Light-emitting device, and electronic apparatus and electronic equipment each including same

Abstract

The invention provides a light-emitting device, and an electronic apparatus and electronic equipment each including a light-emitting device. The light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer, where the interlayer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer, the hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer, the hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, the first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer, the first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, the second layer may include a second hole transport material, and the capping layer contains a boron-containing compound.

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2024 - 0001550, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on January 4, 2024, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical field

[0003] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device. Background art

[0004] Self - emitting devices (e.g., organic light - emitting devices) in light - emitting devices have a relatively wide viewing angle, high contrast, short response time, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0005] In a light - emitting device, a first electrode is located on a substrate, and a hole - transport region, an emission layer, an electron - transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially arranged on the first electrode in the recited order. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole - transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron - transport region. Charge carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to generate excitons. These excitons transition and decay from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light (e.g., displaying an image). Summary of the invention

[0006] One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device having a low driving voltage, high luminous efficiency, and long lifespan, and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device.

[0007] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the following description and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments of the present disclosure presented.

[0008] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light - emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a sandwich layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0009] wherein the sandwich layer may include a hole - transport region and an emission layer,

[0010] the hole - transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0011] the hole - transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0012] the first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0013] the first layer may include a first hole - transport material and a p - dopant,

[0014] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0015] The difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater,

[0016] The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound, which includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0017] The emission layer may emit a first light,

[0018] The capping layer may be in the path of the first light,

[0019] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0020] The first capping material may satisfy at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0021] Condition 1

[0022] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater for light with a wavelength of 633 nm;

[0023] Condition 2

[0024] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater for light with a wavelength of 530 nm; and

[0025] Condition 3

[0026] The first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater for light with a wavelength of 450 nm.

[0027] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a sandwich layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0028] wherein the sandwich layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0029] The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0030] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0031] The first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0032] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0033] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0034] The difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater.

[0035] The second hole transport material may be an amine compound, which includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0036] The emission layer may emit a first light.

[0037] The capping layer may be in the path of the first light.

[0038] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0039] The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8-1:

[0040] Formula 8-1

[0041]

[0042] Wherein, in Formula 8-1,

[0043] L 81 to L 83 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0044] a81 to a83 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

[0045] X 81 to X 83 may each independently be O or S.

[0046] Y 81 to Y 83 may each independently be N or C.

[0047] Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0048] Z 81 to Z 83 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10aSubstituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 can each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 20,

[0049] R 10a can be:

[0050] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0051] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0052] Each unsubstituted or substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -C(=O)(Q 21 ), -S(=O)2(Q 21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0053] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0054] Q1 to Q3, Q 11to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0055] For example, in one or more embodiments, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl, wherein at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 may be naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl.

[0056] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a sandwich layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0057] wherein the sandwich layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0058] the hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0059] the hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0060] the first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0061] the first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0062] the second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0063] the p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1,

[0064] the second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound, which includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0065] The emission layer can emit a first light.

[0066] The capping layer can be in the path where the first light travels.

[0067] The capping layer can include a first capping material, and

[0068] The first capping material can satisfy at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0069] Condition 1

[0070] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater for light with a wavelength of 633 nm;

[0071] Condition 2

[0072] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater for light with a wavelength of 530 nm; and

[0073] Condition 3

[0074] The first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater for light with a wavelength of 450 nm.

[0075] Formula 1

[0076]

[0077] Wherein, in Formula 1,

[0078] X 11 can be C(Z 11 ) or N, X 12 can be C(Z 12 ) or N, X 13 can be C[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ) b13 or N, X 14 can be C[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ) b14 or N,

[0079] X 15 and X 16 can each independently be O, S, Se, S(=O) or S(=O)2,

[0080] X 17 can be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b )、N(Z 17 )、O、S or Se,

[0081] X 18 can be C(Z18a )(Z 18b )、N(Z 18 )、O, S or Se,

[0082] L 13 and L 14 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0083] a13 and a14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0084] Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b and Z 18 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R- 10a substituted C2-C 60Heteroarylkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0085] b13 and b14 can each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 20,

[0086] Formula 1 may include at least one electron-withdrawing group,

[0087] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0088] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0089] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group may be:

[0090] -F or cyano, or

[0091] C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy or C6-C 60 aryl, each substituted with -F, cyano or any combination thereof.

[0092] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a sandwich layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0093] wherein the sandwich layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0094] The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0095] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0096] The first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0097] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0098] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0099] The p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1,

[0100] The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound including i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0101] The emission layer may emit a first light,

[0102] The capping layer may be in the path of the first light traveling.

[0103] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0104] The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8.

[0105] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device includes a light-emitting device.

[0106] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus includes a light-emitting device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0107] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present disclosure. The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of specific embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0108] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0109] Figure 2 and Figure 3 each is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device as one of the electronic devices according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0110] Figure 4 、 Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C each is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0111] Embodiments in one or more of the accompanying drawings will now be described in more detail with reference to examples thereof, where like reference numerals throughout the disclosure refer to like elements and, for the sake of brevity, repeated descriptions thereof may not be provided. In this regard, the embodiments of the disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are described in more detail by reference to the drawings only to explain aspects of the disclosure. As used herein, the term "and / or" or "or" may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, expressions such as "at least one of...", "one of...", and "selected from...", when before / after a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and not a single element of the list. For example, "at least one of a, b, and c", "at least one selected from a, b, and c", "at least one selected from a to c", etc., may indicate only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., a and b simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., a and c simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., b and c simultaneously), all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. Depending on the specific circumstances, " / " used herein may be interpreted as "and" or interpreted as "or".

[0112] A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may include: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a capping layer.

[0113] In one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode and the second electrode may be a cathode.

[0114] The interlayer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer. The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer.

[0115] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, and the first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may have a structure in which the first electrode, the first layer, the second layer, the emission layer, and the second electrode are stacked in the recited order.

[0116] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and the second layer may include a second hole transport material. The first hole transport material may be a matrix material, and the first hole transport material may be doped with the p-dopant in a substantially uniform or non-uniform manner.

[0117] In one or more embodiments, based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the amount of the p-dopant may be about 0.01 part by weight to about 10 parts by weight, about 0.1 part by weight to about 8 parts by weight, or about 0.5 part by weight to about 5 parts by weight.

[0118] The second layer may not include (e.g., may exclude) any p-dopant.

[0119] In one or more embodiments, the second layer may include a second hole transporting material (e.g., consist of the second hole transporting material).

[0120] The difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transporting material, i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transporting material may be 1.50 eV or greater, about 1.50 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.03 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.03 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.10 eV, or about 2.32 eV to about 3.03 eV.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, the triplet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.05 eV to about 0.30 eV, about 0.10 eV to about 0.27 eV, or about 0.10 eV to about 0.24 eV.

[0122] In one or more embodiments, the singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.10 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.30 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.38 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.38 eV to about 2.29 eV.

[0123] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the singlet energy of the p-dopant, e.g., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.80 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 0.80 eV to about 2.45 eV, about 0.90 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.19 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.19 eV to about 2.08 eV.

[0124] In one or more embodiments, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about -7.80 eV to about -6.30 eV, about -7.59 eV to about -6.30 eV, or about -7.59 eV to about -6.78 eV.

[0125] In one or more embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant can be from about -5.90 eV to about -4.70 eV, from about -5.78 eV to about -4.70 eV, or from about -5.78 eV to about -4.88 eV.

[0126] More details regarding the p-dopant are as described herein.

[0127] The first hole transporting material and the second hole transporting material can each be an amine-containing compound.

[0128] For example, in one or more embodiments, the first hole transporting material can be different from the second hole transporting material.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the first hole transporting material can be a diamine-containing compound, and the second hole transporting material can be a monoamine-containing compound.

[0130] The second hole transporting material can be an amine-containing compound that includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0131] Throughout the present disclosure, in the "amine-containing compound that includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms", i) the "adamantyl group" can be unsubstituted or substituted by a substituent (such as Z of Formula 2 described herein 22 )(excluding hydrogen), and ii) the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms" can be unsubstituted or substituted by a substituent (such as Z of Formula 2 described herein 23 )(excluding hydrogen).

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the second hole transporting material can be from about -5.30 eV to about -4.60 eV, from about -5.17 eV to about -4.60 eV, or from about -5.17 eV to about -4.79 eV.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the second hole transporting material can be from about -1.40 eV to about -0.50 eV, from about -1.27 eV to about -0.50 eV, or from about -1.27 eV to about -0.59 eV.

[0134] The first hole transporting material can be selected from compounds that can be included in the hole transporting region described in the present disclosure (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 201 and / or the compound represented by Formula 202, etc.).

[0135] More details regarding the second hole transporting material are the same as those described in the present disclosure.

[0136] The emission layer can emit a first light, and a capping layer can be disposed in the path of the first light traveling. The first light can have a first emission spectrum, and the first emission spectrum can have an emission peak wavelength (maximum emission wavelength), etc.

[0137] The capping layer can be located in the path where the first light travels and is extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device, thereby increasing the external extraction rate of the first light.

[0138] For example, in one or more embodiments, the first electrode can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer can be disposed outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode).

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the second electrode can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer can be disposed outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode).

[0140] For example, the first light can be red light, green light, or blue light.

[0141] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength (or, maximum emission wavelength) of the first light can be from about 610 nm to about 680 nm.

[0142] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light can be from about 500 nm to about 590 nm.

[0143] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light can be from about 400 nm to about 490 nm.

