Hybrid superconducting cable

Abstract

The hybrid cable generally includes a superconducting material and a material including at least a portion of a conventional conductor. In operation, the hybrid cable is cooled to a superconducting temperature in which current flows primarily through the superconducting material. If the performance of the superconducting material is reduced, for example, the superconducting material quench, current will mainly flow through the cooled conventional conductor. Where the temperature of the hybrid cable is further increased, the current will travel through the conventional conductor at its normal capacity.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 386,205, filed on December 6, 2022, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This application relates to PCT Application No. PCT / US23 / 68945, filed on June 23, 2023, titled "Advanced Superconducting Power Devices", which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 366,927, filed on June 24, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 374,321, filed on September 1, 2022, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] This application relates to PCT Application Serial No. PCT / US22 / 13662, filed on January 25, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 159,047, filed on January 26, 2021. U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 159,047 was published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0229946. U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 159,047 is a partial continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15 / 927,877, filed on March 21, 2018. U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15 / 927,877 is now U.S. Patent No. 10,899,575, issued on January 26, 2021. U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15 / 927,877 is also a partial continuation of PCT / US2016 / 053174, filed on September 22, 2016, and PCT / US2016 / 053174 was published as WO2017 / 053611 on March 30, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. PCT / US2016 / 053174 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62 / 221,910, filed on September 22, 2015, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62 / 242,393, filed on October 16, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62 / 243,966, filed on October 20, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0004] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 14 / 569,314, filed Dec. 12, 2014, now U.S. Patent No. 9,624,068, issued Apr. 18, 2017, which is a partial continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13 / 269,549, filed Oct. 7, 2011, now U.S. Patent No. 8,936,209, issued Jan. 20, 2015, which is a partial continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13 / 114,012, abandoned, filed May 23, 2011, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13 / 269,549 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61 / 347,374, expired, filed May 21, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0005] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a hybrid superconducting cable that can operate in a cryogenic superconducting mode or a non-superconducting mode similar to a conventional, cooled, or non-cooled cable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Superconductors (sometimes referred to herein as "SC" and also as "superconducting") may one day achieve 100% efficiency, thereby allowing for the manufacture of innovative devices that can accommodate higher energy and power demands in a compact package. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) devices, i.e., devices that operate at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) are desired in many industries. However, commercially available advanced SC products, such as magnets, cables, and cable magnets, are virtually non-existent because existing superconductors, including those that can tolerate higher temperatures, are fragile, which as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, makes it extremely difficult / expensive to incorporate them into viable devices.

[0007] One aspect of some embodiments of the present invention provides a hybrid cable that generally includes electrically parallel copper shunts wound around HTS and / or HTS wound around copper shunts, the hybrid cable having various alternating and / or interwoven layering options, such as side-by-side options. The contemplated HTS and copper windings are wound around a copper, stainless steel, or similarly used backbone core. In one operating mode, the HTS windings and copper shunts are cooled with LN 2Cooling. In another operating mode, only the copper shunt is cooled. An additional benefit of the hybrid cable is that the copper shunt alleviates local hot spots in the SC, addresses fault / quench issues, and provides some power regulation, making the envisioned system (conventional conductor, SC conductor, and coolant) more reliable and robust. The hybrid cable and cable core can be used for any cable and cable-based applications. Power cables include all power transmissions. Cable core examples include high-current, cable magnet devices such as fault current limiters (FCLs), transformers, motors (motors and generators), accelerator magnets, and fusion magnets.

[0008] The hybrid cable embodiment of the present invention significantly reduces the weight and size of the entire cable system, thus allowing cable redundancy and further enhancing reliability. Although "copper" (Cu) is used herein, the invention described herein contemplates the use of any conventional electrical conductor. Similarly, LN 2 is just one cryogenic fluid that can be used to achieve the benefits described herein.

[0009] In operation, a hybrid cable of one embodiment of the present invention can have at least three modes: full-power mode, derated mode, and reference mode. The hybrid cable is at peak performance during full-power mode, where the cryogenic fluid cools both the HTS and the conventional conductor. Thus, full-power mode has an inherent fault current limiting aspect that prevents HTS quenching, i.e., the loss of superconducting properties, which may occur locally and briefly but is not fatal to peak performance. The derated mode occurs when the HTS has quenched or is not operating at peak levels, but the conventional conductor and / or the quenched HTS can still operate. In the derated mode, the cryogenically cooled conventional conductor can handle more current than when the system is in the reference mode, where the conventional conductor operates at ambient temperature. That is, LN 2 losses will still support the operating minimum, such as allowing a safe electric aircraft to return. Thus, resistive fault current limiting (FCL) and optional inductive FCL cables are provided to limit current spikes that could damage the cable, such as those for each mode change. Additionally, the low electromagnetic (EM) radiation emissivity / sensitivity capabilities of the hybrid cable of some embodiments of the present invention are ideal for military applications as stealth characteristics are improved and the power system is protected from external electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks.

[0010] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable including a fully transposed HTS winding that supports the electrical and thermal conduction of the cable, thereby improving reliability. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that cable transposition generally refers to rearranging the positions of the conductors in the cable to minimize electromagnetic interactions. Transposition is common in power systems to improve performance and reduce crosstalk. For example, in a power transmission line, transposition includes periodically exchanging conduction positions. In a cable, the conductors that make up the cable are twisted around each other. Although common in conventional cables, it is difficult or even impossible to provide a fully transposed superconducting cable with fragile superconductors (and particularly with SC tapes) unless careful winding techniques are used, such as those disclosed in one or more of the patents and patent applications of the applicant of the present application.

[0011] The hybrid cable of one embodiment of the present invention is based on the previously involved fully transposed (FT) technology of winding precision superconducting materials, in which the operating reliability is enhanced by including conventional conductors. In one embodiment of the present invention, HTS and copper in the form of tapes are coaxially wound and fully transposed into electrically connected loop materials, combined into one parallel path per phase. In some embodiments of the present invention, the hybrid cable does not require a separate, non-phase-connected EM shielding layer outside all phases, thereby reducing cost, weight, and cable volume. The fully transposed winding can also minimize the SC and Cu inductance losses per phase and between phases and the operating losses caused by alternating current (AC) losses. In addition, the FT gap improves the direct cooling of the HTS and Cu conductors, thereby improving reliability as well as the cooling and recovery time. More specifically, the FT group spacing of the HTS and Cu is controlled to improve the electrical and thermal conduction of the hybrid operation to increase reliability.

