Fuel cell thermal management method and system

Abstract

The invention provides a fuel cell thermal management method and system, relates to the technical field of fuel cells, and aims to obtain better response and smaller time lag by taking the temperature of a cooling liquid at an electric pile inlet as a control target and utilizing the characteristic that the temperature of the cooling liquid at the electric pile inlet is directly and obviously influenced by each actuator. The opening degree of the electronic thermostat is controlled and adjusted through the constructed IMC controller, and the rotating speed of the water pump is adjusted and controlled through the constructed PID controller, so that the temperature change of cooling liquid at the inlet and the outlet of the electric pile is more stable, the comprehensive performance of the electric pile is improved, and the service life of the electric pile is prolonged. And the heat dissipation fan performs hierarchical control based on a current feedforward signal of the temperature of the cooling liquid at the inlet of the electric pile, so that the heat dissipation requirement of the system is further improved, the control accuracy of the electronic thermostat and the water pump is improved, and the decoupling effect is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a fuel cell thermal management method; in addition, the present invention also relates to a fuel cell thermal management system. Background Art

[0002] The comprehensive performance and service life of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell are significantly affected by temperature. Under the normal operating conditions of the fuel cell, all the energy other than the electrical energy output is transferred out in the form of heat. If effective thermal management cannot be achieved, the system temperature will continue to rise, resulting in severe attenuation of the catalyst and prone to the dry membrane phenomenon of the proton membrane. In severe cases, the membrane will even perforate, leading to direct contact between hydrogen and oxygen and bringing serious safety hazards. Therefore, an efficient thermal management control system is crucial for maintaining the thermal balance of the stack, improving the performance and life of the stack.

[0003] Currently, the vast majority of fuel cell thermal management control strategies take the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack as the control target because the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack is generally considered to approximately represent the average temperature inside the stack. However, in the process of facing actual applications, controlling the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack will have a large time lag, resulting in large fluctuations in the coolant temperature at the inlet and outlet of the stack, thereby reducing the stability, comprehensive performance, and service life of the fuel cell. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In order to solve the problems existing in the prior art, at least one embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell thermal management method, which largely ensures that the coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack is maintained within a reasonable range, improving the stability, comprehensive performance, and service life of the fuel cell. For this reason, at least one embodiment of the present invention also provides a fuel cell thermal management system.

[0005] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention proposes a fuel cell thermal management method, including:

[0006] Input an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under the balanced operating condition of the fuel cell, and simultaneously collect the coolant temperature output signal at the inlet of the stack corresponding to the identification signal and construct an internal model;

[0007] Construct an IMC controller through the internal model and build an IMC control loop, and control and adjust the opening of the electronic thermostat through the IMC controller;

[0008] Construct a PID controller for controlling and adjusting the pump speed with the coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator;

[0009] Adjust the parameters of the PID controller according to the response of the pump speed to the coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack under different operating conditions;

[0010] The cooling fan is hierarchically controlled by the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each stack segment.

[0011] In some embodiments, a fuel cell thermal management method provided by the present invention controls and adjusts the opening degree of the electronic thermostat through an IMC controller, including:

[0012] According to the deviation between the actual output of the feedback input of the coolant temperature signal at the stack inlet and the output of the internal model, correction is performed, and then the IMC controller calculates to obtain the opening degree signal of the electronic thermostat, and the opening degree signal is input to the electronic thermostat to adjust the coolant flow ratio.

[0013] In some embodiments, a fuel cell thermal management method provided by the present invention, the closed-loop output of the IMC control loop is represented by the following formula 1:

[0014]

[0015] Wherein, T stin (s) is the actual coolant temperature signal at the stack inlet of the output, G p (s) is the transfer function of the actual process, G c (s) is the IMC controller, G m (s) is the transfer function of the internal model, R(s) is the preset target coolant temperature value at the stack inlet, and D(s) is the external disturbance term.

[0016] In some embodiments, a fuel cell thermal management method provided by the present invention, the conditions satisfied by the IMC controller are represented by the following formula 2 and formula 3:

[0017]

[0018] Wherein, F(s) is an n-order filter, T f is the time constant and is greater than zero.

