Fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit cattail as well as preparation method and application of fertilizer

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of biomass resource utilization and microbial fertilizers, and particularly relates to a fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit cattail, and a preparation method and application thereof. The fertilizer disclosed by the invention is prepared by a synergistic combined fermentation process of aspergillus niger, phanerochaete chrysosporium and bacillus subtilis, the obtained fermentation product is subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a solid and a liquid, the solid is a solid fertilizer, the liquid is subjected to post-treatment to obtain a leaf fertilizer, and both the solid fertilizer and the leaf fertilizer can be used for planting crops such as tangerine and camellia oleifera. On the basis of a microbial synergistic fermentation process, the contents of antinutritional factors tannin and tea saponin in the obtained solid fertilizer are remarkably reduced and are respectively less than 1.8 g / kg and 0.1% on a dry basis, and meanwhile, the seed germination index is maintained to be higher than 95%. A planting contrast test verifies that the average yield per mu of the camellia oleifera applied with the solid fertilizer and the liquid fertilizer is increased by 12%. The average yield per mu of the mandarin oranges is increased by about 11%, and the contents of sugar, vitamin C, trace elements and the like in the mandarin oranges are higher than those of mandarin oranges applied with traditional fertilizers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of biomass resource utilization and microbial fertilizers, and particularly relates to a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof. Background Art

[0002] The oil-tea camellia fruit husk is the outer shell part of the fruit of Camellia oleifera. It is hard in texture and consists of the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Its main components are cellulose and hemicellulose, and it is also rich in bioactive components such as tea saponin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and tannin. As a by-product of oil-tea camellia fruit processing for tea oil, it accounts for 50%-60% of the fresh fruit quality. After being separated from the wrapped oil-tea camellia seeds after drying, the remaining fruit shell is usually called the oil-tea camellia fruit husk.

[0003] The oil-tea camellia fruit husk is widely distributed in the south of the Yangtze River and South China regions such as Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi in China, and most of it is not effectively utilized. At present, the main application fields include low-value-added ways such as the preparation of a small amount of activated carbon, organic fertilizer, or raw materials for edible mushroom cultivation. The extraction technologies of high-value components such as tea saponin and polysaccharide (such as ethanol extraction and microwave catalytic conversion) are still in the research stage and have not been promoted on a large scale. Due to the high toughness of the fruit husk fiber and the complex dehulling process (it is necessary to reduce the moisture content by drying to enhance brittleness), most of them are still burned or landfilled, resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution.

[0004] The surface of the oil-tea camellia fruit husk has strong hydrophobic properties. This property is mainly determined by the special structure of its exocarp. The exocarp consists of epidermal hairs, cutin layer, and wax layer. The composite structure of the cutin layer and the wax layer is the core source of hydrophobicity. The cutin layer is formed by cross-linking cutin monomers through ester bonds to form a dense network structure, and the wax covering the surface is arranged in flakes or granules. This physical barrier effectively hinders water penetration. The wax components are mainly long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and ester compounds. Their low-polarity molecules form a non-wetting interface on the surface, and the contact angle usually exceeds 90°, endowing the oil-tea camellia fruit husk with significant hydrophobicity. In addition, the lignin deposition in the exocarp cells (such as stone cells) intensifies during the maturation process, further enhancing the hydrophobic effect through the thickening of the secondary cell wall.

[0005] The structure-function relationship shows that the chemical inertness of the cutin layer and the wax reduces the surface energy, while the microscopic morphology (flake or granular texture) of the wax layer increases the surface roughness, synergistically achieving superhydrophobic properties similar to the "lotus effect". Research shows that the water adsorption rate of untreated oil-tea camellia fruit husks is less than 5%, but after chemically or thermally treating to destroy the wax layer, its water absorption rate can be significantly increased to more than 30%, which reversely verifies the natural resistance of the surface to water.

[0006] As a by-product of oil-tea camellia processing, the fertilizer utilization of oil-tea camellia fruit husks has become a key research direction for the resource utilization of agricultural waste in recent years. The oil-tea camellia industry in China has developed rapidly. The annual output of oil-tea camellia seeds in the country is about 3.3 million - 3.4 million tons, and the annual output of oil-tea camellia fruit husks is about 2.5 - 3 times that of oil-tea camellia seeds, namely 8.25 million - 10.2 million tons. In traditional treatment methods, farmers mostly stack the fruit shells in the open air or burn them directly, which not only causes waste of biomass resources but also releases a large amount of greenhouse gases and dust. By using biological fermentation technology and composting process to convert oil-tea camellia fruit husks into organic fertilizers, the environmental benefits can be significantly improved, and at the same time, the soil structure and crop yield can be improved.