[0012] As mentioned above, the SC and Cu can be wound into many forms, such as wire, tape, and multifilament forms. The SC and Cu solid, multifilament wire, wire (such as Litz) or FT tape grouped into sub-cables for winding can be used as the winding tape to minimize the volume increase, thereby providing the maximum interconnect material contact length to protect large currents, and during full transposition, providing the lowest Cu eddy current limit during a quench. These tapes are then wound onto the cable skeleton as FT groups, but a helical configuration and other configurations can also be adopted as needed.

[0013] During all operating states, the HTS and Cu are directly cooled with LN 2Cooling to improve heat treatment, e.g., improving thermal quench protection and recovery. Cryogenic fluid flows through the inner path of the hybrid cable and returns to the outer path, where the larger diameter cable can provide a greater flow area and improved heat interception. As a trade-off between lower friction flow and the improved cryogenic cooling it provides, the corrugations of the hollow core can be removed. In one embodiment, the Cu cable or at least a portion thereof is hollow or partially hollow to assist cryogenic fluid contact and flow throughout the process.

[0014] The amount of copper used in the envisioned hybrid cable can be sized such that even with a loss of superconducting performance in the HTS, it continues to provide more power than a conventional cable because of LN 2 The resistance of the cooled copper is about 1 / 8 of the resistance of copper at ambient temperature, and this ratio improves at lower temperatures. In other words, if the HTS winding stops operating below the superconducting threshold, the available cryogenic fluid will cool the copper portion of the hybrid cable, and the envisioned system will continue to operate more efficiently, where the minimum requirements for operation can be accommodated.

[0015] As mentioned above, the hybrid cable of embodiments of the present invention can be used in systems that require redundancy, e.g., electric aircraft, whose performance requirements dictate the ability to travel a minimum distance, hover, and land safely. One aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable that is most suitable for electric aircraft where reliability is a concern. Unlike motors in traction ground electric vehicles (EVs) that need to start from low speeds and generate high torque (requiring current) over a large speed range, electric aircraft motors (also known as "propulsors" in the art) typically require a continuous high-speed range (requiring a wide and stable voltage range) because of the inherent operating modes of propellers and air-breathing engines. One embodiment of the present invention is to be able to provide a hybrid-mode propulsion system for electric vehicles that maintains power by boosting the voltage above normal standards, thereby reducing the current in the system cables, which is particularly meaningful for flight operations where torque is not critical. This aspect also reduces power requirements, such as reducing speed and the requirement for high-power options with rapid changes, and increases the lift-to-drag ratio to support lower-speed flight. Additionally, the envisioned cable can be over-designed to accept additional current to maintain full-system power with a negligible increase in cable mass or volume.

[0016] An electric aircraft that loses power during flight does not need to be designed with a rated current to maintain certain functions. More specifically, the rotating propeller components do not have to counteract static friction and rotational inertia. Additionally, gravity, along with the propeller and aircraft momentum (benefiting from hybrid cables in the de-rated and superconducting baseline modes of operation), should be sufficient for operation - to complete the mission and / or return and land. One embodiment of the present invention is an electric aircraft employing distributed electric propulsion (DEP), which provides a large current distribution accommodated by a number of cables that meet the propulsion power requirements. Due to the existing number of cables for DEP, when the HTS is not operating, DEP will require a smaller size and weight increase to support the hybrid mode.

[0017] Power Boost Cable Cables that require additional current and / or voltage beyond their standard operating range to support a degradation in system reliability or operating performance (such as faults, problems).

[0018] B Cancellation Comparison Any three-phase cable with balanced, magnetically connected phases can cancel out most of the magnetic fields across the 3 phases, but due to geometric asymmetry and electrical imbalance, the magnetic field / magnetic flux (B) will never be completely cancelled out. This cancellation effect only works at the macroscopic scale of the cable length, and after many partial phase cycles, significant local losses can accumulate. Additionally, for such co-phase axis cables, no EM shielding effect occurs where the outer phase interacts with the external environment, while the interaction of the inner phase with the external environment is much smaller or does not occur at all.

[0019] Accordingly, one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide an EM-shielded hybrid cable. By its very nature, the FT cable includes low-inductance windings where all balanced-phase magnetic interactions and cancellations occur, even without inter-phase EM shielding. The FT magnetic cancellation is more localized within the FT twist pitch, which greatly reduces all loss effects. For the EM shielding of each phase, all the magnetism of each phase is isolated, resulting in a significant reduction in losses regardless of the other phases and the environment. When the EM shielding of each phase is further electrically interconnected, such as during the FT twist pitch, any remaining induced electromotive force (emf) losses will be cancelled out due to the reflected phase balance of the EM shielding layers between the phases of each phase protected by each EM shielding layer.

[0020] Winding Direction and Contact Area。To enhance the FT effect and thus reduce the operating losses in full power mode (also known as standard mode or mode 0), in one embodiment, each successive HTS layer and Cu layer are wound in opposite directions, and each successive HTS layer and Cu layer includes an FT gap. During a quench, all power is transferred from the HTS to the Cu. The small contact area between the HTS outer tape and the Cu tape becomes the worst-case fault location where an excessive power transfer may damage the cable. The HTS to Cu layer contact area can be wound in the same or opposite directions to increase the contact length, which will assist in quench support. Additionally, the contact overlap is affected by any variations in the twist pitch, twist angle, and contact length between the HTS and Cu layers, but assuming the HTS and Cu will have the same pitch, the only difference is to adapt the layer twist angle to reduce the inductance.

[0021] FT Gap Winding to Reduce Inductance 。Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable that employs fully transposed winding with gaps, thereby also reducing the inductance and AC losses in the SC and Cu layers. In operation, a source transient current generates a source magnetic field, and an electromotive force is induced in the Cu, but the FT mode cancels most of this electromotive force and only a low current is generated in response to the magnetic field. Thus, only a small portion of the source magnetic field is cancelled. However, in some embodiments of the present invention, the uninsulated HTS in the normal SC mode acts similar to an insulated HTS because the tape-to-tape HTS is separated by a non-HTS material layer surrounding the HTS. The insulated Cu tape is helical, FT, or otherwise directly wound on the uninsulated HTS FT layer to carry the power cable current during a quench of the HTS. Each layer of the SC and Cu tapes is wound in opposite directions, thereby forming an FT gap in a mesh pattern, which also helps to radially form the FT gap by having the SC and Cu connect only at the overlap points of the FT gaps, while the SC and Cu continuously contact each other from layer to layer. The wound FT gaps are aligned across the layers to separate the tape conduction paths in 3D. When LN 2 fills the FT gaps (including the gaps between the oppositely wound layers), the electrical insulation is improved. According to Faraday's law, smaller FT gaps and fewer turns reduce the induced current losses. The induced loop currents in the Cu and nearby HTS decrease as the B region decreases and do not superimpose on the cable axis. In addition to the required quench current short circuit, the SC and Cu in one embodiment are wound as tightly as possible to reduce the capacitance effect and mutual inductance, similar to a conventional coaxial cable, which also enables the use of tapes, except for the wide regions of the tapes, which enhance the capacitor effect rather than the thinner region profile like that of a wire.

