Lentinus edodes residue functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer as well as preparation method and application method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, in particular to a shiitake mushroom residue functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer as well as a preparation method and an application method thereof. The organic fertilizer is prepared from 40-60% of functional proteoglycan, 15-30% of humic acid, 8-15% of monopotassium phosphate, 5-10% of charcoal and 5-10% of seaweed extract, the functional proteoglycan is prepared by mixing shiitake mushroom residues, oyster mushroom residues and agaric residues, the molecular weight of the functional proteoglycan is 5-50 kDa, and the functional proteoglycan contains a beta-1, 3 / 1, 6-glucan structure; the preparation method comprises the steps of mushroom dreg pretreatment, ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis, multi-stage membrane separation, concentration and drying, formula mixing, granulation and packaging and the like. The organic fertilizer has dual functions of promoting plant growth and activating a plant immune system, can significantly improve the disease resistance and yield of plants, and improves the physicochemical properties of soil; the preparation process is environment-friendly, high in extraction efficiency and low in energy consumption; and the pH value of the product is adjustable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, and particularly to a functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from lentinula edodes residue, a preparation method thereof, and an application method thereof. This organic fertilizer can not only provide nutrients required by plants, but also activate the plant immune system and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and is a multifunctional composite organic fertilizer. Background Art

[0002] With the development of modern agriculture, improving crop yield and quality, improving the soil environment, and reducing the use of chemical pesticides have become the main goals of current agricultural production. Although traditional chemical fertilizers can provide the nutrients required by crops, long-term use will cause a series of problems such as soil compaction, acidification, and decreased microbial activity. While organic fertilizers can improve the soil structure, the nutrient release is slow and the short-term fertilizer effect is not significant. Therefore, how to develop an efficient organic fertilizer with both nutrient supply and soil improvement functions has become a research hotspot in the current agricultural field.

[0003] The edible mushroom industry is an important part of China's agriculture, with an annual output of more than 40 million tons, and at the same time, a large amount of waste mushroom residue is generated. These mushroom residues are rich in organic matter, nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and functional bioactive substances, and are ideal raw materials for preparing efficient organic fertilizers. However, the current utilization of edible mushroom residues mainly focuses on low-value ways such as direct composting or as a cultivation substrate, and the potential value of the functional substances in the mushroom residues has not been fully explored. As research shows, lentinula edodes residue is usually treated by aerobic composting, and the fermentation efficiency and harmless treatment efficiency can be improved by adding other raw materials such as cow dung and compound microbial agents, but this treatment method still fails to achieve the high-value utilization of mushroom residue resources.

[0004] Chinese Patent CN108794210A discloses an organic fertilizer containing lentinula edodes residue and a preparation method thereof, including the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-42 parts of lentinula edodes residue, 12-19 parts of livestock and poultry manure, 5-9 parts of modified calcium carbonate, 10-14 parts of bone mud, 7-11 parts of filler, 6-9 parts of plant ash, 3-6 parts of sodium phosphate, 3-6 parts of potassium sulfate, 4-7 parts of calcium peroxide, 3-5 parts of sodium percarbonate, 4-8 parts of citric acid, 5-9 parts of sugar residue, 6-10 parts of compound fermentation bacteria, 3-5 parts of ammonium hydroxide solution with a mass concentration of 35%, 8-13 parts of urea, 8-11 parts of seaweed extract, and 12-16 parts of water.

[0005] The existing technologies have the following main problems: ① The utilization methods of mushroom residues are single, mostly for direct composting, and high-value utilization has not been achieved; ② The extraction process of functional substances is inefficient, with high energy consumption and high costs; ③ The products prepared have single functions, and most only have the effects of conventional fertilizers, lacking special functions such as plant immune activation; ④ The applicability is limited, and the adaptability to different soil types is poor. In addition, in modern agriculture, plant growth-promoting bacteria can significantly improve soil quality, increase soil fertility, enhance the stress resistance of crops, and increase yield and improve quality, but currently, plant immune activation has not been effectively combined with organic fertilizers.

[0006] Therefore, it is urgent to develop an organic fertilizer that can efficiently utilize waste mushroom residues of edible fungi, extract functional proteoglycans therefrom, and have dual functions of nutrient supply and plant immune activation, and achieve a low-energy consumption and green and environmental protection preparation process. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of the invention is to provide an organic fertilizer of functional proteoglycan from Lentinula edodes mushroom residues, a preparation method and an application method thereof, aiming to solve the technical problems of low utilization rate of existing mushroom residues, single functions, high energy consumption in the preparation process, etc., realize the high-value utilization of mushroom residue resources, and at the same time provide a multifunctional organic fertilizer with both growth-promoting and immune activation functions.

[0008] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: An organic fertilizer of functional proteoglycan from Lentinula edodes mushroom residues, the organic fertilizer is composed of the following components in weight percentages: Functional proteoglycan 40 - 60%, Humic acid 15 - 30%, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 8 - 15%, Biochar 5 - 10%, Seaweed extract 5 - 10%; Among them, the functional proteoglycan is a proteoglycan with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa, containing a β-1,3 / 1,6-glucan structure.

[0009] Preferably, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of mushroom residues in weight ratios: 50 - 70% of Lentinula edodes mushroom residues, 15 - 25% of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom residues, and 15 - 25% of Auricularia auricula mushroom residues.

[0010] Preferably, the physical and chemical properties of the organic fertilizer are: pH value 5.0 - 9.0, Organic matter content ≥ 45%, Total nutrient content of N + P2O5 + K2O ≥ 8%, Moisture content ≤ 15%, Particle size 1 - 5 mm.

[0011] Preferably, the humic acid is rich in carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups and has strong complexing ability; the specific surface area of the biochar is ≥300 m² / g and the porosity is ≥60%; the seaweed extract contains ≥20% alginic acid and ≥5% mannitol.

