Information transmitting and receiving method

Abstract

An information transmitting and receiving method is used in an information transmitting and receiving system having a transmitting device and a receiving device. The transmission device comprises a first transmission end input interface and a second transmission end input interface which respectively follow a first transceiving specification and a second transceiving specification. The receiving device includes a first receiving end output interface following a third transmit-receive specification. The information transmitting and receiving method comprises the following steps: (a) receiving first information and second information through the first transmitting end input interface and the second transmitting end input interface respectively; (b) classifying by the transmission device according to the information characteristics of the first information and the second information to respectively obtain a first classification result and a second classification result of the first information and the second information; and (c) correspondingly transmitting the first information and the second information to the first receiving end output interface by the transmission device according to the first classification result and the second classification result.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an information sending and receiving method, and particularly to an information sending and receiving method in which a transmitting end can have multiple different interfaces. Background Art

[0002] Modern electronic devices use multiple transceiver specifications to transmit information. For example, HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface), USB-C (USB type C, Universal Serial Bus Type C interface), and PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express). Users usually need corresponding connection cables and the electronic devices need to have the same interfaces. For example, if a user wants to connect a DVD player to the HDMI interface of a TV, the DVD player needs to have an HDMI interface and the user needs to have a corresponding HDMI cable. Also, for example, if a user wants to connect a hard drive to the USB-C interface of a computer, the hard drive needs to have a USB-C interface and the user needs to have a corresponding USB-C cable. Alternatively, a user can use an adapter device (such as an adapter cable or an adapter) to enable information sending and receiving between interfaces with different transceiver specifications. However, conventional adapter devices can usually only perform one-to-one conversions, that is, convert information corresponding to one transceiver specification into information corresponding to another transceiver specification. These limitations make it quite inconvenient for users when using multiple electronic devices. Summary of the Invention

[0003] An object of the present invention is to provide an information sending and receiving method in which a transmitting end can include multiple different interfaces.

[0004] An embodiment of the present invention provides an information sending and receiving method, which is used in an information sending and receiving system having a transmitting device and a receiving device. The transmitting device includes a first transmitting end input interface following a first transceiver specification and a second transmitting end input interface following a second transceiver specification. The receiving device includes a first receiving end output interface following a third transceiver specification. The information sending and receiving method includes: (a) receiving first information through the first transmitting end input interface and receiving second information through the second transmitting end input interface; (b) classifying, by the transmitting device, according to the information characteristics of the first information and the second information to obtain a first classification result of the first information and a second classification result of the second information; and (c) correspondingly transmitting, by the transmitting device, the first information or the second information to the first receiving end output interface according to the first classification result and the second classification result.

[0005] According to the foregoing embodiments, the present invention provides an information transceiver system and an information transceiver method in which the transmitting end may include a variety of different interfaces, and this information transceiver system can select an appropriate transmission method according to the information type, improving the convenience and stability of information transceiver. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of an information transceiver system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0007] Figure 2 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of an information transceiver system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0008] Figure 3 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of how to classify information of different transmitting end input interfaces according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0009] Figure 4 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of a packet used by a transmission device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0010] Figure 5 FIG. shows a block diagram of a first first-in first-out buffer used by a transmission device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0011] Figure 6 FIG. shows a block diagram of a second first-in first-out buffer used by a receiving device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0012] Figure 7 and Figure 8 FIG. shows practical usage examples of information transceiver systems according to different embodiments of the present invention.

[0013] Figure 9 FIG. shows a flowchart of an information transceiver method according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0014] The content of the present invention will be described below with multiple embodiments. Please also note that the elements in each embodiment can be implemented by hardware (such as a device or a circuit) or firmware (such as writing at least one program in a microprocessor). In addition, the "first", "second" and similar descriptions in the following descriptions are only used to define different elements, parameters, data, signals or steps. They are not used to define their order. For example, the first device and the second device may have the same structure but be different devices.