[0022] Direct Cryogenic Fluid Cooling via FT GapAnother aspect of some embodiments is that due to the FT gap next to the cryogenic fluid flow, all SC and Cu layers are directly cooled by the cryogenic fluid, which greatly improves thermal quench protection and recovery.

[0023] Uninsulated Cu with Gap to Reduce Inductance Although some embodiments of the present invention use insulated Cu, uninsulated Cu with gaps can also be used. Wrapping uninsulated Cu around the HTS without separation will cause an electrical short circuit, which acts like a continuous Cu conductor, thus increasing the cable inductance by not canceling the induced current.

[0024] Due to the winding with FT gap alignment, the Cu tape overlaps all the way to the HTS to provide the shortest current short - circuit path from the HTS to all uninsulated Cu layers, thus supporting better HTS quench protection. The Cu - FT gap cannot be too small, otherwise the two sides of the Cu tape will simply connect, such as during bending, and cause a short circuit along the cable axis without the FT gap, thus eliminating the desired loop - current effect. Separating the gapped Cu from the continuous Cu sheet reduces the inductance loss by establishing local currents around adjacent and electrically interacting FT gaps. These induced currents from Cu FT gap to Cu FT gap will cancel each other.

[0025] Insulated FT Cu to Reduce Inductance An aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to use insulated, fully transposed copper to reduce inductance. The FT needs to separate the current interweaving to cancel the magnetic flux (B) from the twisted FT group. The FT period is expected to be equal to or less than the SC FT period to perform proper induced - current cancellation. By disconnecting the insulation of each Cu tape only where the Cu contacts the SC, an electrical short circuit can be formed to connect the insulated Cu tape to the SC to achieve quench - current sharing. The power input to the Cu tape in the event of a single - location initiation fault in the worst - case scenario must be analyzed to confirm safe SC quench and the operation of unloading power to the Cu tape.

[0026] Single-Phase SC(EM) Shield A hybrid cable of another embodiment of the present invention provides SC electromagnetic (EM) shielding, which increases the phase inductance and thus provides inductive quench and fault protection. More specifically, the FT winding provides poor EM shielding due to its low inductance. Therefore, a hybrid cable of one embodiment of the present invention employs a separated inter - phase HTS shielding option that magnetically isolates the active HTS of a single phase from any adjacent phase conduction path. Such an SC EM shielding option is useful with or without a Cu short - circuit path option. In both cases, a smaller - radius SC EM shielding location allows for complete EM shielding of the smallest amount of SC, which is particularly useful when using wide HTS tapes.

[0027] An example of electromagnetic shielding requires a non-connected (possibly grounded) helical winding of HTS to be wound on top of a separated electrically connected HTS and Cu FT group, but the helical winding gap allows cryogenic fluid to flow into the FT gap. The high inductance SC layer (possibly including helical windings) will allow high inductive currents to cancel the magnetic field from the source. In full power mode, the resistive losses are limited, but the inductive losses are high. Therefore, this option is only suitable for very short length cable scenarios such as electric vehicles (EVs) or electric aircraft. The thin profile of the HTS provides a thin shielding layer that is equal to or less than the phase-powered HTS for the purpose of canceling the induced B.

[0028] Multi-Phase SC(EM) Shield with Short Circuit and Ground . By connecting the ends of each phase shielding layer, the envisioned single-phase HTS EM shield becomes a multi-phase cancellation structure. In this way, the induced electromotive forces and currents are ideally balanced by the phase difference and will cancel each other out, thus producing an optimal EM shield. There are still small induced currents, but these small induced currents can be further eliminated by periodically shorting the multi-phase SC EM shielding layer to below the cable (such as at a cable joint) to cancel the inter-phase currents. The multi-phase EM shield can be electrically floating, or it can also be connected to a common ground at one end, just like a Y-shaped configuration electrically connected to the ground. Connecting only one end is expected to eliminate the ground loop problem, but depending on the cable length, grounding both ends can be feasible and preferred. Setting a passive SC EM shielding layer on all phases and making the connections as described is also an option.

[0029] HTS Pre-Strain, Hold, and Bend . In some embodiments, Cu strips are wound around the fragile HTS wire or strip. This aspect of some embodiments of the present invention helps prevent cracks in the HTS. The Cu strip layer above the HTS strip layer forms a compressive stress that pre-strains the HTS layer to partially balance the external strain, such as the cable mechanical movement caused by winding stress and cryogenic shrinkage.

[0030] The FT Cu layer also helps keep the FT HTS in place with the desired FT gap, preventing the FT gap from closing due to bending. The flexible configuration of the HTS and Cu FT windings or equivalents allows for a high level of cable core and cable bending, comparable to or better than conventional cables of the same size.

[0031] Thin Conventional Conductor Tape Wound on SCThe characteristics of the conventional conductor short - circuit layer (such as strip width, strand diameter, etc.) are selected to be within the range of the eddy current value per phase of the material at low temperatures. Although copper wire can be used and it helps with the FT gap, copper strip with a thin profile (up to about 10 mm at 60 Hz) is preferably used to provide better short - circuiting with the SC during a quench, thereby reducing the overall cable radius configuration. And as an added benefit, it provides a distributed compressive force on the SC, thus alleviating the HTS damage problem. Copper wire is considered only when it can better minimize the induced current during normal operation.

[0032] External Core Winding Section : Bellows, braids, or equivalent columnar - shaped structures or other forms of structures made of stainless steel, Cu (for external conductors such as EM shielding layers or electrical ground or neutral lines), etc. are provided between phases and before the cryostat. This other form of structure is for winding around, such as, multi - strand helical ropes. This allows the dielectric - spaced winding positions to provide voltage protection for the outer layer (such as the cryostat). Outside this position, the cryogenic fluid outer flow path is for thermal interception. The outer EM shielding winding position can be selected such that the cryogenic fluid flows directly through the EM shielding layer. For the inner layer, this allows the cryogenic fluid to flow directly in contact with the conduction layer. The pressure vessel can accommodate and separately protect the windings of each phase to prevent the cryogenic fluid from becoming gaseous, and this design also provides a more convenient implementation option for shorter - length cables to penetrate into the cryostat.

