Miniaturized patch antenna and electronic equipment

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of antennas, and discloses a miniaturized patch antenna and electronic equipment, the antenna comprises a patch radiator, a grounding plate, a feed structure and a coupling resonance body, the coupling resonance body is a resonance structure suspended in a vertical area between a plane where the patch radiator is located and a plane where the grounding plate is located, the patch radiator and the grounding plate form a resonant cavity, and the coupling resonator is coupled with the resonant cavity and generates multi-mode resonance. According to the invention, the dependence of a traditional patch antenna on a high dielectric constant material (such as ceramic) is abandoned, and the resonance characteristic is optimized by adopting the coupled resonators. Under the condition that the size is not increased, a multi-mode resonance mechanism is utilized, so that the antenna realizes high-efficiency resonance under a compact structure. According to the design, the size of the antenna is obviously reduced, the weight is reduced, and the influence of a high-dielectric-constant material on the radiation characteristic of the antenna is reduced, so that the overall radiation efficiency is effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of antenna technology, and in particular to a miniaturized patch antenna and electronic equipment. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of wireless communication and satellite navigation technology, the demand for high-performance, miniaturized antennas is growing. Especially in application scenarios such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), drone communications, vehicle positioning, and the Internet of Things (IoT), antennas not only need to have stable radiation characteristics, but also need to achieve efficient signal reception in a limited space. At the same time, in order to improve the reliability and anti-interference capability of the system, circularly polarized (CP) antennas have gradually become the mainstream choice. However, traditional circularly polarized patch antennas usually rely on multi-probe feeding, complex bias networks, or additional structural adjustments, which increases the difficulty of antenna design, makes them larger in size, and are not easy to integrate into compact electronic devices.

[0003] In this context, miniaturized and lightweight circularly polarized antennas have become a research hotspot. Existing miniaturization technologies mainly include methods such as loading high dielectric constant substrates, introducing slotted structures, or utilizing parasitic units. However, these methods have their own limitations. For example, although high dielectric constant materials can reduce the size of the antenna, they will increase dielectric loss and reduce radiation efficiency; although the parasitic unit method can improve performance, it will increase the complexity of antenna design. Therefore, how to provide an innovative antenna solution that combines miniaturization, efficient radiation, and broadband adaptability is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present invention provides a miniaturized patch antenna and an electronic device to solve the above technical problems in the prior art.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a miniaturized patch antenna is provided.

[0006] The miniaturized patch antenna includes a patch radiator, a ground plane, a feeding structure and a coupling resonator. The coupling resonator is located in a vertical area between a plane where the patch radiator is located and a plane where the ground plane is located. The patch radiator and the ground plane form a resonant cavity. The coupling resonator is coupled to the resonant cavity to generate multi-mode resonance.

[0007] The coupling resonator is a resonant structure suspended in a vertical region between a plane where the patch radiator is located and a plane where the ground plane is located.

[0008] Optionally, the coupled resonator is a dipole and its deformed structure, a ring structure and its deformed structure, or a serpentine structure and its deformed structure.

[0009] Wherein, when the coupling resonator is a dipole and its deformed structure, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 0.5 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

[0010] Wherein, when the coupling resonator is a ring structure and a deformed structure thereof, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 1.0 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

[0011] Wherein, when the coupling resonator is a serpentine structure and a deformed structure thereof, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 0.5 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

[0012] Optionally, the deformed structure has branches for adjusting the resonant frequency and current distribution of the coupled resonant body on the basis of the original structure, or has capacitive elements or inductive elements.

[0013] The projection area of ​​the coupling resonator on the ground plane overlaps with the projection area of ​​the patch radiator on the ground plane; or the minimum distance between the two projection areas is smaller than the height of the patch radiator.

[0014] Optionally, the coupling resonators are distributed rotationally symmetrically around the center of the patch radiator.

[0015] Optionally, the shape of the patch radiator includes: polygonal, circular, elliptical, ring-shaped or fan-shaped, and the patch radiator has slots or gaps.

[0016] Optionally, the feeding mode of the feeding structure includes probe feeding, coaxial feeding, coupled feeding, single feeding or differential feeding. In the coaxial feeding mode, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the patch radiator, and the outer conductor is connected to the ground plate.

[0017] According to a second aspect of the present invention, an electronic device is provided, comprising the above-mentioned miniaturized patch antenna.