[0015] Figure 1 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of an information transceiver system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 1As shown, the information transceiver system 100 includes a transmitting device 101 and a receiving device 103. In an embodiment, the functions of the transmitting device 101 and the receiving device 103 can be interchanged, that is, the transmitting device 101 is used as a receiving device and the receiving device 103 is used as a transmitting device. The transmitting device 101 includes a first transmitting-end input interface TI_1 that complies with a first transceiver specification and a second transmitting-end input interface TI_2 that complies with a second transceiver specification. The receiving device 103 includes a first receiving-end output interface RO_1 that complies with a third transceiver specification. The first transceiver specification and the second transceiver specification are different. In an embodiment, the third transceiver specification is different from both the first transceiver specification and the second transceiver specification. For example, the first transceiver specification is HDMI, the second transceiver specification is PCI-e, and the third transceiver specification is USB-C. In another embodiment, the third transceiver specification is the same as one of the first transceiver specification and the second transceiver specification. For example, the first transceiver specification is USB-C, the second transceiver specification is PCI-e, and the third transceiver specification is USB-C.

[0016] If the transceiver specification followed by the output information transmitted by the transmitting device 101 is the same as the transceiver specification used by the first receiving-end output interface RO_1, the first receiving-end output interface RO_1 can directly receive the output information and transmit the received output information to the electronic device connected (in a wired or wireless manner) to the first receiving-end output interface RO_1. On the contrary, if the transceiver specification followed by the output information OI transmitted by the transmitting device 101 is different from the transceiver specification used by the first receiving-end output interface RO_1, the receiving device 103 needs to convert the output information into a format that the first receiving-end output interface RO_1 can receive, and then the first receiving-end output interface RO_1 receives it and transmits it to the electronic device connected to the first receiving-end output interface RO_1. Please also note that the information referred to in the present invention refers to all signals transmitted by the transmitting device 101, which may include information used to indicate or specify an access address, such as a header, or data. The information may also represent a check code, such as a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) code. In the following embodiments, the information is transmitted in a packet format, so the transmitting device 101 classifies each packet.

[0017] In Figure 1 the embodiment, the transmitting device 101 includes a first processor P_1, which can be used to control the operation of the transmitting device 101. The receiving device 103 includes a second processor P_2, which can be used to control the operation of the receiving device 103. Please also note that in Figure 1In an embodiment, the information transceiver between the transmitting device 101 and the receiving device 103 is performed through a wireless network 105. However, the information transceiver between the transmitting device 101 and the receiving device 103 can also be performed through a wired connection. The first transmission end input interface TI_1 receives the first information D_I1 and the second transmission end input interface TI_2 receives the second information D_I2. The transmitting device 101 classifies according to the information characteristics of the first information D_I1 and the second information D_I2 to obtain the first classification result of the first information D_I1 and the second classification result of the second information D_I2. The transmitting device 101 correspondingly transmits the first information D_I1 or the second information D_I2 to the first receiving end output interface RO_1 according to the first classification result and the second classification result.

[0018] In an embodiment, the classification result includes at least one of the following parameters: information synchronization type, required immediacy, and required integrity. For example, the classification result includes the information synchronization type and the required immediacy, or the required immediacy and the required integrity. The information synchronization type refers to the synchronization method used by the information. For example, if the information is audio-visual information following HDMI regulations or USB regulations, the audio-visual information is synchronized according to the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync. Another example is that if the information is a General Control Packet following HDMI regulations or information following the HDCP (High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection) specification, the information is synchronized according to the vertical synchronization signal Vsync. After classifying the information according to the information synchronization type, the transmitting device 101 can quickly know how to synchronize the information through the classification result when transmitting or the receiving device 103 receives the information, so as to increase the correctness when transmitting the information.

[0019] The required immediacy is the degree of delay that the information can tolerate. For example, if the information from a user input interface (such as a keyboard or a mouse) is delayed, the user will have a more obvious feeling of delay. Or, if the control instruction from a remote control following IrDA (Infrared Data Association) is delayed, the user will feel quite inconvenient. Therefore, this type of information will have a higher required immediacy.

