Multiple waterproof construction method for open cut tunnel

Abstract

The invention provides a multiple waterproof construction method for an open-cut tunnel, belongs to the technical field of tunnel construction, and aims to solve the technical problem that an existing waterproof construction technology for the open-cut tunnel cannot meet the requirement for tight water leakage prevention of the tunnel. Comprising the steps of deformation joint, construction joint and lining upstream side waterproof construction; the joint construction comprises the step of carrying out pre-buried self-adhesive water stop construction on the inner side of the joint; the construction of the upstream side of the lining comprises the steps of adopting reinforced waterproof construction for corresponding areas of the deformation joint and the construction joint, and adopting general waterproof construction for an internal seamless area; the general waterproof construction comprises the steps of leveling layer construction, waterproof coating smearing, single-face anti-sticking waterproof plate laying and hanging, geotechnical cloth laying and hanging and protective layer building which are sequentially carried out. On the basis of common waterproof construction, the reinforced waterproof construction further comprises a step of paving and hanging a double-sided anti-sticking waterproof plate between a step of smearing a waterproof coating and a step of paving and hanging a single-sided anti-sticking waterproof plate. The waterproof construction scheme is comprehensive and efficient, and a powerful guarantee is provided for long-term stable operation of the open-cut tunnel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of tunnel construction, and particularly relates to a multiple waterproof construction method for open-cut tunnels. Background Art

[0002] In open-cut tunnel projects, deformation joints and construction joints are key structural elements. Deformation joints, as the general term for expansion joints, settlement joints, and seismic joints, are structural joints reserved specifically to cope with the possible deformations of buildings under the action of external factors. Construction joints are joints set during the tunnel construction process due to the division of construction sections, the pouring of materials, or technical requirements. These gaps play a crucial role in the tunnel structure, but at the same time pose challenges to the integrity and waterproof performance of the tunnel.

[0003] Due to the existence of deformation joints and construction joints, large-volume open-cut tunnels face a greater risk of water leakage compared to ordinary tunnels. These gaps are prone to becoming channels for water penetration, resulting in leakage problems inside the tunnel. Therefore, during the tunnel construction process, the waterproof performance has become an inevitable part, which is directly related to the quality and service life of the tunnel.

[0004] However, the existing waterproof construction technologies for open-cut tunnels still cannot meet the requirements of strict waterproofing for tunnels. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing technology, the present invention proposes a multiple waterproof construction method for open-cut tunnels to solve the technical problem that the existing waterproof construction technologies for open-cut tunnels still cannot meet the requirements of strict waterproofing for tunnels.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by the present invention is a multiple waterproof construction method for open-cut tunnels, including:

[0007] Performing waterproof construction on the deformation joints, construction joints, and the water-facing side of the lining of the open-cut tunnel;

[0008] Among them, performing waterproof construction on the deformation joints and construction joints includes: constructing a pre-buried self-adhesive waterstop strip on the inner side of the joint;

[0009] Among them, performing waterproof construction on the water-facing side of the lining includes: general waterproof construction and enhanced waterproof construction. Enhanced waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side of the lining corresponding to the deformation joints and construction joints, and general waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side area of the lining without deformation joints or construction joints inside;

[0010] The general waterproof construction includes, in sequence on the water-facing side of the lining, construction of a leveling layer, application of waterproof coating, hanging of a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board, hanging of geotextile, and construction of a protective layer;

[0011] On the basis of the general waterproof construction, the enhanced waterproof construction further includes a step of laying a double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board between the steps of applying waterproof coating and laying a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board.

[0012] Optionally, when constructing the embedded self-adhesive waterstop belt inside the deformation joint, the self-adhesive waterstop belt adopts a buried self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop belt. The flanges on both sides are respectively embedded in the structures on both sides of the deformation joint, and the main body part is located in the deformation joint and filled towards the backwater side. After setting a backing plate and caulking paste in sequence on the main body part and the water-facing side, the enhanced waterproof construction steps are carried out, and a self-adhesive rubber waterstop belt and a waterproof board isolation layer are arranged between the steps of applying waterproof coating and laying a double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board for enhanced waterproofing.

[0013] Optionally, when constructing the embedded self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop belt, a part of the flanges on both sides remains in the deformation joint, and then a filler is set from the water-facing side. During the process of filling the gap inside the deformation joint with the filler, the main body part of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop belt is pushed to deform towards the backwater side, and the flanges on both sides of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop belt and the main body part are in a "U"-shaped pre-tightening state.

[0014] Optionally, when carrying out waterproof construction for the construction joints on the tunnel roof and floor, the embedded self-adhesive waterstop belts in the construction joints are all installed in a basin type, and the flanges form an angle of 15 - 20° with the horizontal plane.