[0144] The capping layer can include a first capping material, and the first capping material can satisfy at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0145] Condition 1

[0146] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater for light with a wavelength of 633 nm (e.g., from about 1.70 to about 2.00 or from about 1.80 to about 1.90);

[0147] Condition 2

[0148] The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater for light with a wavelength of 530 nm (e.g., from about 1.90 to about 2.10 or from about 1.95 to about 2.05); and

[0149] Condition 3

[0150] The first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater for light with a wavelength of 450 nm (e.g., from about 2.10 to about 2.35 or from about 2.20 to about 2.30).

[0151] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy all of Condition 1 to Condition 3.

[0152] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 1, the first light may be red light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of 1.70 or greater (e.g., about 1.70 to about 2.00 or about 1.80 to about 1.90) for the first light.

[0153] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 2, the first light may be green light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of 1.90 or greater (e.g., about 1.90 to about 2.10 or about 1.95 to about 2.05) for the first light.

[0154] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 3, the first light may be blue light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of 2.10 or greater (e.g., about 2.10 to about 2.35 or about 2.20 to about 2.30) for the first light.

[0155] The refractive index of the first capping material may be evaluated by measuring the refractive index of a film including the first capping material (e.g., consisting of the first capping material) (e.g., see Evaluation Example 2).

[0156] The first capping material may be a boron-containing compound.

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may include a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a naphthoxazolyl group, a naphthothiazolyl group, a phenanthrothiazolyl group, or a phenanthroxazolyl group.

[0158] More details about the first capping material are the same as those described in the specification.

[0159] The capping layer of the light-emitting device may be located outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and / or outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode).

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and a second capping layer located outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode), wherein at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the first capping material described in the present disclosure.

[0161] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0162] A first capping layer, located outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and including the first capping material described in the present disclosure;

[0163] A second capping layer, located outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode) and including the first capping material described in the present disclosure; or

[0164] A first capping layer and a second capping layer.

[0165] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a third capping layer, and the third capping layer may include a compound different from the first capping material described in the present disclosure. The third capping layer may be located in a path through which first light emitted from the emission layer travels.

[0166] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include (e.g., at 589 nm) a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or greater.

[0167] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0168] For example, in one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amino group-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. Optionally, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amino group-containing compound may each be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0169] For example, in one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include at least one selected from Compound HT28 to Compound HT33, at least one selected from Compound CP1 to Compound CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:

[0171]

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0173] i) A structure in which the first electrode, the interlayer, the second electrode, and the second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the present disclosure) are sequentially stacked in the recited order;

[0174] ii) A structure in which the first electrode, the interlayer, the second electrode, the third capping layer (including a compound different from the first capping material described in the specification) and the second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the present disclosure) are sequentially stacked in the recited order; or

[0175] iii) A structure in which the first electrode, the interlayer, the second electrode, the second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the present disclosure), and the third capping layer (including a compound different from the first capping material described in the present disclosure) are sequentially stacked in the recited order.

[0176] In this regard, the first light emitted from the emission layer included in the interlayer can pass through the second electrode and then through the second capping layer (or the second capping layer and the third capping layer) and be extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device, and the second electrode can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

[0177] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material can be 1.50 eV or greater, 2) the second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound including i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device can include a capping layer including a first capping material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1) that satisfies at least one of Conditions 1 to 3. Accordingly, both the internal and external light-emitting efficiencies can be improved (e.g., simultaneously), and the light-emitting device can have a low driving voltage, a high light-emitting efficiency, and a long lifespan.

[0178] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the p-dopant can be a compound represented by Formula 1, 2) the second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound including i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device can include a capping layer including a first capping material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1) that satisfies at least one of Conditions 1 to 3. Accordingly, both the internal and external light-emitting efficiencies can be improved (e.g., simultaneously), and the light-emitting device can have a low driving voltage, a high light-emitting efficiency, and a long lifespan.

[0179] In the present disclosure, the HOMO level, the LUMO level, the singlet energy, the triplet energy, and ΔE can be evaluated by using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). ST Energy (e.g., see Evaluation Example 1).

[0180] As used herein, the term "interlayer" refers to a single layer and / or multiple layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0181] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device may include a light-emitting device. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein a first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touchscreen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof. More details regarding the electronic device are described herein.

[0182] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus may include a light-emitting device.

[0183] For example, the electronic apparatus may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable telephone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

[0184] Description of chemical formula

[0185] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1:

[0186] Formula 1

[0187]

[0188] Wherein, in Formula 1,

[0189] X 11 may be C(Z 11 ) or N, X 12 may be C(Z 12 ) or N, X 13 may be C[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ) b13 or N, X 14 may be C[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ) b14 or N,

[0190] X 15 and X16 may each independently be O, S, Se, S(=O) or S(=O)2,

[0191] X 17 may be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b ), N(Z 17 ), O, S or Se,

[0192] X 18 may be C(Z 18a )(Z 18b ), N(Z 18 ), O, S or Se,

[0193] L 13 and L 14 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0194] a13 and a14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0195] Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b and Z 18 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C60 An arylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 an arylalkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 a heteroarylalkyl group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0196] b13 and b14 can each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 20,

[0197] Formula 1 may include at least one electron-withdrawing group,

[0198] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0199] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0200] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group may be:

[0201] -F or cyano; or

[0202] C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy or C6-C 60 aryl, each substituted by -F, cyano or any combination thereof.

[0203] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group may be:

[0204] -F or cyano; or

[0205] C1-C 10 alkyl, C1-C 10 alkoxy or phenyl, each substituted by -F, cyano or any combination thereof.

[0206] In one or more embodiments, at least one of Z 13 and Z 14 may be -F, fluorinated C1-C 10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 10 alkoxy or fluorinated phenyl.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, X 17 may be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b ), X 18 may be C(Z 18a )(Z18b ), and Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 18a and Z 18b may each be a cyano group.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, X 13 may be C[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ) b13 , X 14 may be C[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ) b14 , L 13 and L 14 may each be a single bond or a phenyl group, a13 and a14 may each be 1, Z 13 and Z 14 may each independently be -F, a fluorinated C1-C 10 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C 10 alkoxy group or a fluorinated phenyl group, and b13 and b14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

[0209] The second hole transporting material may be a compound represented by Formula 2:

[0210] Formula 2

[0211]

[0212] Wherein, in Formula 2,

[0213] L 21 to L 23 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0214] Ar 21 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0215] a21 to a23 and b21 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0216] Ring CA2 may be an adamantyl group,

[0217] Ring CA3 may be a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0218] Z 22 and Z 23 can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 Alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 Alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 Aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 Arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C7-C 60 Arylalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 heteroarylalkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(═O)(Q1), -S(═O)2(Q1) or -P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), c22 and c23 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0219] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0220] R 10a Same as described in this article.

[0221] In one or more embodiments, Ar 21 It may be phenyl, naphthyl or phenanthryl.

[0222] In one or more embodiments, Ar 21 It may be a fluorenyl group, a spirobifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group or a dibenzothiophenyl group.

[0223] In one or more embodiments, L23 may each be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl or dibenzothiophenyl group.

[0224] In one or more embodiments, ring CA3 may be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl.

[0225] In one or more embodiments, ring CA3 may be different from ring CA2. For example, in one or more embodiments, ring CA3 may be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl.

[0226] c22 and c23 respectively indicate the number of Z 22 and the number of Z 23 wherein if (e.g., when) c22 is 2 or greater, then two or more Z 22 may be the same as or different from each other, and if (e.g., when) c23 is 2 or greater, then two or more Z 23 may be the same as or different from each other. For example, c22 and c23 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10 or selected from 0 to 8.

[0227] The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8:

[0228] Formula 8

[0229]

[0230] wherein, in Formula 8,

[0231] L 81 to L 83 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0232] a81 to a83 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0233] Ar 81 to Ar 83 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10aSubstituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, and

[0234] R 10a is the same as that described herein.

[0235] In one or more embodiments, Ar 81 to Ar 83 may each independently be an unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthoxazolyl, naphthothiazolyl, phenanthrothiazolyl or phenanthroxazolyl.

[0236] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from Ar 81 to Ar 83 may each independently be an unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted naphthoxazolyl, naphthothiazolyl, phenanthrothiazolyl or phenanthroxazolyl.

[0237] For example, in one or more embodiments, the first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8-1:

[0238] Formula 8-1

[0239]

[0240] wherein, in Formula 8-1,

[0241] L 81 to L 83 and a81 to a83 may each independently be the same as that described herein,

[0242] X 81 to X 83 may each independently be O or S,

[0243] Y 81 to Y 83 may each independently be N or C,

[0244] Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 may each independently be C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0245] Z 81 to Z 83 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10aSubstituted C1-C 60 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 can each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 20,

[0246] Q1 to Q3 can each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q 11 described, and

[0247] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0248] In one or more embodiments, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be: a 6-membered ring; or a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the 6-membered ring can be phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl or pyrazinyl.

[0249] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the 6-membered ring can be phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl or pyrazinyl.

[0250] In one or more embodiments, selected from ring CY81 to ring CY 83 at least one of which may be naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl.

[0251] In one or more embodiments, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl, wherein at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 may be naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl.

[0252] b81 to b83 respectively indicate the number of Z 81 to Z 83 wherein if (for example, when) b81 is 2 or greater, then two or more Z 81 may be the same as or different from each other, and if (for example, when) b82 is 2 or greater, then two or more Z 82 may be the same as or different from each other, and if (for example, when) b83 is 2 or greater, then two or more Z 83 may be the same as or different from each other. For example, in one or more embodiments, b81 to b83 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 10 or selected from 1 to 6.