[0007] The core of the fertilizer utilization of oil-tea camellia fruit husks lies in the regulation of the carbon-nitrogen ratio, the optimization of the composting process, and the degradation of anti-nutritional factors therein. The lignin content of fresh oil-tea camellia fruit husks is as high as 26% - 31%, and the C / N value is about 55:1. Direct application will cause nitrogen competition between soil microorganisms and crops. Effective treatment requires the use of aerobic composting technology. By adding livestock manure, soybean meal (C / N about 25:1) or other nitrogen sources, the overall C / N value is adjusted to the optimal range of 25 - 30:1, so that the temperature during the heating period is stabilized at 55 - 65°C for 7 - 10 days, the moisture content is reduced from the initial 65% to below 45%, and the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria and the transformation of humus are completed. During the fermentation process, 12% - 14% of the cellulose and 19% - 21% of the hemicellulose in the fruit shells are decomposed into small-molecule organic substances, and at the same time, a very small amount of bioactive substances such as tea saponin and polyphenols are retained, endowing the fertilizer with antibacterial and bacteriostatic functions. Experiments by Guangxi University have shown that compound microbial agents (containing Bacillus and Actinomycetes) can shorten the composting period from the traditional 60 days to 28 days, and the maturity index (GI value) is increased to more than 92%, achieving complete harmlessness.

[0008] Field applications have confirmed that oil-tea camellia fruit husk organic fertilizers have dual advantages in soil improvement and crop quality improvement. In the experiment of applying 22,500 kg / hm² (T3 treatment) continuously for two years, the organic matter content in the litchi orchard soil increased from 1.2% to 2.8%, the available potassium increased by 42.3 mg / kg, the soil bulk density decreased by 0.23 g / cm³, and the porosity increased by 10.6%.

[0009] Compared with pure chemical fertilizers, formula fertilization (360 kg / hm² of compound fertilizer + 15,000 kg / hm² of organic fertilizer) significantly increased the biomass of sowthistle: the fresh weight of the above-ground part increased by 29.50 g / plant, the vitamin C content increased by 18.7%, and the nitrate residue decreased by 34.2%.

[0010] The fertilizerization of Camellia oleifera faces multiple technical and non-technical obstacles. In terms of material properties, the initial C / N ratio of Camellia oleifera is as high as 55:1, and the lignin content is 26%-31%. It is necessary to add additional nitrogen sources (such as livestock manure) to adjust it to the appropriate range of 25-30:1, resulting in a 30%-40% increase in pretreatment costs. It is difficult to maintain a high temperature environment of 55-65℃ during the composting process. Field monitoring in Guangxi showed that 34% of the composts were partially anaerobic due to insufficient turning frequency, resulting in In the collection, storage and transportation system, the proportion of fresh fruit shells is 0.8-1.2t / m³. When the transportation radius exceeds 50 kilometers, the proportion of logistics costs rises to 45%, and pre-treatment such as crushing and drying requires energy consumption of 120-150kW·h / ton, which is 40% higher than straw processing. The scattered farmers in Guangxi have resulted in a collection point density of less than 1 / 10 square kilometers, and a transportation loss rate of more than 15%.

[0011] The technology system of oil tea fruit fertilizer mainly focuses on carbon-nitrogen ratio control, maturity improvement and functional enhancement, and three major technical paths have been formed at this stage. The traditional composting process controls the shell particle size to 0.5-2cm through physical crushing to increase the specific surface area. The initial material C / N value of 55:1 requires the addition of chicken manure (C / N=10:1) or soybean meal (C / N=4.5:1) or other nitrogen sources to adjust to the appropriate range of 25-30:1. The mixing ratio is usually 3:1 (dry basis) for shell: nitrogen source. The pile height is set to 1.2-1.5m to maintain a high temperature period of 55-65℃. Combined with mechanical turning every 3 days to ensure that the oxygen concentration is ≥5%, the maturity period can be shortened to 28-35 days, and the humic acid content reaches 28.3%-31.7%. The Guangxi demonstration base adopts a trough composting system with integrated temperature-oxygen linkage sensors and automated turning equipment, which improves fermentation uniformity by 40% and stabilizes the seed germination index (GI value) at above 85%.

[0012] The composite bacterial agent composting enhancement technology aims to solve the problem of husk lignin degradation, and develops a composite bacterial system of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and white rot fungi. When the inoculation amount is 0.5%-1%, the lignin degradation rate is increased to 62.8%, the fiber bundle breakage time is reduced from 72 hours to 48 hours, and the porosity of the compost product is increased by 15%. This technology is equipped with a low-temperature starter, which can maintain the pile body above 45°C for 10 days when the ambient temperature is below 15°C, increasing the winter fermentation efficiency by 32% year-on-year. The pilot project in Yunnan shows that the composite bacterial agent can reduce the amount of nitrogen source added by 25%, and reduce the processing cost by 80-120 yuan per ton.