[0033] FT Winding Guide Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that, especially after reviewing the applicant's previous patent applications mentioned above, winding advanced superconducting materials is extremely difficult. This difficulty multiplies when attempting to create a fully transposed SC cable or a cable magnet. Therefore, some of the hybrid cables described herein are wound by specialized machines that include angled transposition wheel members that wind the SC such that the strip stacks that prevent transposition are placed in front of or behind the target positions on the cable. The winding guides can include FT winding side guides to prevent the winding strip sets from tangling between each transposition wheel member and before winding.

[0034] The winding guide can be used to direct the FT to a preferred FT "winding" point, e.g., a location on the bobbin core, and prevent the FT winding point from "walking", which can lead to tape entanglement. For example, pre-FT and post-FT winding guides in the form of cones can be used to direct the conductor radially inwards or outwards. These optional guides can be stationary or can also rotate with the FT winding. The winding cones can be used to set the tape winding angle and the maximum and minimum of the winding window at the pre-winding, post-winding, and side cable bobbin winding positions. Each cone can be two half-cones made of the following materials: polymer (possibly oil-impregnated polyurethane) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (e.g., ) coated metal, or a dynamic surface such as a roller structure. A very precise winding window can be employed for each FT group, thus restricting the winding positions from each side and rotating as the FT winding progresses around the cable bobbin. All winding guide options should contribute to achieving a tighter packing factor without entanglement. This envisioned winding method can also help control the position of the diamond and square pattern positions of each transposed tape stack.

[0035] FT Winding Insulation Removal . In some cases, it is desirable to selectively remove the insulation of the FT winding to accommodate HTS joints or various HTS inter-belt interconnections or conventional conductor winding overlap positions. The insulation can be removed by using dielectric cutters, reamers, scrapers, thermal or chemical removal techniques, etc. The insulation removal can occur before introducing the linear dielectric (HTS or Cu) into the winding position provided by the cable bobbin. The winding machine can also predict the position of insulation removal at points remote from the winding position. Other forming techniques use linear dielectrics without insulation in preselected areas, where the linear dielectrics are precisely wound to align with predetermined short-circuit positions.

[0036] Wound polyimide film (e.g., ), thermoplastic resins (e.g., formvar, HAPT (heavy armor polyetherimide), etc.), dielectrically insulated Cu, or other non-SC conductor tapes will operate to at least partially eliminate the inductance in the FT group. The Cu insulation is removed at set positions, which are typically only at the radially innermost layer winding point that contacts the outer layer of the previous FT winding, or at the radially outermost layer position where the next outer layer will contact. The Cu tape used in some embodiments is thick, and this Cu tape can withstand the insulation removal by mechanical means. For example, a cone or a similar mechanism can be used to achieve insulation removal by: pushing the pre-wound conductor radially outwards and can push the pre-wound conductor radially outwards into the radially inwards FT winding guide. Any distance positioning or predetermined insulation removal option is possible, including allowing excessive Cu insulation removal, as long as the Cu tape is not short-circuited in an undesirable manner.

[0037] FT Winding Sensor Process A vision sensor, a laser profile sensor, or an equivalent sensor can be incorporated into the winding process to confirm proper FT winding including the desired FT gap. For example, one embodiment uses a vision sensor for pattern recognition of the desired FT winding mesh pattern after winding and for pattern recognition of any dielectric material removal before winding. This information can be used to monitor the winding process, diagnose potential problems, and adjust winding parameters during manufacturing, such as winding parameters of adjustable winding guides and insulation removal or splicing techniques.

[0038] FT Winding Embedded Sensor The cryogenic fluid flow path and / or the FT winding provide a passage that can accommodate articles such as fiber optic cables or wires, sensors (such as quench sensors or temperature sensors), communication lines, and the like.

[0039] Former Spool Winding and Unwinding Translation The former winding and unwind shaft translation mechanism helps in winding a compact spool. More importantly, since the cable core is not protected on the final wound spool like a finished cable, the former winding and unwind shaft require a translation mechanism related to the former development and production line direction to minimize the spool winding angle stress and the compressive stress experienced by the cable core due to successive spool layers.

[0040] Although the foregoing contemplates a system including a conventional conductor wound around a superconductor, those of ordinary skill in the art should recognize that, without departing from the scope of the present invention, the reverse is also true, i.e., the superconductor is wound around the conventional conductor. In fact, the superconductor and the conventional conductor can be interleaved. Further, although single-phase cables have been mainly described herein, those of ordinary skill in the art should recognize that multiphase cables including superconducting / conventional conductor layer sets are also possible.

[0041] Accordingly, one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprising: a first layer, the first layer comprising a superconducting material, the first layer being formed as a fully transposed winding; a second layer, the second layer comprising a superconducting material, the second layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the first layer; a third layer, the third layer comprising a superconducting material, the third layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the second layer; a fourth layer, the fourth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the fourth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the third layer; a fifth layer, the fifth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the fifth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fourth layer; a sixth layer, the sixth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the sixth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fifth layer; and an inner wall, the inner wall being spaced apart from the sixth layer, the inner wall defining an annular space between the outer surface of the sixth layer and the inner surface of the inner wall, the annular space being configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

[0042] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprising: a first layer, the first layer comprising a conventional conductor, the first layer being formed as a fully transposed winding; a second layer, the second layer comprising a conventional conductor, the second layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the first layer; a third layer, the third layer comprising a conventional conductor, the third layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the second layer; a fourth layer, the fourth layer comprising a superconducting material, the fourth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the third layer; a fifth layer, the fifth layer comprising a superconducting material, the fifth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fourth layer; a sixth layer, the sixth layer comprising a superconducting material, the sixth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fifth layer; and an inner wall, the inner wall being spaced apart from the sixth layer, the inner wall defining an annular space between the outer surface of the sixth layer and the inner surface of the inner wall, the annular space being configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

[0043] Yet another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprising: a first layer, the first layer comprising a superconducting material, the first layer being formed as a fully transposed winding; and a second layer for changing or canceling electrical induction, the second layer being associated with the first layer.

