Planting method based on annual green manure covering of apple orchard

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly discloses a planting method based on annual green manure covering of an apple orchard, comprising: green manure planting in autumn and winter: sowing cold-resistant leguminous green manure from September to October, including mixed sowing of orychophragmus violaceus, winter rape and vicia villosa according to 1: 1: 2, crushing in the flowering period of April of the next year with the crushing length of less than or equal to 5cm, synchronously pressing green and returning crushed materials to the field, the turning and pressing depth is 15-20 cm; in spring green manure planting, common vetch and spring rape are mixed and sown according to the ratio of 3: 1 in April to May, 200-300 mL of a composite biological agent is applied per mu before sowing, the effective viable count of the agent is larger than or equal to 5 * 10 < 8 > CFU / mL, and after the spring rape blooms and freely falls seeds in June to July, the spring rape is mechanically smashed, turned and returned to the field; through sequential rotation of green manure in autumn and winter, spring and summer, an annual covering system is constructed, the content of organic matters in soil is remarkably increased, and continuous supply of nutrients is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards. Background Art

[0002] Currently, the soil management in apple orchards mostly adopts the planting methods of clean tillage, ground covering with geotextiles, straws and plastic films. Due to clean tillage and exposure, there are overgrown weeds, large water evaporation, and serious soil compaction, resulting in a decline in the quality of orchard cultivated land; while the management methods of covering geotextiles, straws and plastic films between the rows of orchards have high costs and low soil nutrient utilization rates; because green manure is a clean natural organic fertilizer source, simple to plant, cost-saving, and can effectively improve the nutrient utilization efficiency of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, it is favored by the majority of fruit farmers.

[0003] However, at present, the intercropping of green manure in orchards is mostly used for single green manure planting, usually concentrated in spring and summer for one-season planting, lacking mixed sowing technology and annual green manure covering planting technology, resulting in a long time of soil exposure in winter in orchards, large seasonal fluctuations in soil organic matter, increased risk of soil erosion, frequent occurrence of soil continuous cropping obstacles and compaction problems, and a decreasing organic matter content year by year, directly affecting the root development of fruit trees and fruit quality. Existing weed control measures mostly use non-degradable plastic mulch, exacerbating white pollution, while the straw returning treatment is rough, with low decomposition efficiency and insufficient resource utilization rate. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards to solve the problems raised in the above background art.

[0005] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0006] A planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards includes the following timing control steps:

[0007] S1. Green manure planting in autumn and winter: Sow cold-resistant leguminous green manure in September - October, including Orychophragmus violaceus, winter rape, and Vicia villosa var. villosa, sown in a mixture of 1:1:2 (1 kg / mu of Orychophragmus violaceus + 1 kg / mu of winter rape + 2 kg / mu of Vicia villosa var. villosa), and conduct crushing treatment during the flowering period in April of the next year, with the crushing length ≤ 5 cm. Synchronously, press the crushed material into the field for green manure returning, and the turning-under depth is 15 - 20 cm;

[0008] S2. Green manure planting in spring: Sow common vetch and spring rape in a mixture of 3:1 (3 kg / mu of common vetch + 1 kg / mu of spring rape) in April - May. Apply 200 - 300 mL / mu of compound biological bacteria agent before sowing, and the effective viable bacteria count of the bacteria agent ≥ 5×10 8 CFU / mL. After the spring rape blossoms and freely scatters seeds in June - July, mechanically break and turn it under the field;

[0009] S3. Summer green manure planting: In July, self-grown rapeseed seedlings emerge and grow as a cover between fruit tree rows. By September - October during the full bloom stage, they are plowed and incorporated into the soil. In the same month, common evening primrose, winter rape, and hairy vetch are replanted in a cycle to form a closed-loop annual cover planting system in the apple orchard;

[0010] During the growth period of summer green manure, Trichogramma chilonis is released at a rate of 5000 individuals per mu per time, continuously released 2 - 3 times at 15-day intervals. Meanwhile, pheromone traps are hung at a density of 20 per hectare.

[0011] Preferably, for the autumn green manure, the seeding rate of common evening primrose is 1 kg per mu, winter rape is 1 kg per mu, and hairy vetch is 2 kg per mu. They are sown in mixture between fruit tree rows in September - October; for the spring green manure, vetch and spring rape are selected as green manure varieties, with the seeding rate of vetch being 3 kg per mu and spring rape being 1 kg per mu. They are sown in mixture between fruit tree rows in late April; the summer green manure is the self-seeded seedlings of spring rape that grow as a cover between rows.

[0012] Preferably, for the autumn and winter green manure varieties, common evening primrose, hairy vetch, and winter rape varieties with strong cold resistance are selected. In spring, they can prevent wind and fix sand, reduce ineffective water evaporation, and increase the fruit setting rate; for the spring and summer green manure, vetch and spring rape green manure varieties are selected. In summer, they can reduce pests, diseases, and weed growth, and improve the utilization rate of soil nutrients in the orchard.