[0013] The microbial system used in the process of tea oil fruit fermentation fertilizer mainly includes the synergistic effects of Trichoderma, Aspergillus and functional bacteria, and its mechanism of action involves lignocellulose degradation, humus synthesis and ecological function regulation.

[0014] Aspergillus tubingensis acts on the lignin aromatic ring structure by secreting laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). Experimental data shows that when the inoculation amount is 1.5%, the lignin degradation rate can reach 71.3%, and at the same time, humic acid precursor substances such as 3,5-dimethoxyphenol are generated. This strain is outstanding in maintaining the temperature of the compost pile. When the C / N ratio is 25:1, the pile temperature can be increased to 58°C on the 5th day of fermentation, entering the high-temperature period 24 hours earlier than the control group.

[0015] Trichoderma citrinoviride exhibits multi-dimensional functional advantages. The exocellulase (CBH) activity reaches 28.6 U / mg, reducing the crystallinity index of oil-tea fruit husks from 0.64 to 0.41 within 72 hours and increasing the production of cellobiose by 4.3 times. At the same time, it produces the terpene secondary metabolite Citrinoviridin, with a 24-hour antifeeding rate of 82% against bean green caterpillars, and the density of soil nematodes decreases by 46.7% after application. It maintains stable enzyme activity within the pH range of 5.5 - 7.2 and has the self-regulating property to adapt to the initial acidic environment (pH 4.8) of oil-tea shells.

[0016] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens plays a key role in nitrogen metabolism, increasing the urea hydrolysis rate by 37% and raising the total nitrogen content of the compost by 1.2 percentage points. The synthesized Surfactin lipopeptide reduces the surface tension of the material to 31.5 mN / m, increasing the water holding rate of oil-tea shells from 52% to 68% and improving the oxygen diffusion efficiency by 25%. When this strain is co-inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus, the activity of lignin peroxidase (LiP) is synergistically enhanced by 2.3 times, and the degree of humic acid condensation (ΔlogK value) reaches 0.68, significantly superior to the treatment with a single strain.

[0017] Beauveria bassiana, as a biocontrol functional bacterium, forms conidia in the later stage of fermentation (25 - 35 days), and the spore content per gram of compost reaches CFU, effectively inhibiting the hatching rate of pest eggs such as Bradysia odoriphaga and Meloidogyne incognita in the soil (inhibition rate 81.4%). After its mycelial network binds to oil-tea shell biochar, the specific surface area increases to 285 m² / g, and the adsorption capacity for Cd²+ increases to 143.6 mg / g.

[0018] The composite bacterial system construction strategy adopts a three-stage inoculation mode: in the initial stage (0 - 7 days), Trichoderma citrinoviride mainly degrades cellulose; in the middle stage (8 - 21 days), Aspergillus tubingensis strengthens lignin decomposition; in the later stage (22 - 35 days), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promotes humification. This mode enables the GI value of the compost to reach 92%, shortens the composting cycle by 14 days compared with the traditional composting, and reduces the content of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) by 38%, showing characteristics of high maturity.

[0019] During the solid-state fermentation of oil-tea camellia fruit husks, a certain amount of fermentation leachate will be produced, and its formation mechanism is mainly related to the water-holding capacity of the materials and the microbial metabolic activities. Research shows that when the initial moisture content exceeds 55%, 12 ± 3 L of leachate can be produced per ton of oil-tea camellia fruit husks at the peak of aerobic fermentation on the 3rd - 15th day. The main components of the leachate include water-soluble organic carbon, trace elements, amino acids, and free tea saponin, showing weak acidic characteristics with a pH of 5.3 - 6.2.

[0020] The fermentation and fertilization of oil-tea camellia fruit husks can adopt a closed fermentation system. Compared with open-air fermentation, the closed system reduces the ammonia volatilization by 72%. The emission is reduced by 65%. The experimental group data shows that closed fermentation can reduce the C / N ratio from the initial 30.83 to 17.49 and complete the ripening 8 - 10 days faster than open-air fermentation. The activated carbon filter layer (iodine value ≥ 950 mg / g) set on the side wall of the barrel can adsorb volatile organic compounds, making the concentration controlled at < 5 ppm.

[0021] The effects of tannins and tea saponin as anti-nutritional factors in fertilizers are mainly reflected in the interference with soil microorganisms, nutrient availability, and plant absorption processes. As a polyphenolic compound, tannins can bind to proteins or alkaloids, inhibit the metabolic activities of soil microorganisms, and reduce their growth rate. For example, about 3% of the tannins in rapeseed meal will hinder the activity of digestive enzymes. Its phenolic hydroxyl structure can also chelate trace elements such as iron and zinc, reducing the absorption of such nutrients by plants. Although tannins have antioxidant ability to scavenge free radicals, excessive presence may interfere with the normal redox balance in plants.