[0018] The technical solution provided by the present invention may include the following beneficial effects:

[0019] The present invention abandons the reliance of traditional patch antennas on high dielectric constant materials (such as ceramics) and uses coupled resonators to optimize the resonance characteristics. Without increasing the volume, the multi-mode resonance mechanism is used to enable the antenna to achieve efficient resonance in a compact structure. This design not only significantly reduces the size of the antenna, but also reduces the weight and reduces the impact of high dielectric constant materials on the antenna radiation characteristics, thereby effectively improving the overall radiation efficiency.

[0020] The present invention introduces a multi-mode resonance mechanism, which enables the antenna to be flexibly tuned in multiple frequency bands and supports multi-frequency co-aperture operation. This feature significantly broadens the antenna's operating bandwidth, reduces the complexity of antenna design and manufacturing costs, and improves the applicability of the antenna. In addition, the structural optimization of the coupled resonator enables the antenna to provide good impedance matching characteristics in different wireless communication systems, ensuring that the antenna can maintain stable performance in multiple frequency bands.

[0021] The design of the present invention based on the coupled resonator can ensure that the antenna still has excellent radiation characteristics under miniaturized conditions. By optimizing the resonance mode and electric field distribution, the antenna of the present invention can provide stable linear polarization or circular polarization characteristics in different working modes, and has optimized wide-beam radiation capabilities. This makes the antenna solution widely applicable to high-performance wireless application scenarios such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), high-precision positioning, and vehicle-mounted communications, and has broad application prospects in the fields of wireless communications, satellite navigation, and 6G Internet of Things.

[0022] It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0024] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the linearly polarized miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1;

[0025] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a circularly polarized miniaturized patch antenna with a rectangular patch radiator in Example 1;

[0026] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a miniaturized patch antenna with circular polarization and a triangular patch radiator in Example 1;

[0027] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the electric field distribution of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1;

[0028] Figure 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1;

[0029] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 2;

[0030] Figure 7 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 2 on the YZ plane Figure 1 ;

[0031] Figure 8 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 2 on the YZ plane Figure 2 ;

[0032] Fig. 9 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 2 on the YZ plane Figure 3 ;

[0033] Fig.10 is a side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 3 on the YZ plane;

[0034] Fig.11 is a side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 4 on the YZ plane;

[0035] Fig.12 is a side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 5 on the YZ plane Figure 1 ;

[0036] Fig.13 is a side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 5 on the YZ plane Figure 2 ;

[0037] Fig.14 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 6;

[0038] Fig.15 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 6 on the YZ plane Figure 1 ;

[0039] Fig.16 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 6 on the YZ plane Figure 2 ;

[0040] Fig.17 The side view of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 6 on the YZ plane Figure 3 ;

[0041] Fig.18 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 7;

[0042] Fig.19 is a schematic diagram of a reflection coefficient curve obtained by the miniaturized patch antenna in the dual-feed mode in Example 1;

[0043] Fig. 20 is a schematic diagram of current distribution of a coupled resonant body in a dipole form of a miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1 in a first frequency band;

[0044] Fig.21 is a schematic diagram of current distribution of a coupled resonant body in a dipole form of a miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1 in a second frequency band;

[0045] Fig. 22 is a radiation pattern of a coupled resonant body in a dipole form of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1 in the first frequency band;

[0046] Fig.23 is a radiation pattern of a coupled resonant body in a dipole form of the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1 in the second frequency band;

[0047] Fig.24 It is a schematic diagram of the projection area of ​​the miniaturized patch antenna in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The following description and accompanying drawings fully illustrate the specific embodiments of this article so that those skilled in the art can practice them. Parts and features of some embodiments may be included in or replace parts and features of other embodiments. The scope of the embodiments of this article includes the entire scope of the claims, as well as all available equivalents of the claims. Herein, the terms "first", "second", etc. are only used to distinguish one element from another, without requiring or implying any actual relationship or order between these elements. In fact, the first element can also be called the second element, and vice versa. Moreover, the terms "include", "comprise" or any other variant thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that the structure, device or equipment including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements that are not explicitly listed, or also include elements inherent to such structure, device or equipment. In the absence of more restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "including one..." do not exclude the existence of other identical elements in the structure, device or equipment including the elements. Each embodiment is described in a progressive manner herein, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts between the embodiments can be referred to each other.