[0253] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, L 13 , L 14 , L 21 to L 23 and L 81 to L 83 may each independently be:

[0254] a single bond; or

[0255] phenyl, naphthyl, fluorene, spirobifluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene or carbazole, each unsubstituted or substituted with: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, deuterated C1-C 20 alkoxy, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkoxy, C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, deuterated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)C3-C 10Cycloalkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)biphenyl, trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl or any combination thereof.

[0256] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, a13, a14, a21 to a23 and a81 to a83 can each independently be 1, 2 or 3.

[0257] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b 、Z 18 、Z 22 、Z 23 、Z 81 to Z 83 can each independently be:

[0258] hydrogen, deuterium, -F or cyano;

[0259] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy or C3-C 10 cycloalkyl: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy or any combination thereof;

[0260] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl or carbazolyl: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, deuterated C1-C 20 alkoxy, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkoxy, C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, deuterated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C20 an alkyl)biphenyl, trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, or any combination thereof; or

[0261] trimethylsilyl or triphenylsilyl.

[0262] In Formulas 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, R 10a may not be hydrogen.

[0263] In the present disclosure, R 10a may be:

[0264] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro;

[0265] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), or any combination thereof;

[0266] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60Alkoxy, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Arylalkyl, C2-C 60 Heteroarylalkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0267] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0268] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0269] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to a monovalent substituent having a structure in which two phenyl groups are connected to each other by a single bond.

[0270] As used herein, C3-C 10 Non-limiting examples of cycloalkyl may be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, and / or norbornyl, etc.

[0271] As used herein, the term "deuterated" includes both fully deuterated and partially deuterated.

[0272] As used herein, the term "fluorinated" includes both fully fluorinated and partially fluorinated.

[0273] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 8, and Formula 8-1, Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b 、Z 18 、Z 22 、Z 23 、Z 81 to Z 83 and R 10a may each independently be:

[0274] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy;

[0275] C1-C 20 alkyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy each substituted with: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 10 alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or any combination thereof;

[0276] cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, (C1-C 10alkyl)phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, carbazolyl, phenanthrolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzocarbazolyl, dibenzocarbazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, azacarbazolyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothienyl, azafuranyl, azadibenzosilolyl or a group represented by Formula 91: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, carbazolyl, phenanthrolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzocarbazolyl, dibenzocarbazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 )、-P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0277] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0278] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 may each independently be:

[0279] -CH3, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CH2CH3, -CH2CD3, -CH2CD2H, -CH2CDH2, -CHDCH3, -CHDCD2H, -CHDCDH2, -CHDCD3, -CD2CD3, -CD2CD2H or -CD2CDH2; or

[0280] n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl or triazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by: deuterium, C1-C 10 alkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof:

[0281] Formula 91

[0282]

[0283] wherein, in Formula 91,

[0284] ring CY 91 and ring CY 92 may each independently be unsubstituted or a C5-C 10a carbocyclic group substituted by at least one R 30 or an unsubstituted or a C1-C 10a heterocyclic group substituted by at least one R 30 ;

[0285] X 91 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R 91 ), B(R 91 ), C(R 91a )(R 91b ) or Si(R 91a )(R 91b ),

[0286] R 91 91a 91a and R 91b 91b

[0287] R10a can be understood by referring to the description provided herein for R 10a and, and

[0288] * indicates the binding site to the adjacent atom.

[0289] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 91,

[0290] ring CY 91 and ring CY 92 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl or triazinyl,

[0291] R 91 、R 91a and R 91b can each independently be:

[0292] hydrogen or C1-C 10 alkyl; or

[0293] an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl or triazinyl with: deuterium, C1-C 10 alkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof.

[0294] In one or more embodiments, in Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b 、Z 18 、Z 22 、Z 23 、Z 81 to Z 83 and R 10a can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, cyano, nitro, -CH3, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas 10-1 to 10-246, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), where Q1 to Q3 can each independently be the same as described herein, and R 10a is not hydrogen:

[0295]

[0296]

[0297]

[0298]

[0299]

[0300]

[0301]

[0302] Among formulas 9-1 to 9-19 and formulas 10-1 to 10-246, * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom, "Ph" represents a phenyl group, "D" represents a deuterium atom, and "TMS" represents a trimethylsilyl group.

[0303] Examples of compounds

[0304] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant can be one (e.g., any one) selected from compounds C56, C68, C70, S1, and S44:

[0305]

[0306] In one or more embodiments, the second hole transporting material can be one (e.g., any one) selected from compounds 1 to 28:

[0307]

[0308]

[0309] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material can be at least one selected from compounds CPL1 to CPL4:

[0310]

[0311] Figure 1 description of

[0312] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The light-emitting device 10 can include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, a second electrode 150, and a second capping layer 170.

[0313] Hereinafter, reference will be made to Figure 1 The structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and the method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail.

[0314] The first electrode 110

[0315] See Figure 1 , in one or more embodiments, a substrate may additionally be provided and located below the first electrode 110 and / or above the second capping layer 170. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include a plastic having excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0316] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0317] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0318] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0319] The interlayer 130

[0320] The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0321] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0322] In one or more embodiments, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the interlayer 130 may further include a metal-containing compound (such as an organometallic compound) and / or an inorganic material (such as a quantum dot), etc.

[0323] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include: i) two or more emission units stacked in sequence between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer located between two adjacent emission units. When the interlayer 130 includes two or more emission units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light emitting device 10 may be a series light emitting device.

[0324] The hole transport region in the interlayer 130

[0325] The hole transport region may have: i) a single layer structure including a single layer comprising a single material, ii) a single layer structure including a single layer comprising a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers comprising a plurality of different materials.

[0326] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer as described herein. Moreover, if (e.g., when) needed, in addition to the first layer and the second layer, the hole transport region may further include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0327] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure of a first layer / second layer, a first layer / second layer / emission assisting layer, or a first layer / second layer / electron blocking layer stacked in sequence from the first electrode 110.

[0328] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

[0329] Formula 201

[0330]

[0331] Formula 202

[0332]

[0333] Wherein, in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

[0334] L 201 to L 204 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0335] L 205 may be *-O-*', *-S-*', *-N(Q201 )-*', unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 20 alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a C2-C 20 alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0336] xa1 to xa4 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0337] xa5 can be an integer selected from 1 to 10,

[0338] R 201 to R 204 and Q 201 can each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0339] R 201 and R 202 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene to form an unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group (e.g., carbazolyl, etc.) (e.g., see compound HT16),

[0340] R 203 and R 204 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene to form an unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group, and

[0341] na1 can be an integer selected from 1 to 4.

[0342] For example, in one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217:

[0343]

[0344] R in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 10b and R 10c may each independently be the same as described with respect to R 10a and ring CY 201 to ring CY 204 may each independently be a C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R 10a substituents.

[0345] In one or more embodiments, ring CY in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 201 to ring CY 204 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, or anthracenyl.

[0346] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0347] In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203 and at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0348] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R 201 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R 202 may be a group represented by one selected from Formula CY204 to Formula CY207.

[0349] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0350] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, and may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0351] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY217.

[0352] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from Compound HT1 to Compound HT46 (Compound HT45 is the same as Compound 203 described herein), 4,4',4"-[tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) (the same as Compound 202 described herein), 4,4',4"-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4',4"-tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB (NPD)) (the same as Compound 201 described herein), β-NPB, N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD), spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4'-cyclohexylidene-bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline] (TAPC), 4,4'-bis[N,N'-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4',4"-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA), polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS), or any combination thereof:

[0353]

[0354]

[0355]

[0356]

[0357]

[0358] The thickness of the hole transport region may be about to about For example, about to about When the hole transport region includes a first layer, a second layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of each of the first layer and the hole injection layer may be about to about For example, about to about and the thickness of each of the second layer and the hole transport layer can be in the range of about to about For example, about to about When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the first layer, the second layer, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these respective ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0359] The emission assisting layer can increase the light emission efficiency by compensating for the optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be included in the emission assisting layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0360] p-dopant

[0361] The hole transport region can include a first layer, and the first layer can include a p-dopant as described herein. The p-dopant can generate charges to improve conductivity (e.g., hole conductivity).

[0362] The emission layer in the interlayer 130

[0363] When the light emitting device 10 is a full-color light emitting device, the emission layer can be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer according to sub-pixels. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, where the two or more layers are in contact with each other or separated from each other to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can include two or more materials selected from a red light emitting material, a green light emitting material, and a blue light emitting material, where the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).

[0364] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In one or more embodiments, in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter), the emission layer can further include an auxiliary dopant that promotes energy transfer to the dopant (or emitter). When the emission layer includes a dopant (or emitter) and an auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant are different from each other.

[0365] When the emission layer includes a host and a dopant, based on 100 parts by weight of the host, the amount (by weight) of the dopant can be from about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0366] The thickness of the emission layer can be from about to about For example, from about to about . When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent or appropriate light-emitting characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0367] Host

[0368] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[0369] Formula 301

[0370] [Ar 301 xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 xb21 ,

[0371] wherein, in Formula 301,

[0372] Ar 301 and L 301 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0373] xb11 can be 1, 2 or 3,

[0374] xb1 can be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0375] R 301 can be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 301 )(Q​​302 )(Q 303 )、 -N(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、 -B(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、 -C(=O)(Q 301 )、 -S(=O)2(Q 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 )(Q 302 ),

[0376] xb21 can be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and

[0377] Q 301 to Q 303 are each independently the same as described herein with respect to Q1.

