Light emitting device, and electronic device and electronic equipment including the same

Abstract

A light emitting device, and an electronic apparatus and electronic equipment each including the light emitting device are provided. The light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer, in which the intermediate layer includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an emission layer between the first electrode and the emission layer, and a hole transport region comprising a first layer between the first electrode and the second layer and comprising a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and a second layer comprising a second hole transport material, the emission layer being intended to emit first light, and the capping layer is in a traveling path of the first light and contains a boron-containing compound.

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims the priority and benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2024 - 0001551, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on January 4, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical field

[0003] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device, and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device. Background art

[0004] In a light - emitting device, a self - emitting device (e.g., an organic light - emitting device, etc.) has a relatively wide viewing angle, high contrast, short response time, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0005] In a light - emitting device, a first electrode is disposed on a substrate, and a hole - transport region, an emission layer, an electron - transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode in a prescribed order. Holes provided by the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole - transport region, and electrons provided by the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron - transport region. Charge carriers such as holes and electrons recombine in the emission layer to generate excitons. The excitons transition from an excited state and decay to a ground state, thereby generating light (i.e., to display an image). Summary of the invention

[0006] One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device, and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device.

[0007] Other aspects will be partially set forth in the following description and will be partially apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light - emitting device includes:

[0009] A first electrode;

[0010] A second electrode facing the first electrode;

[0011] An intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

[0012] A cover layer,

[0013] wherein the intermediate layer may include a hole - transport region and an emission layer,

[0014] The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer.

[0015] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer.

[0016] The first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer.

[0017] The first layer may contain a first hole transport material and a p-dopant.

[0018] The second layer may contain a second hole transport material.

[0019] The difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater than 1.50 eV.

[0020] The second hole transport material may be an amine compound containing at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0021] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light.

[0022] The cover layer may be in the path of travel of the first light.

[0023] The cover layer may contain a first cover material, and

[0024] The first cover material may satisfy at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0025] Condition 1

[0026] The first cover material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 for light having a wavelength of 633 nanometers (nm).

[0027] Condition 2

[0028] The first cover material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 for light having a wavelength of 530 nm; and

[0029] Condition 3

[0030] The first cover material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 for light having a wavelength of 450 nm.

[0031] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device includes:

[0032] A first electrode;

[0033] A second electrode facing the first electrode;

[0034] An intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

[0035] A covering layer,

[0036] wherein the intermediate layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0037] the hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0038] the hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0039] the first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0040] the first layer may contain a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0041] the second layer may contain a second hole transport material,

[0042] the difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater than 1.50 eV,

[0043] the second hole transport material may be an amine compound containing at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0044] the emission layer may be intended to emit a first light,

[0045] the covering layer may be in the travel path of the first light,

[0046] the covering layer may contain a first covering material, and

[0047] the first covering material may be a compound represented by Formula 3:

[0048] Formula 3

[0049]

[0050] wherein, in Formula 3,

[0051] L 31 to L 33 may each independently be a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*, *-C(R 1a )=*, *=C(R 1a )-*, *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b)-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*'、*-N(R 1a )-*'、*-O-*'、*-P(R 1a )-*'、*-Al(R 1a )-*、*-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*'、*-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', unsubstituted or replaced by at least one R 10a Substituted divalent C5-C 30 A carbocyclic group, either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted divalent C1-C 30 A heterocyclic group, wherein * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom,

[0052] X 311 , X 321 and X 331 may each independently be O, S or Se,

[0053] X 312 , X 322 and X 332 can each independently be N, B or P,

[0054] CY 311 To CY 313 Can be C5-C independently 30 Carbocyclic group or C1-C 30 Heterocyclic groups,

[0055] R 311 To R 313 , R 1a and R 1b can be each independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Alkyl groups, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 Alkenyl groups, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C2-C 60 Alkynyl group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60An alkoxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 An alkylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 A carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 A heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0056] n31 to n33 can each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0057] a311 to a313 can each independently be an integer from 1 to 20,

[0058] R 10a can be:

[0059] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group or a nitro group;

[0060] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C3-C 60 a carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 a heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 an aryloxy group, C6-C 60 an arylthio group, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group or C1-C 60Alkoxy group;

[0061] Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -C(=O)(Q 21 ), -S(=O)2(Q 21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), or any combination thereof substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group or C6-C 60 arylthio group; or

[0062] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ); and

[0063] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 , Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxyl group; cyano group; nitro group; C1-C 60 alkyl group; C2-C 60Alkenyl group; C2-C 60 Alkynyl group; C1-C 60 Alkoxy group; or a C3-C carbon ring group or a C1-C heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, cyano group, C1-C alkyl group, C1-C alkoxy group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, or any combination thereof. 60 Alkyl group; C1-C 60 Alkoxy group; or a C3-C carbon ring group or a C1-C heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, cyano group, C1-C alkyl group, C1-C alkoxy group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, or any combination thereof. 60 Carbon ring group; C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0064] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device includes:

[0065] A first electrode;

[0066] A second electrode facing the first electrode;

[0067] An intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

[0068] A cover layer,

[0069] Wherein the intermediate layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0070] The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0071] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0072] The first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0073] The first layer may contain a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0074] The second layer may contain a second hole transport material,

[0075] The p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1,

[0076] The second hole transport material may be an amine compound containing at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0077] The emission layer may be designed to emit a first light,

[0078] The cover layer may be in the travel path of the first light,

[0079] The cover layer may contain a first cover material, and

[0080] The first cover material may satisfy at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0081] Condition 1

[0082] The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 for light having a wavelength of 633 nm;

[0083] Condition 2

[0084] The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 for light having a wavelength of 530 nm; and

[0085] Condition 3

[0086] The first covering material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 for light having a wavelength of 450 nm,

[0087] Formula 1

[0088]

[0089] wherein, in Formula 1,

[0090] X 11 can be C[(L 11 ) n11 -(R 11 ) a11 or N, X 12 can be C[(L 12 ) n12 -(R 12 ) a12 or N, X 13 can be C[(L 13 ) n13 -(R 13 ) a13 or N, and X 14 can be C[(L 14 ) n14 -(R 14 ) a14 or N,

[0091] Y 11 and Y 12 can each independently be O, S, Se, S=O or S(=O)2,

[0092] Z 11 and Z 12 can each independently be O, S, Se, N(R 15 )、C(R 15 )(R 16 ) or Si(R 15 )(R 16 ),

[0093] L 11 to L14 can each independently be a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent C5-C 30 carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom,

[0094] R 11 to R 16 、R 1a and R 1b can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C60 A heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An aryloxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0095] n11 to n14 can each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0096] a11 to a14 can each independently be an integer from 1 to 20,

[0097] R 10a can be:

[0098] Deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group or a nitro group;

[0099] Each unsubstituted or deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C3-C 60 A carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 A heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 An aryloxy group, C6-C 60 An arylthio group, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 An alkyl group, C2-C 60 An alkenyl group, C2-C 60 An alkynyl group or C1-C 60 An alkoxy group;

[0100] Each unsubstituted or deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 60 An alkyl group, C2-C 60 An alkenyl group, C2-C 60Alkynyl group, C1-C 60 Alkoxy group, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or a C3-C carbocyclic group, C1-C heterocyclic group, C6-C aryloxy group or C6-C arylthio group substituted by any combination thereof; or 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group or C6-C arylthio group; or 60 Arylthio group; or

[0101] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0102] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxyl group; cyano group; nitro group; C1-C 60 alkyl group; C2-C 60 alkenyl group; C2-C 60 alkynyl group; C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or each unsubstituted or deuterium, -F, cyano group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C1-C 60A C3-C carbon ring group or a C1-C heterocyclic group substituted with an alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof. 60 carbon ring group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0103] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device includes:

[0104] A first electrode;

[0105] A second electrode facing the first electrode;

[0106] An intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

[0107] A cover layer,

[0108] Wherein the intermediate layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0109] The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0110] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0111] The first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0112] The first layer may contain a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0113] The second layer may contain a second hole transport material,

[0114] The p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1 herein,

[0115] The second hole transport material may be an amine compound containing at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0116] The emission layer may be designed to emit a first light,

[0117] The cover layer may be in the traveling path of the first light,

[0118] The cover layer may contain a first cover material, and

[0119] The first cover material may be a compound represented by Formula 3 herein.

[0120] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device includes the light-emitting device.

[0121] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic equipment includes the light-emitting device. Description of the Drawings

[0122] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated into and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, are used to explain the principles of the present disclosure. In light of the following description in conjunction with the drawings, the above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent. In the drawings:

[0123] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0124] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0125] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0126] Figure 4 、 Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C each is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0127] Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals throughout the present disclosure refer to like elements and repeated description thereof may be omitted for the sake of brevity. In this regard, the embodiments of the present disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the description set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are described in more detail only by reference to the drawings to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term "and / or" or "or" may include any combination and all combinations of one or more of the related listed items. Throughout the present disclosure, expressions such as "at least one of...", "one of...", and "selected from" when preceding a list of elements modify the entire list of elements and not a single element of the list. For example, "at least one of a, b, and c", "selected from at least one of a, b, and c", "selected from at least one of a to c", etc. may represent only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., simultaneously), all of a, b, and c, or variants thereof. As used herein, " / " may be construed as "and" or "or" depending on the context.

[0128] A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure may include: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a cover layer.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode and the second electrode may be a cathode.