[0019] In some embodiments, a fuel cell thermal management method provided by the present invention, a PID controller that constructs a control to adjust the pump speed with the coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator includes:

[0020] Set the target coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack. The PID controller receives the current coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack and compares it with the target coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack, and outputs a water pump speed signal after calculating the deviation.

[0021] In some embodiments, a fuel cell thermal management method provided by the present invention, hierarchically controlling the cooling fan by the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each stack segment includes:

[0022] When the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is lower than the preset threshold range, the cooling fan remains closed;

[0023] When the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is within the preset threshold range, the operation of the cooling fan is controlled by a transfer function;

[0024] When the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is higher than the preset threshold range, the operation of the cooling fan is controlled by a transfer function with a larger gain.

[0025] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a fuel cell thermal management system, including:

[0026] An input module, configured to input an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under the balanced operating condition of the fuel cell;

[0027] An acquisition module, configured to acquire the coolant temperature output signal at the inlet of the fuel cell stack corresponding to the identification signal;

[0028] An IMC controller construction module, configured to construct an IMC controller through an internal model and build an IMC control loop;

[0029] An opening control and adjustment module, configured to control and adjust the opening of the electronic thermostat through the IMC controller;

[0030] A PID controller construction module, configured to construct a PID controller for controlling and adjusting the pump speed with the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet coolants of the fuel cell stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator;

[0031] A PID controller parameter adjustment module, configured to adjust the parameters of the PID controller according to the response of the pump speed to the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet coolants of the fuel cell stack under different operating conditions;

[0032] A cooling fan hierarchical control module, configured to hierarchically control the cooling fan through the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the fuel cell stack.

[0033] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a fuel cell thermal management device, including at least one processor; a memory coupled to at least one processor, where the memory stores executable instructions, and the executable instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the steps of any method in the first aspect above to be implemented.

[0034] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a chip for executing the steps of the method in the first aspect above. Specifically, the chip includes: a processor, configured to call and run a computer program from a memory, so that a device installed with the chip is used to execute the steps of the method in the first aspect above.

[0035] Fifth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored. When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of any of the methods in the first aspect above are implemented.

[0036] It can be seen that for a fuel cell thermal management method and system according to an embodiment of the present invention, with the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack as the control target, better response and smaller time delay are obtained by utilizing the characteristics that the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is more directly and significantly affected by each actuator. The opening of the electronic thermostat is controlled and adjusted through the constructed IMC controller, and the rotational speed of the water pump is adjusted and controlled through the constructed PID controller, so that the change of the coolant temperature at the inlet and outlet of the fuel cell stack is more stable, thereby improving the comprehensive performance and service life of the fuel cell stack. The cooling fan is hierarchically controlled based on the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack, thereby further improving the system heat dissipation requirement, improving the control accuracy of the electronic thermostat and the water pump, and achieving a decoupling effect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the following drawings are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0038] Figure 1 It shows a flowchart of a fuel cell thermal management method in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 2 It shows a control strategy diagram of a fuel cell thermal management method in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 3 It shows a control strategy diagram of traditional PID control for fuel cell thermal management in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 4 It shows a schematic diagram of the output results of the stack inlet temperature of various fuel cell thermal management in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 5 It shows a schematic diagram of the framework of a fuel cell thermal management system in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0043] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Apparently, the described embodiments are only a part rather than all of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0044] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any actual relationship or sequence between these entities or operations. In this document, the term "comprising", "including" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article or device comprising a series of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. Without further limitation, an element defined by the statement "comprising a..." does not exclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article or device comprising such element.

[0045]

Embodiment 1

[0046] The inventors of this solution found that in the prior art, the vast majority of fuel cell thermal management control strategies use the coolant temperature at the outlet of the fuel cell stack as the control target because the coolant temperature at the outlet of the fuel cell stack is generally considered to approximately represent the average temperature inside the fuel cell stack. However, in the process of practical application, controlling the coolant temperature at the outlet of the fuel cell stack has a large time delay, resulting in large fluctuations in the coolant temperature at the inlet and outlet of the fuel cell stack, thereby reducing the stability, comprehensive performance and service life of the fuel cell.