[0013] Preferably, the compound biological bactericide contains Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus subtilis, and Trichoderma viride, with the effective viable bacteria ratio of the three being 1:0.8:0.5, and 0.1% trehalose is added as a protective agent.

[0014] Preferably, during the winter fallow period, cold-resistant green manure varieties with strong frost resistance, such as common evening primrose, winter rape, and hairy vetch, are planted between tree rows. The winter green manure can survive the winter safely, and its roots can remain active in the soil, covering the surface of the orchard rows.

[0015] Preferably, the mowing operation in step S3 is selectively carried out for mowing and plowing and incorporating into the soil in the area outside the projection range of the fruit tree crown.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0017] Through the sequential rotation of autumn - winter, spring, and summer green manures, the present invention constructs an annual cover system, significantly improves the soil organic matter content, realizes continuous nutrient supply, and the scientific combination of cold-resistant leguminous and fast-growing cruciferous green manures has the functions of nitrogen fixation, biomass accumulation, and ecological prevention and control, reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the synergistic effect of the compound biological bactericide and the lignin - degrading bactericide accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and improves the soil micro - ecology, forms a loose and breathable tillage layer, the combination of degradable weed - proof cloth and decomposed straw cover effectively inhibits weeds and avoids environmental pollution, and reduces the management cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0019] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0020] Embodiment 1:

[0021] Please refer to Figure 1 shown. A planting method based on annual mulching with green manure in apple orchards includes the following timing control steps:

[0022] Autumn and winter green manure planting (September of the first year - April of the next year): 1 kg / mu of Orychophragmus violaceus + 1 kg / mu of winter rape + 2 kg / mu of Vicia villosa. After mixing, they are sown in rows in the apple orchard around September 20th using a drill seeder, with a row spacing of 30 cm. After sowing, cover the soil with 2 cm of soil. During the full bloom period of the next year, use a straw crusher (blade rotation speed 2800 r / min) to crush the green manure into 3 cm fragments, and the rotary tiller turns the soil to a depth of 18 cm. At the same time, spray 200 L / mu of 2% humic acid solution to accelerate decomposition, and spray lignin-degrading bacterial agent (1.5 kg / mu);

[0023] Spring green manure planting (mid-late April of the second year): Mix 1 kg / mu of spring rape + 3 kg / mu of Vicia sativa subsp. amoena evenly. Before sowing, apply 250 mL / mu of compound biological bacterial agent (containing Bacillus mucilaginosus 5×10 8 CFU / g), mix it with 10 kg of fine sand and spread it evenly; In early July after flowering, the rape seeds naturally fall, cut and cover the orchard, leaving a stubble height of 15 cm, and immediately drip irrigate 15 m 3 / mu to keep the soil moisture content in the plough layer at about 20%;

[0024] Summer green manure planting (late June - early July of the second year): Stop sowing green manure, and use the rapeseed that falls in the orchard to germinate and grow by itself; Around mid-September, cut and turn it into the field and sow autumn and winter green manure at the same time. Avoid the area with a 1 m radius around the crown of the fruit tree; Release Trichogramma chilonis 3 times (5000 heads / mu / time) from July to August, and hang 25 sex pheromone traps for Grapholita molesta (25 traps / ha) at the same time.

[0025] Embodiment 2:

[0026] Autumn green manure planting (September of the first year to April of the following year): hairy vetch (3kg / mu) + winter rapeseed 1.5kg / mu, row sowing, row spacing 30cm, crush and return to the field on April 20 of the following year, and apply white rot fungi (2kg / mu) to promote lignin decomposition;

[0027] Planting of green manure in spring (April of the second year): sowing spring rapeseed green manure (1kg / mu) + arrow pea (3kg / mu); during the flowering period (around June 15), release ladybugs (200 heads / mu);

[0028] Planting of green manure in summer (late June to early July of the second year): Spring rapeseed grows after dropping seeds, mows and turns the rapeseed around mid-September and sows autumn and winter green manure at the same time. Avoid the area with a radius of 1m from the canopy of fruit trees; release yellow-eyed wasps 3 times (5,000 heads / mu / time) from July to August, and hang traps for pear borer (25 traps / hectare) at the same time.

[0029] Ecological control: Release complex populations of trichogrammatids (6,000 heads / mu) and ladybugs (200 heads / mu); arrange vetiver isolation belts (50 cm wide) at intervals to prevent and control nematodes.

[0030] In autumn, choose cold-resistant leguminous green manure (such as hairy vetch, winter rapeseed, and February orchid), which have strong low-temperature adaptability and nitrogen-fixing ability. Leguminous plants can convert nitrogen in the air into ammonium nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia, which is directly absorbed by fruit trees and reduces nitrogen fertilizer input. In addition, their deep root system (up to 30-50cm) can effectively break the soil compaction layer and improve the deep soil structure.