[0130] The intermediate layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer. The hole transport region may be between the first electrode and the emission layer.

[0131] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, and the first layer may be between the first electrode and the second layer. Thus, the light-emitting device may have a structure in which the first electrode, the first layer, the second layer, the emission layer, and the second electrode are stacked in a specified order.

[0132] The first layer may contain a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and the second layer may contain a second hole transport material. The first hole transport material may be a matrix material, and the p-dopant may be doped in the first hole transport material uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the weight (e.g., amount) of the p-dopant may be from about 0.01 part by weight to about 10 parts by weight, from about 0.1 part by weight to about 8 parts by weight, or from about 0.5 part by weight to about 5 parts by weight.

[0134] The second layer may not contain (e.g., may exclude) any p-dopant.

[0135] In one or more embodiments, the second layer may contain (e.g., may be composed of) a second hole transport material.

[0136] The difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material, i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material, can be 1.50 eV or greater than 1.50 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 3.03 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 2.70 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.03 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 2.70 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 3.03 eV, about 2.32 eV to about 2.70 eV, about 2.38 eV to about 3.50 eV, about 2.38 eV to about 3.30 eV, about 2.38 eV to about 3.10 eV, about 2.38 eV to about 3.03 eV, or about 2.38 eV to about 2.70 eV.

[0137] In one or more embodiments, the triplet energy level of the p-dopant can be about 0.05 eV to about 0.30 eV, about 0.10 eV to about 0.27 eV, or about 0.10 eV to about 0.24 eV.

[0138] In one or more embodiments, the singlet energy level of the p-dopant can be about 1.30 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.38 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.38 eV to about 2.29 eV.

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the singlet energy level of the p-dopant (e.g., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the singlet energy level of the p-dopant) can be about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.19 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.19 eV to about 2.12 eV.

[0140] In one or more embodiments, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the p-dopant can be about -7.80 eV to about -6.30 eV, about -7.59 eV to about -6.30 eV, or about -7.59 eV to about -6.78 eV.

[0141] In one or more embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant can be from about -5.90 eV to about -4.70 eV, from about -5.78 eV to about -4.70 eV, or from about -5.78 eV to about -4.88 eV.

[0142] More details regarding the p-dopant are the same as those described herein.

[0143] Each of the first hole transport material and the second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound.

[0144] In one or more embodiments, the first hole transport material and the second hole transport material can be different from each other.

[0145] In one or more embodiments, the first hole transport material can be a diamine-containing compound, and the second hole transport material can be a monoamine-containing compound.

[0146] The second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound including at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted.

[0147] In one or more embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the second hole transport material can be from about -5.30 eV to about -4.60 eV, from about -5.00 eV to about -4.60 eV, from about -5.30 eV to about -4.81 eV, or from about -5.00 eV to about -4.81 eV.

[0148] In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the second hole transport material can be from about -1.40 eV to about -0.50 eV, from about -1.35 eV to about -0.50 eV, from about -1.40 eV to about -0.59 eV, or from about -1.35 eV to about -0.59 eV.

[0149] The first hole transport material can be selected from the compounds (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 201, the compound represented by Formula 202, etc.) that can be included in the hole transport region as described herein.

[0150] More details regarding the second hole transport material can be the same as those described herein.

[0151] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer can further include an electron transport region. The electron transport region can be between the second electrode and the emission layer.

[0152] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0153] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light, and the cover layer may be disposed in a path of the first light. The first light may have a first emission spectrum, and the first emission spectrum may have an emission peak wavelength (maximum emission wavelength), etc.

[0154] The cover layer may be disposed in a path where the first light travels and exits to the outside of the light-emitting device, thereby increasing the external extraction rate of the first light.

[0155] In one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the cover layer may be disposed outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode).

[0156] In one or more embodiments, the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the cover layer may be disposed outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode).

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the first light may be red light, green light, or blue light.

[0158] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength (or maximum emission wavelength) of the first light may be from about 610 nm to about 680 nm.

[0159] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be from about 500 nm to about 590 nm.

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be from about 400 nm to about 590 nm.

[0161] The cover layer may include a first cover material, and the first cover material may satisfy at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0162] Condition 1

[0163] The first cover material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 (e.g., from about 1.70 to about 2.00, or from about 1.80 to about 1.90) for light having a wavelength of 633 nm;

[0164] Condition 2

[0165] The first cover material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 (e.g., from about 1.90 to about 2.10, or from about 1.05 to about 2.05) for light having a wavelength of 530 nm; and

[0166] Condition 3

[0167] The first covering material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 (e.g., from about 2.10 to about 2.35, or from about 2.20 to about 2.30) for light having a wavelength of 450 nm.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, the first covering material may satisfy all of Condition 1 to Condition 3.

[0169] In one or more embodiments, the first covering material may satisfy Condition 1, the first light may be red light, and the first covering material may have a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 (e.g., from about 1.70 to about 2.00, or from about 1.80 to about 1.90) for the first light.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, the first covering material may satisfy Condition 2, the first light may be green light, and the first covering material may have a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 (e.g., from about 1.90 to about 2.10, or from about 1.05 to about 2.05) for the first light.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, the first covering material may satisfy Condition 3, the first light may be blue light, and the first covering material may have a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 (e.g., from about 2.10 to about 2.35, or from about 2.20 to about 2.30) for the first light.

[0172] The refractive index of the first covering material can be evaluated by actually measuring the refractive index of a film containing (e.g., composed of) the first covering material (e.g., see Evaluation Example 2).

[0173] The first covering material may be a boron-containing compound.

[0174] In one or more embodiments, the first covering material may contain a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a naphthoxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, or a phenoxazole group.

[0175] More details about the first covering material may be the same as those described herein.

[0176] The covering layer of the light-emitting device may be disposed outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and / or outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode).

[0177] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first cover layer disposed outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and a second cover layer disposed outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode), wherein at least one of the first cover layer and the second cover layer may include the first cover material described herein.

[0178] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0179] A first cover layer disposed outside the first electrode (e.g., on the first electrode) and including the first cover material described herein;

[0180] A second cover layer disposed outside the second electrode (e.g., on the second electrode) and including the first cover material described herein; or

[0181] The first cover layer and the second cover layer.

[0182] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a third cover layer, and the third cover layer may include a compound different from the first cover material described herein. The third cover layer may be in the traveling path of the first light emitted by the emission layer.

[0183] In one or more embodiments, the third cover layer may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or greater than 1.6 (e.g., at 589 nm).

[0184] In one or more embodiments, the third cover layer may be an organic cover layer including an organic material, an inorganic cover layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite cover layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0185] In one or more embodiments, the third cover layer may include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, a compound including an amine group, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the compound including an amine group may each be optionally substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0186] In one or more embodiments, the third cover layer may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0187] In one or more embodiments, the third cover layer may comprise: at least one selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 described herein; at least one selected from Compounds CP1 to CP6; β-NPB; or any combination thereof.

[0188]

[0189] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may have:

[0190] i) A structure in which the first electrode, the intermediate layer, the second electrode, and the second cover layer (including the first cover material described herein) are sequentially stacked in a prescribed order;

[0191] ii) A structure in which the first electrode, the intermediate layer, the second electrode, the third cover layer (including a compound different from the first cover material described herein), and the second cover layer (including the first cover material described herein) are sequentially stacked in a prescribed order; or

[0192] iii) A structure in which the first electrode, the intermediate layer, the second electrode, the second cover layer (including the first cover material described herein), and the third cover layer (including a compound different from the first cover material described herein) are sequentially stacked in a prescribed order.

[0193] In this regard, the first light emitted from the emission layer included in the intermediate layer may pass through the second electrode and then through the second cover layer (or the second cover layer and the third cover layer) and be led to the outside of the light-emitting device, and the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode.

[0194] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater than 1.50 eV, 2) the second hole transport material may be an amine compound containing at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device may include a cover layer containing a first cover material satisfying at least one of Conditions 1 to 3. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may have characteristics of a low driving voltage, a high luminous efficiency, and a long service life.

[0195] The HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, singlet energy level, triplet energy level, and ΔE described herein ST The energy level difference can be evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations (e.g., see Evaluation Example 1).

[0196] As used herein, the phrase “(the intermediate layer and / or the cover layer) contains a p-dopant, a second hole transport material, and / or a first cover material” can be understood as “(the intermediate layer and / or the cover layer) may contain one of the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and the first cover material represented by Formula 1, Formula 2, and Formula 3, respectively, or two or more different types of the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and the first cover material represented by Formula 1, Formula 2, and Formula 3, respectively”.

[0197] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer and / or the cover layer may contain only Compound CG1 as the p-dopant. In this regard, Compound CG1 may be present in the hole transport region of the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer and / or the cover layer may contain Compound CG1 and Compound CG2 as the p-dopants. In this regard, Compound CG1 and Compound CG2 may be present in the same layer (e.g., both Compound CG1 and Compound CG2 (e.g., simultaneously) may be present in the hole transport region), or may be present in different layers (e.g., Compound CG1 may be present in the hole transport region, and Compound CG2 may be present in the cover layer).

[0198] As used herein, the term “intermediate layer” refers to a single layer and / or multiple layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0199] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device may include a light-emitting device. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof. More details regarding the electronic device may be the same as those described herein.