[0022] As a natural surfactant, tea saponin changes the soil structure through emulsification and affects the stable release of nutrients. Its destructive effect on the bacterial cell membrane (such as the minimum inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 0.5 mg / mL and 1 mg / mL respectively) can inhibit pathogenic bacteria, but may also inhibit beneficial microbial communities at the same time. In addition, tea saponin can activate heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the soil, converting them from the fixed state to the free state. For example, in ramie remediation, 0.5 g / L of tea saponin can make the cadmium enrichment coefficient reach the peak, increasing the risk of plants absorbing heavy metals.

[0023] The combined action mechanism of the two is as follows: reducing the decomposition efficiency of organic matter by inhibiting microbial activity, reducing the biological availability of trace elements through chelation or morphological transformation, and possibly interfering with the nutrient cycling process by changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Summary of the Invention

[0024] The applicant is committed to the research on the reuse of waste oil-tea fruit husks, and has designed a fermentation process for oil-tea fruit husks. Through this fermentation process, the lignocellulose of oil-tea fruit husks can be converted into organic matter such as humic acid, which is beneficial for plant utilization.

[0025] The method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea fruit husks includes the following steps: S1: Raw material crushing: Crushing oil-tea fruit husks with a crusher; S2: Steam sterilization: Loading the crushed oil-tea fruit husks obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introducing steam for sterilization. After sterilization, turn off the steam, turn on the circulating water, and cool naturally; S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculating the cooled material with an Aspergillus niger spore suspension and stirring to ensure uniform distribution of the strains; S4: Co-fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After Aspergillus niger fermentation, inoculating with a Phanerochaete chrysosporium spore suspension. After Aspergillus niger fermentation, spraying a mixed solution of corncob hydrolyzate and solution, aerating, and continuing fermentation; S5: Transition period adjustment: Adding wheat bran leaching solution to the material obtained in S4, and supplementing cellulase hydrolysis solution, increasing the temperature of the fermentation system, and reducing the aeration volume; S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: When the pH value of the fermentation system rises naturally, inoculating with Bacillus subtilis bacterial solution, stirring to disperse the bacterial solution evenly, raising the temperature of the system, aerating, and supplementing a mixed nutrient solution of molasses solution and peptone to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; S7: Directed regulation of humification: Before the end of fermentation, adding a precursor solution of humic acid, raising the temperature of the system, adjusting the pH value of the solution, and introducing pure oxygen; near the end, raising the temperature of the system to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium; S8: Termination of fermentation and solid-liquid separation: Ending the fermentation, separating the solid and the liquid, which is the solid organic fertilizer or soil conditioner; S9: Post-treatment of liquid fertilizer: Filtering the liquid component and adding a stabilizer; adding humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, and stirring to dissolve it, which is the foliar fertilizer.

[0026] In the method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea fruit husks, the inoculation amount ratio of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8 - 2.2:1.

[0027] In the method for preparing the fertilizer based on oil-tea fruit husks, the inoculation amount ratio of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180 - 220.

[0028] The fertilizer preparation method based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks is further disclosed as follows: S1: Raw material crushing: Crush the oil-tea camellia fruit husks with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2 cm; S2: Steam sterilization: Put the crushed oil-tea camellia fruit husks obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introduce steam for sterilization, after sterilization, turn off the steam, turn on the circulating water, and cool naturally; S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculate the cooled material with an Aspergillus niger spore suspension and stir to ensure uniform distribution of the strains. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30±2°C, aeration, for 18 - 24 hours; S4: Co-fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After 18 hours of Aspergillus niger fermentation, inoculate the Phanerochaete chrysosporium spore suspension. The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8 - 2.2:1. After 24 hours of Aspergillus niger fermentation, spray a mixed solution of corncob hydrolysate and a solution. During the fermentation process, maintain at 30±2°C, aerate, and continue to ferment for 24 hours.

[0029] S5: Transition period regulation: Add wheat bran leaching solution to the material obtained in S4, and supplement with cellulase hydrolysate, increase the temperature of the fermentation system, and reduce the aeration volume.