[0015] Optionally, the enhanced waterproof construction steps are also used at the internal and external corners on the water-facing side of the tunnel lining.

[0016] Optionally, the construction joints include circumferential joints and longitudinal joints;

[0017] When carrying out waterproof construction for the circumferential joints, the self-adhesive waterstop belt adopts a buried self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop belt;

[0018] When carrying out waterproof construction for the longitudinal joints, the self-adhesive waterstop belt adopts a buried self-adhesive steel plate waterstop belt.

[0019] Optionally, in the shallow-buried section area of the tunnel in the waterproof construction steps, it further includes a step of laying a root-resistant puncture waterproof board before the step of laying the protective layer.

[0020] Optionally, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop belt is attached to the structural wall surface and covers the deformation joint. Teeth facing the deformation joint are provided on the self-adhesive rubber waterstop belt, and the teeth in the areas on both sides of the deformation joint are embedded in the structural wall surface. At the deformation joint, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop belt is also embedded in the deformation joint in a "U" shape.

[0021] Optionally, the construction joints include circumferential joints and longitudinal joints;

[0022] The edge where the self-adhesive rubber waterstop and the waterproof board isolation layer are bonded forms a water-impermeable joint surface through adhesion or welding.

[0023] Optionally, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop is embedded in the deformation joint in a "U" shape. Opposite protruding block structures are provided at the open end of the "U" shape. During the process of fitting and fixing the self-adhesive rubber waterstop and the waterproof board isolation layer, an extrusion pressure is applied to close the open end of the "U" shape with the protruding block structures, forming a "0" cavity that seals the edge of the deformation joint, and pressure is filled into the cavity.

[0024] As can be seen from the above technical solutions, the beneficial technical effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0025] First, by pre-burying self-adhesive waterstops inside the deformation joints and construction joints, water leakage through these gaps is effectively prevented, enhancing the overall waterproof performance of the tunnel. Second, a zonal waterproof strategy is adopted on the water-facing side of the lining, which not only ensures the waterproof effect but also optimizes the construction cost. General waterproof construction provides basic protection for areas without special gaps, while enhanced waterproof construction specifically strengthens high-risk areas such as deformation joints and construction joints, ensuring comprehensive waterproofing of the tunnel. In addition, by introducing multi-layer waterproof materials such as double-sided self-adhesive waterproof boards, single-sided self-adhesive EVA waterproof boards, and geotextiles, the reliability and durability of the waterproof layer are further improved. This waterproof construction plan is comprehensive and efficient, providing a strong guarantee for the long-term stable operation of the open-cut tunnel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art. In all the drawings, similar elements or parts are generally identified by similar reference numerals. In the drawings, the elements or parts are not necessarily drawn to actual scale.

[0027] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the tunnel section of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2 For the present invention Figure 1 Partial schematic diagram at position Ⅰ;

[0029] Figure 3 For the present invention Figure 1 Partial schematic diagram at position Ⅱ;

[0030] Figure 4 It is another schematic diagram of the tunnel construction section of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 5 For the present invention Figure 4 Partial schematic diagram at position Ⅲ;

[0032] Figure 6Schematic diagram of the construction layout of the side wall deformation joint of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the construction layout of the top deformation joint of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 8 Top view plane schematic diagram of the butt joint of the steel edge rubber waterstop of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 9 Side view sectional schematic diagram of the butt joint of the steel edge rubber waterstop of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 10 For the present invention Figure 9 Cross-sectional schematic diagram at A-A in;

[0037] Figure 11 Schematic diagram of the lap joint of the waterstop strip used in the steel edge rubber waterstop of the present invention.

[0038] Wherein: self-adhesive steel edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10, flange 101, backing plate 102, caulking paste 103, self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104, waterproof board isolation layer 105, leveling layer 2, waterproof coating 3, double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 4, single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 5, geotextile 6, root-resistant waterproof board 7, protective layer 8. Detailed implementation manners

[0039] The embodiments of the technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention more clearly, so they are only examples and cannot be used to limit the protection scope of the present invention.

[0040] It should be noted that unless otherwise specified, the technical terms or scientific terms used in this application should have the ordinary meaning understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention belongs.

[0041] An open-cut tunnel is an underground engineering construction method in which the ground is first excavated, the lining is built in the open air, and then backfilled. In the construction of open-cut tunnels, the waterproof problem is crucial. Deformation joints, construction joints, etc. are weak links in waterproofing and are easily affected by thermal expansion and contraction and uneven settlement, resulting in leakage. To ensure the waterproof effect, special waterproof measures need to be taken in these areas. In addition, the waterproof treatment of the tunnel surface cannot be ignored. The implementation manners of the multiple waterproof construction of the open-cut tunnel adopted in this application will be introduced below.