[0200] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device may include a light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light or an outdoor light and / or a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display or a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display or an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater screen or a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard. More details about the electronic device may be the same as those described herein.

[0201] Description of the formula

[0202] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be represented by Formula 1:

[0203] Formula 1

[0204]

[0205] wherein, in Formula 1, X 11 may be C[(L 11 ) n11 -(R 11 ) a11 or N, X 12 may be C[(L 12 ) n12 -(R 12 ) a12 or N, X 13 may be C[(L 13 ) n13 -(R 13 ) a13 or N, and X 14 may be C[(L 14 ) n14 -(R 14 ) a14 or N.

[0206] In one or more embodiments, X 12 may be C[(L 12 ) n12 -(R 12 ) a12 , and X 14 may be C[(L 14 ) n14-(R 14 ) a14 。

[0207] In formula (1), Y 11 and Y 12 can each independently be O, S, Se, S═O or S(═O)₂.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, Y 11 and Y 12 can each independently be O or S.

[0209] In one or more embodiments, X 11 and X 13 can each be N, and Y 11 and Y 12 can each be O, or

[0210] X 11 can be C[(L 11 ) n11 -(R 11 ) a11 , X 13 can be C[(L 13 ) n13 -(R 13 ) a13 , and Y 11 and Y 12 can each be S.

[0211] In one or more embodiments, i) X 12 can be C[(L 12 ) n12 -(R 12 ) a12 , and X 14 can be C[(L 14 ) n14 -(R 14 ) a14 , and

[0212] ii) X 11 and X 13 can each be N, and Y 11 and Y 12 can each be O, or X 11 can be C[(L 11 ) n11 -(R 11 ) a11 , X 13 can be C[(L 13 ) n13 -(R 13 )a13 , and Y 11 and Y 12 may each be S.

[0213] In formula 1, Z 11 and Z 12 may each independently be O, S, Se, N(R 15 ), C(R 15 )(R 16 ) or Si(R 15 )(R 16 ).

[0214] In one or more embodiments, Z 11 and Z 12 may each independently be C(R 15 )(R 16 ).

[0215] In formula 1, L 11 to L 14 may each independently be a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*',

[0216] *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C5-C 30 carbocyclic group, or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0217] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0218] In Formula 1, n11 to n14 respectively represent the number of L 11 to the number of L 14 , and can each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. If n11 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when n11 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 11 can be the same as or different from each other. If n12 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when n12 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 12 can be the same as or different from each other. If n13 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when n13 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 13 can be the same as or different from each other, and if n14 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when n14 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 14 can be the same as or different from each other.

[0219] In Formula 1, R 1a and R 1b can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0220] R 10aAnd Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0221] In one or more embodiments, R 1a and R 1b can each independently be:

[0222] Hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0223] Each independently being deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0224] Each independently unsubstituted or being deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[a]phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, Groups such as radical groups, pyrrolyl groups, thienyl groups, furyl groups, imidazolyl groups, pyrazolyl groups, thiazolyl groups, isothiazolyl groups, oxazolyl groups, isoxazolyl groups, pyridyl groups, pyrazinyl groups, pyrimidinyl groups, pyridazinyl groups, isoindolyl groups, indolyl groups, indazolyl groups, purinyl groups, quinolinyl groups, isoquinolinyl groups, benzoquinolinyl groups, quinoxalinyl groups, quinazolinyl groups, cinnolinyl groups, carbazolyl groups, phenanthrolinyl groups, benzimidazolyl groups, benzofuryl groups, benzothienyl groups, benzothiazolyl groups, benzoisoxazolyl groups, triazolyl groups, tetrazolyl groups, oxadiazolyl groups, triazinyl groups, dibenzofuryl groups, dibenzothienyl groups, benzocarbazolyl groups, dibenzocarbazolyl groups, imidazopyridyl groups, imidazopyrimidinyl groups, -O(Q 31 )、-S(Q 31 )、-Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-P(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 )、-P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[a]phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a radical group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuryl group, an azadibenzothienyl group, an azafuryl group or an azadibenzosilolyl group; or

[0225] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0226] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0227] In one or more embodiments, L 11 to L 14 can each independently be: a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b)-*'、*-C(=O)-*'、*-C(=S)-*'、*-C≡C-*'、*-B(R 1a )-*'、*-N(R 1a )-*'、*-O-*'、*-P(R 1a )-*'、*-Al(R 1a )-*、*-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*'、*-P(=O)(R 1a )-*'、*-S-*'、*-S(=O)-*'、*-S(=O)2-*' or *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*';

[0228] A phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluoreneylene group, an phenanthrylene group, an anthrylene group, a benzophenanthrylene group, a pyrylene group, a yl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a triazinone group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group or a dibenzothienyl group; or

[0229] Each unsubstituted or deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or its salt, a sulfonic acid group or its salt, a phosphoric acid group or its salt, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorene group, a spiro-fluorene group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzophenanthryl group, a pyryl group, A phenyl group, a perylene group, a pentaphenyl group, a sexiphenyl group, a quinquephenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group or a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and at least one of the substituted phenylene group, naphthylene group, fluorene group, phenanthrene group, anthracene group, benzophenanthrene group, pyrene group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a triazinone group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group or a dibenzothienyl group.

[0230] In Formula 1, R 11 to R 16 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10aSubstituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0231] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0232] In Formula 1, a11 to a14 each represent the number of R 11 to the number of R 14 and can each independently be an integer from 1 to 20. If a11 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a11 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 11 can be the same as or different from each other, if a12 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a12 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 12 can be the same as or different from each other, if a13 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a13 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 13 can be the same as or different from each other, and if a14 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a14 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 14 can be the same as or different from each other.

[0233] In one or more embodiments, R 11 to R 16 can each independently be:

[0234] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0235] each substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 10 alkyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, naphthyl group, pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C20 an alkoxy group;

[0236] each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 an alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[a]phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, yl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, -O(Q 31 )、-S(Q 31 )、-Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-P(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 )、-P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof-substituted cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10an alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothienyl group, benzisothiazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, azacarbazolyl group, azadibenzofuryl group, azadibenzothienyl group, azafuryl group or azadibenzosilolyl group; or

[0237] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0238] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof, a carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group. 60 In one or more embodiments, Formula 1 can include at least one electron-withdrawing group.

[0239] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group can be:

[0240] -F or a cyano group; or

[0241] ​

[0242] C1-C alkyl groups, C1-C alkoxy groups or C1-C aryl groups, each substituted with -F, a cyano group or any combination thereof. 60 alkyl groups, C1-C 60 alkoxy groups or C1-C 60 aryl groups.

[0243] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group can be:

[0244] -F or a cyano group; or

[0245] C1-C alkyl groups, C1-C alkoxy groups or phenyl groups, each substituted with -F, a cyano group or any combination thereof. 10 alkyl groups, C1-C 10 alkoxy groups or phenyl groups.

[0246] In one or more embodiments, the second hole transport material can be represented by Formula 2:

[0247] Formula 2

[0248]

[0249] wherein, in Formula 2, L 21 to L 23 can each independently be a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*, *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C5-C 30 carbocyclic group, or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0250] R 10a Is the same as described herein.

[0251] In Formula 2, R 1a and R 1b can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0252] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0253] In Formula 2, n21 to n23 respectively represent the number of L 21 to the number of L 23 and can each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. If n21 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n21 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 21 can be the same as or different from each other. If n22 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n22 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 22 can be the same as or different from each other, and if n23 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n23 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L23 may be the same as or different from each other.

[0254] In one or more embodiments, R 1a and R 1b may each independently be:

[0255] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0256] each independently substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof of a C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0257] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group, a C1-C 20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[a]phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, Groups such as radical groups, pyrrolyl groups, thienyl groups, furyl groups, imidazolyl groups, pyrazolyl groups, thiazolyl groups, isothiazolyl groups, oxazolyl groups, isoxazolyl groups, pyridyl groups, pyrazinyl groups, pyrimidinyl groups, pyridazinyl groups, isoindolyl groups, indolyl groups, indazolyl groups, purinyl groups, quinolinyl groups, isoquinolinyl groups, benzoquinolinyl groups, quinoxalinyl groups, quinazolinyl groups, cinnolinyl groups, carbazolyl groups, phenanthrolinyl groups, benzimidazolyl groups, benzofuryl groups, benzothienyl groups, benzothiazolyl groups, benzoisoxazolyl groups, triazolyl groups, tetrazolyl groups, oxadiazolyl groups, triazinyl groups, dibenzofuryl groups, dibenzothienyl groups, benzocarbazolyl groups, dibenzocarbazolyl groups, imidazopyridinyl groups, imidazopyrimidinyl groups, -O(Q 31 )、-S(Q 31 )、-Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-P(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 )、-P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof, substituted cyclopentyl groups, cyclohexyl groups, cycloheptyl groups, cyclooctyl groups, adamantyl groups, norbornyl groups, norbornenyl groups, cyclopentenyl groups, cyclohexenyl groups, cycloheptenyl groups, phenyl groups, biphenyl groups, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, fluorenyl groups, phenanthryl groups, anthryl groups, fluoranthenyl groups, benzo[a]phenanthryl groups, pyrenyl groups, a radical group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, aza-carbazolyl group, aza-dibenzofuryl group, aza-dibenzothienyl group, aza-fluorenyl group or aza-dibenzosilolyl group; or

[0258] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0259] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof, which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0260] In one or more embodiments, L 21 to L 23 can each independently be: a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b)-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', or *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom, and R 1a and R 1b are each the same as described herein;

[0261] A phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenanthrylene group, an anthrylene group, a benzo[ghi]phenanthrylene group, a pyrenylene group, a ylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an indolylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a triazinone group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group or a dibenzothiophenyl group; or

[0262] Each is unsubstituted or is deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a carboxylic acid group or its salt, a sulfonic acid group or its salt, a phosphoric acid group or its salt, a C1-C 20 alkyl group, a C1-C 20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-fluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[ghi]phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, A phenyl group, a perylene group, a pentaphenyl group, a sexiphenyl group, a quinquephenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group or a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and at least one of the substituted phenylene group, naphthylene group, fluorenylene group, phenanthrylene group, anthrylene group, benzophenanthrylene group, pyrylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thienylene group, a furylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an indolylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a benzofurylene group, a benzothienylene group, a triazinone group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofurylene group or a dibenzothienylene group.