[0030] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: Wait until the pH value of the fermentation system naturally rises to greater than 6.0, inoculate the Bacillus subtilis bacterial solution, stir to disperse the bacterial solution evenly. The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180 - 220. Raise the temperature of the system to 37±3°C, aerate, and supplement the molasses solution and peptone mixed nutrient solution every 12 hours to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; S7: Humification directional regulation: 12 hours before the end of fermentation, add the precursor solution of humic acid, raise the temperature of the system, adjust the pH value of the solution with potassium hydroxide solution, and introduce pure oxygen. 2 hours before the end, raise the temperature of the system to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0031] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: End the fermentation, separate the solid and the liquid. After separation, the moisture content of the solid product is less than 40%, which is the solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer; S9: Post-treatment of liquid fertilizer: Filter the liquid component and add a stabilizer; Supplement humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, and then stir to dissolve, which is the foliar fertilizer.

[0032] The fertilizer preparation method based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks is further disclosed as follows: S1: Raw material crushing: Crush the oil-tea camellia fruit husks with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2 cm; S2: Steam sterilization: Put the crushed oil-tea fruit husks obtained in S1 into the sterilization tank, introduce steam, heat up to 85°C at a heating rate of 2°C / min, and maintain for 45 minutes to ensure that the total amount of microorganisms in the material after sterilization ≤ 1000 CFU / g (wet basis). After sterilization, turn off the steam, turn on the circulating water, and cool naturally to 50°C; S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculate the cooled material with Aspergillus niger spore suspension, and the inoculation amount is CFU / g of material (wet basis), stir at low speed for 5 minutes (rotation speed 1 revolution per minute) to ensure uniform distribution of the strain. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30 ± 2°C, ventilation volume , continue for 18 - 24 hours, and detect the cellulase activity every 6 hours, requiring ≥ 120 U / g (determined by DNS method).

[0033] S4: Synergistic fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After 18 hours of Aspergillus niger fermentation, inoculate the Phanerochaete chrysosporium spore suspension, and the inoculation amount is CFU / g of material (wet basis). The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8 - 2.2:1. After continuing to ferment for 6 hours, spray a mixed solution of corncob hydrolysate (0.5% w / w) and 0.05% solution (concentration 10% w / v) to activate laccase and manganese peroxidase. The fermentation process is maintained at 28 ± 2°C, and the ventilation volume , and the fermentation time is 24 hours; measure the lignin degradation rate (acetyl bromide method) every 6 hours, with the target ≥ 40%, and at the same time monitor the laccase activity (ABTS method), requiring the peak value ≥ 300 U / g.

[0034] S5: Transition period regulation: Add 0.3% wheat bran leaching solution to the material obtained in S4, and supplement 0.5% cellulase hydrolysis solution, raise the temperature of the fermentation system to 32°C, and reduce the ventilation volume to .

[0035] S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: Wait for the pH value of the fermentation system to naturally rise to greater than 6.0, and inoculate the Bacillus subtilis bacterial solution at an inoculation amount of CFU / g of material (wet basis), stir to disperse the bacterial solution evenly. The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180 - 220. Raise the temperature of the system to 37 ± 3°C, and increase the ventilation volume to , and supplement a mixed nutrient solution of 3% molasses solution (50%) and 0.2% peptone every 12 hours to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; the fermentation time is 36 hours; S7: Directed regulation of humification: 12 hours before the end of fermentation, add 0.2% of the humic acid precursor solution (containing catechol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, with a concentration of 5% w / v), raise the system temperature to 35 ± 5 °C, adjust the pH value of the solution to 7.2 - 7.5 with 1 M potassium hydroxide solution, introduce pure oxygen for 5 minutes every 1 hour, and the ventilation flow rate is 10 L / min. Raise the system temperature to 45 ± 5 °C 2 hours before the end to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0036] S8: End of fermentation and solid-liquid separation: When the tannin degradation rate (Folin-Ciocalteu method) is measured by sampling every 24 hours and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the three measurement results < 1%, end the fermentation, separate the solid and liquid with a belt filter press, and the moisture content of the solid product after separation is less than 40%, which is the solid organic fertilizer or soil conditioner; S9: Post-treatment of liquid fertilizer: Filter the liquid component to remove particles with a diameter greater than 50 μm, and add 0.1% of polyaspartic acid as a stabilizer; add 0.5% of humic acid and 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, and then stir to dissolve it to obtain the foliar fertilizer.

[0037] This application secondly discloses a fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit husks, prepared by the above preparation method, characterized in that the tannin content in the solid fertilizer is less than 1.8 g / kg on a dry basis, the tea saponin content is less than 0.1% on a dry basis, the liquid fertilizer contains elements boron, manganese, zinc and the effective viable count ≥ 120 million / mL.

[0038] This application finally discloses the application of the above-mentioned solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit husks in tangerine planting and in camellia oleifera planting, and the application is to promote the growth of tangerines or camellia oleifera.