[0049] The terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "upper", "lower", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc. in this document indicate the orientation or position relationship based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this document and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention. In the description of this document, unless otherwise specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection, it can also be the internal communication of two elements, it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0050] As used herein, the term "plurality" means two or more than two, unless otherwise specified.

[0051] In this document, the character " / " indicates that the preceding and following objects are in an "or" relationship. For example, A / B means: A or B.

[0052] In this article, the term "and / or" is a description of the association relationship between objects, indicating that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B means: A or B, or, A and B.

[0053] In the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features of the embodiments may be combined with each other.

[0054] Example 1

[0055] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a linearly polarized miniaturized patch antenna in Embodiment 1 of the present invention is shown; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a circularly polarized miniaturized patch antenna with a rectangular patch radiator in Example 1 is shown; Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a miniaturized patch antenna with circular polarization and a triangular patch radiator in Example 1 is shown;

[0056] based on Figure 1-Figure 3 As shown, a miniaturized patch antenna provided in this embodiment includes a patch radiator 101, a ground plane 100, a feeding structure 102 and a coupling resonator 103. The patch radiator 101 and the coupling resonator 103 form a multi-mode resonance to optimize the bandwidth and polarization performance of the antenna; the ground plane 100 is located below the patch radiator 101, provides a reflection surface for the antenna, and serves as a potential zero point; the feeding structure 102 is responsible for providing RF signal input to the antenna; the coupling resonator 103 is arranged in a vertical area between the plane where the patch radiator 101 is located and the plane where the ground plane 100 is located, generates a resonant mode, and generates an electromagnetic coupling effect, providing antenna resonance.

[0057] In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 adopts a three-dimensional suspension structure, relying on spatial electromagnetic coupling and resonant cavity action, and does not need to be directly physically connected to the patch radiator 101 or the ground plate 100. This design is achieved by coupling the independent standing wave mode of the resonator 103 (such as 0.5λ, Fig. 20 ) and the electric field distribution of the patch resonant cavity ( Figure 4 ) forms a strong coupling, supporting linear polarization ( Figure 1 ) or circular polarization ( Figure 2-3 ) radiation. Compared with the patch design that relies on loading capacitive elements in the prior art, the suspended coupling structure of the present invention significantly improves the frequency control flexibility and radiation efficiency through multi-dimensional energy transfer in three-dimensional space, breaking through the limitations of the traditional single mode.

[0058] like Figure 1 As shown, the coupled resonator 103 of the linearly polarized patch antenna is composed of two resonance units (103a and 103c), which are evenly distributed around the center of the patch radiator 101 by rotating 180°, so that the antenna generates a consistent electric field component along the x-axis direction during resonance, thereby achieving high-purity linear polarization radiation.

[0059] like Figure 2 As shown, the coupled resonator 103 of the circularly polarized patch antenna is composed of four resonant units (103a, 103b, 103c and 103d), which are evenly and symmetrically distributed around the center of the patch radiator 101. This structure can form two mutually orthogonal electric field components (along the x-axis and y-axis respectively) during the resonance process to achieve stable circularly polarized radiation.

[0060] like Figure 3 As shown, in another circular polarization implementation scheme, the coupled resonator 103 is composed of three resonance units (103a, 103b and 103c), and is arranged rotationally symmetrically around the patch radiator 101 at a specific angle, which can also generate two orthogonal polarization components, realize circular polarization radiation, and optimize the polarization purity and bandwidth characteristics of the antenna under a specific structure.

[0061] It is worth noting that Figures 1 to 3 The coupling resonator 103 shown in the figure does not show its specific shape and size, but only shows its relative position characteristics. The coupling resonator 103 can be a suspended resonant structure arranged in a vertical region between the plane where the patch radiator 101 is located and the plane where the ground plane 100 is located, such as a dipole and its deformed structure, a ring structure and its deformed structure, etc., which can generate a standing wave mode on the coupling resonator 103, and then generate a multi-mode resonance characteristic. The multi-mode resonance characteristic is mapped to the patch antenna through electromagnetic coupling with the patch resonant cavity, thereby generating antenna resonance.

[0062] Figure 4 As shown, based on the resonant cavity model of the patch antenna, the patch radiator 101 and the ground plane 100 form a resonant cavity structure, the electric field is mainly distributed between the two, and a strong electric field component is formed at the edge area of ​​the patch radiator 101. In addition, due to the electromagnetic leakage effect, there is also an obvious edge field at the edge area of ​​the patch radiator 101.