[0012] The method for preparing the functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from Lentinula edodes residues comprises the following steps: (1) Residue pretreatment: Mix Lentinula edodes residues, Pleurotus ostreatus residues and Auricularia auricula residues, crush them to a particle size of ≤0.5 mm, add 0.3 - 0.8% NaOH solution, control the pH value at 8.0 - 9.5, and pretreat at 55 - 65 °C for 1.5 - 2.5 hours; (2) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system including cellulase, hemicellulase and protease to the pretreated mixed residues. The enzyme addition amount is 1 - 3% of the substrate mass, adjust the pH value to 5.5 - 6.0, control the temperature at 45 - 50 °C, and apply ultrasonic treatment simultaneously, with a power of 400 - 600 W and a frequency of 35 - 45 kHz. The enzymatic hydrolysis time is 4 - 6 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: After solid-liquid separation of the enzymatic hydrolysate, pass the supernatant through membrane separation devices with a cut-off molecular weight of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, and collect the proteoglycan fraction with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the collected proteoglycan solution to a concentration of 15 - 25%, and use the spray drying process with an inlet temperature of 170 - 190 °C and an outlet temperature of 75 - 85 °C to make proteoglycan powder; (5) Formulation mixing: Mix the proteoglycan powder with humic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, biochar, and seaweed extract evenly according to the said weight percentages; (6) Granulation and packaging: Make the mixed material into particles with a particle size of 1 - 5 mm through an extrusion granulation device, dry to a moisture content of ≤15%, cool and screen, and then package.

[0013] Preferably, in the step (1), a reaction kettle with a stirring speed of 100 - 200 rpm is used for pretreatment, and the solid-liquid ratio is 1:5 - 1:8.

[0014] Preferably, in the step (2), the ultrasonic treatment is carried out in an intermittent manner. After starting for 2 - 3 minutes, it is paused for 1 - 2 minutes and circulated. The total ultrasonic treatment time is 30 - 45 minutes.

[0015] Preferably, in the step (3), the operating pressure of membrane separation is 0.2 - 0.4 MPa, the temperature is 25 - 30 °C, and the pH value is controlled at 6.0 - 7.0.

[0016] Preferably, in step (5), a V-type mixer is used for mixing, the mixing time is 15 - 30 minutes, the rotation speed is 15 - 25 rpm. First, the proteoglycan powder is mixed with humic acid, then potassium dihydrogen phosphate is added, and finally biochar and seaweed extract are added.

[0017] The application method of the functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from Lentinula edodes residues includes the following steps: (1) Basic application: 7 - 15 days before sowing or planting of crops, the organic fertilizer is evenly spread on the tillage layer and plowed and mixed with the soil, and the application rate is 30 - 50 kg / mu; (2) Supplementary application: During the critical growth period of crops, integrated water and fertilizer application is carried out in combination with the irrigation system, and the organic fertilizer is diluted 500 - 1000 times for use; (3) Foliar spraying: 7 - 10 days before the high-incidence period of diseases, the organic fertilizer is diluted 1000 - 2000 times and evenly sprayed on the leaves of plants, once every 7 - 15 days, for 2 - 3 consecutive times; It is applicable to various soil types with a pH value of 5.0 - 9.0, and the applicable crops include vegetables, fruit trees and cash crops.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. High-value utilization of waste mushroom residues is realized to achieve resource recycling. At the same time, the extracted functional proteoglycan can significantly improve the disease resistance of plants. The disease resistance of tomatoes is increased by 50%, and the yield is increased by 30%; 2. An innovative green process combining ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and multi-stage membrane separation is adopted. The extraction efficiency is increased by 80% compared with the traditional acid hydrolysis method, there is no waste liquid discharge, and the energy consumption is reduced by 40%; 3. Through the collaborative design of the formula components, the product has multiple functions such as nutrient supply, plant immune activation and soil improvement, and the pH value can be adjusted (5.0 - 9.0), which is applicable to various soil types such as acidic soil, neutral soil and alkaline soil; 4. The application methods are diverse, including basal application, topdressing and foliar spraying, which are applicable to various crops such as vegetables, fruit trees and cash crops, and have a broad application prospect. Specific embodiments

[0019] The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific examples, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Unless otherwise specified, the technical methods and materials used in the present invention are the methods and materials well known to those skilled in the art. The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific examples, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0020] The raw materials used in the present invention are all commercially available products in the market or obtained by conventional methods. Unless otherwise specified, the methods adopted in the embodiments of the present invention are all conventional methods.

[0021] The key of the present invention lies in the efficient extraction of functional proteoglycans from waste mushroom residues. Proteoglycans are a class of glycoprotein complexes composed of a protein backbone and covalently linked sugar chains, which play an important role as signaling molecules in plants, can activate the plant immune system, and improve plant stress resistance. Mushroom residues are rich in proteoglycans, mainly containing β-1,3 / 1,6-glucan structures, which are recognized by plants as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants, thus activating the plant immune system.

[0022] Through research, it is found that there are differences in the content and structure of proteoglycans in different mushroom residues. Therefore, the present invention adopts the method of mixed extraction of Lentinula edodes residues, Pleurotus ostreatus residues and Auricularia auricula residues to obtain a mixture of proteoglycans with diverse structures and complementary functions. Among them, the Lentinula edodes residues mainly contain proteoglycans with relatively large molecular weights and a high content of β-1,3 glycosidic bonds; the proteoglycans in Pleurotus ostreatus residues have a moderate molecular weight and a relatively high content of β-1,6 glycosidic bonds; while the Auricularia auricula residues contain special sulfated proteoglycans with strong plant immune activity. By reasonably proportioning these three kinds of mushroom residues, a proteoglycan product with a more complete structure and more diverse functions can be obtained.

[0023] In terms of the extraction process, the present invention innovatively adopts a green process combining ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and multi-stage membrane separation. Ultrasonic treatment can destroy the cell wall structure of mushroom residues and increase the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency; multi-stage membrane separation can accurately separate according to the molecular weight of proteoglycans to obtain products with a higher activity in a specific molecular weight range. Compared with the traditional acid hydrolysis method, the process of the present invention not only improves the extraction efficiency, but also avoids the generation of acid-base waste liquid, realizing green environmental protection.

[0024] Example 1: Functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer of Lentinula edodes residues with standard formula The organic fertilizer in this example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 50% functional proteoglycan, 25% humic acid, 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8% biochar, and 7% seaweed extract.