[0263] In Formula 2, R 21 to R 23 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10aSubstituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0264] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0265] In Formula 2, a21 to a23 respectively represent the number of R 21 to the number of R 23 and can each independently be an integer from 1 to 20. If a21 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a21 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 21 can be the same as or different from each other, if a22 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a22 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 22 can be the same as or different from each other, and if a23 is 2 or greater (e.g., when a23 is 2 or greater), two or more of the R 23 can be the same as or different from each other.

[0266] In one or more embodiments, R 21 to R 23 can each independently be:

[0267] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0268] each substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 10 alkyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, naphthyl group, pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0269] Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 alkoxy group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothienyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, -O(Q 31 ), -S(Q 31 ), -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -P(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof-substituted cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, a radical group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuryl group, an azadibenzothienyl group, an azafuryl group or an azadibenzosilolyl group; or

[0270] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0271] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C 60 which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof, a carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0272] In formula 2, at least one R 21 and at least one R 22 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 10 cycloalkyl group.

[0273] In one or more embodiments, in formula 2, at least one R 21 and at least one R 22may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted adamantyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted cyclohexyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted bicycloheptyl group, or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted bicyclooctyl group.

[0274] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0275] In formula 2, at least one R 23 may be a group represented by formula 2A:

[0276] Formula 2A

[0277]

[0278] wherein, in formula 2A, Y 21 may be O, S, Se, N(R 221 ), C(R 221 )(R 222 ) or Si(R 221 )(R 222 ).

[0279] In one or more embodiments, Y 21 may be N(R 221 ) or C(R 221 )(R 222 ).

[0280] In formula 2A, R 211 , R 212 , R 221 and R 222 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60A carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 A heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0281] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0282] In Formula 2A, a211 represents the number of R 211 and can be an integer from 1 to 3, and a212 represents the number of R 212 and can be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0283] In one or more embodiments, R 211 、R 212 、R 221 and R 222 can each independently be:

[0284] Hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0285] Each independently substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof, substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0286] Each independently unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20Alkyl group, C1-C 20 Alkoxy group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzo[a]phenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridinyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, -O(Q 31 ), -S(Q 31 ), -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -P(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof-substituted cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzo[a]phenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, a radical group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, aza-carbazolyl group, aza-dibenzofuryl group, aza-dibenzothienyl group, aza-fluorenyl group or aza-dibenzosilolyl group; or

[0287] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0288] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0289] In Formula 2A, * represents the binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0290] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material can be represented by Formula 3:

[0291] Formula 3

[0292]

[0293] wherein, in Formula 3, L 31 to L33 may each independently be a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a a divalent C5-C 30 carbocyclic group, or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a a divalent C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0294] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0295] In Formula 3, n31 to n33 respectively represent the number of L 31 to the number of L 33 and may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. If n31 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n31 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 31 may be the same as or different from each other. If n32 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n32 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 32 may be the same as or different from each other, and if n33 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when n33 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more L 33 may be the same as or different from each other.

[0296] In Formula 3, R 1a and R 1b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a a C1-C60 an alkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 an alkenyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 an alkynyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 an alkoxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 an alkylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 a carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 a heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 an aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 an arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0297] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0298] In one or more embodiments, R 1a and R 1b can each independently be:

[0299] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0300] each substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group or C1-C 20Alkoxy group;

[0301] Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 alkoxy group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, -O(Q 31 ), -S(Q 31 ), -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -P(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof substituted cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10an alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, a radical group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothienyl group, benzisothiazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, azacarbazolyl group, azadibenzofuryl group, azadibenzothienyl group, azafuorenyl group or azadibenzosilolyl group; or

[0302] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0303] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C 60 carbon ring group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof.

[0304] In one or more embodiments, L 31 to L 33 can each independently be: a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a)-*'、*-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*'、*-N(R 1a )-*'、*-O-*'、*-P(R 1a )-*'、*-Al(R 1a )-*、*-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*'、*-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', or *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', * and *' each represent a binding site with an adjacent atom, and R 1a and R 1b Each is the same as described herein;

[0305] Phenylene group, naphthylene group, fluorenylene group, phenanthrenyl group, anthracenylene group, triphenylene group, pyrenylene group, or

[0306] each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C 20 Alkyl groups, C1-C 20 an alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, A phenyl group, a perylene group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexaphenyl group, a quaterphenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group or a dibenzocarbazolyl group; a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenanthrylene group, an anthrylene group, a benzo[a]phenanthrylene group, a pyrenylene group, a ylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thienylene group, a furylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an indolylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a benzofurylene group, a benzothienylene group, a triazinonylene group, a tetrazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofurylene group or a dibenzothienylene group, which is substituted with at least one of the above groups. ylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thienylene group, a furylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an indolylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a benzofurylene group, a benzothienylene group, a triazinonylene group, a tetrazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofurylene group or a dibenzothienylene group.

[0307] In Formula 3, X 311 、X 321 and X 331 may each independently be O, S or Se, and

[0308] X 312 、X 322 and X 332 may each independently be N, C(R 1a ), B or P. R 1a is the same as that described herein.

[0309] In one or more embodiments, X 312 、X 322 and X 332 may each be N or C(R 1a ).

[0310] In one or more embodiments, X 312 、X 322 and X 332 may each be N.

[0311] In Formula 3, CY 311 to CY313 may each independently be a C5-C 30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 30 heterocyclic group.

[0312] In one or more embodiments, CY 311 to CY 313 may each independently be:

[0313] a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a benzo[a]pyrene group, a pyrene group, a group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a dibenzooxasilin group, a dibenzothiasilin group, a dibenzodihydroazasilin group, a dibenzodihydrodisilin group, a dibenzodihydroasilin group, a dibenzo-1,4-dioxin group, a dibenzooxathiine group, a dibenzooxazine group, a dibenzopyran group, a dibenzodithiin group, a dibenzothiazine group, a dibenzothiopyran group, a dibenzo-1,4-cyclohexadiene group, a dibenzodihydropyridine group or a dibenzodihydropyrazine group.

[0314] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from ring CY 311 to ring CY 313 may each independently be a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, wherein the 6-membered ring may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group or a pyrazine group.

[0315] In one or more embodiments, ring CY 311 to ring CY 313 may each independently be: a 6-membered ring; or a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, wherein the 6-membered ring may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group or a pyrazine group.

[0316] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from Ring CY 311 to Ring CY 313 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group or a phenanthroline group.

[0317] In one or more embodiments, Ring CY 311 to Ring CY 313 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group or a phenanthroline group, wherein at least one selected from Ring CY 311 to Ring CY 313 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group or a phenanthroline group.

[0318] In Formula 3, R 311 to R 313 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2).

[0319] R 10a and Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein.

[0320] In Formula 3, a311 to a313 respectively represent the number of R 311 to the number of R 313 and can each independently be an integer from 1 to 20. If a311 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when a311 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more R 311 can be the same or different from each other. If a312 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when a312 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more R 312 can be the same or different from each other, and if a313 is 2 or greater than 2 (for example, when a313 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more R 313 can be the same or different from each other.

[0321] In one or more embodiments, R 311 to R 313 can each independently be:

[0322] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0323] each independently substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group or any combination thereof of a C1-C 20 alkyl group or a C1-C 20 alkoxy group;

[0324] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group, a C1-C 20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, (a C1-C 10alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, isoindolyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuryl group, benzothienyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzisoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuryl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, dibenzocarbazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, -O(Q 31 )、-S(Q 31 )、-Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-P(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 )、-P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or a cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group, norbornenyl group, cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, phenyl group, biphenyl group, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, a radical group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuryl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuryl group, an azadibenzothienyl group, an azafuryl group or an azadibenzosilolyl group; or

[0325] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), and

[0326] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof.

[0327] In one or more embodiments, in Formulas 1 to 3, R 11 to R 16 、R 21 to R 23 、R 311 to R 313 、R 1a 、R 1b and R 10acan each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a nitro group, -CH3, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a group represented by one of Formulas 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one of Formulas 10-1 to 10-246, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2) (where Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein):

[0328]

[0329]

[0330]

[0331]

[0332]

[0333]

[0334]

[0335] wherein, in Formulas 9-1 to 9-19 and Formulas 10-1 to 10-246, * represents the binding site to an adjacent atom, "Ph" represents a phenyl group, "D" represents deuterium, and "TMS" represents a trimethylsilyl group.

