause damage or danger to the human eye.

[0038] In the example, multiple films may be used alternatively to block multiple wavelengths or bandwidths. In other examples, the system for blocking or absorbing wavelengths may include one or more detectors to detect red, blue, green, UV, IR wavelengths to target the correct range in a system including multiple functional additives or film layers. In addition, the detector can send a signal to turn on a component with multiple layers, thereby filtering out a specific wavelength bandwidth as needed. In addition, the article or system of the present disclosure may include their use as a bandpass filter (e.g., blocking or absorbing all substances above or below a first wavelength or a second wavelength, a narrowband absorber, or a target wavelength above or below a certain wavelength). Other applications of the systems or articles described herein may include particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is used to track individual droplets in structures such as wind tunnels or in windows of greenhouses. For example, it may be advantageous to adjust windows or panels or films to incorporate into chlorophyll.

[0039] Figure 4 is a graph depicting multiple wavelength ranges corresponding to several exemplary pigments or functional additives according to the present disclosure. Figure 4 As shown in the figure shown, there is a variety of dyes, which can absorb the discrete wavelength range of the visible spectrum or from the range shown in the figure or from about 400nm to about 880nm light. The various dyes shown in the figure can be used for absorbing the laser or light energy in the region shown. In an example, dyes such as those shown can be combined with pigments or other functional additives, which can include charge control agents, flow agents or other volume-enhancing particle processing, which can be used for example to optimize the movement of pigments or dyes in the carrier layer or carrier liquid of electrophoresis capsules. The characteristic properties of dyes or pigments for blocking, absorbing or reflecting the target wavelength can include strong absorption under the target wavelength, for example 0.5 to 1.0 high quantum yield, good photochemical stability, short fluorescence lifetime or for example about 5 to 10ns.

[0040] Illustrative dyes include, but are not limited to, coumarin-based dyes, xanthene-based dyes, oxazine dyes, boron-dipyrromethene dyes, or combinations thereof. Specific examples may include fluorescein, LD390, LD423, coumarin 450, coumarin 480, coumarin 499, coumarin 523, coumarin 521, coumarin 6, coumarin 102, coumarin 314, eosin Y, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 123, rhodamine 560, rhodamine 575, rhodamine 590, quinone red, DCM, sulforhodamine 640 , LD690, OX720, LD800, LD600, LD5821, Bengal Rose Red, Oxazine 170, Oxazine 720, Oxazine 750, Nile Blue A, Methylene Blue, BODIPY493 / 504, BODIPY530 / 550, BODIPY581 / 591, BODIPY630 / 650, BODIPY665 / 676, etc.

[0041] Exemplary pigments include, but are not limited to, carbon black, titanium dioxide, iron oxides such as red, yellow, and black iron oxides, ultramarine blue, cadmium-based pigments including cadmium red, cadmium yellow, and cadmium orange, Prussian blue, chromium oxide green, phthalocyanine blue and green pigments, naphthol red, perylene red, quinacridone fuchsin, etc. In other examples, spectrally selective absorber molecules or quantum dots may be incorporated into a mixture of pigments or dyes or other additives to function in electrophoretic capsules and membranes or articles made therefrom, as described herein.

[0042] This application involves the following terms:

[0043] Clause 1. A window (200), comprising:

[0044] First floor;

[0045] a second layer, the second layer being substantially parallel to the first layer; and

[0046] a plurality of capsules (312, 314), the plurality of capsules (312, 314) being arranged between the first layer and the second layer; and wherein

[0047] The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive contained within each of the plurality of capsules (312, 314); and

[0048] The functional additive is switchable between a first state and a second state.

[0049] Clause 2. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the functional additive comprises a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210).

[0050] Clause 3. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the functional additive absorbs light in a bandwidth of wavelengths.

[0051] Clause 4. The window (200) of Clause 3, wherein the wavelength bandwidth is from 520 nm to about 532 nm or from about 630 nm to about 670 nm.

[0052] Clause 5. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the functional additive comprises a plurality of quantum dots.

[0053] Clause 6. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the functional additive comprises one or more pigments.

[0054] Clause 7. The window (200) of Clause 6, wherein the functional additive comprises a colorant.

[0055] Clause 8. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer are transparent in a wavelength range of about 380 nm to about 700 nm.

[0056] Clause 9. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein:

[0057] The first layer comprises polycarbonate, glass, or a combination thereof; and

[0058] The second layer includes polycarbonate, glass, or a combination thereof.

[0059] Clause 10. The window (200) according to Clause 1, further comprising: a surface charge control layer, wherein the surface charge control layer is adjacent to the first layer or the second layer.

[0060] Clause 11. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein the first state comprises transparency in a first wavelength bandwidth and the second state comprises absorptivity in a second wavelength bandwidth.

[0061] Clause 12. The window (200) of clause 11, wherein the first wavelength bandwidth is between wavelengths of 380 nm to about 700 nm.

[0062] Clause 13. The window (200) of clause 11, wherein the second wavelength bandwidth is between wavelengths of 380 nm to about 700 nm.

[0063] Clause 14. The window (200) of Clause 1, wherein each of the plurality of capsules (314) has a size of about 15 to about 100 microns.

[0064] Clause 15. The window (200) according to clause 1, further comprising: a carrier layer (310), the carrier layer being disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the carrier layer (310) comprises the plurality of capsules (312, 314) and allows free movement of each of the plurality of capsules (312, 314).