[0039] Advantages of the present invention: This application first discloses a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks, which is prepared by a co-fermentation process of Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Bacillus subtilis. The resulting fermentation product is separated into solid and liquid through solid-liquid separation. The solid is the solid fertilizer, which can be used for planting tangerines and oil-tea camellias, and has the effects of promoting the growth of tangerines and oil-tea camellias and improving the soil. During the fermentation process, microorganisms secrete enzymes to decompose structural substances such as cellulose and hemicellulose in the oil-tea camellia fruit husks, causing the cell walls to rupture. This process releases the originally bound trace elements (such as manganese, zinc, boron, etc.), making them dissolve in the fermentation broth. In addition, the manganese sulfate added during the fermentation process will also remain in the liquid in liquid form. The liquid after solid-liquid separation is further post-treated to obtain foliar fertilizer, which contains many trace elements and can also be used for the planting of tangerines and oil-tea camellias. Based on the microbial co-fermentation process, the contents of anti-nutritional factors tannin and saponin in the obtained solid fertilizer are significantly reduced, less than 1.8 g / kg and 0.1% respectively based on dry basis, greatly reducing their adverse effects on the planted plants, and at the same time maintaining the seed germination index higher than 95%. Through the base planting comparison test, the average yield per mu of oil-tea camellias applying the solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in this application increased by 12%. The average yield per mu of tangerines increased by about 11%, and the sugar content, vitamin C content, trace element content, etc. were all higher than those applying traditional fertilizers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] Appendix Figure 1 Preparation process of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0041] The present invention will be further described in detail below through embodiments. The following embodiments are explanations of the present invention, but the embodiments do not limit the present invention in any form. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents, methods, and equipment used in the present invention are conventional reagents, methods, and equipment in the technical field.

[0042] Example 1: Preparation of solid organic fertilizer (soil improvement fertilizer) and foliar fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks The preparation method of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks is as follows: S1: Material crushing: Crush the oil-tea camellia fruit husks with a crusher, and the particle size after crushing is less than 2 cm; S2: Steam sterilization: Put the crushed oil-tea camellia fruit husks obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introduce steam, raise the temperature to 85 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min, and maintain for 45 minutes to ensure that the total amount of microorganisms in the sterilized material ≤ 1000 CFU / g (calculated on a wet basis). After sterilization, turn off the steam, turn on the circulating water, and naturally cool to 50 °C; S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculate the cooled material with Aspergillus niger spore suspension, and the inoculation amount is CFU / g of the material (on a wet basis), stir at a low speed for 5 minutes (rotation speed: 1 revolution per minute) to ensure uniform distribution of the strains. Fermentation conditions: temperature 30 ± 2 °C, aeration rate , continue for 18 - 24 hours, and detect the cellulase activity every 6 hours, with the requirement of ≥120 U / g (determined by DNS method).

[0043] S4: Co - fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After Aspergillus niger has fermented for 18 hours, inoculate the spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the inoculation amount is CFU / g of the material (on a wet basis). The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 2:1. After continuing to ferment for 6 hours, spray a mixture of corncob hydrolysate (0.5% w / w) and 0.05% solution (concentration 10% w / v) to activate laccase and manganese peroxidase. Maintain the temperature at 28 ± 2 °C during the fermentation process, and the aeration rate , and the fermentation time is 24 hours; measure the lignin degradation rate (acetyl bromide method) every 6 hours, with the target of ≥40%, and simultaneously monitor the laccase activity (ABTS method), with the requirement that the peak value ≥300 U / g.

[0044] S5: Transition period regulation: Add 0.3% wheat bran leaching solution to the material obtained in S4, and supplement 0.5% cellulase hydrolysate, raise the temperature of the fermentation system to 32 °C, and reduce the aeration rate to .

[0045] S6: Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis: Wait until the pH value of the fermentation system naturally rises to more than 6.0, and inoculate the Bacillus subtilis bacterial solution at an inoculation amount of CFU / g of the material (on a wet basis). Stir to disperse the bacterial solution evenly. The ratio of the viable cell numbers of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:200. Raise the temperature of the system to 37 ± 3 °C, and increase the aeration rate to , and supplement the mixed nutrient solution of 3% molasses solution (50%) and 0.2% peptone every 12 hours to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; the fermentation time is 36 hours; S7: Directional regulation of humification: 12 hours before the end of fermentation, add 0.2% humic acid precursor solution (containing catechol and p - hydroxybenzoic acid, concentration 5% w / v), raise the temperature of the system to 35 ± 5 °C, adjust the pH value of the solution to 7.2 - 7.5 with 1M potassium hydroxide solution, and introduce pure oxygen for 5 minutes every 1 hour, with the aeration flow rate of 10 L / min. Raise the temperature of the system to 45 ± 5 °C 2 hours before the end to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

[0046] S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: When the tannin degradation rate (Folin-Ciocalteu method) is measured by sampling every 24 hours and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the three measurement results < 1%, the fermentation ends. The solid and liquid are separated by a belt filter press, and the moisture content of the solid product after separation is less than 40%, which is the solid organic fertilizer or soil conditioner; S9: Post-treatment of liquid fertilizer: Filter the liquid component to remove particles with a diameter greater than 50 μm, and add 0.1% polyaspartic acid as a stabilizer; Add 0.5% humic acid and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, and then stir to dissolve it to obtain foliar fertilizer.