[0025] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from a mixture of mushroom residues with the following weight ratio: 60% Lentinula edodes residues, 20% Pleurotus ostreatus residues, and 20% Auricularia auricula residues.

[0026] Humic acid is prepared by using weathered coal as the main raw material and combining a microbial fermentation process. The specific steps are as follows: (1) Raw material screening and pretreatment: Select high-quality weathered lignite with a humus content ≥ 60% as the raw material, remove obvious impurities and then crush it to a particle size of 0.2 - 0.3 mm, and then dry the crushed material at 80 °C until the moisture content is lower than 5%; (2) Pre-oxidation treatment: Mix the dried coal powder with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (solid-liquid ratio of 1:5), stir (150 rpm) at 40 °C for 4 hours to partially oxidize the organic matter structure in the coal and increase the subsequent alkali extraction efficiency; (3) Alkali extraction: Add the material after pre-oxidation treatment to 5% NaOH solution (solid-liquid ratio of 1:6), reflux and extract at 85 °C for 3 hours with a stirring speed of 180 rpm; During the extraction process, take samples every 30 minutes to measure the humic acid leaching rate to ensure sufficient extraction; (4) Solid-liquid separation: Filter the extract through a 120-mesh sieve, return the filter residue to step (3) for secondary extraction, and combine the two filtrates; (5) Acid precipitation: Adjust the pH value of the combined filtrate to 2.0 with concentrated sulfuric acid, stir slowly (60 rpm), and let it stand at room temperature for 8 hours to fully precipitate the humic acid; (6) Humic acid separation: Collect the precipitated humic acid by centrifugation (4000 rpm, 25 minutes), wash the precipitate 3 times with deionized water to remove residual inorganic salts; (7) Neutralization and conditioning: Mix the washed humic acid with 2% KOH solution, adjust the pH to 7.0 - 7.5 to form water-soluble potassium humate, stir (120 rpm) evenly and then let it stand for 2 hours; (8) Microbial fermentation enhancement: Add humus-degrading bacterial flora (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, and Actinomycetes, with a quantitative ratio of 2:2:1 and a total bacterial amount ≥ 2×10 8 cfu / mL) to the neutralized humic acid solution, with an inoculation amount of 5%, ferment at 30 °C for 48 hours, and maintain intermittent stirring (stir for 10 minutes every 2 hours) and micro-aeration (dissolved oxygen content 2 - 4 mg / L) during this period; (9) Functional modification: After fermentation, add 2% amino acids (glycine and alanine, mass ratio 3:2) to the solution, react at 50 °C for 4 hours to enhance the chelating ability of humic acid to trace elements; (10) Membrane concentration: Use an ultrafiltration membrane (molecular weight cut-off 3 kDa) to concentrate the functionalized humic acid solution to 1 / 4 of the original volume; (11) Spray drying: Use spray drying technology (inlet temperature 165 °C, outlet temperature 70 °C, atomization pressure 2.5 MPa) to make the concentrated solution into a powdered humic acid product; (12) Quality inspection: Measure that the humic acid content in the final product is ≥ 75%, the pH value is 6.8 - 7.2, the water solubility is ≥ 90%, the organic matter content is ≥ 65%, the potassium content is ≥ 8%, it is rich in carboxyl groups (≥ 3.8 mmol / g) and phenolic hydroxyl groups (≥ 2.5 mmol / g), and has strong ion exchange ability and complexing ability.

[0027] The humic acid in this embodiment is prepared by extracting from weathered coal and combining with a microbial fermentation enhancement process, and has characteristics such as high activity, high water solubility, and strong chelating ability. Its rich carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl structures can effectively improve the soil aggregate structure, promote soil microbial activity, and enhance the soil's ability to retain fertilizer and water; at the same time, it can also act synergistically with proteoglycans to promote plant nutrient absorption and enhance plant disease resistance. The microbial fermentation enhancement process enables the final product to contain a variety of beneficial microbial metabolites, further improving the biological activity and fertilizer efficiency persistence of humic acid.

[0028] Detailed preparation method of biochar: Biochar is prepared using agricultural waste (rice husks) as raw materials, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Raw material pretreatment: Collect rice husks, wash them, dry them at 80 °C until the moisture content is less than 10%, and then crush them to a size of 3 - 5 mm; (2) High-temperature pyrolysis: Put the pretreated rice husks into a rotary kiln pyrolysis furnace with a controllable internal temperature, slowly heat up to 350 °C under nitrogen protection, and hold for 1 hour; then heat up to 500 °C and hold for 2 hours for sufficient carbonization. Control the heating rate at 10 °C / min during the pyrolysis process to ensure uniform carbonization; (3) Activation treatment: Take out the preliminarily carbonized biochar, cool it to room temperature, add a 1.5 mol / L phosphoric acid solution with a liquid-solid ratio of 4:1, soak for 12 hours, and then perform secondary pyrolysis. The secondary pyrolysis conditions are 650 °C and treat for 1.5 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to increase the porosity and specific surface area of the biochar; (4) Post-treatment: Wash the activated biochar repeatedly with deionized water until it is neutral, dry it at 105 °C for 12 hours, and then screen it through a 180-mesh sieve to obtain high-quality biochar with uniform particles, a specific surface area ≥ 350 m² / g, and a porosity of about 65%; (5) Functionalization treatment: To improve the adsorption and slow-release ability of biochar for nutrient elements, mix it with a 0.5% chitosan solution (mass ratio of 10:1), stir evenly, and dry it at 60 °C for 4 hours to obtain modified biochar with good adsorption ability and slow-release function.