[0047] The coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is more directly and significantly affected by each actuator. Therefore, controlling the coolant temperature at the inlet of the fuel cell stack will have a better response and a smaller time delay. In addition, the coolant temperature and flow rate at the inlet of the fuel cell stack also have a significant impact on the heat dissipation of the fuel cell stack. By using the coolant inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack as the control target, the heat dissipation of the fuel cell stack can be controlled. On this basis, the temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the fuel cell stack also has a great impact on the performance and durability of the fuel cell stack. In addition, the heat dissipation of the fuel cell stack is also directly related to this temperature difference, so it also needs to be controlled. Embodiment 1 of the present invention provides the following solution:

[0048] As Figures 1 to 2 shown, this embodiment provides a fuel cell thermal management method, and the method includes the following steps:

[0049] Step 101, input an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under the balanced condition of the fuel cell, and simultaneously collect the output signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack corresponding to the identification signal and construct an internal model.

[0050] It should be noted that several groups of fuel cells are taken under the balanced condition. For each group of conditions, a single-point frequency sweep is performed on the input identification signal to the electronic thermostat, so as to collect the output signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack corresponding to this condition. System identification is performed on the input identification signal and the corresponding output signal of each group to obtain the transfer function of the approximate linearized model of the system corresponding to this group of conditions, and an internal model G m (s) is established through further matching according to the identification results.

[0051] Step 102, construct an IMC controller G c (s) through the internal model and build an IMC control loop, and control and adjust the opening of the electronic thermostat through the IMC controller.

[0052] In some embodiments, correction is performed according to the deviation between the actual output of the feedback input of the coolant temperature signal at the inlet of the stack and the output signal of the internal model. Then, the IMC controller calculates to obtain the opening signal of the electronic thermostat, and inputs the opening signal to the electronic thermostat to adjust the coolant flow ratio.

[0053] In some embodiments, the closed-loop output of the IMC control loop is represented by the following formula 1:

[0054]

[0055] Among them, T stin (s) is the actual output signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack, G p (s) is the transfer function of the actual process, G c (s) is the IMC controller, G m (s) is the transfer function of the internal model, R(s) is the preset target value of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack, and D(s) is the external disturbance term.

[0056] It should be noted that the input signal of the IMC control loop is the preset target value of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the system. After correction according to the deviation between the actual output of the feedback heat management system and the output signal of the internal model simulating the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack, it is processed by the IMC controller G c(s) performs calculations to obtain the opening signal of the electronic thermostat. Subsequently, the opening of the electronic thermostat is adjusted by the opening signal of the electronic thermostat, thereby controlling the heat dissipation of the thermal management system and outputting the corresponding coolant temperature signal at the stack inlet. At the same time, the opening signal of the electronic thermostat is also input into the internal model Gm(s) and outputs an analog coolant temperature signal at the stack inlet. The deviation between it and the actual coolant temperature signal output at the stack inlet is fed back to the input signal for the next control cycle. To simplify the design of the control system and optimize the calculation efficiency, the feedback filter is ignored.

[0057] In some embodiments, the conditions satisfied by the IMC controller are represented by the following equations (2) and (3):

[0058]

[0059] where F(s) is an nth-order filter, and T f is the time constant and is greater than zero.

[0060] It should be noted that F(s) is the introduced nth-order filter, and the order n of F(s) should not be less than the order difference between the numerator and denominator to ensure that the numerator order of G c (s) is not greater than the denominator order. T f is the time constant and should be greater than 0 to ensure that all poles of F(s) are located in the left half s-plane, that is, F(s) is stable. At the same time, the IMC controller G c (s) can improve the dynamic servo characteristics, anti-interference ability, and robust performance of the system only by adjusting T f , with simple and efficient operation.

[0061] Step 103: Construct a PID controller for controlling and adjusting the water pump speed with the temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator.

[0062] In some embodiments, a target temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack is set. The PID controller receives the current temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack and compares it with the target temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack. After calculating the deviation, it outputs a water pump speed signal, thereby providing sufficient coolant for the stack to dissipate heat effectively.