[0044] Aspects of some embodiments of the present invention are to provide a method for transmitting current, the method comprising: providing a hybrid cable comprising a first layer of superconducting material, the first layer formed as a fully transposed winding, and a second layer for altering or canceling electrical induction, the second layer positioned to surround the first layer; cooling at least a portion of the hybrid cable to a predetermined temperature; guiding current through the first layer and the second layer; and wherein current transmission enables the following operations: a first full-power mode in which current primarily travels through the first layer; a second derated mode characterized by partial or complete quench of the first layer, and in the second derated mode, current primarily travels through the cooled second layer; and a third reference mode in which current is primarily transmitted through the second layer.

[0045] The embodiments of the present invention described herein and shown in the figures may be combined with or integrated with the inventions described in the above patents and patent applications.

[0046] The abstract of the present invention is not intended to and should not be construed as representing the full scope and breadth of the present invention. That is, these and other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the disclosure of the invention described herein. Additionally, the embodiments, aspects, objectives, and configurations described above are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be understood, other embodiments of the present invention may use one or more of the features set forth above or described below, either alone or in combination. Further, the reference herein to "the present invention" or aspects thereof should be understood to refer to certain embodiments of the present invention and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. The present invention is set forth in various levels of detail in the abstract of the present invention as well as in the drawings and detailed description, and the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements, components, etc. in the abstract of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Additional aspects of the present invention will readily become apparent from the detailed description, particularly when taken in conjunction with the drawings.

[0047] The benefits, embodiments, and / or characteristics described above are not necessarily complete or exhaustive, particularly for the patentable subject matter disclosed herein. Other benefits, embodiments, and / or characteristics of the present invention may be used alone or in combination, as set forth above and / or as described in the drawings and / or the description below herein.

[0048] As used herein, the phrases "at least one", "one or more", and "and / or" are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions "at least one of A, B, and C", "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", and "A, B, and / or C" means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together.

[0049] Unless otherwise specified, all numbers expressing quantities, dimensions, conditions, etc. used in the specification and drawings are to be understood as approximations, which can be modified as required for the particular application of the novel components and methods described herein in all instances.

[0050] As used herein, the term "a" or "an" entity refers to one or more of that entity. Thus, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more", and "at least one" may be used interchangeably herein.

[0051] As used herein, "including", "comprising", or "having" and their variants mean encompassing the items listed thereafter, their equivalents, and additional items. Thus, the terms "including", "comprising", or "having" and their variants may be used interchangeably herein.

[0052] It should be understood that the term "means" as used herein is to be given the broadest interpretation possible under 35 USC § 112(f). Accordingly, claims containing the term "means" shall cover all structures, materials, or acts set forth herein, as well as their equivalents. In addition, structures, materials, or acts and their equivalents shall include all that is described in the abstract, brief description of the drawings, detailed description, and the appended drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0053] The drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these inventions.

[0054] Figure 1A is a front elevational view of a single-phase hybrid cable of an embodiment.

[0055] Figure 1B is a partial perspective view of the hybrid cable shown in FIG. 1.

[0056] Figure 1C is Figure 1B a partial cross-sectional view of the hybrid cable shown in

[0057] Figure 2 Is an elevation view of the hybrid cable of FIG. 1, with the outer portion removed for clarity.

[0058] Figure 3 Is a side perspective view of the end of the hybrid cable shown in FIG. 1.

[0059] Figure 4 Is an end view of the hybrid cable shown in FIG. 1.

[0060] Figure 5 Is Figure 2 A detailed view thereof, which shows the cable former, the layer of superconducting material, and the layer of conventional conductor.

[0061] Figure 6 Is Figure 5 A detailed view thereof, which mainly focuses on the outer layer of the conventional conductor.

[0062] Figure 7 Is Figure 2 Another detailed view thereof, in which the inner layers of all the winding layers except a part of one winding layer of the conventional conductor are shown in cross section.

[0063] Figure 8 Is Figure 7 A detailed view thereof.

[0064] Figure 9 Is Figure 5 A cross section thereof, which shows the radially expanded conductor layer.

[0065] Figure 10 Is a cross section of a single-phase hybrid cable according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0066] Figure 11 Is similar to Figure 10 A cross section of a single-phase hybrid cable shown in, in which an EM shield is provided.

[0067] Figure 12 Is a cross section of a two-phase hybrid cable according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0068] Figure 13 Is similar to Figure 10 A cross section of a two-phase hybrid cable shown in, in which an EM shield is provided.

[0069] Figure 14 Is a schematic diagram of the fully transposed winding induced electromagnetic field adopted by some embodiments of the present invention.

[0070] Figure 15A detailed side view of an embodiment in which a single fully transposed wheel member of a winding machine is combined with a winding guide to wind a hybrid cable.

[0071] The following list of components and associated reference numerals in the accompanying drawings are provided to assist in understanding an embodiment of the present invention:

[0072] # Component

[0073] 2 Hybrid cable

[0074] 6 Conventional conductors

[0075] # Component

[0076] 10 Superconducting conductors

[0077] 14 Dielectric

[0078] 16 Thermal insulator

[0079] 18 Cryostat vacuum wall

[0080] 22 Cryogenic fluid flow path

[0081] 24 Vacuum region

[0082] 26 Cable sheath

[0083] 30 Skeleton

[0084] 32 Core winding wall

[0085] 34 Internal cryogenic fluid flow path

[0086] 38 SC linear dielectric

[0087] 42 Conventional conductor linear dielectric

[0088] 46 Fully transposed gap

[0089] 50 Superconducting lateral edge

[0090] 54 Conventional conductor lateral edge

[0091] 58 FT channel

[0092] 70 EM shielding layer

[0093] 74 Internal conductor layer

[0094] 78 External conductor layer

[0095] 84 Winding machine

[0096] 88 Winding guide.