[0047] Example 2 According to the process of Example 1, prepare two more batches of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer.

[0048] Example 3 Detection of solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer in Example 1 and Example 2 Table 1 Detection results of solid fertilizer: Table 2 Detection results of liquid fertilizer: 。

[0049] Example 4 Comparative planting experiment of Camellia oleifera fruit husk solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in Example 1 in Camellia oleifera base 4.1. Basic information Experiment entrusting units: Shexian Forestry Bureau, Huangshan Bawei Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. Experiment implementing unit: Shexi State-owned Forest Farm in Shexian Experiment location: Liguangshan Base, Zhengcun Town, Shexian Experiment variety: Camellia oleifera Experiment area: A total of 40 mu, 20 mu for the scientific planting area (Camellia oleifera fruit husk solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer planting area), 20 mu for the traditional planting area, the Camellia oleifera forest is in full growth, with about 100 plants per mu.

[0050] 4.2. Experiment process 4.2.1 Camellia oleifera fruit husk solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer planting area (20 mu) Table 3 Experiment design of Camellia oleifera fruit husk solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer planting area (20 mu) 4.2.2 Traditional planting area (20 mu) Table 4 Experiment design of traditional fertilizer Camellia oleifera planting area 4.3. Experiment results 4.3.1 Root system and leaves: In the planting area of the microelement nutrient fertilizer from waste oil-tea camellia fruit husks, compared with the traditional planting area, the root system of the oil-tea camellia tree extends more, the capillary roots proliferate significantly, and the lignification of the root system is not obvious; the leaves in this area are bright, have a high gloss, and there are fewer disease symptoms.

[0051] 4.3.2 Yield per mu: The average yield per mu in the traditional planting area is about 420 kg, and the average yield per mu in the planting area of the microelement nutrient fertilizer from waste oil-tea camellia fruit husks is about 480 kg, with an increase in average yield per mu of about 12%.

[0052] Example 5 Comparison of the planting of solid and liquid fertilizers from oil-tea camellia fruit husks obtained in Example 1 in tangerines 5.1. Basic information Entrusting unit of the experiment: Shexian Forestry Bureau, Huangshan Bawei Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. Implementing unit of the experiment: People's Government of Xinxikou Township, Shexian County Experiment location: Takeng Village, Xinxikou Township, Shexian County Experiment variety: Tangerine Experiment area: A total of 20 mu, including 10 mu in the scientific planting area (planting area of the microelement nutrient fertilizer from waste oil-tea camellia fruit husks) and 10 mu in the traditional planting area. The variety is tangerine, with about 60 plants per mu on average. 5.2. Experimental process 5.2.1 Planting area of solid and liquid fertilizers from oil-tea camellia fruit husks (10 mu) Table 5 Experimental design for the tangerine planting area of solid and liquid fertilizers from oil-tea camellia fruit husks (10 mu) 5.2.2 Traditional planting area (10 mu) Table 6 Experimental design for the tangerine planting area of traditional fertilizers (10 mu) 5.3. Experimental results 5.3.1 Growth status of the tree body: In the planting area of the microelement nutrient fertilizer from waste oil-tea camellia fruit husks (solid and liquid fertilizers), the root system of the tree body extends more, and the capillary roots proliferate significantly; before the experiment, there were yellow leaf phenomena in both areas. The yellow leaf phenomenon in this planting area has improved significantly, the proportion of leaves returning to normal is large, and the leaves are bright, green, and have fewer diseases than in the traditional planting area.

[0053] 5.3.2 Yield data: The average yield per mu in the traditional planting area is about 1766 kg, and the average yield per mu in the planting area of the microelement nutrient fertilizer from waste oil-tea camellia fruit husks is about 1952 kg, with an increase in average yield per mu of about 11%.

[0054] 5.3.3 Fruit quality: 2 kg of tangerines were picked in November 2023 for inspection. The results of the third-party testing agency showed that most of the data on sugar, vitamin C, trace elements, etc. of the fruits in the planting area with trace element nutrient fertilizers from waste oil-tea fruit husks were higher than those in the traditional planting area. For specific results, refer to Section 5.4.

[0055] 5.3.4 The organic acids produced by fermentation promote the chelation and fixation of potassium and phosphorus, enhance the element slow-release characteristics. The short-term test values may be lower than those of quick-acting chemical fertilizers, but field tracking shows that the effective period of elements is extended by 35%.