[0042] Start from the construction joint. The construction joint includes the circumferential construction joint and the longitudinal construction joint. During the pouring process of the tunnel concrete structure, it is impossible to form the entire tunnel in one go. Instead, it is continuously extended and poured in sections. The construction joint refers to the joint formed between the previously poured concrete and the subsequently poured concrete due to sectional pouring requirements in design or construction. The construction joint is not a real "joint". It is just a bonding surface that exists between the previously poured concrete that has exceeded the initial setting time and the subsequently poured concrete, and this bonding surface is called the construction joint. Obviously, the concrete surfaces on both sides of the construction joint appear to be a whole, but due to the asynchronous pouring and solidification processes, its performance is inferior to that of the concrete formed in one go.

[0043] Therefore, the technical solution of this application strengthens the overall performance of the concrete at the construction joint. Specifically, during pouring, in the case of a longitudinal construction joint 91, a buried self-adhesive steel plate waterstop 12 is used for strengthening, as Figure 3 shown; in the case of waterproof construction of the circumferential construction joint, a buried self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop is used for strengthening. Among them, the circumferential direction refers to the construction joint in the circumferential direction of the tunnel, and the longitudinal direction refers to the construction joint in the tunnel axis direction.

[0044] During specific construction, the previously poured section is called the first stage. During construction, half of the self-adhesive steel plate waterstop or the self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop is embedded in the pouring area of the first stage, and the other part is exposed towards the pouring area of the second stage; after the first stage of pouring is completed, when pouring the second stage, the first stage and the second stage of concrete are connected into one body through the self-adhesive steel plate waterstop or the self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop to increase the waterproof performance at the junction. During the construction process, the steel-edge waterstop and the steel plate waterstop should be centered at the construction joint concrete, that is, located in the middle of the thickness direction.

[0045] After the construction of the buried self-adhesive steel plate waterstop for the longitudinal construction joint and the buried self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop for the circumferential construction joint is completed, on the surface layer of the concrete structure, surface waterproof treatment is also required, which specifically includes the setting of multiple waterproof layers. Strengthened waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side of the lining corresponding to the deformation joint and the construction joint, and general waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side area of the lining without deformation joints or construction joints inside. General waterproof construction includes the construction of a leveling layer, application of waterproof coating, hanging of a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board, hanging of geotextile, and masonry of a protective layer in sequence on the water-facing side of the lining; strengthened waterproof construction, on the basis of general waterproof construction, also includes the step of hanging a double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board between the steps of applying waterproof coating and hanging a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board.

[0046] Generally speaking, for special parts, such as around construction joints, corners, etc., strengthening treatment is required. These parts are more likely to have leakage problems, so the construction needs to be more complex and cautious. Taking the application of waterproof materials as an example, it is necessary to ensure that the coating thickness meets the specified requirements. During the application process, attention should be paid to the sealing treatment of the ends and joints to avoid leaving any potential leakage hazards. Cement-based penetrating crystalline waterproof coating can be used.

[0047] During the construction of waterproof coating, first apply the primer, and then carry out strengthening treatment for special parts. It is necessary to apply the waterproof material to the specified thickness, and conduct end sealing, joint sealing, cleaning, inspection, and repair. The construction of waterproof coating is one of the key steps to ensure the waterproof performance of tunnel concrete structures. During the construction process, first ensure that the primer is evenly applied, which not only helps the waterproof coating to adhere tightly to the concrete surface but also enhances the waterproof effect of the coating. After applying the primer, wait for it to dry completely before proceeding to the next step.

[0048] After the application is completed, cleaning, inspection, and repair work are also required. The cleaning work is mainly to remove excess coating and impurities to ensure the cleanliness of the coating surface; the inspection work is to confirm through visual inspection and instrument testing that there are no omissions or damages in the coating; the repair work is to promptly repair the problems found during the inspection to ensure the integrity and reliability of the waterproof layer. Through these meticulous construction steps, the waterproof performance of the tunnel concrete structure can be further improved.

[0049] The deformation joint is the general term for expansion joints, settlement joints, and seismic joints. Buildings often undergo deformation under the action of external factors, resulting in cracking and even damage. The deformation joint is a structural joint reserved for this situation. The waterproof construction requirements for deformation joints are relatively high. The middle embedded self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop + the back-adhesive self-adhesive rubber waterstop + the caulking paste sealing waterproof material (on the water-facing side of the joint) are used. The polyethylene foam backing board is filled in the void on the water-facing side, and the double-sided self-adhesive EVA waterproof board is used to strengthen the waterproofing around the deformation joint.