[0020] The required integrity is the amount of information loss that the information can tolerate, such as the tolerable amount of packet loss. For example, if the information is audio-visual information following HDMI, DisplayPort, or USB, too much information loss will affect the video integrity or audio integrity, so this type of information has a high required integrity. On the contrary, if the information is from a mouse, the mouse trajectory is usually composed of continuous motions. Therefore, even if some of the motions output by the mouse are lost, the trajectory can still maintain most of its integrity, so this type of information has a low required integrity.

[0021] Figure 1 A multi-to-one information transceiver system 100 is shown. However, the information transceiver system provided by the present invention can also be multi-to-multi. Figure 2 A schematic diagram of an information transceiver system 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. As Figure 2 shown, the information transceiver system 200 includes a transmitting device 101 and a receiving device 103_1. In addition to the first receiving end output interface RO_1, the receiving device 103_1 further includes a second receiving end output interface RO_2 that follows a fourth transceiver specification. The transmitting device 101 transmits the first information D_I1 and the second information D_I2 to the first receiving end output interface RO_1 or the second receiving end output interface RO_2 according to the first classification result and the second classification result. In an embodiment, the third transceiver specification and the fourth transceiver specification are different transceiver specifications, and the first transceiver specification, the second transceiver specification, the third transceiver specification, and the fourth transceiver specification are all different. Other detailed characteristics of the second receiving end output interface RO_2 have been described in Figure 1 the relevant description, so it will not be elaborated here.

[0022] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of how to classify information of different transmitting end input interfaces according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. In Figure 3 the example, it is described in four types. The information of type 1 is classified according to the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync, with a high required integrity and a high required immediacy, such as audio-visual information following HDMI specification, DisplayPort specification, or USB specification. The information of type 2 is classified according to the vertical synchronization signal Hsync, with a high required integrity and a low required immediacy, such as audio-visual information following Dolby vision specification, sensor signals following USB specification, or InfoFrame in HDMI specification.

[0023] Type 3 information does not need to be synchronized, with low required integrity and high required immediacy. For example, the input interface information that follows the USB specification (such as the information provided by a keyboard or a mouse), or the information frame in the HDMI specification. Or the information that follows the IrDA specification. The synchronization method of Type 4 information is based on periodic events. For example, a signal with a specific format is generated every 100 ms. The required integrity of Type 4 information is high and the required immediacy is low. For example, the reference clock signal used by the transmitting device 101 or the receiving device 103. However, please note that Figure 3 This is only used to illustrate how to classify information and does not limit the present invention. For example, information can be classified into more types or fewer types, not limited to four types. Also, for example, the required integrity and the required immediacy can be divided into more levels, not just the two levels of high and low. And corresponding to different devices or transceiver requirements, the same information can also be set to have different required integrity or required immediacy in different devices. And the concept of the present invention can also be applied to other information, such as audio from a microphone, information that follows the HDCP regulation, audio from an AUX audio cable, or instructions of CEC (Consumer Electronics Control). In addition, according to Figure 3 the example, even for information that follows the same specification, because of its different information characteristics, it may be classified into different types. For example, although both are information that follows the HDMI regulation, because they are information with different functions, they will be classified into different types.

[0024] As mentioned above, the information transmitted by the transmitting device 101 can be transmitted in packet format. Figure 4 FIG. shows a schematic diagram of a packet 400 used by the transmitting device 101 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 4 shown, the packet 400 includes a classification result, a user ID, a resource ID, data, and a check code. The classification result is the result obtained after classifying the information in the foregoing embodiment. The user ID represents which receiving end output interface the information is to be sent to, and the resource ID represents which transmitting end input interface the information comes from. The data is the data that the transmitting device 101 wants to transmit to the receiving device 103, such as video data or voice data. The check code is used by the receiving device 103 to confirm whether the data it receives is correct. For example, it can be the aforementioned CRC.