[0097] It should be understood that the accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In some cases, details that are not necessary for understanding the present invention or details that make other details difficult to perceive may be omitted. Of course, it should be understood that the present invention is not necessarily limited to the specific embodiments shown herein. Detailed Description

[0098] FIG. 1 to Figure 9 illustrates a hybrid cable 2 of one embodiment of the present invention. The hybrid cable 2 generally includes at least one layer of a conventional conductor 6 (e.g., copper (Cu)), which is wound around at least one layer of a superconducting conductor 10 (e.g., a high-temperature superconductor (HTS)). Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the Cu can take the form of a complex winding including tapes or wires (e.g., a conductor with inductive cancellation capabilities), a Cu mesh, braided Cu, etc. The following description will focus on HTS and Cu, but other superconducting materials (such as low-temperature superconducting materials and medium-temperature superconducting materials) and other conventional conductors can be incorporated into the embodiments of the present invention described herein without departing from the scope of the present invention. The HTS and Cu layers can be alternating and / or intertwined, or the HTS and Cu layers can include one or two types of more layers without departing from the scope of the present invention. The HTS and Cu windings can be wrapped by one or more layers of a dielectric 14 or a thermal insulator 16, which can be surrounded by a cryostat vacuum wall 18. The cryostat vacuum wall 18 is spaced apart to define an elongated annular space, and the elongated annular space defines a cryogenic fluid flow path 22 and a cryostat vacuum region 24. Finally, an outer sheath 26 can be included. Electrical insulation can be wound around the cable walls (18 and / or 22) and / or can be wound on the inner surface of the cable walls. The hybrid cable of some embodiments of the present invention can also include an electromagnetic (EM) shielding layer, which will be described in further detail below.

[0099] In one embodiment of the present invention, the superconducting layer 10 includes fully transposed (FT) HTS. The superconducting layer 10 also includes three reverse HTS layers, and each layer has three FT groups, and each FT group has four HTS tapes. The conventional conductive portion 6 also includes a fully transposed winding of three reverse Cu layers, where each layer has three fully transposed groups, and each FT group has four Cu tapes.

[0100] In some embodiments, the inner layer of hybrid cable 2 wraps around former 30, which, if hollow, defines an inner cryogenic fluid flow path 34, and in some embodiments, this inner cryogenic fluid flow path 34 works in conjunction with one or more cryogenic fluid flow paths 22. All cryogenic fluid flow paths are used to maintain the HTS and Cu at a predetermined temperature. In one embodiment of the present invention, cryogenic fluid is pumped through inner cryogenic fluid flow path 34 and returns through one or more cryogenic fluid flow paths 22 to a pump in communication with a cryogenic fluid storage tank (not shown). The cryogenic fluid flow directly contacts (or contacts through a dielectric the conductive linear media including the SC and / or Cu conductors) the layers of conventional conductor 6 and superconducting conductor 10 such that they are maintained at a predetermined temperature. One or more cryogenic fluid flow paths 22 may be supported by rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible tubular sections. For example, in the embodiments presented in Figure 1A and Figure 10 , the outer cryogenic fluid flow path 22o may be surrounded by thermal insulator 16, which is positioned to surround inner cryogenic fluid flow path 22i, which is located near conventional conductor 6 and optional outermost core winding wall 32. Core winding wall 32 may have an integrated EM shielding layer, a support EM shielding layer, act as a cryogenic fluid barrier, provide a cryogenic fluid flow path, and / or house one or more superconducting conductor windings and / or conventional conductor windings (see Figure 13 ). If the state of the cryogenic fluid changes to a gas, the core winding wall also responds to the internal pressure. The outermost cryostat vacuum wall 18o supports vacuum region 24 and provides a location for outer sheath 26. The figure also shows an optional dielectric layer 14 around former 30.

[0101] The former of some embodiments includes a plurality of openings that allow cryogenic fluid to flow through the gaps in the HTS and Cu windings, where the cryogenic fluid is ultimately retained within the hybrid cable by inner cryostat vacuum wall 18i. In other embodiments of the present invention, former 30 is not continuous or completely solid, where the inner surface of the innermost conductor layer, which includes the HTS or Cu, is directly exposed to the cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments of the present invention, the former is solid or semi-solid and includes a conventional conductor. In other embodiments, inner cryogenic fluid flow path 34, cryogenic fluid flow path 22, and / or channels provided in the FT windings (which will be described below) accommodate other items such as fiber optic cables or wires, sensors (such as quench sensors or temperature sensors), communication lines, etc.

[0102] Figures 5 to 9Shows the conductor winding in a hybrid cable according to an embodiment of the present invention. Here, the HTS winding 10 includes a plurality of layers, namely, the first layer 10 1 、the second layer 10 2 、... the nth layer 10 n , where each successive layer is wound around the previous layer. In addition, each HTS layer may include a combination of SC linear media, namely, 38 1 、38 2 、... 38 n . Similarly, the Cu layer includes a plurality of layers, namely, the first layer 6 1 、the second layer 6 2 、... the nth layer 6 n , where each successive layer is wound around the previous layer. Each Cu layer may include a combination of conventional conductor linear media, namely 42 1 、42 2 、... 42 n . The SC or conventional conductor linear media may include wire, tape (as shown in Figure 5 ), a combination of wire and tape, or any other commonly known conductor configuration.

[0103] Figures 5 to 9 The hybrid cable shown and employed is fully transposed, where a plurality of gaps 46 are provided in one or more HTS layers and / or one or more Cu layers. The gaps 46 provide an air and / or cryogenic fluid path that helps cool the hybrid cable to maintain a predetermined temperature. The gaps 46 can be created during the manufacturing process by carefully controlling the winding of the media at positions where the lateral edges 50 of the HTS are spaced apart and the lateral edges 54 of the Cu are spaced apart (for example, see Figure 7 ), where the space defined by the separated lateral edges 50, 54 creates a radially extending channel 58 during the winding process.

[0104] Figure 10 and Figure 11Shows a single-phase hybrid cable 2, which has the above-mentioned HTS layer and a Cu layer 6 wound around the HTS 10 and the skeleton 30. Here, an internal cryogenic fluid flow path 34, one or more internally provided cryogenic fluid flow paths 22, and an external cryostat vacuum wall 18 providing a vacuum region 24 are shown. As mentioned above, in some embodiments of the present invention, due to the cancellation effect provided by some fully transposed windings, an electromagnetic (EM) shielding layer is not required. However, some embodiments of the present invention employ an EM shielding layer 70 on the opposite side of the active HTS layer 10 and close to the Cu layer 6. The cryogenic fluid flowing through the cryogenic fluid path is in direct contact with the EM shielding layer, and the same is true for the two-phase cable described below.

[0105] Figure 12 and Figure 13 Shows a two-phase hybrid cable 2, which has the HTS layer described above and a Cu layer 6 wound around the skeleton 30. As mentioned above, for a multi-phase cable, the core winding wall 32 forms the basis of a new electrical phase winding skeleton. This embodiment of the hybrid cable also employs an internal cryogenic fluid flow path 34, one or more internally provided cryogenic fluid flow paths 22, and an external vacuum region 24. Here, the two-phase hybrid cable includes an internal conductor layer 74 and an external conductor layer 78 having HTS and / or Cu, wherein at least one of the internal conductor layer 74 and the external conductor layer 78 is surrounded by respective internal EM shielding layers 70i and external EM shielding layers 70o, and these shielding layers are positioned on the opposite side of the active HTS layer and close to the phase Cu layer.