[0029] Detailed preparation method of seaweed extract: Seaweed extract is prepared using brown algae (a mixture of kelp and sargassum) as raw materials, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Raw material preparation: Select fresh brown algae (a mixture of kelp and sargassum in a mass ratio of 1:1), wash and chop them, dry them at 60 °C until the moisture content is less than 15%, and then crush them to a particle size less than 2 mm; (2) Alkaline extraction: Add the dried brown algae powder to 0.8% NaOH solution (solid-liquid ratio is 1:15), extract at 60 °C for 3 hours, and keep stirring (150 rpm) during the extraction process; (3) Acid precipitation: After filtering the extract through a 100-mesh sieve, adjust the pH to 3.0 with hydrochloric acid, and let it stand at room temperature for 4 hours to precipitate alginic acid; (4) Alcohol extraction: Add 3 volumes of 95% ethanol to the above-treated solution, and let it stand at room temperature for 8 hours to precipitate the components rich in fucoidan and mannitol; (5) Separation and purification: Collect the precipitate by centrifugation (5000 rpm, 20 minutes), dissolve the precipitate in deionized water, treat it with activated carbon for 2 hours for decolorization, and then filter through a 0.45 μm filter membrane; (6) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the purified solution under reduced pressure (-0.08 MPa) to 1 / 5 of the original volume, and then use spray drying (inlet temperature 160 °C, outlet temperature 70 °C) to make powdered seaweed extract; (7) Quality inspection: Determine that the alginic acid content in the final product is ≥25%, the mannitol content is ≥8%, and the fucoidan content is ≥10%, and it has strong plant growth regulation and immune activation functions.

[0030] Preparation method of functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from Lentinula edodes residue: (1) Residue pretreatment: Mix Lentinula edodes residue, Pleurotus ostreatus residue and Auricularia auricula residue according to the weight ratio of 60:20:20, crush them to a particle size of 0.4 mm, add 0.5% NaOH solution (solid-liquid ratio 1:6), control the pH value at 9.0, pretreat at 60 °C for 2 hours, and the stirring speed is 150 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system (the mass ratio of cellulase, hemicellulase and protease is 2:2:1) to the pretreated mixed residues, the enzyme addition amount is 2% of the substrate mass, adjust the pH value to 5.8, control the temperature at 48 °C, and apply ultrasonic treatment at the same time (power 500 W, frequency 40 kHz), using an intermittent method (turn on for 2.5 minutes, pause for 1.5 minutes), the total ultrasonic treatment time is 40 minutes, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time is 5 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (5000 rpm, 15 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it through hollow fiber membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, the operating pressure is 0.3 MPa, the temperature is 28 °C, the pH value is 6.5, and collect the proteoglycan components of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: The collected proteoglycan solution was concentrated to a concentration of 20% using a rotary evaporator, and then spray-dried (inlet temperature 180 °C, outlet temperature 80 °C, feed rate 20 L / h) to obtain proteoglycan powder; (5) Formulation mixing: 50 kg of proteoglycan powder, 25 kg of humic acid, 10 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8 kg of the biochar prepared above, and 7 kg of the seaweed extract prepared above were put into a V-type mixer. The mixing time was 25 minutes and the rotation speed was 20 rpm. First, the proteoglycan powder was mixed with humic acid, then potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added, and finally the biochar and seaweed extract were added; (6) Granulation and packaging: The mixed material was granulated through an extrusion granulation device (aperture 3 mm), dried at 60 °C for 6 hours until the moisture content reached 12%, screened after cooling to room temperature, and the particles of 1 - 5 mm were collected and packed into plastic woven bags, 25 kg per bag.

[0031] Through the above detailed preparation methods of biochar and seaweed extract, the quality and stability of the active components in the final organic fertilizer product are ensured, making the product have excellent performance in plant immune activation and soil improvement. The high specific surface area and pore structure of biochar are beneficial to improving soil structure and water and fertilizer retention performance, while the active substances such as alginic acid, mannitol, and fucoidan in the seaweed extract can effectively promote plant growth, enhance plant stress resistance and immunity. Proteoglycan and humic acid act synergistically to enhance plant root development and nutrient absorption. Biochar provides a habitat for microorganisms, enhancing microbial activity and persistence; the growth regulatory substances in the seaweed extract and the immune activation function of proteoglycan are complementary and synergistic; potassium dihydrogen phosphate provides quick-acting nutrients, supports the initial growth of plants, and enhances the immune activation effect of proteoglycan.

[0032] Product characteristics: Appearance: Brown granular, odorless pH value: 6.8 Organic matter content: 52.3% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 9.2% Moisture content: 12% Particle size: 1 - 5 mm.

[0033] Example 2: Organic fertilizer with a high proteoglycan content formulation The organic fertilizer in this example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: functional proteoglycan 60%, humic acid 20%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 8%, biochar 6%, seaweed extract 6%.

[0034] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of mushroom residues by weight ratio: 70% of Lentinula edodes residues, 15% of Pleurotus ostreatus residues, and 15% of Auricularia auricula residues.

[0035] Preparation method: (1) Pretreatment of mushroom residue: Mix lentinula edodes residue, pleurotus ostreatus residue and auricularia auricula residue according to the weight ratio of 70:15:15, crush to a particle size of 0.3 mm, add 0.7% NaOH solution (solid-liquid ratio 1:5), control the pH value at 9.2, and pretreat at 62 °C for 2.2 hours with a stirring speed of 180 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system (the mass ratio of cellulase, hemicellulase and protease is 2.5:2:1) to the pretreated mixed mushroom residue, the enzyme addition amount is 2.5% of the matrix mass, adjust the pH value to 5.6, control the temperature at 49 °C, and apply ultrasonic treatment at the same time (power 550 W, frequency 42 kHz), using an intermittent method (turn on for 2 minutes, pause for 1 minute), the total ultrasonic treatment time is 45 minutes, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time is 5.5 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (5500 rpm, 20 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it through hollow fiber membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, the operating pressure is 0.35 MPa, the temperature is 26 °C, the pH value is 6.8, and collect the proteoglycan component with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the collected proteoglycan solution to a concentration of 25% with a rotary evaporator, and then use a spray drying process (inlet temperature 185 °C, outlet temperature 85 °C, feeding rate 18 L / h) to make proteoglycan powder; (5) Formulation mixing: Put 60 kg of proteoglycan powder, 20 kg of humic acid, 8 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 6 kg of biochar, and 6 kg of seaweed extract into a double helix mixer, mix for 20 minutes at a rotation speed of 25 rpm, and the mixing order is the same as in Example 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: Make the mixed materials into granules through a pan granulation device, dry at 65 °C for 5 hours until the moisture content is 10%, screen after cooling to room temperature, collect the granules with a particle size of 1 - 4 mm, and package them into composite plastic bags, 20 kg per bag.