[0063] Step 104: Adjust the parameters of the PID controller according to the response of the water pump speed to the temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack under different working conditions. The parameters for adjustment include the proportional gain, integral gain, and derivative gain, so that the PID controller can more accurately control the speed of the water pump and better control the flow rate of the circulating coolant.

[0064] Step 105: Perform hierarchical control of the cooling fan through the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the stack.

[0065] In some embodiments, when the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is less than the preset threshold range, the cooling fan remains off; when the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is within the preset threshold range, the operation of the cooling fan is controlled by a transfer function; when the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is greater than the preset threshold range, the operation of the cooling fan is controlled by a transfer function with a larger gain.

[0066] It should be noted that the hierarchical control of the cooling fan is divided into three temperature intervals according to the feedback signal of the coolant temperature at the stack inlet, namely, the low-temperature section, the medium-temperature section, and the high-temperature section. The low-temperature section is defined as the coolant temperature at the stack inlet being less than the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is less than the lower limit of the optimal coolant temperature range at the stack inlet; the medium-temperature section is defined as the coolant temperature at the stack inlet being within the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is within the optimal coolant temperature range at the stack inlet; the high-temperature section is defined as the coolant temperature at the stack inlet being greater than the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the stack inlet exceeds the upper limit of the optimal coolant temperature range at the stack inlet.

[0067] Among them, for the hierarchical control strategy of the cooling fan. In the low-temperature section, the cooling fan remains off to promote the rapid increase of the stack temperature to the optimal operating temperature. In the medium-temperature section, the cooling fan operates under the feedforward control of the controller following the current signal with a transfer function having a reasonable gain obtained through calibration. In the high-temperature section, the cooling fan operates under the feedforward control of the controller following the current output signal with another transfer function having a larger gain. This ensures that the maximum heat dissipation requirement of the system is met, and then precise control can be achieved by the electronic thermostat, thereby achieving a decoupling effect, and the gain can be obtained through experimental calibration.

[0068] As Figure 3 shown, a control strategy for fuel cell thermal management with the controller all using traditional PID control is built, and a control strategy using the same control algorithm as the present invention but with the coolant temperature at the stack outlet as the control target is also adopted. The two thermal management control strategies and the thermal management control strategy proposed by the present invention are compared and tested based on the high-speed load-up and high-speed load-down cycle conditions of a certain high-power water-cooled stack.

[0069] The test results are as Figure 4 shown, CS1 represents the thermal management control strategy proposed by the present invention, CS2 represents the thermal management control strategy with the controller all using traditional PID control; CS3 represents the control strategy using the same control algorithm as the present invention but with the coolant temperature at the stack outlet as the control target.

[0070] By analyzing the test results, the fuel cell thermal management control strategy based on the IMC algorithm with the coolant temperature at the stack inlet as the control target proposed by the present invention has the optimal response performance, as Figure 4As shown by the red solid line, the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack accurately and stably tracks the target temperature, while the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack corresponding to the other two control strategies fluctuates greatly. In particular, for the control strategy CS3 with the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack as the control target, in order to keep the temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack within a reasonable range, when the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack changes slightly, the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack fluctuates greatly. At the same time, as Figure 4 shown by the blue solid line in the figure, the coolant temperature at the outlet of the stack corresponding to the thermal management control strategy proposed by the present invention fluctuates slightly within a suitable range, ensuring that the temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack is maintained within a reasonable range, and having the best stability of the coolant temperature at the inlet and outlet of the stack compared with the other two control strategies. Thus, the comprehensive performance of the fuel cell system can be significantly improved and the life of the stack can be extended.

[0071]

Embodiment 2

[0072] As Figure 5 shown in the figure, this embodiment provides a fuel cell thermal management system, which is characterized by including:

[0073] An input module 201, configured to input an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under the balanced condition of the fuel cell.

[0074] A collection module 202, configured to collect the coolant temperature output signal at the inlet of the stack corresponding to the identification signal.

[0075] It should be noted that several groups of fuel cells are taken under the balanced condition, and for each group of conditions, single-point frequency sweeping is performed on the electronic thermostat by inputting an identification signal, so as to collect the coolant temperature output signal at the inlet of the stack corresponding to this condition. System identification is performed on each group of input identification signals and corresponding output signals to obtain the transfer function of the approximate linearized model of the system corresponding to this group of conditions, and further matching is performed according to the identification results to establish an internal model G m (s).