[0063] The introduction of the coupling resonator 103 is equivalent to adding an additional resonator in the patch resonant cavity, which can form a standing wave mode within a specific frequency range, thereby regulating the resonant characteristics of the patch antenna. According to the electromagnetic field coupling theory, the equivalent current (J 1 ) and the electric field distribution of the patch resonant cavity (E 2The mathematical expression of the coupling strength n between the two is as follows:

[0064] n=∫∫∫(E 2 ·J 1 )dτ (1)

[0065] Wherein, dτ represents the spatial integral of the coupling resonator 103 and the patch resonant cavity.

[0066] like Figure 5 As shown in Figure 2, the electric field-current coupling relationship further affects the input impedance of the antenna. The input impedance expression of its equivalent circuit model is as follows:

[0067]

[0068] Where ω is the angular frequency, representing the operating frequency of the antenna; j is the imaginary unit, representing the reactive power stored in the capacitor or inductor. n , L n and C n Respectively represent the equivalent resistance, inductance and capacitance components of the nth resonance mode in the coupling resonator 103. m2 , L m2 and C m2 They represent the equivalent resistance, inductance and capacitance components of the patch resonant cavity respectively.

[0069] The first term of formula (2) represents the impedance characteristic of the coupling resonator 103, which is the weighted sum of the impedance characteristics of each mode in the coupling resonator 103, reflecting its contribution to the overall resonance characteristic; the second term of formula (2) is affected by the patch resonator and its surrounding electromagnetic environment; the coupling strength n between the coupling resonator 103 and the patch resonator is a key parameter for optimizing antenna performance, and its size directly determines the energy coupling efficiency and the resonant mode control capability.

[0070] According to the above theory, the following design optimization scheme can be obtained:

[0071] (1) Optimizing the coupling area: To ensure strong coupling between the coupling resonator 103 and the patch resonant cavity, the projection area of ​​the coupling resonator 103 on the ground plane 100 overlaps with the projection area of ​​the patch radiator 101, or the minimum distance between the two should not exceed the height of the patch radiator 101 ( Fig.24 In the optimal structural design, the coupling resonator 103 is placed in the area of ​​the patch cavity where the electric field is the strongest (such as the edge) to ensure the maximum coupling effect.

[0072] (2) Optimizing the resonance mode: When the equivalent electrical length of the coupling resonator 103 reaches 0.5λ of the target frequency wavelength and its integer multiples, the energy forms a standing wave mode in the coupling resonator and is efficiently transmitted to the patch, realizing the multi-resonance characteristics of the antenna. Figure 8 As shown in Figure 2, in the 0.5λ mode, the current is weakest at the end and strongest in the middle. Fig. 9 As shown, in the 1.0λ mode, the current distribution presents a high-order mode, and a plurality of current nodes and anti-nodes are formed in the coupling resonator 103 .

[0073] The present invention is based on the regulation mechanism of cavity coupling resonance, and optimizes the resonant mode, impedance matching and polarization stability of the antenna through the strong coupling constraint relationship between the patch resonant cavity and the coupled resonator. Traditional patch antennas usually rely on their size and dielectric constant to determine the resonant frequency, but the design of the present invention breaks through this limitation, so that the operating frequency of the antenna is no longer only constrained by the size of the patch, but is determined by the geometric parameters of the coupled resonator 103. Therefore, compared with traditional patch antennas, the antenna of the present invention can not only significantly reduce the physical size, but also enhance the design flexibility while maintaining high radiation performance, making it suitable for a variety of wireless communications and navigation systems.

[0074] More importantly, the present invention breaks through the limitation that the high-order modes of traditional patch antennas are difficult to achieve normal radiation. The present invention maps the multi-resonance mode characteristics of the coupled resonator to the patch resonant cavity, and radiates with the patch resonant cavity as the core. Specifically, through the design of the coupled resonator, 0.5λ, 1.0λ and higher-order modes are introduced, which can not only effectively excite multi-resonance modes (multi-band resonance), but also form strong coupling with the patch resonant cavity to achieve efficient normal radiation. At the same time, this multi-mode resonance mechanism enables the antenna to adapt to different frequency requirements under the same structure, thereby meeting the application scenarios with high requirements for multi-mode coexistence and high-precision radiation such as multi-frequency GNSS, satellite communications, and 6G wireless communications.

[0075] In other embodiments, the patch radiator 101 may be in various shapes, such as polygonal, circular, elliptical, annular, fan-shaped, etc., and may be combined with a slot or slot loading structure to further optimize the antenna performance.