[0050] During the specific construction, the middle embedded waterstops in the construction joints of the roof and floor are both installed in a basin shape because the waterstops are in a horizontal state at the roof and floor. The basin-shaped installation method means installing the waterstop in a basin shape, that is, the two sides of the waterstop are inclined (the flange forms an angle of 15 - 20° with the horizontal plane). The main purpose of this installation method is to ensure that the air bubbles under the waterstop can be smoothly discharged during the concrete pouring process, thus avoiding the formation of water seepage channels. When installing the waterstop, it should be ensured that it is buried in the middle of the lining thickness.

[0051] If the connection of the steel-edge waterstop is required, the butt joint method can be used for connection. For the main construction process flow, please refer to Figures 8 - 11: Install U-shaped hoop pieces 110 (through rivet holes 113) on the steel edges on both sides of the steel-edge waterstop, then wrap the whole outer layer with an uncured butyl rubber putty sheet 111, and then wrap the whole outer layer with a rubber sheet 112. The U-shaped hoop pieces 110 in the steel-edge waterstop are made of galvanized steel plates, are centered at the joint of the steel-edge waterstop, and at the same time, rivet holes 113 are provided on both sides of the joint for rivet connection. When the local part of the waterstop cannot be installed (such as when the stirrup cannot pass through), a slow-swell type water-swelling waterstop strip 114 needs to be used for transition connection, and the overlapping part is densely pasted 115. The waterstop strip should not have too little longitudinal (longitudinal axis) overlap with the waterstop, and the putty strip should be pasted on the water-facing side of the waterstop and be firmly pasted. The waterstop strip should be fixed in the reserved groove on the surface of the construction joint.

[0052] The main function of the waterstop is to prevent water from seeping in through the construction joint or structural joint, thereby protecting the structure and function of the building from damage. However, in some cases, such as when encountering dense stirrups or other obstacles, the waterstop may not be directly installed in place. At this time, if no transition connection measures are taken, the waterproof effect will be greatly reduced. As a high-performance waterproof material, the slow-swell type water-swelling waterstop strip can quickly expand when encountering water, forming a dense waterproof layer, thus effectively making up for the part where the waterstop cannot be directly installed and ensuring the continuity and integrity of the entire waterproof system.

[0053] In some narrow or difficult-to-construct parts, the installation of the waterstop may be greatly restricted. The slow-swell type water-swelling waterstop strip has the characteristics of being soft and easy to bend, and can well adapt to various complex construction conditions. It can be flexibly installed in the parts where the waterstop cannot be directly installed by means of pasting, filling, etc., so as to ensure that the waterproof effect is not affected. Using the slow-swell type water-swelling waterstop strip for transition connection can greatly simplify the construction process and improve the construction efficiency. Compared with the cumbersome operations such as readjusting the position of the steel bars or cutting the waterstop, using the waterstop strip for transition connection is more convenient and fast. At the same time, the installation of the waterstop strip is relatively simple and does not require special construction equipment and technology, thus reducing the construction difficulty and cost.

[0054] After the construction of the embedded waterstop strip for the construction joint and deformation joint is completed, it is also necessary to carry out waterproof construction on the entire surface layer of the wall, that is, the waterproof construction on the water-facing side of the tunnel lining. After the lining strength meets the design requirements, set up a mobile scaffolding and carry out the following construction steps in sequence.

[0055] Construction of the leveling layer. Generally, the integral surface layer is divided into three parts: cushion layer, leveling layer and surface layer (external decoration layer), and the integral surface layer does not belong to the structure at all. The original structural surface is leveled and laid as a base layer due to unevenness or slope, such as cement mortar, fine aggregate concrete, etc., which is beneficial to laying the surface layer or waterproof and thermal insulation layers on it. This is the leveling layer.

[0056] For the construction of waterproof coating, after the construction of the leveling layer is completed, apply cement-based penetrating crystalline waterproof coating.

[0057] After laying and hanging a single-sided self-adhesive EVA waterproof board and laying and hanging geotextile, a brick protective layer needs to be built on the outer layer.

[0058] It should be noted that during the above construction process, if the construction area is in the longitudinal and circumferential construction joints and the internal and external corner areas (here, the internal corner refers to the recessed part of the wall surface, that is, the included angle formed by two walls. The external corner refers to the protruding part of the wall surface, that is, the external angle formed by the intersection of two walls), then after the construction of the waterproof coating, it is necessary to first lay and hang a double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board locally, and then carry out subsequent construction, that is, lay and hang a single-sided self-adhesive EVA waterproof board and lay and hang geotextile, and finally build a brick protective layer on the outer layer. The self-adhesive EVA waterproof board is a multi-layer composite coil made by coating a polymer self-adhesive layer and an anti-sticking coating layer on an EVA sheet. It has high breaking tensile strength and tear strength, good water resistance, and convenient construction. Using the pre-laying and self-adhesive method, it can form a firm bond with the post-cast concrete or other wall surfaces. In short, the above-mentioned embodiment adds a layer of double-sided self-adhesive EVA reinforced waterproof layer in the external corner area. All internal and external corner parts are treated with 1:2.5 cement mortar. A 50mmX50mm cement mortar chamfer is set at the internal corner, and the external corner is treated with smooth cement mortar.