[0336] Unless otherwise defined, R in Formulas 1 to 3 10a can be:

[0337] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group or a nitro group;

[0338] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C3-C 60 a carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 a heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 an aryloxy group, C6-C 60 an arylthio group, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or a C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group or C1-C 60 alkoxy group;

[0339] Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -C(=O)(Q 21 ), -S(=O)2(Q 21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group or C6-C 60 arylthio group; or

[0340] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ).

[0341] Unless otherwise defined, Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13, Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof-substituted 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0342] Examples of the compound

[0343] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be selected from Compound CG1 to Compound CG5:

[0344]

[0345] In one or more embodiments, the second hole transport material may be selected from Compound HTL1 to Compound HTL7:

[0346]

[0347] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may be selected from Compound CPL1 to Compound CPL4:

[0348]

[0349] By referring to the synthesis examples and / or examples provided herein, those of ordinary skill in the art can recognize the synthesis methods of the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and / or the first capping material.

[0350] Figure 1 description of

[0351] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, an intermediate layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0352] Hereinafter, with reference to Figure 1 the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail.

[0353] The first electrode 110

[0354] In Figure 1 , in one or more embodiments, a substrate may additionally be provided and disposed under the first electrode 110 and / or on the second electrode 150. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include a plastic having excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0355] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that promotes hole injection.

[0356] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive reflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, if the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode (e.g., when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode), the material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a reflective electrode (e.g., when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a reflective electrode), the material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0357] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., composed of a single layer) or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. In one or more embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0358] The intermediate layer 130

[0359] The intermediate layer 130 is disposed on the first electrode 110. The intermediate layer 130 includes an emission layer.

[0360] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer 130 may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0361] In one or more embodiments, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the intermediate layer 130 may further include a metal-containing compound (e.g., an organometallic compound), an inorganic material (e.g., quantum dots), etc.

[0362] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer 130 may include: i) two or more emission units stacked in sequence between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer disposed between the two or more emission units. When the intermediate layer 130 includes two or more emission units and a charge generation layer, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0363] The hole transport region in the intermediate layer 130

[0364] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure, which includes (e.g., consists of): a single layer containing a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure, which includes (e.g., consists of): a single layer containing a plurality of different materials from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure, which includes a plurality of layers containing a plurality of different materials from each other.

[0365] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0366] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure, including a hole injection layer / hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole injection layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, or a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / electron blocking layer structure, wherein the constituent layers of each structure are stacked in sequence from the first electrode 110.

[0367] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may contain a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

[0368] Formula 201

[0369]

[0370] Wherein, in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

[0371] L 201 to L 204 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C60 Heterocyclic group

[0372] L 205 may be *-O-*', *-S-*', *-N(Q 201 )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 20 alkenylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom

[0373] xa1 to xa4 can each independently be an integer from 0 to 5

[0374] xa5 can be an integer from 1 to 10

[0375] R 201 to R 204 and Q 201 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group

[0376] R 201 and R 202 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene group to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group (e.g., carbazole group, etc.) (e.g., compound HT16, etc.)

[0377] R 203 and R 204 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene group to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60Polycyclic groups, and

[0378] na1 can be an integer from 1 to 4. R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 can comprise at least one group selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217:

[0380]

[0381] wherein, in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217, R 10b and R 10c are each independently the same as described herein for R 10a , ring CY 201 to ring CY 204 can each independently be a C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 can be unsubstituted or substituted by R 10a described herein.

[0382] In one or more embodiments, in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217, ring CY 201 to ring CY 204 can each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group or an anthracene group.

[0383] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 can comprise at least one group selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0384] In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 can comprise at least one group selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203 and at least one group selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0385] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 can be 1, R 201 can be a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, xa2 can be 0, and R 202 can be a group represented by one selected from Formula CY204 to Formula CY207.

[0386] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 can not comprise (e.g., can exclude) any of the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0387] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not contain (e.g., may exclude) any of the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, and may contain at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0388] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not contain (e.g., may exclude) any of the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217.

[0389] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may contain: one selected from Compound HT1 to Compound HT46; 4,4',4''-[tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA); 4,4',4''-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA); 4,4',4''-tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA); N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB (NPD)); β-NPB; N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD); spiro-TPD; spiro-NPB; methylated-NPB; 4,4'-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline] (TAPC); 4,4'-bis[N,N'-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD); 4,4',4''-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA); poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS); polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA); polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS); or any combination thereof:

[0390]

[0391]

[0392]

[0393]

[0394]

[0395] The thickness of the hole transport region may be from about 50 angstroms to about For example, about to about Within a range. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the hole injection layer can be about to about For example, about to about and the thickness of the hole transport layer can be about to about For example, about to about When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within their respective ranges described above, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without a significant increase in the driving voltage.

[0396] The emission assisting layer can increase the light emission efficiency by compensating for the optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. The materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be included in the emission assisting layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0397] p-dopant

[0398] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the materials described above, the hole transport region can further include a charge generation material for improving the conduction property. The charge generation material can be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (e.g., in the form of a single layer containing the charge generation material (e.g., composed of a group of charge generation materials)).

[0399] The charge generation material can be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0400] In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the p-dopant can be -3.5 eV or less than -3.5 eV.

[0401] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant can include a quinone derivative, a compound containing a cyano group, a compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0402] Non-limiting examples of the quinone derivative can include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), etc.

[0403] Non-limiting examples of the compound containing a cyano group can include dipyrazino[2,3-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), the compound represented by Formula 221, etc.:

[0404]

[0405] Formula 221

[0406]

[0407] Wherein, in Formula 221,

[0408] R 221 to R 223 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, R 10a being the same as described herein, and

[0409] at least one selected from R 221 to R 223 may each independently be: each being a cyano group; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a C1-C 20 alkyl group substituted by a cyano group, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I or any combination thereof; or a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group substituted by any combination thereof.

[0410] In a compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0411] Non-limiting examples of metals can include: alkali metals (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); alkaline earth metals (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); transition metals (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); post-transition metals (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); lanthanide metals (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.); and so on.

[0412] Non-limiting examples of metalloids can include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), etc.

[0413] Non-limiting examples of non-metals can include oxygen (O), halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, etc.), and so on.

[0414] Non-limiting examples of compounds containing element EL1 and element EL2 can include metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides, metal iodides, etc.), metalloid halides (e.g., metalloid fluorides, metalloid chlorides, metalloid bromides, metalloid iodides, etc.), metal tellurides, or any combination thereof.

[0415] Non-limiting examples of metal oxides can include tungsten oxides (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxides (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxides (e.g., MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.), rhenium oxides (e.g., ReO3, etc.), and so on.

[0416] Non-limiting examples of metal halides can include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, lanthanide metal halides, etc.

[0417] Non-limiting examples of alkali metal halides can include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, etc.

[0418] Non-limiting examples of alkaline earth metal halides can include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, BaI2, etc.

[0419] Non-limiting examples of transition metal halides can include titanium halides (e.g., TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, etc.), tantalum halides (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, TaI3, etc.), chromium halides (e.g., CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, ReI2, etc.), iron halides (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, etc.), nickel halides (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), palladium halides (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), platinum halides (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), copper(I) halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.), and the like.

[0420] Non-limiting examples of post-transition metal halides can include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI3, etc.), tin halides (e.g., SnI2, etc.), and the like.

[0421] Non-limiting examples of lanthanide metal halides can include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, SmI3, etc.

[0422] Non-limiting examples of metalloid halides can include antimony halides (e.g., SbCl5, etc.).

[0423] Non-limiting examples of metal tellurides can include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, etc.), lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.), etc.

[0424] The emission layer in the intermediate layer 130

[0425] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, according to the sub-pixels, the emission layer can be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, wherein the two or more layers are in contact with each other or separated from each other to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can contain two or more materials selected from materials that emit red light, materials that emit green light, and materials that emit blue light, wherein the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).

[0426] The emission layer can contain a host and a dopant. The dopant can include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0427] Based on 100 parts by weight of the host, the amount of the dopant in the emission layer can be about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0428] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may comprise quantum dots.

[0429] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may comprise a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emissive layer.

[0430] The thickness of the emissive layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the emissive layer is within the range described above, excellent or suitable light-emitting characteristics can be obtained without a significant increase in the driving voltage.

[0431] Host

[0432] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[0433] Formula 301

[0434] [Ar 301 xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 xb21 ,

[0435] wherein, in Formula 301,

[0436] Ar 301 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, L 301 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0437] xb11 may be 1, 2 or 3,

[0438] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

[0439] R 301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 ​​An alkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 An alkenyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 An alkynyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 An alkoxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 A carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 A heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 301 )(Q 302 )(Q 303 )、-N(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-B(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-C(=O)(Q 301 )、-S(=O)2(Q 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 )(Q 302 ),

[0440] xb21 can be an integer from 1 to 5, R 10a is the same as described herein, and

[0441] Q 301 to Q 303 are each independently the same as described for Q1.

[0442] In one or more embodiments, if xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more of the Ar 301 can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0443] In one or more embodiments, the host can include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

[0444] Formula 301-1

[0445]

[0446] Formula 301-2

[0447]

[0448] wherein, in Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

[0449] Ring A 301 to Ring A 304 may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, R 10a being the same as described herein,

[0450] X 301 may be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 , C(R 304 )(R 305 ) or Si(R 304 )(R 305 ),

[0451] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1 or 2,

[0452] L 301 , xb1 and R 301 each being the same as described herein,

[0453] L 302 to L 304 may each independently be the same as described herein for L 301 described,

[0454] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described herein for xb1, and

[0455] R 302 to R 305 and R 311 to R 314 each independently being the same as described herein for R 301 described.