[0025] In one embodiment, the transmitting device 101 includes a plurality of first first-in-first-out buffers. In this case, the transmitting device 101 will temporarily store the parts of the first information D_I1 and the second information D_I2 that have the same classification result into the same first first-in-first-out buffer, and then transmit it to one of the receiving end output interfaces. Figure 5Shows a block diagram of a first first-in, first-out buffer used by the transmission device 101 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 5 shown, the transmission device 101 includes a plurality of first first-in, first-out buffers BF_11, BF_12, BF_13, and BF_14. After receiving information DI_a, DI_b, DI_c... from transmission-end input interfaces that follow different transceiver specifications, the transmission device 101 classifies the information DI_a, DI_b, DI_c, and then temporarily stores the information with the same classification result in the same first first-in, first-out buffer. For example, information of type 1 is temporarily stored in the first first-in, first-out buffer BF_11, and information of type 2 is temporarily stored in the first first-in, first-out buffer BF_12.

[0026] In an embodiment, the transmission device 101 reads information from the first first-in, first-out buffers BF_11, BF_12, BF_13, or BF_14 and transmits it in packet format via the wireless network 105. The transmission device 101 transmits information in different transmission modes corresponding to different classification results. For example, Figure 3 the synchronization method for information of type 1 in is based on the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync. Therefore, the transmission device 101 synchronizes according to the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync during transmission, or the receiving device 103 synchronizes according to the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync during reception. Another example, Figure 3 information of type 1 in has high required integrity. Therefore, when the transmission device 101 transmits information of type 1, it transmits a longer length of information of type 1 before transmitting other types of information to ensure its integrity, or gives a stronger check code during transmission, or transmits the same information of type 1 several times to ensure its integrity. Another example, Figure 3 information of type 1 in has high required immediacy. Therefore, the transmission device 101 preferentially transmits the information stored in the first first-in, first-out buffer BF_11.

[0027] In another embodiment, the receiving device 103 includes a plurality of second first-in, first-out buffers. In this case, when the receiving device 103 receives output information from the transmission device 101, it temporarily stores the output information in the corresponding second first-in, first-out buffer according to the receiving-end output interface to be transmitted, and then transmits it to the receiving-end output interface to be transmitted. The output information here is the information that the transmission device 101 classifies first and then transmits via the wireless network 105 in the foregoing embodiment.

[0028] Figure 6 Shows a block diagram of a second first-in, first-out buffer used by the receiving device according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 6As shown, the receiving device 103 includes a plurality of second first-in-first-out buffers BF_21, BF_22, BF_23, and BF_24, corresponding to the receiving-end output interfaces RO_a, RO_b, RO_c, and RO_d respectively. When the receiving device 103 receives the output information OI from the transmitting device 101, it temporarily stores the output information into the corresponding second first-in-first-out buffer according to the receiving-end output interface to be transmitted, and then transmits it to the receiving-end output interface to be transmitted. For example, the output information OI to be transmitted to the receiving-end output interface RO_a is temporarily stored in the corresponding second first-in-first-out buffer BF_21, and then the output information OI to be transmitted to the receiving-end output interface RO_b is temporarily stored in the corresponding second first-in-first-out buffer BF_22. Then, the information in the second first-in-first-out buffer BF_21 is transmitted to the receiving-end output interface RO_a according to the transceiver specifications followed by the receiving-end output interface RO_a. Similarly, the information in the second first-in-first-out buffer BF_22 is transmitted to the receiving-end output interface RO_b according to the transceiver specifications followed by the receiving-end output interface RO_b.

[0029] In addition to Figure 5 and Figure 6 the transmission and reception methods described above. Known transmission or reception methods can also be applied in the present invention. For example, an arbitrator in a known data transceiver method can be used to determine which one should be transmitted or received first according to the immediacy of the information. Or, in an embodiment, transmission can also start after the amount of information in the first first-in-first-out buffer has accumulated to a predetermined amount.

[0030] The foregoing embodiments can be applied to a variety of electronic devices. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show actual usage examples of an information transceiver system according to different embodiments of the present invention. In Figure 7 the example, the transceiver device TR_1, the camera 701, and the screen 703 are located in a first space SP_1, while the transceiver device TR_2, the laptop computer 705, the microphone 707, and the speaker 709 are located in a second space SP_2. The first space SP_1 and the second space SP_1 can be different rooms, different buildings, different cities, or different countries. In Figure 7In the embodiments, the transceiver devices TR_1 and TR_2 can be used as the aforementioned transmitting device 101 and receiving device 103, and their transmitting and transceiver functions can be interchanged. Specifically, when the laptop 705 is to receive information from a device in the first space SP_1, the transceiver device TR_1 serves as the transmitting device and the transceiver device TR_2 serves as the receiving device. Conversely, when the laptop 705 is to transmit information to a device in the second space SP_2, the transceiver device TR_1 serves as the receiving device and the transceiver device TR_2 serves as the transmitting device.