[0076] Furthermore, the antenna structure of the present invention also includes a feeding structure 102, which can adopt probe feeding, coaxial feeding or coupling feeding to meet different application requirements. In the coaxial feeding mode, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the patch radiator 101, and the outer conductor is connected to the ground plate 100 for inputting RF signals. In addition, the feeding structure 102 can support single feeding or differential feeding to meet the requirements of different systems.

[0077] In terms of antenna dielectric materials, the antenna of the present invention does not need to rely on dielectric materials with high dielectric constants, such as ceramics, but can use air dielectrics or low dielectric constant materials (such as hydrocarbon resins, PPO, active esters, epoxy resins and other common copper clad laminate materials). This design not only simplifies the structure, but also improves the manufacturing cost-effectiveness, and while ensuring efficient radiation performance, it improves the mechanical stability and design flexibility of the antenna.

[0078] Example 2

[0079] Figure 6 FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a miniaturized patch antenna in Embodiment 2 of the present invention. Figure 3 The miniaturized patch antenna of this embodiment includes a patch radiator 101, a ground plane 100, a feeding structure 102 and a coupling resonator 103. Among them, the patch radiator 101 adopts a triangular structure, and the coupling resonator 103 is in a dipole shape and has at least two open ends. There are three of them (103a, 103b and 103c, respectively), which are evenly distributed at the side edge positions of the triangular patch (corresponding to the electric field strength of the patch resonant cavity), suspended between the ground plane 100 and the patch radiator 101, and arranged in a rotationally symmetrical manner around the center of the patch radiator 101, thereby providing two mutually orthogonal electric field components. Stable circular polarization performance can be achieved by adjusting the frequency difference between the three coupling resonators or adopting differential feeding and other methods.

[0080] Figures 7 to 9 A side view of Example 2 in the YZ plane is shown to further illustrate the working principle of the antenna. In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 adopts an inverted U-shaped structure to optimize the compactness of the structure so that it can be embedded between the patch radiator 101 and the ground plane 100, which is conducive to the miniaturized integrated design of the antenna. Its resonant frequency determines the operating frequency of the antenna, and the current distribution conforms to the standing wave characteristic. According to the characteristics of the dipole structure, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator 103 should be 0.5 times the wavelength (λ) of the target frequency or an integer multiple thereof (such as 0.5λ, 1.0λ, etc.). Figure 8 As shown, in the 0.5λ standing wave mode, the current at the end of the coupling resonator 103 is the weakest, while the current in the middle region is the strongest. Fig. 9 As shown, in the 1.0λ standing wave mode, the current at the end and the middle area of ​​the coupling resonator 103 is the weakest, indicating that the current distribution in this mode presents the standing wave characteristics of a high-order mode.

[0081] Combination Figure 4 and Figure 5, the coupling relationship between the current distribution mode of the coupling resonator 103 and the electric field distribution of the patch resonant cavity can be further analyzed. The coupling resonator 103 will excite a strong current distribution at the corresponding frequency in the standing wave mode, and the edge electric field of the patch radiator 101 is the strongest, so the two form a strong electromagnetic coupling, so that the resonant characteristics of the coupling resonator 103 can be fed back to the patch resonant cavity, thereby forming a multi-resonance mode of the patch antenna, optimizing impedance matching and polarization characteristics.

[0082] Example 3

[0083] Fig.10 A side view of the miniaturized patch antenna of Example 3 of the present invention on the YZ plane is shown. In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 is a U-shaped structure to improve the compactness of the antenna and make it easier to integrate. The difference from Example 2 is that the opening of the U-shaped coupling resonator 103 in Example 2 faces downward, while the opening of the U-shaped coupling resonator 103 in Example 3 faces one side.

[0084] Example 4

[0085] Fig.11 A side view of the miniaturized patch antenna of Example 4 of the present invention on the YZ plane is shown. In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 can be additionally provided with a T-shaped branch 31 to adjust its mode characteristics, resonant frequency and current distribution, thereby optimizing the impedance matching and polarization characteristics of the antenna.