[0456] In one or more embodiments, the host may comprise an alkaline earth metal complex, a late transition metal complex or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the host may comprise a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex or any combination thereof.

[0457] In one or more embodiments, the host may include: selected from Compound H1 to Compound H128; 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN); 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tris(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP); or any combination thereof:

[0458]

[0459]

[0460]

[0461]

[0462]

[0463]

[0464] Phosphorescent dopant

[0465] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as the central metal.

[0466] The phosphorescent dopant may include monodentate ligands, bidentate ligands, tridentate ligands, tetradentate ligands, pentadentate ligands, hexadentate ligands, or any combination thereof.

[0467] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0468] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

[0469] Formula 401

[0470] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0471] Formula 402

[0472]

[0473] wherein, in Formula 401 and Formula 402,

[0474] M can be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),

[0475] L 401 can be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 can be 1, 2, or 3, where if xc1 is 2 or greater (e.g., when xc1 is 2 or greater), two or more L 401 can be the same as or different from each other,

[0476] L 402 can be an organic ligand, and xc2 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where if xc2 is 2 or greater (e.g., when xc2 is 2 or greater), two or more L 402 can be the same as or different from each other,

[0477] X 401 and X 402 can each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0478] Ring A 401 and Ring A 402 can each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0479] T 401 can be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q 411 )-*',

[0480] *-C(Q 411 )(Q 412 )-*', *-C(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )-*', *-C(Q 411 )=*' or *=C=*', where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom,

[0481] X 403 and X 404 can each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q 413 ), B(Q 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 )(Q 414 ) or Si(Q 413 )(Q 414 ),

[0482] Q 411 to Q 414 each independently is the same as described herein for Q1,

[0483] R 401 and R 402 can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 401 )(Q 402 )(Q 403 )、-N(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-B(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-C(=O)(Q 401 )、-S(=O)2(Q 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 )(Q 402 ),

[0484] Q 401 to Q 403 each independently is the same as described herein for Q1,

[0485] xc11 and xc12 can each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

[0486] * and *' in Formula 402 each represent a binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0487] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X 401 can be nitrogen and X 402 can be carbon, or ii) each of X 401 and X 402 can be nitrogen.

[0488] In one or more embodiments, if xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more of the two ring A 401 s in L 401 can optionally be connected via T as a linking group402 are connected to each other, and / or two or more Ls 401 two rings A in 402 may optionally be connected to each other via T as a linking group 403 (see Compound PD1 to Compound PD4 and Compound PD7). T 402 and T 403 are each independently the same as described herein for T 401 described.

[0489] In Formula 401, L 402 may be an organic ligand. In one or more embodiments, L 402 may include a halogen, a diketone group (e.g., an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., a picolinate group), -C(=O), an isonitrile group, -CN, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.) or any combination thereof.

[0490] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one selected from Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:

[0491]

[0492]

[0493]

[0494] Fluorescent dopant

[0495] The fluorescent dopant may include a compound containing an amine group, a compound containing a styryl group or any combination thereof.

[0496] In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

[0497] Formula 501

[0498]

[0499] wherein, in Formula 501,

[0500] Ar 501 , R 501 and R 502 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, L 501 to L503 may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, R 10a being the same as described herein

[0501] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2 or 3, and

[0502] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0503] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 501 501 may be a fused cyclic group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused to each other (e.g., anthracene group, group, pyrene group, etc.).

[0504] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0505] In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: one selected from Compound FD1 to Compound FD37; 4,4'-bis(2,2-diphenylethynyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4'-bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or any combination thereof:

[0506]

[0507]

[0508]

[0509] Thermally activated delayed fluorescence material

[0510] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may contain a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material.

[0511] The thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials described herein may be selected from compounds capable of emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0512] Depending on the type or variety of other materials included in the emissive layer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material included in the emissive layer may act as a host or a dopant.

[0513] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material can be at least 0 eV but not greater than 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material is within the range described above, upconversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence material can occur effectively, and thus the light-emitting device 10 can have improved luminous efficiency.

[0514] In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material can include i) a material containing at least one electron donor (e.g., a π - electron - rich C3 - C 60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group, etc.) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60 cyclic group, etc.), ii) a material containing a C8 - C 60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are fused and share boron (B), etc.

[0515] Non - limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence material can include at least one selected from Compound DF1 to Compound DF14:

[0516]

[0517]

[0518] Quantum dots

[0519] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer can contain quantum dots.

[0520] As used herein, the term "quantum dot" refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and can include any material that can emit light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths depending on the size of the crystal.

[0521] The diameter of the quantum dots can be, for example, from about 1 nm to about 10 nm. In the present disclosure, when the quantum dot(s) or quantum dot particles are spherical, "diameter" refers to the particle diameter or the average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, "diameter" refers to the major axis length or the average major axis length. The diameter of the particles can be measured using a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, a HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer can be used. When measuring the size of the particles using a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of the particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50% by volume in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size when the total number of particles is 100%.

[0522] Quantum dots can be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

[0523] The wet chemical process is a method that includes mixing a precursor material of the quantum dots with an organic solvent and then growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystals and controls the crystal growth, so that the growth of the quantum dot particles can be controlled or selected by a process that is less costly and easier than vapor deposition methods (e.g., metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)).

[0524] Quantum dots can include: II-VI group semiconductor compounds; III-V group semiconductor compounds; III-VI group semiconductor compounds; I-III-VI group semiconductor compounds; IV-VI group semiconductor compounds; group IV elements or compounds; or any combination thereof.

[0525] Non-limiting examples of II-VI semiconductor compounds can include: binary compounds such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, etc.; ternary compounds such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, etc.; quaternary compounds such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0526] Non-limiting examples of III-V semiconductor compounds can include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, etc.; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, etc.; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, etc.; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the III-V semiconductor compound can further comprise a Group II element. Non-limiting examples of III-V semiconductor compounds further comprising a Group II element can include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, etc.

[0527] Non-limiting examples of III-VI semiconductor compounds can include: binary compounds such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, InTe, etc.; ternary compounds such as InGaS3, InGaSe3, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0528] Non-limiting examples of I-III-VI group semiconductor compounds can include: ternary compounds such as AgInS, AgInS2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, AgAlO2, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0529] Non-limiting examples of IV-VI group semiconductor compounds are: binary compounds such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe or PbTe; ternary compounds such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe or SnPbTe; quaternary compounds such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe or SnPbSTe; or combinations (e.g., any suitable combination) thereof.

[0530] Group IV elements or compounds can include: single-element materials such as Si, Ge, etc.; binary compounds such as SiC, SiGe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0531] Each element contained in a multi-element compound (e.g., binary compounds, ternary compounds, and quaternary compounds) can be present in the particles at a substantially uniform concentration or a substantially non-uniform concentration.

[0532] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots can have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dots is substantially uniform, or can have a core-shell dual structure. For example, the material contained in the core and the material contained in the shell can be different from each other.

[0533] The shell of the quantum dots can act as a protective layer to prevent chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor properties and / or act as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dots. The shell can be a single layer or multiple layers. The interface between the core and the shell can have a concentration gradient, where the concentration of the elements present in the shell decreases towards the center of the core.

[0534] Examples of the shell of the quantum dots may include: oxides of metals, metalloids or non-metals; semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of oxides of metals, metalloids or non-metals may include: binary compounds such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, etc.; ternary compounds such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, CoMn2O4, etc.; or any combination thereof. Examples of semiconductor compounds may include: II-VI group semiconductor compounds as described herein; III-V group semiconductor compounds; III-VI group semiconductor compounds; I-III-VI group semiconductor compounds; IV-VI group semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. For example, semiconductor compounds suitable as the shell may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb or any combination thereof.

[0535] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission spectrum of the quantum dots may be about 45 nm or less than 45 nm, such as about 40 nm or less than 40 nm, or such as about 30 nm or less than 30 nm, and within these ranges, the color purity or color reproducibility of the quantum dots can be improved. In addition, since the light emitted by the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle can be improved.

[0536] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots may be in the form of spherical nanoparticles, pyramidal nanoparticles, multi-arm nanoparticles, cubic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanoplates, etc.

[0537] Since the band gap of the quantum dots can be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dots, light having one or more suitable wavelength bands can be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light having one or more suitable wavelengths can be realized. For example, the size of the quantum dots can be selected so that the quantum dots can emit red light, green light and / or blue light. In addition, quantum dots having suitable sizes can be configured to emit white light by a combination of light of one or more suitable colors.

[0538] The electron transport region in the intermediate layer 130

[0539] The electron transport region may have i) a single-layer structure, which includes (e.g., consists of): a single layer containing a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure, which includes (e.g., consists of): a single layer containing a plurality of materials different from each other (e.g., consisting of a plurality of materials different from each other), or iii) a multi-layer structure, which includes a plurality of layers containing a plurality of materials different from each other.

[0540] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0541] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, wherein the constituent layers of each structure are stacked in a prescribed order from the emission layer.

[0542] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (e.g., the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, electron control layer, or electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may contain a metal-free compound containing at least one nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 ring group lacking π electrons.