[0031] In spring, use fast-growing cruciferous green manure (such as arrow pea, hairy vetch, and spring rapeseed) because of its fast biomass accumulation. Leguminous green manure has the function of dissolving phosphorus and can activate the insoluble phosphorus in the soil. In addition, the glucosinolates secreted by cruciferous plants can inhibit soil-borne pathogens and reduce the incidence of root rot.

[0032] In summer, the orchard is covered with cruciferous rapeseed green manure to suppress weeds, lower the temperature in the orchard, reduce aphid infestation, increase microbial activity, and form an ecological prevention and control barrier.

[0033] In one embodiment of the present invention, the jelly-like Bacillus in the composite bacterial agent secretes organic acids to dissolve the insoluble phosphorus and potassium in the soil, the Bacillus subtilis produces antimicrobial peptides to inhibit pathogens, and the Trichoderma occupies the ecological niche through competition to inhibit fungal diseases. The design of the living bacteria ratio of the three is 1:0.8:0.5, which aims to balance the functions of phosphorus solubilization, antibacterial and growth promotion. Adding 0.1% trehalose as a protective agent can improve the survival rate of the bacterial agent during storage and application, ensuring that the number of effective living bacteria is ≥5×10 8 CFU / mL technical indicator.

[0034] As can be seen from the above, the traditional green manure management in apple orchards mostly adopts single-season planting, resulting in uneven soil nutrient supply. Moreover, improper incorporation timing is likely to cause nitrogen loss. Through three-season green manure rotation, the present invention realizes the annual nutrient cycle of "supplying nitrogen in spring, controlling weeds in summer, and nourishing the land in autumn". Compared with chemical weeding, the combination of degradable weed control cloth and plastic film mulching reduces the weed biomass by 85% and has no risk of herbicide residue.

[0035] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards, characterized in that, It includes the following timing control steps: S1. Planting winter and autumn green manure: Sow cold-resistant leguminous green manure in September and October, including Orychophragmus violaceus, winter rape, and Vicia villosa, mixed sowing at a ratio of 1:1:

2. Crush it during the flowering period in April of the next year, with the crushing length ≤ 5 cm. Synchronously press the crushed material into the field, and the plowing depth is 15 - 20 cm; S2. Spring green manure planting: Sow vetch and spring rape in a 3:1 mixture in April - May. Apply 200 - 300 mL of compound biological bacteria agent per mu before sowing, and the effective viable bacteria count of the agent ≥ 5×10 8 CFU / mL. After the spring rape blossoms and freely drops seeds in June - July, mechanically break it up and turn it over into the field for returning to the field; S3. Planting summer green manure: The self-grown rapeseed seedlings emerge in July and grow covering the inter-row of fruit trees. Turn it over and return it to the field during the full-bloom period from September to October. Then, plant Orychophragmus violaceus, winter rape, and Vicia villosa again in the same month to form a closed-loop system of annual coverage planting in the apple orchard; Release Trichogramma chilonis during the growth period of summer green manure, at a rate of 5000 heads per mu per time, and continuously release it 2 - 3 times at an interval of 15 days. Synchronously hang pheromone traps, with a density of 20 per hectare.

2. The planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards according to claim 1, wherein: For the autumn green manure, the sowing rate of Orychophragmus violaceus is 1 kg per mu, winter rape is 1 kg per mu, and Vicia villosa is 2 kg per mu, and it is mixed sown in the inter-row of fruit trees in September and October; For the spring green manure, select Vicia sativa and spring rape green manure varieties, with the sowing rate of Vicia sativa being 3 kg per mu and spring rape being 1 kg per mu, and it is mixed sown in the inter-row of fruit trees in late April; The summer green manure is the self-grown seedlings from the freely fallen spring rape seeds, covering the inter-row.

3. The planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The winter and autumn green manure varieties are preferably those with strong cold resistance, such as Orychophragmus violaceus, Vicia villosa, and winter rape, which can prevent wind and fix sand in spring, reduce ineffective evaporation of water, and improve the fruit setting rate; The spring and summer green manure varieties are preferably Vicia sativa and spring rape green manure varieties, which can reduce pests, diseases, and overgrown weeds in summer, and improve the utilization rate of soil nutrients in the orchard.

4. A planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: The compound biological bacterium agent contains Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus subtilis, and Trichoderma, and the effective viable bacteria ratio of the three is 1:0.8:0.5, and 0.1% trehalose is added as a protective agent.

5. A planting method based on annual green manure covering in apple orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the winter fallow period, plant cold-resistant green manure varieties with strong frost resistance, such as Orychophragmus violaceus, winter rape, and Vicia villosa, in the inter-row of trees. The winter green manure can overwinter safely, and its roots can maintain activity in the soil, covering the surface of the orchard inter-row.

6. The planting method based on annual green manure mulching in apple orchards according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The mowing operation in step S3 is carried out for selective mowing and turning over and returning to the field in the area outside the projection range of the fruit tree crown.

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