[0106] Figure 14 Shows how an aligned FT gap creates an electromagnetic conduction path. Here, the induced loop currents in the Cu and nearby HTS decrease as the B region decreases and do not superimpose along the cable axis. In one embodiment, the SC and Cu are wound in the tightest possible manner to reduce capacitance effects and mutual inductance, similar to a conventional coaxial cable - this also allows the use of tapes.

[0107] Figure 15 Is a cable winder 84, which can be used by some embodiments of the present invention to form a hybrid cable. The envisioned winder 84 is similar to other winders developed by the applicant and described in one or more of the above-mentioned patents and patent applications. In operation, the winder 84 winds a fine linear medium around the skeleton 30, and one or more winding guides 88 are employed to ensure that the winding medium is placed in a predetermined manner. In one embodiment, the winding guide 88 is conical. In another embodiment, the winding guide is arranged to remove the Cu insulation in a predetermined manner.

[0108] Exemplary features of embodiments of the present invention have been described. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description may have omitted several known apparatuses, methods, systems, structures, and / or devices that would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, which are typically included in embodiments of the present invention. Such omissions should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of the claimed invention. Specific details have been set forth to provide an understanding of some embodiments of the present invention. However, it should be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced in various ways beyond the specific details set forth herein.

[0109] Those skilled in the art will envision modifications and variations to the various embodiments of the present invention described herein. It should be clearly understood that such modifications and variations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the appended claims. Additionally, it should be understood that the invention described herein is not limited in its application to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or shown in the drawings. That is, the embodiments of the present invention described herein can be practiced or carried out in various ways. The scope of the various embodiments described herein is represented by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. And all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. It is intended to obtain rights including alternative embodiments within the permitted scope, which alternative embodiments include structures, functions, scopes, or steps that are alternative, interchangeable, and / or equivalent to the claimed structures, functions, scopes, or steps, whether or not such alternative, interchangeable, and / or equivalent structures, functions, scopes, or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to dedicate any patentable subject matter to the public.

[0110] The foregoing disclosure is not intended to limit the invention to one or more forms disclosed herein. For example, in the foregoing detailed description, various features of the invention are combined in one or more embodiments for the purpose of simplifying the disclosure. This method of disclosure should not be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited. On the contrary, as reflected in the following claims, the inventive aspects reside in all the features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Accordingly, the appended claims are hereby incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention. In addition, the embodiments of the invention described herein include components, methods, processes, systems, and / or devices substantially as depicted and described herein, including various sub-combinations and subsets thereof. Thus, those skilled in the art will recognize that some features of the embodiments of the invention may be provided without other features. It is also noted that any one or more aspects, features, elements, devices, or embodiments disclosed herein may be combined with any one or more other aspects, features, elements, devices, or embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprises: a first layer, the first layer comprising a superconducting material, the first layer being formed as a fully transposed winding; a second layer, the second layer comprising a superconducting material, the second layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the first layer; a third layer, the third layer comprising a superconducting material, the third layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the second layer; a fourth layer, the fourth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the fourth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the third layer; a fifth layer, the fifth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the fifth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fourth layer; a sixth layer, the sixth layer comprising a conventional conductor, the sixth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the fifth layer; and an inner wall, the inner wall being spaced apart from the sixth layer, the inner wall defining an annular space between the outer surface of the sixth layer and the inner surface of the inner wall, the annular space being configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

2. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the first superconducting material, the second superconducting material and the third superconducting material comprise high temperature superconductors, and the fourth conventional conductor, the fifth conventional conductor and the sixth conventional conductor comprise copper or a copper alloy, the high temperature superconductors and the conventional conductors being adapted to contact a cryogenic fluid.

3. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the fourth layer is directly wound onto the third layer.

4. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first superconducting material, the second superconducting material and the third superconducting material is not electrically insulated, and wherein at least one of the fourth conventional conductor, the fifth conventional conductor and the sixth conventional conductor is electrically insulated.

5. The hybrid cable according to claim 4, wherein the electrical insulation on the conventional conductor is discontinuous such that a preselected portion of the superconducting material and the conductive material are in contact.

6. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the fully transposed winding comprises gaps.

7. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the fully transposed winding comprises a reverse winding direction between layers.

8. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the first superconducting material, the second superconducting material and the third superconducting material are high temperature superconducting tapes, and the fourth conventional conductor, the fifth conventional conductor and the sixth conventional conductor comprise copper or a copper alloy in the form of tapes.

9. The hybrid cable according to claim 8, wherein the superconducting layer further comprises a plurality of superconducting tapes.

10. The hybrid cable according to claim 8, wherein the conventional conductor layer further comprises a plurality of copper tapes.

11. The hybrid cable according to claim 8, wherein the superconducting layer further comprises a plurality of superconducting tapes, and wherein the conventional conductor further comprises a plurality of copper tapes.

12. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, the hybrid cable further comprising an electromagnetic shield wound around the sixth layer.

13. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein the hybrid cable further comprises an electrical insulation member wound around the inner wall and / or the inner surface of the inner wall.

14. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, wherein, the first layer is wound around a skeleton.

15. The hybrid cable according to claim 14, wherein, the skeleton is at least partially hollow.

16. The hybrid cable according to claim 14, wherein, the skeleton is defined by an outer wall, and the outer wall is at least partially porous or has at least one opening.

17. The hybrid cable according to claim 14, wherein, the skeleton includes a conductor.

18. The hybrid cable according to claim 1, the hybrid cable further comprises: a core winding wall positioned to surround the sixth layer; a seventh layer including a superconducting material, the seventh layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the core winding wall; an eighth layer including a superconducting material, the eighth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the seventh layer; a ninth layer including a superconducting material, the ninth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the eighth layer; a tenth layer including a conventional conductor, the tenth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the ninth layer; an eleventh layer including a conventional conductor, the eleventh layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the tenth layer; a twelfth layer including a conventional conductor, the twelfth layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the eleventh layer; and a second inner wall spaced apart from the twelfth layer, the second inner wall defining a second annular space between the outer surface of the twelfth layer and the inner surface of the second inner wall, the second annular space being configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

19. The hybrid cable according to claim 18, the hybrid cable further comprises a first electromagnetic shielding member and a second electromagnetic shielding member, the first electromagnetic shielding member is wound around the sixth layer, and the second electromagnetic shielding member is wound around the twelfth layer.