[0543] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may contain a compound represented by Formula 601:

[0544] Formula 601

[0545] [Ar 601 xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 xe21 ,

[0546] wherein, in Formula 601,

[0547] Ar 601 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, L 601 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, ​​

[0548] xe11 can be 1, 2, or 3,

[0549] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[0550] R 601 can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0551] -Si(Q 601 )(Q 602 )(Q 603 )、-C(=O)(Q 601 )、-S(=O)2(Q 601 ) or -P(=O)(Q 601 )(Q 602 ), Q 601 to Q 603 each independently is the same as described herein for Q1,

[0552] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0553] can satisfy at least one of the following conditions: Ar 601 can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 cyclic group; R 601 can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 cyclic group; and L 601 can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 cyclic group.

[0554] In one or more embodiments, if xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater than 2 (e.g., when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater than 2), two or more of the Ar 601 can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0555] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted anthracene group. R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0556] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may comprise a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0557] Formula 601-1

[0558]

[0559] Wherein, in Formula 601-1,

[0560] X 614 may be N or C(R 614 ), X 615 may be N or C(R 615 ), X 616 may be N or C(R 616 ), and at least one selected from X 614 to X 616 may be N,

[0561] L 611 to L 613 are each independently the same as described herein for L 601 ,

[0562] xe611 to xe613 are each independently the same as described herein for xe1,

[0563] R 611 to R 613 are each independently the same as described herein for R 601 , and

[0564] R 614 to R 616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 20 alkyl group, a C1-C 20 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group. R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0565] In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formula 601 and Formula 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0566] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may comprise: a compound selected from Compound ET1 to Compound ET45; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3); bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato-N1,O8)-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)aluminum (BAlq); 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ); 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ); or any combination thereof:

[0567]

[0568]

[0569]

[0570] The thickness of the electron transport region may be about to about For example, about to about When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, or electron control layer may be about to about For example, about to about And the thickness of the electron transport layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, electron control layer, electron transport layer, and / or electron transport region is within the range described above, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without a significant increase in the driving voltage.

[0571] In one or more embodiments, in addition to one or more of the materials described above, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further comprise a metal-containing material.

[0572] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. The ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0573] In one or more embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1(Liq) or Compound ET-D2:

[0574]

[0575] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.

[0576] The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layer structure that includes (e.g., consists of) a single layer containing a single material (e.g., composed of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure that includes (e.g., consists of) a single layer containing a plurality of different materials (e.g., composed of a plurality of different materials), or iii) a multi-layer structure that includes a plurality of layers containing a plurality of different materials.

[0577] The electron injection layer may contain an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0578] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0579] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may respectively include oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, etc.), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0580] The alkali metal-containing compounds may include: alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Cs2O, K2O, etc.; alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, etc.; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compounds may include alkaline earth metal oxides such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1), Ba x Ca 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1), etc. The rare earth metal-containing compounds may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3 or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compounds may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Non-limiting examples of lanthanide metal tellurides may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, Lu2Te3, etc.

[0581] The alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes and rare earth metal complexes may contain i) one of the metal ions of the alkali metals, one of the metal ions of the alkaline earth metals and one of the metal ions of the rare earth metals, and ii) ligands bonded to the respective metal ions such as hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene or any combination thereof.

[0582] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of): alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, alkali metal-containing compounds, alkaline earth metal-containing compounds, rare earth metal-containing compounds, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, rare earth metal complexes or any combination thereof as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further contain an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by formula 601).

[0583] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may comprise (e.g., consist of): i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, etc.

[0584] When the electron injection layer further comprises an organic material, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound, rare earth metal-containing compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix comprising the organic material.

[0585] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without a significant increase in the driving voltage.

[0586] Second electrode 150

[0587] The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the intermediate layer 130 having the structure described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode as an electron injection electrode, and a metal, alloy, conductive compound, or any combination thereof each having a low work function may be used as a material for forming the second electrode 150.

[0588] The second electrode 150 may comprise lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive reflective electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0589] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

[0590] Cover layer

[0591] The first cover layer may be disposed outside the first electrode 110 (e.g., on the first electrode 110) and / or the second cover layer may be disposed outside the second electrode 150 (e.g., on the second electrode 150). For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first cover layer, the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in a specified order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second cover layer are sequentially stacked in a specified order, or a structure in which the first cover layer, the first electrode 110, the intermediate layer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second cover layer are sequentially stacked in a specified order.

[0592] In one or more embodiments, the light generated in the emission layer of the intermediate layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be led out toward the outside through the first electrode 110 (which is a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode) and the first cover layer. In one or more embodiments, the light generated in the emission layer of the intermediate layer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be led out toward the outside through the second electrode 150 (which is a semi-transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode) and the second cover layer.

[0593] The first cover layer and the second cover layer may increase the external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, so that the light-emitting efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

[0594] Each of the first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or greater than 1.6 (e.g., at 589 nm).

[0595] The first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently be an organic cover layer including an organic material, an inorganic cover layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite cover layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0596] At least one of the first cover layer and the second cover layer may (e.g., the first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently) include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, a compound containing an amine group, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the compound containing an amine group may each be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first cover layer and the second cover layer may (e.g., the first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently) include a compound containing an amine group.

[0597] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first cover layer and the second cover layer (the first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently) may comprise a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0598] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first cover layer and the second cover layer (the first cover layer and the second cover layer may each independently) may comprise: at least one selected from Compound HT28 to Compound HT33; at least one selected from Compound CP1 to Compound CP6; β-NPB; or any combination thereof:

[0599]

[0600] Film

[0601] The p-dopant, the first hole transport material, the second hole transport material, and / or the first cover material may be included in one or more suitable films. Accordingly, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide a film comprising a p-dopant, a first hole transport material, a second hole transport material, and / or a first cover material. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control element) (e.g., a color filter, a color conversion member, a cover layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorption layer, a polarization layer, a layer containing quantum dots, etc.), a light blocking member (e.g., a light reflection layer, a light absorption layer, etc.), a protective member (e.g., an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, etc.), etc.

[0602] Electronic device

[0603] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting device, an authentication device, etc.

[0604] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the light-emitting device, the electronic device (e.g., a light-emitting device) may further comprise: i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or the color conversion layer may be disposed in at least one direction in which the light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, in one or more embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light (e.g., combined white light). More details regarding the light-emitting device may be the same as those described herein. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may comprise quantum dots. The quantum dots may be, for example, the quantum dots as described herein.

[0605] The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions respectively corresponding to the sub-pixel regions, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions respectively corresponding to the sub-pixel regions.

[0606] The pixel defining film may be disposed between the sub-pixel regions to define each of the sub-pixel regions.

[0607] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter regions and a light-shielding pattern disposed between the color filter regions, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion regions and a light-shielding pattern disposed between the color conversion regions.

[0608] The plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include a first region configured to emit first color light, a second region configured to emit second color light, and / or a third region configured to emit third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include one or more kinds of quantum dots. For example, the first region may include red quantum dots that emit red light, the second region may include green quantum dots that emit green light, and the third region may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. Details regarding the quantum dots may be the same as those described herein. The first region, the second region, and / or the third region may each further include a scatterer.

[0609] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be designed to emit first light, the first region may be designed to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second region may be designed to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third region may be designed to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

[0610] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein one selected from the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0611] The thin film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, etc.

[0612] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, etc.

[0613] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be disposed between the color filter and / or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be led out to the outside, and simultaneously (e.g., at the same time) prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0614] According to the use of the electronic device, in addition to the color filter and / or the color conversion layer, various suitable functional layers may be additionally disposed on the sealing portion. Non-limiting examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, etc. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer.

[0615] The verification device may be, for example, a biometric verification device that verifies an individual by using biometric information of a living body (e.g., fingertips, pupils, etc.).

[0616] In addition to the light-emitting device described above, the verification device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0617] The electronic device may be applied to one or more displays, light sources, lighting devices, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (e.g., electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope monitors), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (e.g., meters for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), projectors, etc.

[0618] Electronic equipment

[0619] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic equipment.

[0620] In one or more embodiments, an electronic device including a light-emitting device may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor light and / or a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display or a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a PDA, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a 3D display, a virtual reality display or an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater screen or a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

[0621] The light-emitting device may have excellent or suitable luminous efficiency and a long service life, and thus the electronic device including the light-emitting device may have characteristics such as high brightness, high resolution, and low power consumption.

[0622] Figure 2 and Figure 3 description

[0623] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments.

[0624] Figure 2 The light-emitting device may include a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and a package part 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0625] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0626] The TFT may be on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0627] The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor (e.g., silicon or polysilicon), an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0628] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be on the gate insulating film 230.

[0629] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate them from each other.

[0630] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be respectively arranged to contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

[0631] The TFT may be electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an intermediate layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0632] The first electrode 110 may be on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be arranged to expose a part of the drain electrode 270, not completely cover the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be arranged to connect to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0633] The pixel defining film 290 containing an insulating material may be on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining film 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and the intermediate layer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining film 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic acid-based organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the intermediate layer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining film 290 to be arranged in the form of a common layer.