[0036] Product characteristics: Appearance: Dark brown granular, odorless pH value: 7.2 Organic matter content: 56.8% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 8.6% Moisture content: 10% Particle size: 1 - 4 mm.

[0037] Example 3: Organic fertilizer with high humic acid formula The organic fertilizer of this embodiment is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 45% of functional proteoglycan, 30% of humic acid, 10% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7% of biochar, and 8% of seaweed extract.

[0038] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of fungal residues by weight ratio: 55% of Lentinula edodes fungal residue, 25% of Pleurotus ostreatus fungal residue, and 20% of Auricularia auricula fungal residue.

[0039] Preparation method: (1) Pretreatment of fungal residues: Mix Lentinula edodes fungal residue, Pleurotus ostreatus fungal residue, and Auricularia auricula fungal residue according to the weight ratio of 55:25:20, crush them to a particle size of 0.45 mm, add 0.4% NaOH solution (solid-liquid ratio 1:7), control the pH value at 8.5, and pretreat for 1.8 hours at 58 °C with a stirring speed of 130 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system (the mass ratio of cellulase, hemicellulase, and protease is 1.5:2:1.5) to the pretreated mixed fungal residues, with the enzyme addition amount being 1.8% of the matrix mass, adjust the pH value to 5.7, control the temperature at 47 °C, and simultaneously apply ultrasonic treatment (power 450 W, frequency 38 kHz), using an intermittent method (turn on for 3 minutes, pause for 1.5 minutes), with a total ultrasonic treatment time of 35 minutes and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.5 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (4800 rpm, 18 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it through hollow fiber membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, with an operating pressure of 0.25 MPa, a temperature of 27 °C, and a pH value of 6.3, and collect the proteoglycan component with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the collected proteoglycan solution to a concentration of 18% using a rotary evaporator, and then use a spray drying process (inlet temperature 175 °C, outlet temperature 78 °C, feed rate 22 L / h) to make proteoglycan powder; (5) Formulation mixing: Put 45 kg of proteoglycan powder, 30 kg of humic acid, 10 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7 kg of biochar, and 8 kg of seaweed extract into a double-cone mixer, mix for 30 minutes at a rotation speed of 15 rpm, and the mixing order is the same as in Example 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: Make the mixed materials into granules through an extrusion granulation device (aperture 2.5 mm), dry at 62 °C for 5.5 hours until the moisture content reaches 13%, screen after cooling to room temperature, collect the granules with a size of 1 - 4.5 mm, and package them into kraft paper bags, with 15 kg per bag.

[0040] Product characteristics: Appearance: Black-brown granular, odorless pH value: 6.5 Organic matter content: 58.5% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 9.8% Moisture content: 13% Particle size: 1 - 4.5 mm.

[0041] Example 4: Organic fertilizer with high phosphorus formula The organic fertilizer of this example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 40% functional proteoglycan, 25% humic acid, 15% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10% biochar, and 10% seaweed extract.

[0042] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of mushroom residues by weight ratio: 50% Lentinula edodes residue, 25% Pleurotus ostreatus residue, and 25% Auricularia auricula residue.

[0043] Preparation method: (1) Pretreatment of mushroom residues: Mix Lentinula edodes residue, Pleurotus ostreatus residue, and Auricularia auricula residue according to the weight ratio of 50:25:25, crush to a particle size of 0.5 mm, add 0.3% NaOH solution (solid - liquid ratio 1:8), control the pH value at 8.2, and pretreat at 55°C for 1.5 hours with a stirring speed of 120 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic - assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system (the mass ratio of cellulase, hemicellulase, and protease is 1:2:1) to the pretreated mixed mushroom residues, the enzyme addition amount is 1.5% of the substrate mass, adjust the pH value to 5.5, control the temperature at 45°C, and simultaneously apply ultrasonic treatment (power 400 W, frequency 35 kHz), using an intermittent method (turn on for 2 minutes, pause for 2 minutes), with a total ultrasonic treatment time of 30 minutes and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4 hours; (3) Multi - stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (4500 rpm, 15 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it through hollow fiber membranes with molecular weight cut - offs of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, with an operating pressure of 0.2 MPa, a temperature of 25°C, and a pH value of 6.0, and collect the proteoglycan component with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the collected proteoglycan solution to a concentration of 15% using a rotary evaporator, and then use a spray - drying process (inlet temperature 170°C, outlet temperature 75°C, feed rate 25 L / h) to make proteoglycan powder; (5) Formula mixing: Put 40 kg of proteoglycan powder, 25 kg of humic acid, 15 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10 kg of biochar, and 10 kg of seaweed extract into a V - type mixer, mix for 30 minutes at a rotation speed of 18 rpm, and the mixing order is the same as in Example 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: The mixed materials are granulated by a roller granulation equipment, dried at 58 °C for 7 hours until the moisture content reaches 11%, screened after cooling to room temperature, and the particles with a size of 1.5 - 5 mm are collected and packed into woven bags, 25 kg per bag.

[0044] Product characteristics: Appearance: Brownish - brown granular, odorless pH value: 6.3 Organic matter content: 49.6% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 12.5% Moisture content: 11% Particle size: 1.5 - 5 mm.

[0045] Example 5: Organic fertilizer applicable to acidic soil The organic fertilizer in this example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: functional proteoglycan 45%, humic acid 20%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 10%, biochar 15%, seaweed extract 10%.

[0046] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of mushroom residues by weight ratio: lentinula edodes residue 55%, pleurotus ostreatus residue 20%, auricularia auricula residue 25%.