[0059] During the above construction process, when constructing the waterproof board, after cleaning and repairing the base surface, apply the supporting base treatment agent, paste at the node parts, lay and stick the self-adhesive rubber waterproof coil and roll and exhaust, carry out the end treatment and lap joint, and then construct the protective layer after acceptance. When laying and hanging the waterproof board, attention should be paid to the joint problem of the waterproof board, and there should be no phenomenon of joint intersection or adjacency.

[0060] If the construction location is in the shallow-buried section of the tunnel, that is, the tunnel section where the overburden layer above the tunnel is less than twice the tunnel span, then it is also necessary to lay and hang a root-resistant puncture waterproof board before building the brick protective layer on the outer layer. The primary function of the root-resistant puncture waterproof coil is waterproofing. It can form a strong waterproof barrier on the surface of the building or underground structure, effectively preventing water from seeping in from the outside, thereby protecting the structure and internal facilities of the building from water erosion. This is of great significance for maintaining the stability of the building and extending its service life. Another major feature of the root-resistant puncture waterproof coil is its ability to resist the puncture force of plant roots for a long time. In the shallow-buried section, plant roots often penetrate downward as they grow, damaging the waterproof layer. The root-resistant puncture waterproof coil can effectively prevent plant roots from penetrating through the waterproof layer through special root-blocking designs, such as chemical root-blocking, physical root-blocking, or composite root-blocking, thus ensuring the integrity and durability of the waterproof layer.

[0061] The following elaborates on the multiple waterproof construction method for open-cut tunnels through another set of embodiments, including:

[0062] Carry out waterproof construction on the deformation joints, construction joints and the water-facing side of the lining of the open-cut tunnel;

[0063] Among them, the waterproof construction of the deformation joints and construction joints includes: constructing pre-embedded self-adhesive waterstops on the inner side of the joints;

[0064] Among them, the waterproof construction of the water-facing side of the lining includes: general waterproof construction and enhanced waterproof construction. The enhanced waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side of the lining in the areas corresponding to the deformation joints and construction joints, and the general waterproof construction is adopted for the water-facing side area of the lining without deformation joints or construction joints inside;

[0065] The general waterproof construction includes the construction of a leveling layer 2, applying waterproof coating 3, laying a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 5, laying geotextile 6 and constructing a protective layer 8 in sequence on the water-facing side of the lining;

[0066] The enhanced waterproof construction, on the basis of the general waterproof construction, further includes the step of laying a double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 4 between the steps of applying waterproof coating 3 and laying a single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 5.

[0067] During the construction process of the open-cut tunnel, the deformation joints and construction joints are key areas for waterproof treatment. The deformation joints are actual gaps in the tunnel structure, and their waterproof treatment is particularly crucial. To ensure the waterproof effect, measures to increase the overall performance are taken at the deformation joints. By pre-embedding waterproof materials such as self-adhesive waterstops, the waterproof ability of this area is effectively improved. At the same time, for the construction joints, which are not actual gaps but the boundaries of the concrete pouring stage, their waterproof treatment is also emphasized. Through differentiated construction operations, the waterproof layer at the construction joints is closely combined with the concrete body to form a reliable waterproof barrier. Through the implementation of the above waterproof construction measures, the waterproof performance of the weak links such as the deformation joints and construction joints of the open-cut tunnel has been successfully improved. The use of waterproof materials such as pre-embedded self-adhesive waterstops not only enhances the overall performance of these areas but also ensures the firmness and durability of the waterproof layer. At the same time, the surface waterproof treatment on the outside further strengthens the waterproof effect of the tunnel, enabling the tunnel to effectively resist water erosion during long-term use and ensuring the stability and safety of the tunnel structure.