[0076] An IMC controller construction module 203, configured to construct an IMC controller through the internal model and build an IMC control loop.

[0077] An opening control and adjustment module 204, configured to control and adjust the opening of the electronic thermostat through the IMC controller.

[0078] In some embodiments, correction is performed according to the deviation between the actual output with feedback input based on the coolant temperature signal at the inlet of the stack and the output signal of the internal model, and then the IMC controller calculates to obtain the opening signal of the electronic thermostat, and the opening signal is input to the electronic thermostat to adjust the coolant flow ratio.

[0079] In some embodiments, the closed-loop output of the IMC control loop is represented by Equation 1 below:

[0080]

[0081] Where, T stin (s) is the actual coolant inlet temperature signal of the stack at the output, G p (s) is the transfer function of the actual process, G c (s) is the IMC controller, G m (s) is the transfer function of the internal model, R(s) is the preset target coolant inlet temperature value of the stack, and D(s) is the external disturbance term.

[0082] It should be noted that the input signal of the IMC control loop is the preset target inlet coolant temperature value of the system. After being corrected by the deviation between the actual output of the feedback thermal management system and the coolant inlet temperature signal simulated by the internal model, it is calculated by the IMC controller G c (s) to obtain the electronic thermostat opening signal. Subsequently, the electronic thermostat opening is adjusted by the electronic thermostat opening signal, thereby controlling the heat dissipation of the thermal management system and outputting the corresponding coolant inlet temperature signal of the stack. At the same time, the electronic thermostat opening signal is also input into the internal model Gm(s) and outputs the simulated coolant inlet temperature signal of the stack. The deviation between it and the actual output coolant inlet temperature signal of the stack is fed back to the input signal for the next control cycle. To simplify the design of the control system and optimize the calculation efficiency, the feedback filter is ignored.

[0083] In some embodiments, the conditions satisfied by the IMC controller are represented by Equation 2 and Equation 3 below:

[0084]

[0085] Where, F(s) is an nth-order filter, T f is the time constant and is greater than zero.

[0086] It should be noted that F(s) is the introduced nth-order filter. The order n of F(s) should not be less than the order difference between the numerator and denominator of, to ensure that the numerator order of G c (s) is not greater than the denominator order. T f is the time constant and should be greater than 0 to ensure that all poles of F(s) are located in the left half s-plane, that is, F(s) is stable. At the same time, the IMC controller G c (s) can improve the dynamic servo characteristics, anti-interference ability and robust performance of the system only by adjusting T f , with simple and efficient operation.

[0087] The PID controller construction module 205 is used to construct a PID controller for controlling and adjusting the rotational speed of the water pump with the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator.

[0088] In some embodiments, a target temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack is set. The PID controller receives the current temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack and compares it with the target temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack. After calculating the deviation, a water pump rotational speed signal is output, so as to provide a sufficient amount of coolant for the stack to effectively dissipate heat.

[0089] The PID controller parameter tuning module 206 is used to tune the PID controller according to the response of the rotational speed of the water pump and the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack under different working conditions. The tuned parameters include the proportional gain, integral gain, and derivative gain, so that the PID controller can more accurately control the rotational speed of the water pump and better control the flow rate of the circulating coolant.

[0090] The radiator fan hierarchical control module 207 is used to hierarchically control the radiator fan through the feedback signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the stack.

[0091] In some embodiments, when the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is less than the preset threshold range, the radiator fan remains off; when the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is within the preset threshold range, the operation of the radiator fan is controlled by a transfer function; when the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is greater than the preset threshold range, the operation of the radiator fan is controlled by a transfer function with a larger gain.

[0092] It should be noted that the hierarchical control of the radiator fan is divided into three temperature intervals according to the feedback signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack, namely the low-temperature section, the medium-temperature section, and the high-temperature section. The low-temperature section is set as the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack being less than the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is less than the lower limit of the optimal coolant temperature range at the inlet of the stack; the medium-temperature section is set as the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack being within the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is within the optimal coolant temperature range at the inlet of the stack; the high-temperature section is set as the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack being greater than the preset threshold range, that is, the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack exceeds the upper limit of the optimal coolant temperature range at the inlet of the stack.