[0047] Preparation method: (1) Pretreatment of mushroom residues: Mix lentinula edodes residue, pleurotus ostreatus residue and auricularia auricula residue according to the weight ratio of 55:20:25, crush them to a particle size of 0.4 mm, add 0.6% NaOH solution (solid - liquid ratio 1:6.5), control the pH value at 9.5, pretreat at 65 °C for 2.5 hours, and the stirring speed is 160 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic - assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a complex enzyme system (the mass ratio of cellulase, hemicellulase and protease is 1.8:1.8:1) to the pretreated mixed mushroom residues, the enzyme addition amount is 2.2% of the substrate mass, adjust the pH value to 6.0, control the temperature at 50 °C, and at the same time apply ultrasonic treatment (power 600 W, frequency 45 kHz), using an intermittent method (turn on for 2.2 minutes, pause for 1.2 minutes), the total ultrasonic treatment time is 42 minutes, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time is 6 hours; (3) Multi - stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (5200 rpm, 16 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it through hollow fiber membranes with molecular weight cut - offs of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence, the operating pressure is 0.4 MPa, the temperature is 30 °C, the pH value is 7.0, and collect the proteoglycan component with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: The collected proteoglycan solution was concentrated to a concentration of 22% using a rotary evaporator, and then made into proteoglycan powder by spray drying process (inlet temperature 190 °C, outlet temperature 83 °C, feeding rate 19 L / h); (5) Formulation mixing: 45 kg of proteoglycan powder, 20 kg of humic acid, 10 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15 kg of biochar, and 10 kg of seaweed extract were put into a conical mixer. The mixing time was 28 minutes, the rotation speed was 23 rpm, and the mixing sequence was the same as in Example 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: The mixed materials were made into granules through an extrusion granulation equipment (aperture 3.5 mm), dried at 64 °C for 6.5 hours until the moisture content was 9%, screened after cooling to room temperature, and the granules of 2 - 5 mm were collected and packaged into composite plastic bags, 20 kg per bag.

[0048] Product characteristics: Appearance: Brownish - black granular, odorless pH value: 7.8 Organic matter content: 51.5% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 9.5% Moisture content: 9% Particle size: 2 - 5 mm.

[0049] Example 6: Organic fertilizer applicable to alkaline soil The organic fertilizer of this example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: functional proteoglycan 42%, humic acid 28%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 14%, biochar 6%, seaweed extract 10%.

[0050] Among them, the functional proteoglycan is prepared from the following mixture of mushroom residues by weight ratio: Lentinula edodes residue 52%, Pleurotus ostreatus residue 23%, Auricularia auricula residue 25%.

[0051] Preparation method: (1) Pretreatment of mushroom residues: The Lentinula edodes residue, Pleurotus ostreatus residue, and Auricularia auricula residue were mixed according to the weight ratio of 52:23:25, crushed to a particle size of 0.35 mm, added with 0.35% NaOH solution (solid - liquid ratio 1:7.5), controlled the pH value at 8.8, and pretreated at 63 °C for 2.3 hours, with a stirring speed of 145 rpm; (2) Ultrasonic - assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: The composite enzyme system (cellulase, hemicellulase, and protease mass ratio 2.2:1.8:1.2) was added to the pretreated mixed mushroom residues, the enzyme addition amount was 1.7% of the substrate mass, the pH value was adjusted to 5.5, the temperature was controlled at 46 °C, and at the same time, ultrasonic treatment was applied (power 480 W, frequency 38 kHz), using an intermittent method (turned on for 2.8 minutes, paused for 1.3 minutes), and the total ultrasonic treatment time was 38 minutes, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 5.8 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: Centrifuge the enzymatic hydrolysate (5100 rpm, 17 minutes), take the supernatant and pass it successively through hollow fiber membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa. The operating pressure is 0.32 MPa, the temperature is 29 °C, and the pH value is 6.7. Collect the proteoglycan fraction with a molecular weight of 5 - 50 kDa; (4) Concentration and drying: Concentrate the collected proteoglycan solution to a concentration of 19% using a rotary evaporator, and then use a spray drying process (inlet temperature 183 °C, outlet temperature 82 °C, feed rate 21 L / h) to make proteoglycan powder; (5) Formulation mixing: Put 42 kg of proteoglycan powder, 28 kg of humic acid, 14 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 6 kg of biochar, and 10 kg of seaweed extract into a double-cone mixer. The mixing time is 26 minutes, the rotation speed is 21 rpm, and the mixing order is the same as in Example 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: Make the mixed material into granules through an extrusion granulation device (aperture 2.8 mm), dry it at 61 °C for 6 hours until the moisture content is 10.5%, screen it after cooling to room temperature, collect the granules with a size of 1 - 4 mm, and package them into kraft paper bags, 15 kg per bag.

[0052] Product characteristics: Appearance: Black granular, odorless pH value: 5.5 Organic matter content: 54.2% Total nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) content: 11.2% Moisture content: 10.5% Particle size: 1 - 4 mm.

[0053] Comparative Example 1: Organic fertilizer prepared from Lentinula edodes residue by traditional acid hydrolysis method The organic fertilizer in this comparative example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 50% functional proteoglycan, 25% humic acid, 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8% biochar, and 7% seaweed extract. The same formulation as in Example 1, but different preparation methods are used.

[0054] Preparation method: (1) Residue treatment: Crush the Lentinula edodes residue to a particle size of 0.4 mm, add 3% hydrochloric acid solution (solid-liquid ratio 1:8), and directly acidify it at 95 °C for 4 hours; (2) Separation and extraction: Neutralize the acid hydrolysate (add NaOH solution to pH 7.0), centrifuge it, take the supernatant, add 3 volumes of 95% ethanol for precipitation, and let it stand at 4 °C for 12 hours; (3) Collect the product: Centrifuge to collect the precipitate, wash it 3 times with 75% ethanol, and vacuum dry it to obtain the crude proteoglycan product; (4) Formulation mixing: Uniformly mix 50 kg of proteoglycan powder with 25 kg of humic acid, 10 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8 kg of biochar, and 7 kg of seaweed extract; (5) Granulation and packaging: The same granulation and packaging method as in Example 1.

[0055] Compared with Example 1, this comparative example uses the traditional acid hydrolysis method. Although proteoglycan can also be extracted, due to high-temperature acid treatment, the structure of proteoglycan is damaged, the content of β-1,3 / 1,6-glucan decreases, and the activity significantly decreases. The plant immune activation effect of the product is about 40% lower than that of Example 1. At the same time, this method has high energy consumption, produces a large amount of acidic waste liquid, poor environmental friendliness, and high extraction cost.