[0068] This embodiment involves constructing pre-embedded self-adhesive waterstops on the inner side of the deformation joints. Please refer to Figure 6, specifically, the self-adhesive waterstop uses a buried self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10. The flange parts 101 on both sides are respectively embedded in the structures on both sides of the deformation joint. The body part is located in the deformation joint and filled towards the backwater side. After the lining plate 102 and caulking paste 103 are sequentially arranged on the body part and the water-facing side, the enhanced waterproof construction steps are carried out. And a self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104 and a waterproof board isolation layer 105 are arranged between the steps of applying the waterproof coating 3 and laying the double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 4 for enhanced waterproofing. The edges where the self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104 and the waterproof board isolation layer 105 are bonded form a watertight joint surface through adhesion or welding. This waterstop has a unique design. The flanges (the shoulders of the T-shape) are embedded in the two sides of the structure and cast integrally with the structure. The body (the vertical part of the T-shape) is located in the joint and filled on the backwater side, effectively enhancing the waterproof performance of the deformation joint. At the same time, the deformation joint and the rubber waterstop structure allow the two sides of the structure to be misaligned and deformed relative to each other, ensuring the structural stability and safety of the tunnel. By adding a lining plate, caulking paste, self-adhesive rubber waterstop and waterproof board isolation layer, the reliability and durability of the waterproof layer are further improved. While ensuring the waterproof ability, the deformation adaptability of the tunnel is also taken into account.

[0069] To further enhance the waterproof performance, especially during the long-term use after the construction of the tunnel structure and the waterproof structure is completed, when constructing the buried self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10, a part of the flanges 101 on both sides is reserved in the deformation joint. For reference, please refer to the appendix Figure 6 , and then a filler is set from the water-facing side. The filler is polyethylene foam (lining plate 102). During the process of filling the gap inside the deformation joint, the filler pushes the body part of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10 to deform towards the backwater side. The flanges 101 on both sides of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10 and the body part are in a "U"-shaped pre-tightened state, as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 shown.

[0070] Its effects are multi-faceted. First, it automatically adapts to deformation and prevents the waterstop body from being pulled and damaged: During the use of the tunnel, differential settlement may occur due to factors such as geological conditions and load changes, which may cause the deformation and misalignment of the structures on both sides of the deformation joint. In this case, if the waterstop does not have sufficient adaptability and elasticity, its body is easily pulled or damaged, thus losing its waterproof function. However, for the waterstop in the "U"-shaped pre-tightened state, its body part forms a tight fit with the structure under the push of the polyethylene foam, and the "U" part has a certain deformation pre-tightening force. When the structures on both sides are deformed and misaligned, the "U" part can automatically adapt to this change, absorb and disperse stress through its elastic deformation, thus avoiding the waterstop body from being pulled or damaged and ensuring the long-term waterproof effect.

[0071] Secondly, absorption of deformation to prevent loosening of the embedded part of the flange: The deformation and dislocation of the structures on both sides of the deformation joint will not only affect the main body of the waterstop, but also pose a risk of loosening or falling off of the embedded part of the flange. By using a waterstop in a "U"-shaped pre-tightened state, the flanges on both sides are tightly connected to the main body part, forming an integral structure. When the structures on both sides undergo deformation and dislocation, the "U"-shaped part can absorb this deformation, so that the embedded part of the flange will not be loosened or fall off due to stress. In this way, the tight combination degree between the waterstop and the structure is maintained, and the waterproof performance is maintained for a long time.

[0072] Finally, the pre-tightening force enhances the tight combination degree: The formation of the "U"-shaped pre-tightened state generates a certain pre-tightening force between the waterstop and other structures. This pre-tightening force can enhance the tight combination degree between the waterstop and the structure, so that the waterstop and related structures are not easily loosened or fallen off due to factors such as vibration and impact during long-term use.

[0073] When the self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104 is embedded in the deformation joint in a "U" shape, the open end of the "U" shape is provided with opposite protruding block structures. As Figure 7 shown, during the process of fitting and fixing the self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104 and the waterproof board isolation layer 105, an extrusion force is applied to make the protruding block structure seal the open end of the "U" shape, forming a "0"-shaped cavity blocking the edge of the deformation joint. Pressure, which can be hydraulic pressure or air pressure, is filled in the cavity to provide the pre-tightening force. This design can automatically adapt to the deformation of the joint caused by settlement. Whether it becomes wider or narrower, it can ensure a tight fit and a good waterproof effect. In addition, by utilizing the characteristic of the large specific heat capacity of oil, the heat generated by the friction between the edge of the joint and the waterstop during the deformation process of the joint is absorbed, the temperature rise is reduced, the aging of the waterstop is effectively delayed, and the service life is extended, providing a strong guarantee for the waterproof project.

[0074] In this embodiment, for a specific construction scenario, based on the above embodiment, it should also be noted during construction that when constructing the waterproofing of the construction joints located on the top plate and bottom plate of the tunnel, the self-adhesive waterstops embedded in the construction joints are all installed in a basin type, and the flange 101 forms an angle of 15-20° with the horizontal plane. The flange of the waterstop is in the same direction as the thickness direction of the concrete pouring. When pouring the top plate and bottom plate, the basin type installation helps to discharge the air bubbles in the concrete, can avoid the formation of holes and air bubbles in the concrete structure, ensure the bonding of the embedded pouring and the strength of the concrete, and thus improve the reliability and durability of the waterproof layer.