[0031] In Figure 7 the example, the camera 701 is connected to the USB interface of the transceiver device TR_1 and the screen 703 is connected to the HDMI interface of the transceiver device TR_1. In one embodiment (Case 1), the laptop 705 is connected to the display port interface and the USB interface of the transceiver device TR_2. In this case, the laptop 705 can receive the image picked up by the camera 701 through the USB, and if the camera 701 also has a microphone function, the laptop 705 can also receive the audio received by the camera 701 through the USB and play it through the speaker 709. The laptop 705 can also transmit the image it displays and the audio received from the microphone 707 to the screen 703 through the display port interface. In another embodiment (Case 2), the laptop 705 is connected to the HDMI interface and the USB interface of the transceiver device TR_2. In this case, the laptop 705 can receive the image picked up by the camera 701 through the USB. The laptop 705 can also transmit the image it displays and the audio received from the microphone 707 to the screen 703 through the HDMI interface.

[0032] In Figure 8 the embodiments, the transceiver device TR_1, the input interface 801 (such as a keyboard or a mouse), the screen 803, the speaker 805, and the remote controller 807 are located in the first space SP_1, while the computer main unit 809 and the DVD player 811 are located in the second space SP_2. The first space SP_1 and the second space SP_2 are different rooms in the same building in this example. The input interface 801 is connected to the USB interface of the transceiver device TR_1, the screen 803 is connected to the HDMI interface of the transceiver device TR_1, and the speaker 805 is connected to the recording interface (such as an audio interface) of the transceiver device TR_1. The remote controller 807 can wirelessly transmit control signals to the IrDA interface of the transceiver device TR_1. The computer main unit 809 is connected to the USB interface, the display port interface, and the recording interface of the transceiver device TR_2, the DVD player 811 is connected to the HDMI interface of the transceiver device TR_2, and can receive control signals from the IrDA interface of the transceiver device TR_2.

[0033] In Figure 8 the embodiment, a user in the first space SP_1 can input a control instruction to the computer main unit 809 through the input interface 801, so that the computer main unit 809 transmits audio-visual data to the screen 803, or transmits audio data to the speaker 805. In addition, the user in the first space SP_1 can also transmit a control instruction to the DVD player 811 through the remote control 807, so that the DVD player 811 transmits audio-visual data to the screen 803.

[0034] According to the foregoing embodiment, an information transceiver method can be obtained, which is used in an information transceiver system (such as the information transceiver system 100) having a transmission device and a reception device. The transmission device includes a first transmission end input interface that follows a first transceiver specification and a second transmission end input interface that follows a second transceiver specification, and the reception device includes a first reception end output interface that follows a third transceiver specification.

[0035] The information transceiver method includes Figure 9 the steps shown:

[0036] Step 901

[0037] Receive the first information through the first transmission end input interface (such as TI_1) and receive the second information through the second transmission end input interface (such as TI_2).

[0038] Step 903

[0039] Classify the first information and the second information according to the information characteristics by the transmission device to obtain a first classification result of the first information and a second classification result of the second information.

[0040] Step 905

[0041] Transmit the first information or the second information to the first reception end output interface (such as RO_1) correspondingly according to the first classification result and the second classification result by the transmission device.

[0042] The reception device may include multiple reception end output interfaces, such as Figure 2 the embodiment shown. Other detailed steps have been described in the foregoing embodiment, so they will not be repeated here.

[0043] According to the foregoing embodiment, the present invention provides an information transceiver system and an information transceiver method in which the transmission end can include various different interfaces, and this information transceiver system can select an appropriate transmission method according to the information type, improving the convenience and stability of information transceiver.