[0378] For example, in one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ars 301 can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, the subject may comprise a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

[0380] Formula 301-1

[0381]

[0382] Formula 301-2

[0383]

[0384] Wherein, in Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

[0385] Ring A 301 to Ring A 304 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0386] X 301 can be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 , C(R 304 )(R 305 ) or Si(R 304 )(R 305 ),

[0387] xb22 and xb23 can each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

[0388] L 301 , xb1, and R 301 can each be the same as described herein,

[0389] L 302 to L 304 can each independently be the same as described herein with respect to L 301 described,

[0390] xb2 to xb4 can each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xb1, and

[0391] R 302 to R 305 and R 311 to R 314 can each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R 301 described.

[0392] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0393] In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one selected from compounds H1 to H130, 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tris(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

[0394]

[0395]

[0396]

[0397]

[0398]

[0399]

[0400]

[0401] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0402] The host may have one or more suitable variations. For example, the host may include only one type of compound, or may include two or more different types of compounds.

[0403] Phosphorescent dopant

[0404] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401 as a phosphorescent dopant:

[0405] Formula 401

[0406] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0407] Formula 402

[0408]

[0409] Wherein, in Formulas 401 and 402,

[0410] M may be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),

[0411] L 401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein if (e.g., when) xc1 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 401 may be the same as or different from each other,

[0412] L 402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and if (e.g., when) xc2 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 402 may be the same as or different from each other,

[0413] X 401 and X 402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0414] Ring A 401 and Ring A 402 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0415] T 401 can be a single bond, *-O-*, *-S-*, *-C(=O)-*, *-N(Q 411 )-*, *-C(Q 411 )(Q 412 )-*, *-C(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )-*, *-C(Q 411 )=* or *=C(Q 411 )-*,

[0416] X 403 and X 404 can each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q 413 ), B(Q 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 )(Q 414 ) or Si(Q 413 )(Q 414 ),

[0417] Q 411 to Q 414 can each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,

[0418] R 401 and R 402 can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 401 )(Q 402 )(Q 403 )、-N(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-B(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-C(=O)(Q 401 )、-S(=O)2(Q 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 )(Q 402 ),

[0419] Q401 to Q 403 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,

[0420] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10, and

[0421] * and *' in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0422] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X 401 may be nitrogen, and X 402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X 401 and X 402 may be nitrogen.

[0423] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater, two or more L 401 two of the ring A 401 may optionally be connected to each other via T as a linking group 402 and / or two of the ring A 401 in two or more L 402 may optionally be connected to each other via T as a linking group 403 T 402 and T 403 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to T 401 described.

[0424] L in Formula 401 402 may be an organic ligand. For example, in one or more embodiments, L 402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., picolinate group), -C(=O), an isocyano group, a -CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., a phosphine group and / or a phosphite group, etc.) or any combination thereof.

[0425] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant of the emissive layer may be a platinum-containing organometallic compound.

[0426] In addition to platinum, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may further include a first ligand bonded to platinum.

[0427] For example, in one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy at least one selected from Condition A to Condition C:

[0428] Condition A

[0429] The first ligand is a tetradentate ligand, and

[0430] The number of the cyclometalated rings formed by the chemical bonds between platinum and the first ligand is three;

[0431] Condition B

[0432] One carbon, one nitrogen, and one oxygen of the first ligand are chemically bonded to platinum; and

[0433] Condition C

[0434] The first ligand includes an imidazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a naphthimidazolyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0435] In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy all of Condition A to Condition C.

[0436] In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may be, for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 10:

[0437] Formula 10

[0438]

[0439] Wherein, in Formula 10,

[0440] M may be Pt,

[0441] X1 to X4 may each independently be N or C,

[0442] T 11 to T 14 may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, B(R'), N(R'), P(R'), C(R')(R"), Si(R')(R"), Ge(R')(R"), C(=O), B(R')(R"), N(R')(R"), or P(R')(R"),

[0443] If (for example, when) T 11 is a chemical bond, then X1 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 12 is a chemical bond, then X2 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 13 is a chemical bond, then X3 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 14 is a chemical bond, then X4 and M may be directly bonded to each other,

[0444] Two bonds selected from the bonds between X1 or T 11 and M, the bonds between X2 or T 12 and M, the bonds between X3 or T 13 and M, and the bonds between X4 or T 14 and M may be coordination bonds, and the other two bonds may be covalent bonds,

[0445] T1 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R5)-*, *-B(R5)-*, *-P(R5)-*, *-C(R 5a )(R 5b )-*, *-Si(R 5a )(R 5b )-*, *-Ge(R 5a )(R 5b )-*, *-S-*, *-Se-*, *-O-*, *-C(=O)-*, *-S(=O)-*, *-S(=O)2-*, *-C(R5)=*, *=C(R5)-*, *-C(R 5a )=C(R 5b )-*, *-C(=S)-* or *-C≡C-*,

[0446] T2 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R6)-*, *-B(R6)-*, *-P(R6)-*, *-C(R 6a )(R 6b )-*, *-Si(R 6a )(R 6b )-*, *-Ge(R 6a )(R 6b )-*, *-S-*, *-Se-*, *-O-*, *-C(=O)-*, *-S(=O)-*, *-S(=O)2-*, *-C(R6)=*, *=C(R6)-*, *-C(R 6a )=C(R 6b )-*, *-C(=S)-* or *-C≡C-*,

[0447] T3 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R7)-*, *-B(R7)-*, *-P(R7)-*, *-C(R 7a )(R 7b )-*, *-Si(R 7a )(R 7b )-*, *-Ge(R 7a )(R 7b )-*, *-S-*, *-Se-*, *-O-*, *-C(=O)-*, *-S(=O)-*, *-S(=O)2-*, *-C(R7)=*, *=C(R7)-*, *-C(R 7a )=C(R 7b )-*, *-C(=S)-* or *-C≡C-*,

[0448] Ring CY1 to ring CY4 can each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0449] R1 to R7, R 5a 、R 5b 、R 6a 、R 6b 、R 7a 、R 7b 、R', and R" can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0450] a1 to a4 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0451] * and *' each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom,

[0452] i) Two groups among the R1 groups in number a1, ii) Two groups among the R2 groups in number a2, iii) Two groups among the R3 groups in number a3, iv) Two groups among the R4 groups in number a4, v) R5a and R 5b , vi) R 6a and R 6b , and vii) R 7a and R 7b each, optionally bonded to each other via a single bond, double bond or linking group (e.g., *-O-*, *-S-*, etc.) to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0453] R 10a may be:

[0454] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano or nitro;

[0455] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0456] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60Heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0457] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0458] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60Alkynyl, C1-C 60 Alkoxy, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0459] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0460] i) X1 and X3 can be C, and X2 and X4 can be N,

[0461] ii) X1 and X4 can be C, and X2 and X3 can be N, or

[0462] iii) X1, X2, and X3 can be C, and X4 can be N.

[0463] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0464] T 11 can be O or S, and

[0465] T 12 to T 14 can each be a chemical bond.

[0466] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0467] T 11 can be O or S,

[0468] T 12 to T 14 can each be a chemical bond, and

[0469] i) The bond between T 11 and M and the bond between X3 and M can each be a covalent bond, and the bond between X2 and M and the bond between X4 and M can each be a coordination bond, or ii) The bond between T 11 and M and the bond between X4 and M can each be a covalent bond, and the bond between X2 and M and the bond between X3 and M can each be a coordination bond.

[0470] In one or more embodiments, T1 to T3 in Formula 10 can each be a single bond.

[0471] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY1 in Formula 10 can be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, or dibenzosilolyl.

[0472] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY2 in Formula 10 can be imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, naphthimidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or quinoxalinyl.

[0473] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY3 in Formula 10 can be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, dibenzosilolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuorenyl or azadibenzosilolyl.

[0474] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY4 in Formula 10 can be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, dibenzosilolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuorenyl, azadibenzosilolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl or naphthimidazolyl.

[0475] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the ring CY2 and the ring CY4 in Formula 10 can be imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl or naphthimidazolyl.

[0476] In one or more embodiments, R1 to R7, R 5a 、R 5b 、R 6a 、R 6b 、R 7a 、R 7b 、R', and R" can each independently be:

[0477] hydrogen, deuterium, -F or cyano;

[0478] each unsubstituted or substituted C1-C 20 alkyl or C3-C 10 cycloalkyl: deuterium, -F, cyano or any combination thereof; or

[0479] each unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl or dibenzothiophenyl: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)biphenyl or any combination thereof.

[0480] a1 to a4 in Formula 10 respectively indicate the number of R1 to R4, and for example, can each independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0481] For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 10, by The group represented can be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY1(1) to Formula CY1(16):

[0482]

[0483] Wherein, in Formula CY1(1) to Formula CY1(16),

[0484] X1 is the same as that described herein,

[0485] R 11 to R 14 are each independently the same as those described in the present disclosure with respect to R1, where R 11 to R 14 are each not hydrogen,

[0486] * indicates the binding site to T in Formula 10 11 and

[0487] *' indicates the binding site to T1 in Formula 10.

[0488] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by in Formula 10 can be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY2(1) to Formula CY2(21):

[0489]

[0490] Wherein, in Formula CY2(1) to Formula CY2(21),

[0491] X2 is the same as that described herein,

[0492] X 29 can be O, S, N(R 29 ), C(R 29a )(R 29b ), or Si(R 29a )(R 29b ),

[0493] R 21 to R 24 , R 29 , R 29a and R 29b are each independently the same as those described in the present disclosure with respect to R2, where R 21 to R 24 are each not hydrogen,

[0494] * indicates the binding site to T 12 in Formula 10,

[0495] *'Indicates the binding site for T1 in Formula 10, and

[0496] *"Indicates the binding site for T2 in Formula 1.