[0086] Example 5

[0087] Figure 12-13 FIG. 5 shows a side view of a miniaturized patch antenna according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention on the YZ plane. In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 can be supplemented with capacitive elements (numbered 32, 33) at the ends of the coupling resonator 103 to further reduce the resonant frequency and improve the radiation efficiency in the low frequency band. The capacitive elements avoid physical or direct connection between the coupling resonator 103 and the ground plane 100 or the patch radiator 101, thereby ensuring that the current distribution of the coupling resonator 103 complies with the aforementioned standing wave characteristics (such as Figure 8 and Fig. 9 ).

[0088] When the coupled resonator 103 is supplemented with structures such as capacitors, inductors or branches, its physical size can be reduced due to the increase in equivalent electrical parameters, but the equivalent current length remains at 0.5λ, 1.0λ or an integer multiple thereof at the target frequency. Specifically, the introduction of capacitors (such as 32 and 33 in Example 5) increases the equivalent capacitance value to extend the current path, thereby shortening the physical length at the same resonant frequency; the inductor adjusts the resonant characteristics by increasing the equivalent inductance value; and the branches (such as the T-shaped branches 31 in Example 4) maintain the equivalent current length by changing the current distribution path. This design ensures that the coupled resonator supports multi-mode resonance (such as Fig. 20 0.5λ mode), forming a stable coupling with the patch resonant cavity.

[0089] Through the above-mentioned optimization scheme, the present invention further improves the resonance control ability and polarization stability of the antenna while ensuring miniaturization, making it suitable for various wireless communication systems such as GNSS, drone communication, 6G wireless communication, and vehicle positioning.

[0090] The capacitive element has a capacitance characteristic and can be a lumped element or a distributed element. For example, lumped elements include chip capacitors, variable capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, film capacitors, etc., while distributed capacitive elements may include parallel wires (two or more wires are arranged in parallel, and the capacitance value is adjusted by adjusting the wire spacing and length), transmission line structures (such as microstrip lines or coaxial cables), capacitive plates (two parallel metal plates separated by a dielectric layer or air gap), and PCB planar capacitor structures (metal patterns with finger-shaped or staggered structures are printed on the PCB board to optimize the capacitance characteristics).

[0091] These capacitive elements can be used alone or in combination. For example, a specific equivalent capacitance can be obtained by combining multiple capacitive elements in series or in parallel. In addition, the capacitive element can also be replaced by a combination of capacitors and inductors to optimize the resonant performance of the antenna. Similarly, the inductive element can also be a lumped element (such as a chip inductor, a chip resistor) or a distributed element (such as a wire, a coil, etc.). Similarly, multiple inductive elements can be combined to improve the overall performance of the antenna.

[0092] Example 6

[0093] Fig.14 FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a miniaturized patch antenna in Embodiment 6 of the present invention. Figure 2 The miniaturized patch antenna of this embodiment includes a patch radiator 101 , a ground plane 100 , a feeding structure 102 and a coupling resonator 103 .

[0094] In this embodiment, the patch radiator 101 adopts a rectangular structure, and the coupled resonator 103 adopts a ring structure, which includes 4 resonance units (respectively 103a, 103b, 103c and 103d). These resonance units are evenly distributed at the side edges of the rectangular patch radiator 101 and are located between the ground plane 100 and the patch radiator 101. Among them, the resonance unit 103a and the resonance unit 103c are mainly responsible for the electric field polarization along the x direction, while the resonance unit 103b and the resonance unit 103d are mainly responsible for the electric field polarization along the y direction, thereby providing two mutually orthogonal electric field components in the overall structure, so that the antenna has excellent circular polarization radiation characteristics. Stable circular polarization characteristics can be achieved by optimizing the frequency difference between the four coupled resonators or adopting differential feeding and other methods.

[0095] Figure 15-17 The YZ side view of Example 6 is shown to illustrate the working principle of the antenna. In this embodiment, the coupling resonator 103 is ring-shaped, and its resonant frequency determines the working frequency of the antenna, and the current distribution conforms to the standing wave characteristic. According to the structural characteristics of the ring antenna, its equivalent current length should be 1.0 times the target frequency wavelength (λ) or an integer multiple thereof (such as 1.0λ, 2.0λ, etc.). Fig.16 As shown, under the 1.0λ standing wave mode current distribution, the coupling resonator 103 has two weakest current points (correspondingly also two strongest current points), both located in the middle area of ​​the annular coupling resonator 103. Fig.17 As shown, under the 2.0λ standing wave mode current distribution, the coupling resonator 103 has four weakest current points (correspondingly, four strongest current points). Figure 4 and Figure 5 The current distribution mode of the annular coupling resonator is strongly coupled with the electric field distribution of the patch cavity. Since the annular structure can provide a symmetrical current path, its standing wave mode can form a strong electromagnetic coupling with the electric field of the patch radiator 101, thereby feeding back the resonant characteristics of the annular coupling resonator 103 to the patch antenna, so that the antenna has multiple resonant modes, optimizes impedance matching and polarization characteristics, and improves frequency control capabilities.