[0075] In this implementation, it should also be noted during construction that at the internal and external corners on the water-facing side of the tunnel lining, strengthened waterproof construction steps are also used, such as Figure 5As shown in the figure. The internal and external corners are relatively weak parts of the tunnel structure. Stress concentration is likely to occur at the corners, making the waterproof layer more vulnerable to damage at these locations. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the waterproof treatment of the internal and external corners to improve their impermeability and durability. The construction of the waterproof layer at the internal and external corners is difficult, and problems such as uneven coating, missed brushing, or too thin coating are likely to occur, all of which can easily lead to leakage. By strengthening the waterproof construction steps, the integrity and continuity of the waterproof layer at the internal and external corners can be ensured, thereby improving the overall waterproof effect. In short, using strengthened waterproof construction steps at the internal and external corners on the water-facing side of the tunnel lining is considered for multiple aspects such as improving the structural impermeability, ensuring the integrity of the waterproof layer, reducing the leakage risk, and improving the construction quality.

[0076] In this implementation, during the construction of the construction joint, different self-adhesive waterstops are used according to the types of construction joints. Construction joints include circumferential joints and longitudinal joints; during the waterproof construction of circumferential joints, the self-adhesive waterstop adopts a buried self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop; during the waterproof construction of longitudinal joints, the self-adhesive waterstop adopts a buried self-adhesive steel plate waterstop. For circumferential joints, rubber waterstops are used. Utilizing their high elasticity and corrosion resistance, they can effectively isolate the penetration of water and adapt to structural deformation. For longitudinal joints, steel plate waterstops are used. Relying on the rigidity and strength of the steel plates, they provide a stronger waterproof barrier to ensure the structural stability.

[0077] In this implementation, in the waterproof construction steps, when the tunnel is in the shallow-buried section area, it also includes the step of laying the root-resistant waterproof board 7 before the step of constructing the protective layer 8. In the tunnel waterproof construction steps, in the shallow-buried section area, due to the complex geological conditions and shallow overburden, it is vulnerable to the influence of ground loads, groundwater, and construction activities, and there are relatively large risks of deformation and leakage. Therefore, adding the step of laying the root-resistant waterproof board before the step of constructing the protective layer aims to utilize the high strength, tear resistance, and aging resistance of the root-resistant waterproof board to effectively isolate the penetration of water and prevent the penetration of plant roots at the same time, ensuring the stability of the tunnel structure and the durability of the waterproof layer.

[0078] This implementation involves a specific waterproof structure. After the above construction, the waterproof structure of the deformation joint includes:

[0079] Self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10, the flange parts 101 on both sides of which are respectively embedded in the structures on both sides of the deformation joint, and its main body part is located in the deformation joint and filled towards the water-receiving side;

[0080] Lining plate 102, filled in the deformation joint towards the water-facing side, and the inner side contacts with the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop 10. The material of the lining plate 102 is polyethylene foam;

[0081] Caulking paste 103, arranged on the outer side of the lining plate 102;

[0082] Self-adhesive rubber waterstop 104, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop is attached to the structural wall surface and covers the deformation joint. Teeth facing the deformation joint are provided on the self-adhesive rubber waterstop, and the teeth in the areas on both sides of the deformation joint are embedded into the structural wall surface. At the deformation joint, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop is also embedded into the deformation joint in a "U" shape;

[0083] Waterproof board isolation layer 105, which is arranged on the outer layer of the self-adhesive rubber waterstop, and the material is EVA;

[0084] And a strengthened waterproof structure arranged on the outer layer of the structure.

[0085] As a possible implementation manner of the strengthened waterproof structure in the above embodiment, in this embodiment, the strengthened waterproof structure includes: leveling layer 2, a cement mortar structure; 3 layers of waterproof coating, cement-based penetrating crystalline waterproof coating 3; double-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 4, EVA material; single-sided self-adhesive waterproof board 5, EVA material; geotextile 6; and protective layer 8, a brick structure.

[0086] If it is in the shallow-buried section area of the tunnel, it also includes a root-resistant waterproof board layer between the protective layer and the geotextile layer.

[0087] In the circumferential joint and longitudinal joint areas, in addition to the waterproof structure on the outer layer, there is also a waterproof structure inside. The circumferential joint waterproof structure includes: a self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop embedded in the structures on both sides of the circumferential joint and a strengthened waterproof structure arranged on the outer layer of the structure corresponding to the circumferential joint; the longitudinal joint waterproof structure includes: a self-adhesive steel plate waterstop embedded in the structures on both sides of the longitudinal joint and a strengthened waterproof structure arranged on the surface layer of the structure corresponding to the longitudinal joint.