[0497] Each of Formulas CY2(1) to CY2(4) belongs to the group represented by wherein X2 is nitrogen, and each of Formulas CY2(5) to CY2(13) belongs to the group represented by wherein X2 is carbon (e.g., the carbon of the carbene moiety).

[0498] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one selected from Formulas CY3(1) to CY3(12):

[0499]

[0500] wherein, in Formulas CY3(1) to CY3(12),

[0501] X3 is the same as described herein,

[0502] X 39 may be O, S, N(R 39 ), C(R 39a )(R 39b ), or Si(R 39a )(R 39b ),

[0503] R 31 to R 33 , R 39 , R 39a and R 39b are each independently the same as described for R3 in the present disclosure, wherein R 31 to R 33 are each not hydrogen,

[0504] *Indicates the binding site for T 13 in Formula 10,

[0505] *'Indicates the binding site for T3 in Formula 10, and

[0506] *"Indicates the binding site for T2 in Formula 10.

[0507] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas CY4(1) to CY4(27):

[0508]

[0509] Among them, in Formulae CY4(1) to CY4(27),

[0510] X4 is the same as that described herein,

[0511] X 49 can be O, S, N(R 49 ), C(R 49a )(R 49b ) or Si(R 49a )(R 49b ),

[0512] R 41 to R 44 、R 49 、R 49a and R 49b are each independently the same as those described with respect to R4, and R 41 to R 44 are each not hydrogen,

[0513] * indicates the binding site to T 14 in Formula 10, and

[0514] *' indicates the binding site to T3 in Formula 10.

[0515] Alternatively, in one or more embodiments, the dopant of the emission layer can be an iridium-containing organometallic compound.

[0516] For example, in one or more embodiments, the iridium-containing organometallic compound can include a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand, each of which is bonded to iridium. In this regard, the first ligand can be a bidentate ligand including a ring B1 containing Y1 and a ring B2 containing Y2, the second ligand can be a bidentate ligand including a ring B3 containing Y3 and a ring B4 containing Y4, the third ligand can be a bidentate ligand including a ring B5 containing Y5 and a ring B6 containing Y6, Y1, Y3, and Y5 can each be nitrogen (N), and Y2, Y4, and Y6 can each be carbon (C).

[0517] For example, in one or more embodiments, the ring B2 containing Y2 and the ring B4 containing Y4 can be different from each other.

[0518] In one or more embodiments, the ring B2 containing Y2 can be a polycyclic group. For example, the ring B2 containing Y2 can be a polycyclic group in which three or more monocyclic groups (e.g., 3 to 15 monocyclic groups) are fused to each other. The monocyclic group can be, for example, furyl, thienyl, selenophenyl, pyrrolyl, cyclopentadienyl, silolyl, phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl. Or the ring B2 containing Y2 can be a monocyclic group as described above.

[0519] In one or more embodiments, ring B2 containing Y2 may be a polycyclic group in which one 5-membered monocyclic group (e.g., furyl, thienyl, selenophenyl, pyrrolyl, cyclopentadienyl, and / or silolyl, etc.) is fused with at least two 6-membered monocyclic groups (e.g., phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and / or pyridazinyl, etc.).

[0520] In one or more embodiments, ring B4 containing Y4 may be a monocyclic group. For example, ring B4 containing Y4 may be a 6-membered monocyclic group (e.g., phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and / or triazinyl, etc.).

[0521] In one or more embodiments, ring B4 containing Y4 may be naphthyl, phenanthryl, or anthryl.

[0522] The iridium-containing organometallic compound may be a homoleptic complex. For example, the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may be the same as each other.

[0523] Alternatively, the iridium-containing organometallic compound may be a heteroleptic complex.

[0524] For example, in one or more embodiments, the third ligand may be the same as the second ligand.

[0525] In one or more embodiments, the third ligand may be the same as the first ligand.

[0526] In one or more embodiments, the third ligand may be different from each of the first ligand and the second ligand.

[0527] For example, in one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one selected from Compound GD01 to Compound GD25 and R01:

[0528]

[0529]

[0530]

[0531] Fluorescent dopant

[0532] In one or more embodiments, the emitting layer may include a fluorescent dopant.

[0533] The fluorescent dopant may include an aromatic amine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

[0534] Formula 501

[0535]

[0536] Among them, in Formula 501,

[0537] Ar 501 , L 501 to L 503 , R 501 and R 502 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0538] xd1 to xd3 can each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

[0539] xd4 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0540] For example, in one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 501 501 can be a fused ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused together (for example, anthryl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, or pyrenyl).

[0541] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 can be 2.

[0542] For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant can include: at least one selected from Compound FD1 to Compound FD36; 4,4'-bis(2,2-diphenylethenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4'-bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or any combination thereof:

[0543]

[0544]

[0545]

[0546] Thermally activated delayed fluorescence material

[0547] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may further include a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material.

[0548] In the present disclosure, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material can be selected from compounds capable of emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0549] Depending on the type or variety of other materials included in the emissive layer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material included in the emissive layer can act as a host or a dopant.

[0550] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to 0 eV and less than or equal to 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above range, upconversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence material can occur effectively, and thus, the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 can be improved.

[0551] For example, in one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a π - electron - rich C3 - C 60 ring group such as a carbazolyl group) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfinyl group, a cyano group, or a π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group), and / or ii) a material including a C8 - C 60 polycyclic group in which two or more ring groups are fused while sharing boron (B).

[0552] Non - limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from Compounds DF1 to DF14:

[0553]

[0554]

[0555] The electron - transport region in the interlayer 130

[0556] The electron - transport region may have: i) a single - layer structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single - layer structure including a single layer including multiple different materials, or iii) a multi - layer structure including multiple layers including multiple different materials.

[0557] The electron - transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole - blocking layer, an electron - control layer, an electron - transport layer, an electron - injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0558] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron - transport region may have an electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, a hole - blocking layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, an electron - control layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, and the constituent layers of each structure are stacked in the described order from the emission layer.

[0559] In one or more embodiments, the electron - transport region (e.g., the buffer layer, the hole - blocking layer, the electron - control layer, or the electron - transport layer in the electron - transport region) may include a metal - free compound including at least one π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C60 Heterocyclic group

[0560] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[0561] Formula 601

[0562] [Ar 601 xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 xe21 ,

[0563] wherein, in Formula 601,

[0564] Ar 601 and L 601 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0565] xe11 can be 1, 2 or 3,

[0566] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,

[0567] R 601 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 601 )(Q 602 )(Q 603 ), -C(=O)(Q 601 ), -S(=O)2(Q 601 ), or -P(=O)(Q 601 )(Q 602 ),

[0568] Q 601 to Q 603 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,

[0569] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and

[0570] at least one selected from Ar 601 , L 601 and R 601 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R​​10a Substituted π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0571] For example, if (e.g., when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 601 may be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0572] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a substituted anthryl group.

[0573] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0574] Formula 601-1

[0575]

[0576] wherein, in Formula 601-1,

[0577] X 614 may be N or C(R 614 ), X 615 may be N or C(R 615 ), X 616 may be N or C(R 616 ), and at least one selected from X 614 to X 616 is N,

[0578] L 611 to L 613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to L 601 ,

[0579] xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xe1,

[0580] R 611 to R 613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R 601 , and

[0581] R 614 to R 616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a Substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0582] For example, in one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formula 601 and Formula 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0583] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from Compounds ET1 to ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), bis(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato-N1,O8)-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), or any combination thereof:

[0584]

[0585]

[0586]

[0587]

[0588] The thickness of the electron transport region may be about to about For example, about to about When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be about to about For example, about to about And the thickness of the electron transport layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and / or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0589] In one or more embodiments, in addition to one or more of the above materials, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metal-containing material.

[0590] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. The ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0591] For example, in one or more embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, the compound ET-D1(Liq) or the compound ET-D2:

[0592]

[0593] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.

[0594] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer that includes a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer that includes a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers that includes a plurality of different materials.

[0595] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0596] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0597] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, or any combination thereof.

[0598] The alkali metal compound may include: alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Cs2O, and / or K2O; alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and / or RbI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal compound may include alkaline earth metal oxides such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying the condition 0 < x < 1) and / or Ba x Ca 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying the condition 0 < x < 1), etc. The rare earth metal compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal compound may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Non-limiting examples of lanthanide metal tellurides are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and Lu2Te3.

[0599] The alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, and rare earth metal complex may respectively include i) one of the metal ions of the alkali metal, one of the metal ions of the alkaline earth metal, and one of the metal ions of the rare earth metal, and ii) ligands bonded to the respective metal ions, such as hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0600] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0601] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include: i) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); or ii) a) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a co-deposited layer of KI:Yb, a co-deposited layer of RbI:Yb, and / or a co-deposited layer of LiF:Yb, etc.

[0602] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0603] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be about to about For example, about to about within a range. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the above range, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0604] The second electrode 150

[0605] The second electrode 150 may be located on the sandwich layer 130 having the structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode serving as an electron injection electrode, and as materials for the second electrode 150, metals, alloys, conductive compounds, or any combination thereof each having a low work function may be used.

[0606] The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0607] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

[0608] The second capping layer 170

[0609] The second capping layer 170 may include the first capping material as described in the present disclosure. The detailed description of the first capping material is the same as that described in the present disclosure.

[0610] The electronic device

[0611] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting device and / or an authentication device, etc.

[0612] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the light-emitting device, the electronic device (e.g., the light-emitting device) may further include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction in which the light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, in one or more embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light (e.g., combined white light). For details of the light-emitting device, reference may be made to the relevant description provided above. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots.