20. The hybrid cable according to claim 19, wherein, the first electromagnetic shielding member and the second electromagnetic shielding member are electrically connected.

21. The hybrid cable according to claim 18, wherein, the first layer is wound around a skeleton, and wherein the skeleton and the core winding wall provide protection against mechanical forces, for example, the skeleton and the core winding wall provide protection against mechanical forces caused by pressure expansion due to a change in the state of the cryogenic fluid.

22. A hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprises: a first layer including a conventional conductor, the first layer being formed as a fully transposed winding; a second layer including a conventional conductor, the second layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the first layer; a third layer including a conventional conductor, the third layer being formed as a fully transposed winding around the second layer; The fourth layer, the fourth layer includes a superconducting material, and the fourth layer is formed as a fully transposed winding around the third layer; The fifth layer, the fifth layer includes a superconducting material, and the fifth layer is formed as a fully transposed winding around the fourth layer; The sixth layer, the sixth layer includes a superconducting material, and the sixth layer is formed as a fully transposed winding around the fifth layer; and An inner wall, the inner wall is spaced apart from the sixth layer, and the inner wall defines an annular space between the outer surface of the sixth layer and the inner surface of the inner wall, and the annular space is configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

23. A hybrid cable, the hybrid cable comprises: A first layer, the first layer includes a superconducting material, and the first layer is formed as a fully transposed winding; and A second layer for changing or canceling electric induction, the second layer is associated with the first layer.

24. The hybrid cable according to claim 23, wherein, The second layer includes a conductive material, and the second layer is formed as a fully transposed winding.

25. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, The first layer further includes one or more superconducting sub-layers formed by fully transposed windings, and / or wherein, The second layer further includes one or more sub-layers formed by fully transposed windings.

26. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, The superconducting material and the conductive material are in the form of tapes and each layer is wound in the opposite direction, thereby producing a mesh pattern with multiple gaps.

27. The hybrid cable according to claim 26, wherein, The gaps allow cooling fluid to flow between the layers.

28. The hybrid cable according to claim 26, wherein, The gaps allow induction electromagnetic cancellation.

29. The hybrid cable according to claim 26, wherein, The gaps of consecutive layers overlap to form channels.

30. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, The superconducting material is solid and multi-filamentary, the superconducting material includes multiple wires, tapes or fully transposed tapes grouped into sub-cables, and wherein the conductive material is solid and multi-filamentary, the conductive material includes multiple wires, tapes, or fully transposed tapes grouped into sub-cables.

31. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, The superconducting material includes high-temperature superconductors, and the conductive material includes copper or copper alloy.

32. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, At least one of the superconducting material and the conductive material is electrically insulated.

33. The hybrid cable according to claim 24, wherein, The superconducting material and the conductive material are electrically insulated.

34. The hybrid cable according to claim 33, wherein, The conductive material is electrically insulated, and the electrical insulation is discontinuous such that a preselected portion of the superconducting material and the conductive material are in contact.

35. The hybrid cable according to claim 23, the hybrid cable further includes an electromagnetic shield wound around the second layer.

36. The hybrid cable according to claim 23, wherein the hybrid cable further comprises: an inner wall spaced from the second layer, the inner wall defining an annular space configured to provide a fluid flow conduit, and an insulating member wound around the inner wall.

37. The hybrid cable according to claim 23, wherein the first layer is wound around a skeleton, the skeleton being at least partially hollow and configured to carry a liquid.

38. A method of transmitting current, the method comprises: providing a hybrid cable comprising: a first layer of superconducting material formed as a fully transposed winding; and a second layer for altering or canceling electric induction, the second layer being positioned to surround the first layer; cooling at least a portion of the hybrid cable to a predetermined temperature; directing current through the first layer and the second layer; and wherein current transmission enables the following operations: a first full power mode in which current mainly travels through the first layer, a second derated mode characterized by partial or complete quenching of the first layer, and in the second derated mode, current mainly travels through the cooled second layer, and a third reference mode in which current is mainly transmitted through the second layer.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the second layer comprises a conductive material and is formed as a fully transposed winding.

40. The method according to claim 38, wherein the first layer further comprises one or more superconducting sub-layers formed by fully transposed windings, and / or wherein, the second layer further comprises one or more sub-layers formed by fully transposed windings.

41. The method according to claim 39, wherein the superconducting material and the conductive material are in the form of tapes and each layer is wound in an opposite direction to produce a mesh pattern with a plurality of gaps.

42. The method according to claim 39, wherein the gaps of consecutive layers overlap to form channels.

43. The method according to claim 39, wherein the superconducting material is solid, multi-filamentary, comprising a plurality of wires, tapes or fully transposed tapes grouped into sub-cables, and wherein the conductive material is solid, multi-filamentary, comprising a plurality of wires, tapes, or fully transposed tapes grouped into sub-cables.

44. The method according to claim 39, wherein the superconducting material comprises a high temperature superconductor and the conductive material comprises copper or a copper alloy.

45. The method according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the superconducting material and the conductive material is electrically insulated.

46. The method according to claim 38, wherein the superconducting material and the conductive material are electrically insulated.

47. The method according to claim 46, wherein the electrical insulation is discontinuous such that preselected portions of the superconducting material and the conductive material are exposed and in contact.

48. The method according to claim 38 further includes an electromagnetic shielding member wound around the second layer for eliminating induction.

49. The method according to claim 38 further includes: an inner wall spaced apart from the second layer for canceling induction, the inner wall defining an annular space configured to provide a fluid flow conduit.

50. The method according to claim 38, wherein, the first layer is wound around a skeleton that is at least partially hollow and configured to carry liquid.

51. The method according to claim 38, wherein, the hybrid cable carries a first current and a first voltage when operating in the first full-power mode, the hybrid cable carries a second current and a second voltage when operating in the second derated mode, and the hybrid cable carries a third current and a third voltage when operating in the third reference mode, wherein: the third voltage is greater than the second voltage, the second voltage is greater than the first voltage, the third current is less than the second current, and the second current is less than the first current.

52. An electric vehicle, aircraft, power microgrid or power grid, the electric vehicle, aircraft, power microgrid or power grid including at least one hybrid cable according to claim 23.

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