[0088] Through the comprehensive application of the above internal and surface waterproof structures, the waterproof performance of the tunnel has been significantly improved. The internal self-adhesive waterstop cooperates with the surface strengthened waterproof structure to form multiple waterproof barriers, effectively isolating water penetration. Especially in the shallow-buried section area, the addition of the root-resistant waterproof board further enhances the durability and stability of the waterproof layer. The special waterproof treatment of the circumferential joint and longitudinal joint ensures the waterproof ability of the tunnel in different directions. Overall, this waterproof system is comprehensive and reliable, providing a solid guarantee for the long-term safe operation of the tunnel, reducing the maintenance cost, and extending the service life.

[0089] Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements on some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention, and they should all be covered by the scope of the claims and the description of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-layer waterproof construction method for an open-cut tunnel, characterized in that: include: Waterproofing of the deformation joints, construction joints and water-facing side of the lining of the open-cut tunnel; Wherein, waterproofing the deformation joint and the construction joint includes: pre-embedding self-adhesive waterstop strips inside the joints; The waterproofing construction on the water-facing side of the lining includes: strengthening waterproofing construction on the water-facing side of the lining in the area corresponding to the deformation joint and the construction joint, and general waterproofing construction on the water-facing side of the lining without deformation joints or construction joints; The general waterproof construction includes the construction of a leveling layer (2), application of a waterproof coating (3), laying of a single-sided reverse-adhesive waterproof board (5), laying of a geotextile (6) and construction of a protective layer (8) on the water-facing side of the lining in sequence; The enhanced waterproof construction, based on the general waterproof construction, also includes the step of laying a double-sided reverse-adhesive waterproof board (4) between the steps of applying the waterproof coating (3) and laying a single-sided reverse-adhesive waterproof board (5).

2. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: When the self-adhesive waterstop is pre-buried on the inner side of the deformation joint, the self-adhesive waterstop adopts a mid-buried self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop (10), and the flanges (101) on both sides are respectively pre-buried in the structures on both sides of the deformation joint. The main body is located in the deformation joint and fills the side facing the back water surface. After the main body and the side facing the water surface are successively provided with a backing plate (102) and a caulking paste (103), the enhanced waterproofing construction step is carried out, and a self-adhesive rubber waterstop (104) and a waterproof board isolation layer (105) are arranged between the steps of applying the waterproof coating (3) and laying the double-sided reverse-adhesive waterproof board (4) to enhance waterproofing.

3. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 2, characterized in that: During the construction of the embedded self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop (10), a portion of the flanges (101) on both sides are retained in the deformation joint, and then filling material is arranged from the water-facing side. In the process of filling the gap in the deformation joint, the filling material pushes the main body of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop (10) to deform toward the backwater side, and the flanges (101) on both sides of the self-adhesive steel-edge T-shaped rubber waterstop (10) and the main body are in a "U"-shaped pre-tightened state.

4. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the waterproofing construction of the construction joints located at the tunnel roof and floor, the self-adhesive waterstop strips embedded in the construction joints are all installed in a basin-type manner, and the flange (101) forms an angle of 15 to 20 degrees with the horizontal plane.

5. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The enhanced waterproofing construction steps are also used at the corners on the water-facing side of the tunnel lining.

6. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The construction joints include circumferential joints and longitudinal joints; During the construction of circumferential joint waterproofing, the self-adhesive waterstop is a mid-buried self-adhesive steel-edge rubber waterstop; During the longitudinal seam waterproofing construction, the self-adhesive waterstop is a buried self-adhesive steel plate waterstop.

7. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The waterproof construction step also includes a step of laying and hanging root-resistant waterproof boards (7) before the step of laying the protective layer (8) in the shallow buried section of the tunnel.

8. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 3, characterized in that: The self-adhesive rubber waterstop (104) is attached to the structural wall surface and covers the deformation joint. The self-adhesive rubber waterstop is provided with teeth facing the deformation joint. The teeth on both sides of the deformation joint are embedded in the structural wall surface. At the deformation joint, the self-adhesive rubber waterstop is also embedded in the deformation joint in a "U" shape.

9. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The edges where the self-adhesive rubber water stop strip (104) and the waterproof board isolation layer (105) are bonded together form a watertight connection surface through adhesion or welding.

10. The open-cut tunnel multi-waterproof construction method according to claim 9, characterized in that: The self-adhesive rubber waterstop (104) is embedded in the deformation joint in a "U" shape, and a relative protruding block structure is provided at the open end of the "U". During the process of fitting and fixing the self-adhesive rubber waterstop (104) and the waterproof board isolation layer (105), an extrusion force is applied to cause the protruding block structure to close the open end of the "U", thereby forming a "0"-shaped cavity sealed at the edge of the deformation joint, and pressure is filled in the cavity.

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