[0613] The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0614] The pixel defining layer may be located between the plurality of sub-pixel regions to define each of the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0615] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter regions and a light-shielding pattern located between the plurality of color filter regions, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion regions and a light-shielding pattern located between the plurality of color conversion regions.

[0616] The plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include a first region configured to emit first color light, a second region configured to emit second color light, and / or a third region configured to emit third color light, where the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. For example, the first region may include red quantum dots to emit red light, the second region may include green quantum dots to emit green light, and the third region may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. The first region, the second region, and / or the third region may each include a scatterer.

[0617] For example, in one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device may emit first light, a first region may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, a second region may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and a third region may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

[0618] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, an electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein one selected from the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0619] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode and / or a gate insulating film, etc.

[0620] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, and / or an oxide semiconductor, etc.

[0621] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and / or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows the light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and at the same time (e.g., synchronously) prevents environmental air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one of an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0622] In addition to the color filter and / or the color conversion layer, various functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion according to the use of the electronic device. Non-limiting examples of the functional layer may include a touchscreen layer and / or a polarization layer, etc. The touchscreen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touchscreen layer, a capacitive touchscreen layer, or an infrared touchscreen layer.

[0623] The authentication device may be, for example, a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (e.g., a fingertip and / or a pupil, etc.). In addition to the light-emitting device as described above, the authentication device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0624] The electronic device can be applied to one or more displays, light sources, lighting devices, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, electronic game consoles, medical tools (e.g., electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, glucometers, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope monitors), fish finders, one or more appropriate measurement tools, meters (e.g., meters for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), and / or projectors, etc.

[0625] Figure 2 and Figure 3 description

[0626] Figure 2 FIG. is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device showing an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0627] Figure 2 The light-emitting device may include a substrate 100, a thin film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and a sealing portion 300 for sealing the light-emitting device.

[0628] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be located on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0629] The TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0630] The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor (such as silicon or polysilicon), an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0631] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.

[0632] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate them from each other.

[0633] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the exposed portions respectively contacting the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

[0634] The TFT is electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device and is covered and protected by the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0635] The first electrode 110 may be located on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be located to expose a part of the drain electrode 270 without completely covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be located on the exposed portion connected to the drain electrode 270.

[0636] The pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a specific area of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed area of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide organic film or a polyacrylic acid organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 and be placed in the form of a common layer.

[0637] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a second capping layer 170 may be further formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0638] The sealing portion 300 may be located on the second capping layer 170. The sealing portion 300 may be located on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and / or oxygen. The sealing portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO x ), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyvinyl sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate and / or polyacrylic acid, etc.), epoxy resin (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.), or any combination thereof; or any combination of an inorganic film and an organic film.

[0639] Figure 3 Is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device as an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0640] Figure 3 The light-emitting device of Figure 2The light-emitting device is substantially the same, except that the light-shielding pattern 500 and the functional region 400 are additionally located on the sealing portion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter region, ii) a color conversion region, or iii) a combination of a color filter region and a color conversion region. In one or more embodiments, Figure 3 The light-emitting device included in the light-emitting device may be a series light-emitting device.

[0641] Figure 4 description

[0642] Figure 4 FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. The electronic device 1 may be a portable electronic device (such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook computer, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or a ultra-mobile PC (UMPC)) as a device for displaying moving images or still images, and one or more suitable products (such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of Things (IoT) device). The electronic device 1 may be such a product or a part thereof. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a display of a glasses type or kind, or a head-mounted display (HMD), or a part of a wearable device. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic device 1 may be a center information display (CID) on an instrument panel, a center console or an instrument panel of a vehicle, an in-vehicle rearview mirror display replacing a side view mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for a rear seat of an automobile or a display on a backrest of its front seat, a head-up display (HUD) mounted in front of a vehicle or projected on a front windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For the sake of convenience of explanation, Figure 4 FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment in which the electronic device 1 is a smart phone.

[0643] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device of the electronic device 1 may implement an image through a plurality of pixel arrays two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0644] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed, and may be completely around (e.g., surrounding) the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, a driver for supplying an electrical signal or power to a display element arranged in the display area DA may be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, pads may be arranged, and the pads may be electrically connected to electronic components or a printed circuit board.

[0645] In the electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction (e.g., the width) may be different from each other. For example, in one or more embodiments, as Figure 4 shown, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction (e.g., the width). In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be substantially the same as the length in the y-axis direction (e.g., the width). In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction (e.g., the width).

[0646] Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C description

[0647] Figure 5 FIG. is an external view of the vehicle 1000 as an electronic device including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic view illustrating the interior of the vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0648] See Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C , the vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable devices for moving an object to be transported (such as a person, an object, or an animal) from a starting point to a destination. The vehicle 1000 may include vehicles traveling on roads or tracks, ships moving on the ocean or rivers, and / or airplanes flying in the air by utilizing the action of air, etc.

[0649] In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to the rotation of at least one of its wheels. For example, in one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, or a train traveling on a track.

[0650] The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis as other parts outside the body, on which mechanical equipment required for driving is installed. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a hood, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and / or pillars provided at the boundaries between doors, etc. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, and / or left and right wheels, etc.

[0651] The vehicle 1000 may include side window glass 1100, front window glass 1200, side mirrors 1300, an instrument cluster 1400, a center console 1500, a passenger seat instrument panel 1600, and a display device 2.

[0652] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 can be divided by a pillar disposed between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0653] The side window glass 1100 can be installed on the side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 can be installed on the door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 can be provided and can face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 can include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 can be arranged adjacent to the instrument cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 can be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0654] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 can be spaced apart and / or separated (e.g., spaced or divided) from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (the direction opposite to the x-axis direction). For example, in one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 can be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (e.g., spaced or divided). For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 can extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction. For example, in one or more embodiments, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other can extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction.

[0655] The front window glass 1200 can be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 can be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0656] The side mirror 1300 can provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 can be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0657] The instrument cluster 1400 can be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The instrument cluster 1400 can include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge, a turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a trip meter, an automatic shift lever indicator, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and / or a low fuel warning light.

[0658] The center console 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are arranged. The center console 1500 may be arranged on one side of the instrument cluster 1400.

[0659] The passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be separated from and / or apart from (e.g., spaced apart or separated from) the instrument cluster 1400, and the center console 1500 is arranged between the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 and the instrument cluster 1400. In one or more embodiments, the instrument cluster 1400 may be arranged corresponding to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be arranged corresponding to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the instrument cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0660] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the instrument cluster 1400, the center console 1500, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0661] The display device 2 may include an organic light emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, and / or a quantum dot display device, etc. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an organic light emitting display device including a light emitting device will be described as an example, but one or more appropriate types (kinds) of display devices as described above may be used in the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0662] See Figure 6A , in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, and / or information about vehicle settings.

[0663] See Figure 6B , in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the instrument cluster 1400. When the display device 2 is arranged on the instrument cluster 1400, the instrument cluster 1400 may display driving information, etc. through the display device 2. For example, the instrument cluster 1400 may be digitally implemented. The instrument cluster 1400 may digitally display vehicle information and driving information as an image. For example, the pointer and instrument of the tachometer and one or more appropriate warning light icons may be displayed through a digital signal.

[0664] See Figure 6C, in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 or disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display an image related to the information displayed on the instrument cluster 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the instrument cluster 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500.

[0665] Manufacturing method

[0666] Each layer included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and each layer included in the electron transport region may be formed in a specific region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

[0667] When forming each layer included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and each layer included in the electron transport region by vacuum deposition, depending on the material to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed, the deposition may be carried out at a deposition temperature of about 100 °C to about 500 °C, at a vacuum degree of about 10 -8 torr to about 10 -3 torr, and at a deposition rate of about to about .

[0668] Definition of terms

[0669] As used herein, the term "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that includes only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms. For example, C3-C 50 carbocyclic group, C3-C 40 carbocyclic group, C3-C 30 carbocyclic group, C3-C 20 carbocyclic group, or C3-C 10 carbocyclic group. And as used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further has a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms. For example, C1-C 50 heterocyclic group, C1-C 40 heterocyclic group, C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, or C1-C 10 heterocyclic group. C3-C 60Carbocyclic group and C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including one (e.g., exactly one) ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused to each other. For example, C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group has 3 to 61 ring-forming carbon atoms.

[0670] As used herein, the term "cyclic group" may include (e.g., simultaneously) C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group and C1-C 60 Both heterocyclic groups.

[0671] As used herein, the term "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety, and as used herein, the term "π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" refers to a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety.

[0672] For example, C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group may be i) group T1 or ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulyl, indacenyl, acenaphthyl, phenalenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetracenyl, picenyl, hexacenyl, pentacenyl, rubicenyl, coronenyl, ovalenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenophenanthryl or indenanthryl),

[0673] C1-C 60The heterocyclic group may be i) group T2, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T2 are fused to each other, or iii) a fused ring group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (e.g., pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, indolocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl, benzothienodibenzothienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl and / or azadibenzofuryl, etc.),

[0674] π - electron - rich C3 - C 60 The cyclic group may be i) group T1, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other, iii) group T3, iv) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (e.g., C3 - C 60 carbocyclic group, 1H - pyrrolyl, silolyl, borolyl, 2H - pyrrolyl, 3H - pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, indolocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl and / or benzothienodibenzothienyl, etc.),

[0675] π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60The heterocyclic group can be i) group T4, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T4 are fused to each other, iii) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other, iv) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other (for example, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azaf luorenyl, azadibenzothiophenylene, azadibenzothienyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.),

[0676] Group T1 can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, norbornenyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl or phenyl,

[0677] Group T2 can be furyl, thienyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, silolyl, borolyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azasilolyl, azaborolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, dihydropyridyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl or dihydropyridazinyl,

[0678] Group T3 can be furyl, thienyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, silolyl or borolyl, and

[0679] Group T4 can be 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azasilolyl, azaborolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl or tetrazinyl.