[0044] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the scope of the patent application of the present invention shall fall within the scope covered by the present invention.

[0045]

Symbol Explanation

[0046] 100 Information Transceiver System

[0047] 101 Transmission Device

[0048] 103 Receiving Device

[0049] 105 Wireless Network

[0050] 400 Packet

[0051] 701 Camera

[0052] 703 Screen

[0053] 705 Laptop

[0054] 707 Microphone

[0055] 709 Speaker

[0056] 801 Input Interface

[0057] 803 Screen

[0058] 805 Audio

[0059] 807 Remote Control

[0060] 809 Computer Mainframe

[0061] 811 DVD Player

[0062] BF_11, BF_12, BF_13 and BF_14 First-in First-out Buffer

[0063] BF_21, BF_22, BF_23 and BF_24 Second-in First-out Buffer

[0064] D_I1 First Information

[0065] D_I2 Second Information

[0066] DI_a, DI_b, DI_c Information

[0067] P_1 First Processor

[0068] P_2 Second Processor

[0069] RO_1 First Receiver Output Interface

[0070] RO_2 Second Receiver Output Interface

[0071] RO_a, RO_b, RO_c, RO_d Receiver Output Interface

[0072] SP_1 First Space

[0073] SP_2 Second Space

[0074] TI_1 First Transmitting End Input Interface

[0075] TI_2 Second Transmitting End Input Interface

[0076] TR_1 Transceiver

[0077] TR_2 Transceiver.

Claims

1. An information sending and receiving method is used in an information sending and receiving system having a sending device and a receiving device. The sending device includes a first sending end input interface that complies with a first sending and receiving specification and a second sending end input interface that complies with a second sending and receiving specification. The receiving device includes a first receiving end output interface that complies with a third sending and receiving specification. The information sending and receiving method includes: Step a, receiving a first piece of information through the first sending end input interface and receiving a second piece of information through the second sending end input interface; Step b, classifying the first piece of information and the second piece of information according to the information characteristics of the first piece of information and the second piece of information by the sending device to obtain a first classification result of the first piece of information and a second classification result of the second piece of information; And Step c, correspondingly sending the first piece of information or the second piece of information to the first receiving end output interface by the sending device according to the first classification result and the second classification result.

2. The information sending and receiving method according to claim 1, wherein, Step b is classified according to the information synchronization type of the first piece of information and the second piece of information.

3. The information sending and receiving method according to claim 1, wherein, Step b is classified according to the required immediacy of the first piece of information and the second piece of information.

4. The information sending and receiving method according to claim 1, wherein Step b is classified according to the required integrity of the first piece of information and the second piece of information.

5. The information transceiver method according to claim 1, wherein, The sending device includes a plurality of first first-in-first-out buffers. Step c further includes: Temporarily storing the parts of the first piece of information and the second piece of information with the same classification result into the same first first-in-first-out buffer, and then sending them to the first receiving end output interface.

6. The information transceiver method according to claim 1, wherein The receiving device further includes a second receiving end output interface that complies with a fourth sending and receiving specification. Step c further includes: Sending the first piece of information and the second piece of information to the first receiving end output interface or the second receiving end output interface according to the first classification result and the second classification result.

7. The information sending and receiving method according to claim 6, wherein The receiving device includes a plurality of second first-in-first-out buffers. The information sending and receiving method further includes: When the receiving device receives output information from the sending device, it will temporarily store the output information into the corresponding second first-in-first-out buffer according to which receiving end output interface among the first receiving end output interface and the second receiving end output interface the output information is to be sent to, and then send it to the first receiving end output interface or the second receiving end output interface to be sent.

8. The information sending and receiving method according to claim 6, wherein, The third sending and receiving specification and the fourth sending and receiving specification are different sending and receiving specifications, and the first sending and receiving specification, the second sending and receiving specification, the third sending and receiving specification, and the fourth sending and receiving specification are different.

9. The information transceiver method according to claim 1, wherein, The third sending and receiving specification is different from the first sending and receiving specification and the second sending and receiving specification.

10. The information transceiver method according to claim 1, wherein, Step c classifies the first piece of information into multiple types of information.

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