[0065] Clause 16. A window (200), comprising:

[0066] First floor;

[0067] a second layer, the second layer being substantially parallel to the first layer; and

[0068] a plurality of capsules (312, 314), the plurality of capsules (312, 314) being arranged between the first layer and the second layer; and wherein:

[0069] The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive, the functional additive including a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210), the negatively charged component (210) and the positively charged component (210) being contained in each of the plurality of capsules (312, 314); and

[0070] The functional additive is switchable between a first state and a second state.

[0071] Clause 17. The window (200) of Clause 16, wherein the gap between the first layer and the second layer is about 80 microns to about 150 microns.

[0072] Clause 18. The window (200) of Clause 16, wherein the window (200) is a component (210) of eyeglasses.

[0073] Clause 19. The window (200) of Clause 16, wherein the window (200) is a component (210) of an aerospace vehicle (100, 212).

[0074] Clause 20. A system for blocking a wavelength, the system comprising:

[0075] a detector capable of detecting a target wavelength bandwidth;

[0076] a first layer connected to the detector;

[0077] a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer and connected to the detector;

[0078] a plurality of capsules (312, 314) disposed between the first layer and the second layer; and

[0079] a surface charge control layer adjacent to the first layer or the second layer, the surface charge control layer connected to the detector and configured to switch one or more of the plurality of capsules (312, 314) from a first state to a second state when the target wavelength bandwidth is detected; and wherein:

[0080] The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive, the functional additive including a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210), the negatively charged component and the positively charged component being contained within each of the plurality of capsules (314);

[0081] The functional additive is switchable to a first state and a second state; and

[0082] The functional additive absorbs the target wavelength bandwidth when switched to the second state.

[0083] Although the present invention has been shown with respect to one or more implementations, the examples shown may be replaced and / or modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is understood that although the process is described as a series of actions or events, the present invention is not limited to the order of these actions or events. Some actions may occur in different orders and / or occur simultaneously with other actions or events other than those described herein. In addition, not all processing stages are required to implement the method according to one or more aspects or embodiments of the teachings of the present invention. It is understood that structural objects and / or processing stages may be added, or existing structural objects and / or processing stages may be removed or modified. In addition, one or more actions described herein may be performed in one or more separate actions and / or stages. In addition, with respect to the terms "including", "having", "containing", "with" or their variants used in the detailed description and claims, these terms are intended to be included in a manner similar to the term "comprising". The term "at least one of" is used to indicate that one or more of the listed items may be selected. In addition, in the discussion and claims herein, the terms "on...", one "on..." another, used with respect to two materials, refer to at least some contact between the materials, while "above..." refers to the proximity of the materials, but may have one or more additional intervening materials, so that contact is possible but not necessary. Neither "on..." nor "over..." implies any directionality as used herein. The term "conformal" describes a coating material in which the angle of the underlying material is maintained by the conformal material. The term "about" indicates that the listed values ​​may vary slightly, as long as the change does not cause the method or structure to be inconsistent with the illustrated embodiment. The terms "connect", "coupled", "connected", "combined", "connected", "connected to..." and "connected to..." refer to "directly coupled" or "coupled via one or more intermediate elements or members". Finally, the term "exemplary" or "illustrative" indicates that the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is ideal. Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the specification and practice disclosed herein. The specification and embodiments are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of the present invention are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A window (200), comprising: First floor; a second layer, the second layer being substantially parallel to the first layer; as well as a plurality of capsules (312, 314), the plurality of capsules (312, 314) being arranged between the first layer and the second layer; and wherein The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive contained within each of the plurality of capsules (312, 314); and The functional additive is switchable between a first state and a second state.

2. The window (200) according to claim 1, wherein: The functional additive includes a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210).

3. The window (200) according to claim 1, wherein: The functional additive absorbs light in a bandwidth of wavelengths.

4. The window (200) according to claim 3, wherein: The wavelength bandwidth is from 520 nm to about 532 nm or from about 630 nm to about 670 nm.

5. The window (200) according to claim 1, wherein: The functional additive includes a plurality of quantum dots.

6. The window (200) according to claim 1, wherein: The functional additives include one or more pigments.

7. The window (200) according to claim 6, wherein: The functional additives include colorants.

8. The window (200) according to claim 1, wherein: The first layer and the second layer are transparent in a wavelength range of about 380 nm to about 700 nm.

9. A window (200), comprising: First floor; a second layer, the second layer being substantially parallel to the first layer; as well as a plurality of capsules (312, 314), the plurality of capsules (312, 314) being arranged between the first layer and the second layer; and wherein: The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive, the functional additive including a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210), the negatively charged component (210) and the positively charged component (210) being contained in each of the plurality of capsules (312, 314); and The functional additive is switchable between a first state and a second state.

10. A system for blocking wavelengths, the system comprising: a detector capable of detecting a target wavelength bandwidth; a first layer connected to the detector; a second layer substantially parallel to the first layer and connected to the detector; a plurality of capsules (312, 314), the plurality of capsules being arranged between the first layer and the second layer; as well as a surface charge control layer adjacent to the first layer or the second layer, the surface charge control layer connected to the detector and configured to switch one or more of the plurality of capsules (312, 314) from a first state to a second state when the target wavelength bandwidth is detected; and wherein: The plurality of capsules (312, 314) include a functional additive, the functional additive including a negatively charged component (210) and a positively charged component (210), the negatively charged component and the positively charged component being contained within each of the plurality of capsules (314); The functional additive is switchable to a first state and a second state; and The functional additive absorbs the target wavelength bandwidth when switched to the second state.

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