[0680] As used herein, the terms "cyclic group", "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group", "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group", "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" or "nitrogen-containing π-electron-deficient C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" may refer to a group fused to any cyclic group (which is fused to another cyclic group (e.g., benzyl and / or naphthyl, etc.)), a monovalent group or a polyvalent group (e.g., divalent group, trivalent group and / or tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of the formula in which the corresponding term is used. For example, "phenyl" may be benzyl, phenyl and / or phenylene, etc., and those of ordinary skill in the art can easily understand these groups according to the structure of the formula including "phenyl".

[0681] Depending on the context, in the present disclosure, according to, for example, the structure of the formula related to the term used, a divalent group may refer to or be a polyvalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., not only divalent).

[0682] Monovalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group and monovalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group's non-limiting examples may be C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl, C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl, C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl, C6-C 60 aryl, C1-C 60 heteroaryl, monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group and monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group. Divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group and divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group's non-limiting examples may be C3-C 10 subcycloalkyl, C1-C 10 subheterocycloalkyl, C3-C 10 subcycloalkenyl, C1-C 10 subheterocycloalkenyl, C6-C 60 subaryl, C1-C 60 subheteroaryl, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group and divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0683] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, C1-C 50 alkyl, C1-C 30 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkyl or C1-C 10Alkyl, and non-limiting examples thereof may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 Alkylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C1-C 60 alkyl.

[0684] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkenyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, for example, C2-C 30 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, or C2-C 10 alkenyl, and non-limiting examples thereof may be vinyl, propenyl, and butenyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkenylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C2-C 60 alkenyl.

[0685] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkynyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, for example, C2-C 30 alkynyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl, or C2-C 10 alkynyl, and non-limiting examples thereof include ethynyl and propynyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkynylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C2-C 60 alkynyl.

[0686] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 Alkoxy" refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA 101 (where A 101 is C1-C 60 alkyl), for example, C1-C 30 alkoxy, C1-C 20 alkoxy, or C1-C 10 alkoxy, and non-limiting examples thereof include methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy.

[0687] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10"Cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon ring group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "Subcycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkyl.

[0688] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "Heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may be 1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, and tetrahydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "Subheterocycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl.

[0689] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "Cycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and not being aromatic. Non-limiting examples thereof include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "Subcycloalkenyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl.

[0690] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "Heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in its ring structure and having at least one double bond. Non-limiting examples of C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuryl, and 2,3-dihydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "Subheterocycloalkenyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl.

[0691] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 "Aryl" refers to a monovalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, C6-C 50 aryl, C6-C 40 aryl, C6-C 30 aryl, C6-C20 aryl or C6-C 15 aryl, and as used herein the term "C6-C 60 arylene" refers to a divalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. C6-C 60 Non-limiting examples of aryl may be phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, indacenyl, acenaphthylenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthrenyl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetracenyl, picenyl, hexaphenyl, pentaphenyl, rubicenyl, coronenyl, and ovalenyl. When C6-C 60 aryl and C6-C 60 arylene each include two or more rings, these rings may be fused to each other.

[0692] As used herein the term "C1-C 60 heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, e.g., C1-C 50 heteroaryl, C1-C 40 heteroaryl, C1-C 30 heteroaryl, C1-C 20 heteroaryl, C1-C 10 heteroaryl, C1-C 60 heteroaryl, C1-C 60 heteroaryl, C1-C 60 heteroaryl, C1-C 60 heteroarylene" refers to a divalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. C1-C

[0693] As used herein the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to having two or more rings fused to each other, with only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, e.g., C8-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 20A monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent group having no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure when considered as a whole (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms). Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group may be indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenoanthracenyl, and indenoanthracenyl. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the above-mentioned monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.

[0694] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure when considered as a whole (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), for example, C1-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group or C1-C 20 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group may be pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl, azadibenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, indocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl, and benzothienodibenzothienyl. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the above-mentioned monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0695] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryloxy" refers to -OA 102 (where A 102 is C6-C 60A group represented by "(aryl)", for example, C6-C 50 aryloxy, C6-C 40 aryloxy, C6-C 30 aryloxy, C6-C 20 aryloxy or C6-C 15 aryloxy. As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylthio" refers to a group represented by -SA 103 "(where A 103 is C6-C 60 aryl)", for example, C6-C 50 arylthio, C6-C 40 arylthio, C6-C 30 arylthio, C6-C 20 arylthio or C6-C 15 arylthio.

[0696] As used herein, the term "C7-C 60 aralkyl" refers to -A 104 A 105 (where A 104 can be C1-C 54 alkylene, and A 105 can be C6-C 59 aryl), for example, C7-C 50 aralkyl, C7-C 40 aralkyl, C7-C 30 aralkyl, C7-C 20 aralkyl or C7-C 15 aralkyl, and as used herein, the term C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl" refers to -A 106 A 107 (where A 106 can be C1-C 59 alkylene, and A 107 can be C1-C 59 heteroaryl), for example, C2-C 50 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 40 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 30 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 20 heteroaralkyl or C2-C 15 heteroaralkyl.

[0697] As used herein, the term "R 10a " refers to:

[0698] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano or nitro;

[0699] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0700] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), or any combination thereof; or

[0701] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ).

[0702] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 , Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 in the present disclosure may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, or C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C

[0703] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than carbon and hydrogen atoms. Non-limiting examples of heteroatoms may be O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.

[0704] As used herein, the term "transition metal" includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and / or gold (Au), etc.

[0705] As used herein, the term "Ph" refers to phenyl, the term "Me" refers to methyl, the term "Et" refers to ethyl, and the term "tert-Bu" or "Bu t”The term "t-Bu" refers to tert-butyl, and the term "OMe" as used herein refers to methoxy.

[0706] The term "biphenyl" as used herein refers to "phenyl substituted by phenyl". For example, "biphenyl" is a phenyl substituted with a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0707] The term "terphenyl" as used herein refers to "phenyl substituted by biphenyl". For example, "terphenyl" is a phenyl substituted with a C6-C 60 aryl substituted with a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0708] Unless otherwise defined, each of *, *', and *" as used herein refers to the binding site to the adjacent atom in the corresponding formula or moiety.

[0709] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following synthesis examples and examples. The phrase "using B in place of A" used in describing the synthesis examples means using substantially the same molar equivalent of B in place of A.

[0710] Examples

[0711] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound CPL1

[0712]

[0713] Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (10 g, 0.021 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid (17.7 g, 0.077 mol), potassium carbonate (17.28 g, 0.125 mol), and a catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (1.16 g, 0.001 mol) were added to a mixed solvent of 150 mL of toluene, 40 mL of ethanol, and 20 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at 90 °C for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, an extraction process was performed thereon, and the resulting product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10.4 g of Compound CPL1 (yield: 62.5%).

[0714] Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 1H-NMR) (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 8.23 (s, 3H), 8.12 (s, 3H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 6H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.4, 1.5 Hz, 6H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 6H), 7.48 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 6H)

[0715] Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS): m / z = 791.2 [M] +

[0716] Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0717] Synthesis of Compound 2-1

[0718]

[0719] Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (10 g, 0.021 mol), phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid (12.24 g, 0.044 mol), potassium carbonate (28.86 g, 0.209 mol) and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (2.41 g, 0.002 mol) were added to a mixed solvent of 250 mL of toluene, 70 mL of ethanol and 60 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at 90 °C for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on it, and the obtained product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10.3 g of Compound 2-1 (yield: 62.3%).

[0720] Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0721]

[0722] Compound 2-1 (10 g, 0.013 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-yl-boronic acid (3.25 g, 0.015 mol), potassium carbonate (17.55 g, 0.127 mol) and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (1.47 g, 0.001 mol) were added to a mixed solvent of 200 mL of toluene, 50 mL of ethanol and 25 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at 90 °C for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on it, and the obtained product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 11.2 g of Compound CPL2 (yield: 60.9%).

[0723] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.32 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 10H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 8.12~8.32 (m, 10H), 8.88 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H)

[0724] ESI-MS: m / z = 875.22 [M] +

[0725] Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound CPL3

[0726] Synthesis of Compound 3-1

[0727]

[0728] Compound 3-1 was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of Compound 2-1 in Synthesis Example 2, except that naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid was used instead of phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid.

[0729] Synthesis of Compound CPL3

[0730]

[0731] 7.45 g of Compound CPL3 (yield: 78.3%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of Compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that Compound 3-1 and (6-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)boronic acid were used instead of Compound 2-1 and naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-yl-boronic acid, respectively.

[0732] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.37~7.6 (m, 7H), 7.65 (dd, J = 7.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.80~7.95 (m, 12H), 8.04~8.15 (m, 8H), 8.33 (s, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 1H)

[0733] ESI-MS: m / z = 817.2 [M] +

[0734] Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound CPL4

[0735]

[0736] 6.9 g of Compound CPL4 (yield: 76.4%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of Compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that Compound 3-1 was used instead of Compound 2-1.