[0096] Example 7

[0097] Fig.18 The structure diagram of the miniaturized patch antenna in Embodiment 7 of the present invention is shown. The miniaturized patch antenna in this embodiment includes a patch radiator 101 , a ground plate 100 , a feeding structure 102 and a coupling resonator 103 .

[0098] The main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 6 is the number of coupling resonators 103. In this embodiment, only two resonant units (respectively 103a and 103c) are used, which are distributed on the side edges of the rectangular patch radiator 101 and located between the ground plane 100 and the patch radiator 101. The two resonant units are symmetrically arranged by rotating 180° around the center of the patch, thereby forming an electric field polarization along the x direction.

[0099] By adjusting the frequency difference between the two coupled resonators, the resonant mode of the antenna can be further optimized to achieve stable linear polarization characteristics and multi-frequency resonance capabilities. In addition, the structural design of this embodiment can improve the impedance matching performance of the antenna within a specific frequency range and ensure the stable operation of the antenna in different wireless communication environments.

[0100] In terms of engineering implementation, the coupling resonator 103 is a resonant structure suspended between the patch radiator 101 and the ground plane 100. During processing, it can be made into an independent component with metal or conductive materials through 3D printing or laser cutting technology. During assembly, it is fixed in a vertical area using a non-conductive support (such as a plastic bracket) or a positioning fixture to ensure that there is no direct physical contact with the patch and the ground plane, while maintaining the spatial coupling effect through precise alignment.

[0101] The miniaturized patch antenna based on cavity coupling resonance of the present invention has the following three technical advantages in terms of structure, performance and application adaptability:

[0102] Miniaturization and lightweight design: This antenna abandons the reliance of traditional patch antennas on high dielectric constant materials (such as ceramics) and instead uses coupled resonators to optimize the resonance characteristics. Without increasing the volume, the multi-mode resonance mechanism is used to enable the antenna to achieve efficient resonance in a compact structure. This design not only significantly reduces the size of the antenna, but also reduces the weight and reduces the impact of high dielectric constant materials on the antenna radiation characteristics, thereby effectively improving the overall radiation efficiency.

[0103] Multi-mode and wideband characteristics: The present invention introduces multi-mode resonance mechanisms such as 0.5λ and 1.0λ, so that the antenna can be flexibly tuned in multiple frequency bands and supports multi-frequency co-aperture operation. This feature significantly broadens the working bandwidth of the antenna, reduces the complexity of antenna design and manufacturing costs, and improves the applicability of the antenna. In addition, the structural optimization of the coupled resonator enables the antenna to provide good impedance matching characteristics in different wireless communication systems, ensuring that the antenna can maintain stable performance in multiple frequency bands.

[0104] Enhanced radiation performance and polarization stability: The design of the present invention is based on a coupled resonator, which ensures that the antenna still has excellent radiation characteristics under miniaturized conditions. By optimizing the resonance mode and electric field distribution, the antenna of the present invention can provide stable linear polarization or circular polarization characteristics in different operating modes, and has optimized wide-beam radiation capabilities. This makes the antenna solution widely applicable to high-performance wireless application scenarios such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), high-precision positioning, and vehicle-mounted communications, and has broad application prospects in the fields of wireless communications, satellite navigation, and 6G Internet of Things.

[0105] Fig.19 The reflection coefficient curve obtained in the dual-feed mode of Example 1 of the present invention is shown, showing excellent dual-frequency impedance matching characteristics. This characteristic ensures that the antenna works efficiently within the target frequency range and significantly improves the ability to work in multi-frequency co-aperture, allowing the antenna to maintain stable resonant performance in different frequency bands.

[0106] Fig. 20 The current distribution of the dipole-shaped coupled resonator in the first frequency band is shown, showing a typical 0.5λ standing wave mode current distribution, that is, the current is weakest at the two ends of the coupled resonator and the strongest in the middle area. Fig.21 The current distribution of the coupled resonator in the same dipole shape in the second frequency band is shown, showing the current distribution of the 1.0λ standing wave mode, that is, the strongest current points appear at both ends and in the middle area. This result further verifies the multi-mode resonance characteristics of the antenna, indicating that the coupled resonator can efficiently couple energy in different modes and regulate the resonant state of the patch.