[0093] Among them, for the hierarchical control strategy of the radiator fan. In the low-temperature section, the radiator fan remains off to promote the temperature of the stack to quickly rise to the optimal working temperature. In the medium-temperature section, the radiator fan operates under the feedforward control of the controller following the current signal with a transfer function having a reasonable gain obtained through calibration. In the high-temperature section, the radiator fan operates under the feedforward control of the controller following the current output signal with another transfer function having a larger gain. This ensures that the maximum heat dissipation requirement of the system is met, and then precise control can be performed by the electronic thermostat, thereby achieving a decoupling effect, and the gain can be obtained through experimental calibration.

[0094]

Example 3

[0095] This embodiment provides a fuel cell thermal management device, including:

[0096] At least one processor; a memory coupled to the at least one processor, the memory storing executable instructions, wherein the executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the method steps of Embodiment 1 of the present invention to be implemented.

[0097] For a Bitcoin address classification device provided by an embodiment of the present invention, the processor and the memory can be set separately or integrated together.

[0098] For example, the memory may include random access memory, flash memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, non-volatile memory, or registers, etc. The processor may be a central processing unit (CPU), etc. Or a graphic processing unit (GPU). The memory can store executable instructions. The processor can execute the executable instructions stored in the memory, thereby implementing the various processes described herein.

[0099] It can be understood that the memory in this embodiment can be a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory, or can include both volatile and non-volatile memories. Among them, the non-volatile memory can be ROM (Read-Only Memory), PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically EPROM), or flash memory. The volatile memory can be RAM (Random Access Memory), which is used as an external cache. By way of example but not limitation, many forms of RAM are available, such as SRAM (Static RAM), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), ESDRAM (Enhanced SDRAM), SLDRAM (Synchlink DRAM), and DRRAM (Direct Rambus RAM). The memory described herein is intended to include but not be limited to these and any other suitable types of memory.

[0100] In some embodiments, the memory stores the following elements, an upgrade package, an executable unit, or a data structure, or a subset thereof, or an extended set thereof: an operating system and an application program.

[0101] Among them, the operating system includes various system programs, such as a framework layer, a core library layer, a driver layer, etc., and is used to implement various basic services and process hardware-based tasks. The application program includes various application programs and is used to implement various application services. The program for implementing the method of the embodiment of the present invention can be included in the application program.

[0102] In the embodiment of the present invention, the processor calls the program or instruction stored in the memory, specifically, the program or instruction stored in the application program, and the processor is used to execute the method steps of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0103]

Embodiment 4

[0104] This embodiment provides a chip for implementing the method of Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Specifically, the chip includes a processor configured to call and run a computer program from a memory, such that a device installed with the chip is used to implement the method of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0105]

Embodiment 5

[0106] This embodiment provides a computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the method of Embodiment 1 of the present invention are implemented.

[0107] For example, the machine-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, various known and unknown types of non-volatile memories.

[0108] In summary, Embodiments 1-5 of the present invention provide a method and system for classifying Bitcoin addresses. An address association graph is constructed through transaction addresses obtained by parsing Bitcoin blockchain transaction data, and address label propagation is performed on the address association subgraphs obtained by splitting the address association graph, effectively classifying Bitcoin addresses, thereby providing important support for the monitoring and analysis of Bitcoin transactions.

[0109] Those skilled in the art can understand that the units and algorithm steps of each example described in combination with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, or in a combination of software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered to exceed the scope of this application.

[0110] In the embodiments of the present application, the disclosed systems, devices, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the division of units is only a logical function division, and there may be other division methods in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system. In addition, the coupling between each unit can be direct coupling or indirect coupling. In addition, in the embodiments of the present application, each functional unit can be integrated in a processing unit, or can exist independently physically, and so on.

[0111] It should be understood that in various embodiments of the present application, the magnitudes of the serial numbers of the various processes do not mean the order of execution, and the execution order of each process should be determined according to its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation to the implementation process of the embodiments of the present application.