[0737] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.46~7.52 (m, 6H), 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.82~7.92 (m, 6H), 8.03 (m, 14H), 8.52 (s, 2H)

[0738] ESI-MS: m / z = 775.2 [M] +

[0739] Evaluation Example 1

[0740] The molecular structure of the ground state of Compound 101 was optimized by using the Gaussian 09 program based on the DFT at the B3LYP / 6-311G(d,p) level to evaluate the HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of Compound 101. After performing the molecular structure calculation of the ground state, the singlet (S1) energy and triplet (T1) energy of Compound 101 were respectively evaluated by TD-DFT for the excited state. Then, the difference between the S1 energy and T1 energy of Compound 101 was calculated to obtain the ΔE ST energy of Compound 101, and the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, S1 energy, T1 energy, and ΔE ST energy of Compound 101 are shown in Table 1. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0741] Table 1

[0742]

[0743] Table 2

[0744]

[0745]

[0746]

[0747]

[0748]

[0749] Evaluation Example 2

[0750] After manufacturing the film CPL1 with a thickness of 1,500 nm by depositing Compound CPL1 on a glass substrate, the refractive index of Compound CPL1 for each of the lights with wavelengths of 633 nm, 530 nm, and 450 nm was evaluated by using the manufactured film at a temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 50% according to the Cauchy film model by using an ellipsometer M-2000 (J.A. Woollam). The results are shown in Table 3. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Table 3, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0751] Table 3

[0752]

[0753]

[0754]

[0755] Example 1

[0756] A glass substrate (product of Corning Incorporated) having an anode including Ag with a thickness of and ITO (15 Ω / cm ) with a thickness of 2 is cut into a size of 50 mm × 50 mm × 0.7 mm, ultrasonically cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and then with pure water for 5 minutes each, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the glass substrate is provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0757] A p-dopant (Compound C56) and a first hole transport material (Compound 201) are vacuum deposited on the anode at a weight ratio of 3:97 to form a first layer having a thickness of , and a second hole transport material (Compound 1) is vacuum deposited on the first layer to form a second layer having a thickness of .

[0758] A host (Compound H125 and Compound H126) and a dopant (Compound R01) are vacuum deposited on the second layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of . The weight ratio of Compound H125 and Compound H126 is 5:5, and based on the total weight (100 wt%) of the emission layer, the amount of the dopant is 10 wt%.

[0759] Compound ET37 is vacuum deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of , and Compound ET46 and Liq are vacuum deposited on the hole blocking layer at a weight ratio of 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of . Subsequently, Yb is vacuum deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of , and Ag and Mg are vacuum deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having a thickness of .

[0760] Next, a capping material (Compound CPL1) is vacuum deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of , thereby completing the fabrication of the light-emitting device.

[0761]

[0762] Examples 2 to 200 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 10 to 15

[0763] Light-emitting devices were each fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Tables 4 to 8 were respectively used as the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and the capping material.

[0764] Comparative Examples 7 to 9 and Comparative Examples 16 to 18

[0765] Light-emitting devices were each fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that no p-dopant was used when forming the first layer, and the compounds shown in Table 8 were respectively used as the second hole transport material and the capping material.

[0766] Comparative Examples 19 to 24

[0767] Light-emitting devices were each fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 8 were respectively used as the p-dopant and the second hole transport material, and no capping layer was formed.

[0768] Comparative Examples 25 to 27

[0769] Light-emitting devices were each fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that no p-dopant was used when forming the first layer, the compounds shown in Table 8 were respectively used as the second hole transport material, and no capping layer was formed.

[0770] Evaluation Example 3

[0771] The driving voltage (V) and luminous efficiency (cd / A) of each of the light-emitting devices fabricated in Examples 1 to 200 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 were each evaluated by using a Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter (Minolt Cs-1000A), and the results are shown in Tables 4 to 8 as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27.

[0772] Then, the lifetime (i.e., the time (Hr) taken for the initial luminance to decrease to 95%) of each of the light-emitting devices fabricated in Examples 1 to 200 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 was measured and evaluated at 1,000 cd / m 2 and the results are shown in Tables 4 to 8 as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27.

[0773] In Tables 4 to 8, △T1 represents the difference between the T1 energy of the p-dopant and the T1 energy of the second hole transport material (i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the T1 energy of the p-dopant and the T1 energy of the second hole transport material).

[0774] Table 4

[0775]

[0776]

[0777] Table 5

[0778]

[0779]

[0780]

[0781] Table 6

[0782]

[0783]

[0784] Table 7

[0785]

[0786]

[0787] Table 8

[0788]

[0789]

[0790] As confirmed by Tables 4 to 8, compared with the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 27, the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 200 each have excellent or appropriate driving voltage, luminous efficiency, and lifetime characteristics.

[0791] Since the above light-emitting device has a low driving voltage, high luminous efficiency, and long lifetime, high-quality electronic devices and electronic appliances can be manufactured by using the light-emitting device.

[0792] In the present disclosure, it will be understood that the terms "comprise(s)", "include(s)", or "have / has" indicate the presence of the recited features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0793] Throughout this disclosure, when referring to placing a component (such as a layer, film, region, or plate) "on" another component (such as a layer, film, region, or plate), it will be understood that it can be directly on the other component (such as a layer, film, region, or plate) or the other component (such as a layer, film, region, or plate) can be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, "directly on" may mean that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc. between the layer, film, region, plate, etc. and other components. For example, "directly on" may mean that two layers or two components are arranged without using additional components, such as an adhesive component therebetween.

[0794] In this disclosure, although the terms "first", "second", etc. may be used herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and / or layers, these elements, components, regions, and / or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another.

[0795] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", "one", and "the" are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, when describing embodiments of this disclosure, the use of "may" refers to "one or more embodiments of this disclosure".

[0796] As used herein, the terms "substantially", "about", or similar terms are used as approximate terms rather than terms of degree, and are intended to explain the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, "about" includes the recited value and means within an acceptable deviation range of a particular value as determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art, taking into account the measurements being discussed and the errors associated with the measurement of a particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "about" may mean within one or more standard deviations of the recited value, or within ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the recited value.

[0797] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges having the same numerical precision that are encompassed within the recited range. For example, the range "1.0 to 10.0" is intended to include all sub-ranges between the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0 (and including 1.0 and 10.0), that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limit recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limits encompassed therein and any minimum numerical limit recited in this disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limits encompassed therein. Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to modify this disclosure (including the claims) to expressly recite any sub-ranges that are encompassed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0798] A light-emitting device, a light-emitting apparatus, a display device, an electronic device, an electronic apparatus, or any other related device or component may be implemented using any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Additionally, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), or a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be processes or threads running on one or more processors in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions, and interacting with other system components to perform the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory, which may be implemented using standard memory devices in a computing device, such as, for example, random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer-readable media, such as, for example, a CD ROM or a flash drive, etc. Moreover, those skilled in the art should recognize that, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the functions of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functions of a dedicated computing device may be distributed over one or more other computing devices.

[0799] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered only in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The description of each feature or aspect in an embodiment should generally be considered applicable to one or more other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that one or more suitable changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; a sandwich layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a capping layer, wherein: the sandwich layer includes a hole transport region and an emission layer, the hole transport region is between the first electrode and the emission layer, the hole transport region includes a first layer and a second layer, the first layer is between the first electrode and the second layer, the first layer includes a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, the second layer includes a second hole transport material, the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material is 1.50 eV or greater, the second hole transport material is an amine-containing compound, and the amine-containing compound includes i) an adamantyl group and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, the emission layer emits a first light, the capping layer is in the path of the first light, the capping layer includes a first capping material, and the first capping material satisfies at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3: Condition 1 The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater for light with a wavelength of 633 nm; Condition 2 The first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater for light with a wavelength of 530 nm; and Condition 3 The first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater for light with a wavelength of 450 nm.

2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the amount of the p-dopant is 0.01 part by weight to 10 parts by weight.

3. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the second layer does not include the p-dopant.

4. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material is 2.00 eV to 3.00 eV.

5. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the triplet energy of the p-dopant is 0.05 eV to 0.30 eV.

6. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the singlet energy of the p-dopant is 1.00 eV to 2.50 eV.

7. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the singlet energy of the p-dopant is 0.80 eV to 2.45 eV.

8. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first hole transport material and the second hole transport material are each an amine-containing compound.

9. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies Condition 1, the first light is red light, and the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater for the first light.

10. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies Condition 2, the first light is green light, and the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater for the first light.

11. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies Condition 3, the first light is blue light, and the first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater for the first light.

12. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material is a boron-containing compound.

13. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material is a compound represented by Formula 8: Formula 8 In Formula 8, L 81 to L 83 each independently is a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, a81 to a83 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 5, Ar 81 to Ar 83 each independently is an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, R 10a is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof; each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

14. The light-emitting device according to claim 13, wherein the first capping material is a compound represented by Formula 8-1: Formula 8-1 In Formula 8-1, L 81 to L 83 and a81 to a83 are each the same as described in Formula 8, X 81 to X 83 each independently represents O or S, Y 81 to Y 83 each independently is N or C, Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 each independently is a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group Z 81 to Z 83 each independently is hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 20, Q1 to Q3 are each independently the same as described for Q in Formula 8, and 11 as described, and R 10a Same as described in Formula 8.

15. The light-emitting device according to claim 14, wherein at least one selected from Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 is a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the two or more 6-membered rings are each independently a phenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, or a pyrazinyl group.

16. The light-emitting device according to claim 14, wherein ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 are each independently phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl, and Selected from Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 At least one of them is independently naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl.

17. An electronic device, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. The electronic device according to claim 17, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof.

19. An electronic apparatus, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

20. The electronic apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the electronic apparatus is at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, a tablet phone, a personal digital assistant, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

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