[0107] Fig. 22 and Fig.23 The radiation patterns of the antenna in the above modes are shown respectively. It can be seen from the pattern that the main lobe radiation is still strongest along the normal direction, indicating that even if the coupled resonator produces a higher-order mode resonance, the antenna of the present invention still maintains the main mode radiation characteristics of the patch antenna. Compared with traditional patch antennas, higher-order modes usually cause double-lobe effects or additional side lobes in the radiation pattern, thereby weakening the gain in the main lobe direction. However, the present invention effectively suppresses unnecessary side lobe effects by optimizing the electromagnetic coupling structure, ensuring that the radiation energy of the antenna is mainly concentrated in the main lobe direction, thereby improving the gain stability of the antenna. This design makes the present invention particularly suitable for application scenarios such as GNSS, satellite communications and high-precision wireless positioning, meeting the requirements of modern wireless communication systems for high-stability and high-gain antennas.

[0108] Example 8

[0109] The embodiment of the present invention further provides an electronic device, which includes the miniaturized patch antenna described in any of the above optional embodiments. For example, the electronic device is a vehicle-mounted station or a drone.

[0110] In summary, by resonant regulation of the coupled resonator, the resonant mode, impedance matching and polarization stability of the antenna are optimized in a compact size to ensure efficient radiation performance. Compared with the traditional method, the present invention does not need to rely on high dielectric constant materials, and can achieve multi-frequency co-aperture operation through multi-mode coupling, effectively improving the bandwidth adaptability of the antenna. It is suitable for GNSS, high-precision positioning and other wireless communication systems.

[0111] The structure of the antenna can be adjusted accordingly according to the specific design requirements, and the specific shapes, structures, routing forms, feeding methods, etc. of the patch and the ground plane can adopt different forms to achieve different antenna designs for impedance matching, frequency modulation, structural optimization, etc. The shape of the ground plane in each embodiment of the present invention is only schematic, and the shape of the ground plane is not limited to the shapes listed in the drawings of the present invention specification.

[0112] The present invention is not limited to the structures which have been described above and shown in the drawings, and various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A miniaturized patch antenna, comprising a patch radiator, a ground plane and a feeding structure, characterized in that: The miniaturized patch antenna also includes: a coupling resonator, which is located in a vertical area between the plane where the patch radiator is located and the plane where the ground plane is located. The patch radiator and the ground plane form a resonant cavity, and the coupling resonator is coupled to the resonant cavity to generate multi-mode resonance.

2. A miniaturized patch antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The coupling resonator is a resonant structure suspended in a vertical region between a plane where the patch radiator is located and a plane where the ground plane is located.

3. A small patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: The coupling resonator is a dipole and its deformed structure, a ring structure and its deformed structure, or a serpentine structure and its deformed structure.

4. A small patch antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the case where the coupling resonator is a dipole and its deformed structure, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 0.5 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

5. A small patch antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: When the coupling resonator is a ring structure or a deformed structure thereof, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 1.0 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

6. A small patch antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: When the coupling resonator is a serpentine structure or a deformed structure thereof, the equivalent current length of the coupling resonator is 0.5 times or an integer multiple of the wavelength of the target frequency.

7. A small patch antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: The deformed structure is a structure that has branches for adjusting the resonant frequency and current distribution of the coupled resonant body on the basis of the original structure, or has capacitive elements or inductive elements.

8. A small patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: The projection area of ​​the coupling resonator on the ground plane overlaps with the projection area of ​​the patch radiator on the ground plane; Or, the minimum distance between the two projection areas is smaller than the height of the patch radiator.

9. A small patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: The coupling resonators are distributed rotationally symmetrically around the center of the patch radiator.

10. A small patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: The shape of the patch radiator includes: polygonal, circular, elliptical, ring-shaped or fan-shaped, and the patch radiator has slots or gaps.

11. A small patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: The feeding mode of the feeding structure includes probe feeding, coaxial feeding, coupled feeding, single feeding or differential feeding. In the coaxial feeding mode, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the patch radiator, and the outer conductor is connected to the ground plate.

12. An electronic device, characterized in that: The electronic device comprises a miniaturized patch antenna as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11.

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