[0112] When the above functions are implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as independent products, they can be stored in a machine-readable storage medium. Therefore, the technical solution of this application can be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a machine-readable storage medium and may include several instructions to enable an electronic device to execute all or part of the processes of the technical solution described in the embodiments of this application. The above storage medium may include various media that can store program codes, such as ROM, RAM, removable disks, hard disks, magnetic disks, or optical discs.

[0113] The above content is only the specific implementation manner of this application, and the protection scope of this application is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art can make changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in this application, and these changes or substitutions should be within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A fuel cell thermal management method, characterized in that: include: Inputting an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under a balanced working condition of the fuel cell, collecting a stack inlet coolant temperature output signal corresponding to the identification signal and constructing an internal model; An IMC controller is constructed by using the internal model and an IMC control loop is built, and the opening of the electronic thermostat is controlled and adjusted by using the IMC controller; A PID controller is constructed to control and adjust the water pump speed, taking the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator; The PID controller is adjusted according to the response of the water pump speed and the temperature difference of the coolant inlet and outlet of the stack under different working conditions; The cooling fan is controlled in stages through the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the stack.

2. The fuel cell thermal management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The controlling and adjusting the opening of the electronic thermostat by the IMC controller includes: Correction is performed based on the actual output of the feedback of the coolant temperature signal input at the stack inlet and the deviation of the internal model output signal, and then the IMC controller calculates the electronic thermostat opening signal, and inputs the opening signal to the electronic thermostat to adjust the coolant flow ratio.

3. The fuel cell thermal management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The closed-loop output of the IMC control loop is expressed by the following equation 1: Among them, T stin (s) is the actual output signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack, G p (s) is the transfer function of the actual process, G c (s) is the IMC controller, G m (s) is the transfer function of the internal model, R(s) is the preset target stack inlet coolant temperature value, and D(s) is the external interference term.

4. The fuel cell thermal management method according to claim 3, characterized in that: The conditions satisfied by the IMC controller are expressed by the following equations 2 and 3: Where F(s) is an n-order filter, T f is a time constant and is greater than zero.

5. The fuel cell thermal management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The PID controller for controlling and adjusting the water pump speed by taking the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and taking the water pump as the actuator comprises: The target stack inlet and outlet coolant temperature difference is set, the PID controller receives the current stack inlet and outlet coolant temperature difference and compares it with the target stack inlet and outlet coolant temperature difference, and outputs a water pump speed signal after calculating the deviation.

6. The fuel cell thermal management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of controlling the cooling fan by the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the stack comprises: When the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is less than a preset threshold range, the cooling fan remains turned off; When the coolant temperature at the inlet of the stack is within a preset threshold range, the cooling fan is controlled to operate through a transfer function; When the coolant temperature at the stack inlet is greater than a preset threshold range, the cooling fan is controlled to operate through a transfer function with a larger gain.

7. A fuel cell thermal management system, characterized in that: include: An input module, used for inputting an identification signal to the electronic thermostat under a balanced working condition of the fuel cell; A collection module, used to collect a stack inlet coolant temperature output signal corresponding to the identification signal; An IMC controller building module, used to build an IMC controller through the internal model and to construct an IMC control loop; An opening control and adjustment module, used to control and adjust the opening of the electronic thermostat through the IMC controller; A PID controller building module is used to build a PID controller that controls and adjusts the speed of a water pump using the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the stack as the control target and the water pump as the actuator; A PID controller parameter adjustment module, used to adjust the PID controller according to the response of the water pump speed and the temperature difference of the coolant inlet and outlet of the stack under different working conditions; The cooling fan hierarchical control module is used to perform hierarchical control of the cooling fan through the current feedforward signal of the coolant temperature at the inlet of each section of the fuel cell stack.

8. A fuel cell thermal management device, comprising at least one processor; a memory coupled to the at least one processor, the memory storing executable instructions, characterized in that: The executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, enable the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 to be implemented.

9. A chip, characterized in that: It comprises a processor, which is used to call and run a computer program from a memory, so that a device equipped with the chip executes the steps of the method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6.

10. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that: When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 are implemented.

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