[0056] 5.4 Tangerine test results Table 7 Tangerine test results obtained from traditional planting and scientific planting (i.e., planting with solid and liquid fertilizers from waste oil-tea fruit husks) 。

[0057] The above invention content and embodiments describe the basic principles, main features and advantages of this invention patent application. Those skilled in the art should understand that this invention patent application is not limited by the above embodiments. What is described in the above embodiments and the specification is only the optimal technical solution of this invention patent application. Without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention patent application, this invention patent application will have various changes and improvements, all of which fall within the scope of this invention patent application claimed. The scope of protection claimed by this invention patent application is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husks, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: S1: Raw material crushing: Crushing oil-tea fruit husks with a crusher; S2: Steam sterilization: Loading the crushed oil-tea fruit husks obtained in S1 into a sterilization tank, introducing steam for sterilization. After sterilization, turn off the steam, turn on the circulating water, and let it cool naturally; S3: Aspergillus niger fermentation: Inoculating the cooled material with an Aspergillus niger spore suspension and stirring to ensure uniform distribution of the strains; S4: Co-fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: After the fermentation by Aspergillus niger, the spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is inoculated. After the fermentation by Aspergillus niger, a mixed solution of corncob hydrolysate and solution is sprayed, aerated, and fermentation continues; S5: Transition period adjustment: Adding wheat bran leaching solution to the material obtained in S4, and supplementing cellulase hydrolysis solution, raising the temperature of the fermentation system and reducing the ventilation volume; S6: Bacillus subtilis fermentation: Wait for the pH value of the fermentation system to rise naturally, inoculate with Bacillus subtilis bacterial liquid, stir to disperse the bacterial liquid evenly, raise the temperature of the system, ventilate, and supplement molasses solution and peptone mixed nutrient solution to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; S7: Humification directional regulation: Before the end of fermentation, add humic acid precursor solution, raise the temperature of the system, adjust the pH value of the solution, and introduce pure oxygen; Near the end, raise the temperature of the system to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium; S8: Fermentation termination and solid-liquid separation: End the fermentation, separate the solid and the liquid, which is the solid organic fertilizer or soil improvement fertilizer; S9: Post-treatment of liquid fertilizer: Filter the liquid component and add a stabilizer; After supplementing humic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the liquid component, stir to dissolve it, which is the foliar fertilizer.

2. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit husk according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inoculation amount ratio of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium is 1.8 - 2.2:

1.

3. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit husk according to claim 1, characterized in that The inoculation amount ratio of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180 - 220.

4. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husk according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that: In S1, the particle size after crushing is less than 2 cm; Fermentation conditions in S3: Temperature 30 ± 2°C, ventilation, lasting for 18 - 24 hours.

5. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husk according to claim 4, characterized in that: After 18 hours of fermentation by Aspergillus niger in S4, a spore suspension of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated, and the viable cell number ratio of Aspergillus niger to Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 1.8 - 2.2:

1. After 24 hours of fermentation by Aspergillus niger, a mixed solution of corncob hydrolysate and solution was sprayed. The fermentation process was maintained at 30 ± 2 °C with aeration, and fermentation continued for 24 hours.

6. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia fruit husk according to claim 4, characterized in that: In S6, wait for the pH value of the fermentation system to rise naturally to greater than 6.0, inoculate with Bacillus subtilis bacterial liquid, stir to disperse the bacterial liquid evenly, the viable bacteria number ratio of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Bacillus subtilis is 1:180 - 220, raise the temperature of the system to 37 ± 3°C, ventilate, and supplement molasses solution and peptone mixed nutrient solution every 12 hours to promote the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis; In S7, 12 hours before the end of fermentation, add humic acid precursor solution, raise the temperature of the system, adjust the pH value of the solution with potassium hydroxide solution, and introduce pure oxygen; 2 hours before termination, raise the temperature of the system to inhibit the activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

7. The preparation method of the fertilizer based on camellia oleifera fruit husk according to claim 4, characterized in that: In S8, the moisture content of the separated solid product is less than 40%.

8. The fertilizer based on Camellia oleifera fruit husk prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, Among them, the tannin content in the solid fertilizer calculated on a dry basis is less than 1.8 g / kg, the tea saponin content calculated on a dry basis is less than 0.1%, the foliar fertilizer contains elements boron, manganese, zinc, and the effective viable bacteria number ≥ 120 million / mL.

9. Application of the fertilizer based on oil-tea fruit husks described in claim 8 in promoting the growth of tangerines.

10. Application of the fertilizer based on oil-tea fruit husks described in claim 8 in promoting the growth of oil-tea.

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