[0056] Comparative Example 2: Organic fertilizer prepared from a single strain The organic fertilizer in this comparative example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 50% functional proteoglycan, 25% humic acid, 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8% biochar, and 7% seaweed extract. The same formula as in Example 1, but the functional proteoglycan is only prepared from Lentinula edodes residue (100%).

[0057] Preparation method: Use the same ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis - multi-stage membrane separation process as in Example 1, but only use Lentinula edodes residue as the raw material.

[0058] This comparative example only uses a single strain, and the obtained proteoglycan has a single structure, incomplete functions, and poor adaptability to different crops and diseases. Experiments have proved that the proteoglycan extracted from a single strain is 15 - 20% less effective in improving plant disease resistance than the mixed strains. At the same time, the applicability of this product is relatively narrow and cannot meet the needs of multiple crops.

[0059] Comparative Example 3: Organic fertilizer without fractionated extraction The organic fertilizer in this comparative example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 50% functional proteoglycan, 25% humic acid, 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 8% biochar, and 7% seaweed extract. The same formula as in Example 1, but the multi-stage membrane separation step is omitted during the preparation of the functional proteoglycan.

[0060] Preparation method: Use a process similar to that in Example 1, but directly perform alcohol precipitation after ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis without molecular weight fractionation.

[0061] This comparative example omits the multi-stage membrane separation step, and the obtained proteoglycan has a wide molecular weight distribution range (5 - 300 kDa), with more low-activity and high-molecular-weight components, resulting in a low content of active ingredients. The plant immune activation effect of the product is about 30% lower than that of Example 1. At the same time, due to the lack of molecular weight fractionation, the quality stability of the product is poor, and there are large differences between batches.

[0062] Comparative Example 4: Organic fertilizer without biochar formulation The organic fertilizer of this comparative example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 55% of functional proteoglycan, 30% of humic acid, 10% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 5% of seaweed extract. Compared with Example 1, the biochar component is removed, and the proportions of functional proteoglycan and humic acid are correspondingly increased.

[0063] Preparation method: The same process as in Example 1 is adopted, but biochar is not added in the formulation mixing stage.

[0064] The lack of the biochar component in this comparative example results in a significant reduction in the soil improvement effect of the product, especially in terms of improving soil structure, increasing soil aeration and water retention. The absence of biochar also reduces the heavy metal adsorption capacity of the product and weakens the environmental remediation function. Field tests show that compared with Example 1, the effect of this comparative example in improving soil aggregate structure is about 35% lower, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity is reduced by about 25%.

[0065] Comparative Example 5: Organic fertilizer without seaweed extract formulation The organic fertilizer of this comparative example is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 54% of functional proteoglycan, 28% of humic acid, 10% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 8% of biochar. Compared with Example 1, the seaweed extract component is removed, and the proportions of functional proteoglycan and humic acid are correspondingly increased.

[0066] Preparation method: The same process as in Example 1 is adopted, but seaweed extract is not added in the formulation mixing stage.

[0067] The lack of the seaweed extract component in this comparative example results in the lack of bioactive substances such as alginic acid and mannitol in the product, reducing the functions of promoting plant growth and stress resistance of the product. The absence of seaweed extract weakens the ability of the product to regulate the plant hormone balance and reduces the effect of resisting abiotic stress. Field tests show that compared with Example 1, the effect of this comparative example in promoting plant growth is about 20% lower, and the effect of enhancing the drought and cold resistance of crops is reduced by about 30%.

[0068] The effect verification is as follows: 1. Comparison of proteoglycan extraction efficiency The ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis-multi-stage membrane separation process of the present invention is compared with the traditional acid hydrolysis method (Comparative Example 1), and the results are as follows:

[0069] The results show that the method of the present invention not only has high extraction efficiency (82% increase), but also has a high content of active ingredients in the product, low energy consumption (39% reduction), and less waste liquid generation (88% reduction), with obvious technical advantages.

[0070] 2. Plant disease resistance test Select a tomato variety susceptible to diseases as the test material, adopt the potting method, and set 6 treatments: ① Example 1; ② Example 2; ③ Comparative Example 1; ④ Comparative Example 2; ⑤ Comparative Example 3; ⑥ Control (conventional organic fertilizer). The application rate is 2% of the potting soil. Inoculate Botrytis cinerea on the tomato at the 3-leaf stage, and count the disease index after 7 days. The results are as follows:

[0071] The results show that the product of the present invention has a significant plant disease resistance effect. The control effects of Example 1 and Example 2 reach 78.5% and 81.6% respectively, which are 23.2 - 38.8 percentage points higher than those of Comparative Examples 1 - 3. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the present invention adopts the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis - multi-stage membrane separation process, which maintains the complete structure of the proteoglycan, and at the same time the multi-strain mixture provides active ingredients with diverse structures.

[0072] 3. Soil improvement effect test Select alkaline soil with a pH value of 8.2 for potting test, apply the product of Example 6, the application rate is 3% of the soil, plant tomatoes, and measure the soil physical and chemical indexes after 60 days. The results are as follows:

[0073] The results show that the product of the present invention has a significant improvement effect on alkaline soil, can effectively reduce the soil pH value, increase the organic matter content, improve the soil structure, improve the nutrient availability and microbial activity, and create a good soil environment for crop growth.

[0074] The same test was also carried out on Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 5, and the results showed that their effects in improving the soil aggregate structure and increasing the soil microbial activity were significantly lower than those of Example 6.

[0075] 4. Yield and quality effect test Under field conditions, a tomato yield test was carried out, comparing Example 1 with Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and conventional organic fertilizer, and the application rate was 50 kg / mu. The results are as follows:

[0076] The results show that the product of the present invention has a significant effect in improving crop yield and quality. The tomato yield of Example 1 increased by 17.7%, 11.2% and 29.9% respectively compared with Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and conventional organic fertilizer, and the quality indexes were significantly improved. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the functional proteoglycan in the product of the present invention not only improves the plant disease resistance, but also promotes plant growth and development, increases the yield and quality by activating the plant growth-related pathways.

[0077] 5. Comparison of application method effects Select the product of Example 1 and compare the effects of different application methods on the control efficacy of tomato gray mold and yield. The results are as follows:

[0078] The results show that different application methods have a significant impact on the product effect. Among them, the combined application (basic application + additional application + foliar spraying) has the best effect, with a control efficacy of 82.1% and a yield increase rate of 30.8%. This indicates that the product of the present invention has adaptability to various application methods and can be flexibly applied according to different crops and growth stages.

[0079] The preparation process of the functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from lentinula edodes residue of the present invention is simple and feasible, the raw materials are easily available, and the equipment is common, which can be mass-produced. The main raw materials, lentinula edodes residue, pleurotus ostreatus residue and auricularia auricula residue, are all wastes from the edible mushroom industry, with wide sources and low costs. The ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and multi-stage membrane separation technologies used in the preparation process are both mature technologies, with moderate equipment investment and simple operation. The product has various application methods, a wide application range and broad market prospects.

[0080] The product of the present invention can be applied to the cultivation of various crops such as vegetables, fruit trees and cash crops, can improve the disease resistance and yield of crops, improve the soil environment, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, conforms to the development direction of green agriculture, and has significant economic, social and environmental benefits.

[0081] The present invention provides a functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer from lentinula edodes residue and a preparation method thereof. Through an innovative ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and multi-stage membrane separation process, proteoglycans in waste mushroom residues are efficiently extracted, and then compounded with humic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, biochar and seaweed extract to prepare an organic fertilizer with dual functions of promoting growth and activating immunity. This organic fertilizer can not only provide nutrients required for plant growth, but also activate the plant immune system, improve plant disease resistance, and at the same time improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increase soil fertility. The product is applicable to various soil types and crop varieties, has broad application prospects, and provides a new way for the high-value utilization of waste mushroom residues and the development of green agriculture.

Claims

1. A functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer made from mushroom residue, characterized in that: The organic fertilizer is composed of the following components in percentage by weight: Functional proteoglycan 40-60%, Humic acid 15-30%, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 8-15%, Biochar 5-10%, Seaweed extract 5-10%; The functional proteoglycan is a proteoglycan with a molecular weight of 5-50 kDa and contains a β-1,3 / 1,6-glucan structure.

2. The shiitake mushroom residue functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The functional proteoglycan is prepared from a mixture of fungus residues in the following weight ratios: 50-70% of shiitake mushroom residues, 15-25% of oyster mushroom residues, and 15-25% of wood ear residues.

3. The shiitake mushroom residue functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The physicochemical properties of the organic fertilizer are: pH 5.0-9.0, Organic matter content ≥45%, Total nutrient N+P2O5+K2O content ≥8%, Moisture content ≤15%, Particle size 1-5mm.

4. The shiitake mushroom residue functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The humic acid is rich in carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups and has strong complexing ability; the specific surface area of ​​the biochar is ≥300m² / g and the porosity is ≥60%; the seaweed extract contains ≥20% alginate and ≥5% mannitol.

5. A method for preparing the functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer of shiitake mushroom residues according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Pretreatment of mushroom residue: Mix shiitake mushroom residue, oyster mushroom residue and wood ear mushroom residue, crush to a particle size of ≤0.5 mm, add 0.3-0.8% NaOH solution, control the pH value to 8.0-9.5, and pretreat at 55-65° C. for 1.5-2.5 hours; (2) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis: Add a composite enzyme system to the pretreated mixed bacterial residue, the composite enzyme system includes cellulase, hemicellulase and protease, the enzyme addition amount is 1-3% of the substrate mass, adjust the pH value to 5.5-6.0, control the temperature at 45-50°C, and apply ultrasonic treatment at a power of 400-600W, a frequency of 35-45kHz, and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4-6 hours; (3) Multi-stage membrane separation: After solid-liquid separation of the enzymatic hydrolysate, the supernatant is passed through membrane separation devices with molecular weight cutoffs of 100 kDa, 50 kDa, and 5 kDa in sequence to collect the 5-50 kDa proteoglycan fraction; (4) Concentration and drying: The collected proteoglycan solution is concentrated to a concentration of 15-25%, and a spray drying process is used with an inlet temperature of 170-190°C and an outlet temperature of 75-85°C to prepare a proteoglycan powder; (5) Formula mixing: uniformly mixing the proteoglycan powder with humic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, biochar, and seaweed extract according to the weight percentages as described in claim 1; (6) Granulation and packaging: The mixed material is made into granules with a particle size of 1-5 mm through an extrusion granulation device, dried to a moisture content of ≤15%, cooled, sieved, and then packaged.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that In the step (1), the pretreatment is carried out in a reactor with a stirring speed of 100-200 rpm and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5-1:

8.

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that In the step (2), the ultrasonic treatment is carried out in an intermittent manner, starting for 2-3 minutes and then pausing for 1-2 minutes, and the process is repeated in a cycle. The total ultrasonic treatment time is 30-45 minutes.

8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that In the step (3), the membrane separation operation pressure is 0.2-0.4 MPa, the temperature is 25-30° C., and the pH value is controlled at 6.0-7.

0.

9. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that In the step (5), a V-type mixer is used for mixing, the mixing time is 15-30 minutes, the rotation speed is 15-25 rpm, the proteoglycan powder is first mixed with the humic acid, then potassium dihydrogen phosphate is added, and finally the biochar and seaweed extract are added.

10. The method for applying the functional proteoglycan organic fertilizer of shiitake mushroom residue according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Basic application: 7-15 days before sowing or planting crops, evenly spread organic fertilizer on the tillage layer and till and mix the soil. The application rate is 30-50 kg / mu; (2) Additional application: During the critical period of crop growth, water and fertilizer are integrated with the irrigation system, and organic fertilizer is diluted 500-1000 times before use; (3) Foliar spraying: 7-10 days before the peak period of disease, dilute the organic fertilizer 1000-2000 times and spray it evenly on the leaves of plants, once every 7-15 days, for 2-3 times in a row; It is suitable for various soil types with a pH value of 5.0-9.0, and applicable crops include vegetables, fruit trees and cash crops.

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