[0634] The second electrode 150 may be on the intermediate layer 130, and a cover layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The cover layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0635] The encapsulation part 300 may be located on the cover layer 170. The encapsulation part 300 may be arranged on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and / or oxygen. The encapsulation part 300 may include: an inorganic film, the inorganic film containing silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO x ), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film, the organic film containing polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyformaldehyde, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic-based resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, etc.), an epoxy-based resin (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.), or any combination thereof; and / or a combination of an inorganic film and an organic film (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0636] Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0637] Figure 3 The light-emitting device of Figure 2 is substantially the same as the light-emitting device of Figure 3 except that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are additionally disposed on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter region, ii) a color conversion region, or iii) a combination of a color filter region and a color conversion region. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device included in

[0638] Figure 4 the description of

[0639] Figure 4 is a schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. The electronic device 1 may be a portable electronic device that functions as a device for displaying moving images or still images, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic journal, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), as well as one or more suitable products, such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a signboard, or an Internet of Things (IoT) device. The electronic device 1 may be such a product or a component thereof. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smartwatch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or display-like device, or a head-mounted display (HMD), or a component of a wearable device. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the electronic device 1 may include an instrument panel of a vehicle, a central information display (CID) disposed on a central panel or an instrument panel of a vehicle, an in-vehicle mirror display that replaces a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display disposed for a rear seat of a vehicle or on the back of a front seat of a vehicle, a head-up display (HUD) mounted in front of a vehicle or projected onto a front windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH ARHUD). For ease of explanation, Figure 4 an embodiment in which the electronic device 1 is a smartphone is illustrated.

[0640] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device of the electronic device 1 may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels two-dimensionally disposed in the display area DA.

[0641] The non-display area NDA is an area where an image is not displayed and can surround (e.g., encircle) the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, a driver for supplying an electrical signal or power to a display device arranged on the display area DA can be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, pads can be arranged, and the pads are areas to which an electronic component or a printed circuit board can be electrically connected.

[0642] In the electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length (e.g., width) in the y-axis direction can be different from each other. In one or more embodiments, as Figure 4 shown, the length in the x-axis direction can be shorter than the length (e.g., width) in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction can be substantially the same as the length (e.g., width) in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction can be longer than the length (e.g., width) in the y-axis direction.

[0643] Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C description

[0644] Figure 5 is a schematic view of the exterior of a vehicle 1000 as an electronic device including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic view of the interior of a vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0645] Reference Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C , the vehicle 1000 can refer to one or more suitable devices for moving a transport object such as a person, an object, or an animal from a starting point to a destination point. The vehicle 1000 can include vehicles traveling on roads or tracks, ships moving on the sea or rivers, and airplanes flying in the air by utilizing the action of air, etc.

[0646] In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 can travel on roads or tracks. The vehicle 1000 can move in a specific direction according to the rotation of at least one of its wheels. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 can include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, construction machinery, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, or a train traveling on a track.

[0647] The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis on which mechanical devices necessary for driving, which are the remaining components other than the body, are installed. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a valve cover, a top panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and pillars provided at the boundaries between the doors, etc. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, etc.

[0648] The vehicle 1000 may include side window glasses 1100, a front window glass 1200, side mirrors 1300, a cluster unit 1400, a center panel 1500, a passenger seat instrument panel 1600, and a display device 2.

[0649] The side window glasses 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be separated by pillars arranged between the side window glasses 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0650] The side window glasses 1100 may be installed on the sides of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be installed on the doors of the vehicle 1000. Multiple side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster unit 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0651] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart and / or separated (e.g., spaced or separated) from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (the direction opposite to the x-axis direction). In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction (e.g., spaced or separated). For example, the virtual straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the virtual straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may extend in the x-axis direction or the -x-axis direction.

[0652] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 that face each other.

[0653] The side mirror 1300 can provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 can be mounted on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be disposed outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 can be disposed outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0654] The cluster unit 1400 can be disposed in front of the steering wheel. The cluster unit 1400 can include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge, a turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a speedometer, an automatic transmission selector lever indicator, a door open warning light, an oil warning light, and / or a low fuel warning light.

[0655] The center panel 1500 can include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are arranged. The center panel 1500 can be disposed on one side of the cluster unit 1400.

[0656] The passenger seat dashboard 1600 can be separated from and / or apart from (e.g., spaced or separated) the cluster unit 1400, with the center panel 1500 disposed therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the cluster unit 1400 can be disposed corresponding to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 can be disposed corresponding to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the cluster unit 1400 can be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 can be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0657] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 can include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 can display an image. The display device 2 can be disposed inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 can be disposed between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 can be disposed on at least one of the cluster unit 1400, the center panel 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0658] The display device 2 can include an organic light emitting display device, an inorganic light emitting display device, a quantum dot display device, etc. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light emitting display device including a light emitting device according to the present disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of display devices as described above can be used in the embodiments.

[0659] Reference Figure 6A, in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the central panel 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, and / or information about vehicle settings.

[0660] Reference Figure 6B , in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the cluster unit 1400. In these embodiments, the cluster unit 1400 may display driving information and the like through the display device 2. For example, the cluster unit 1400 may be implemented digitally. The cluster unit 1400 may digitally display vehicle information and driving information as images. In one or more embodiments, the needle and gauge of the tachometer and one or more suitable warning light icons may be displayed through digital signals.

[0661] Reference Figure 6C , in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat dashboard 1600 or arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display an image related to the information displayed on the cluster unit 1400 and / or the information displayed on the central panel 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the cluster unit 1400 and / or the information displayed on the central panel 1500.

[0662] Manufacturing method

[0663] The layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layer constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a specific region by using one or more suitable methods (such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, etc.).

[0664] When forming the layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layer constituting the electron transport region by vacuum deposition, depending on the material to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed, the deposition temperature may be about 100 °C to about 500 °C, the vacuum degree may be about 10 -8 torr to about 10 -3 torr, and the deposition rate may be about / s to about / s.

[0665] Definition of terms

[0666] As used herein, the term "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that contains (e.g., consists of) only carbon as ring-forming atoms and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 3 to 30, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10 carbon atoms), and as used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms) and further has heteroatoms other than carbon as ring-forming atoms. C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups can each be a monocyclic group that contains one (e.g., exactly one) ring (e.g., consists of one ring) or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused to each other. In one or more embodiments, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C1-C 60 heterocyclic group can be 3 to 61 (e.g., 3 to 30, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10).

[0667] As used herein, "cyclic group" can include C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups both (e.g., simultaneously).

[0668] As used herein, the term "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 3 to 30, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10 carbon atoms) and does not contain *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety, and as used herein, the term "π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 cyclic group" refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms) and contains *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety.

[0669] In one or more embodiments,

[0670] C3-C 60 carbocyclic group can be i) group T1 or ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulene group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthylenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a benzo[a]phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a heptacene group, a tetracene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group or an indenopyrene group),

[0671] C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are fused to each other, or iii) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzindole group, a naphthindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indolocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurancarbazole group, a benzothiophencarbazole group, a benzosilolecarbazole group, a benzindolecarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurandibenzofuran group, a benzofurandibenzothiophene group, a benzothiophendibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

[0672] π-electron-rich C3-C 60 The cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (for example, C3-C 60carbocyclic group, 1H-pyrrole group, silole group, borole group, 2H-pyrrole group, 3H-pyrrole group, thiophene group, furan group, indole group, benzoindole group, naphthoindole group, isoindole group, benzoisoindole group, naphthoisoindole group, benzosilole group, benzothiophene group, benzofuran group, carbazole group, dibenzosilole group, dibenzothiophene group, dibenzofuran group, indeno-carbazole group, indolocarbazole group, benzofurocarbazole group, benzothiophenocarbazole group, benzosilolocarbazole group, benzoindolocarbazole group, benzocarbazole group, benzonaphthofuran group, benzonaphthothiophene group, benzonaphthosilole group, benzofurodibenzofuran group, benzofurodibenzothiophene group, benzothiophenodibenzothiophene group, etc.)

[0673] π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 The cyclic group can be i) group T4, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more than two groups T4 are fused to each other, iii) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other, iv) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other (e.g., pyrazole group, imidazole group, triazole group, oxazole group, isoxazole group, oxadiazole group, thiazole group, isothiazole group, thiadiazole group, benzopyrazole group, benzimidazole group, benzoxazole group, benzoisoxazole group, benzothiazole group, benzoisothiazole group, pyridine group, pyrimidine group, pyrazine group, pyridazine group, triazine group, quinoline group, isoquinoline group, benzoquinoline group, benzoisoquinoline group, quinoxaline group, benzoquinoxaline group, quinazoline group, benzoquinazoline group, phenanthroline group, cinnoline group, phthalazine group, naphthyridine group, imidazopyridine group, imidazopyrimidine group, imidazotriazine group, imidazopyrazine group, imidazopyridazine group, azacarbazole group, azafluorene group, azadibenzosilole group, azadibenzothiophene group, azadibenzofuran group, etc.)

[0674] Group T1 can be a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantyl group, a norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group or a benzene group

[0675] The group T2 can be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an aza-silole group, an aza-borole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group or a dihydropyridazine group,

[0676] The group T3 can be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group or a borole group, and

[0677] The group T4 can be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an aza-silole group, an aza-borole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group or a tetrazine group.

[0678] As used herein, the terms "cyclic group", "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group", "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group", "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" or "nitrogen-containing π-electron-deficient C1-C 60 cyclic group" refer to a group, monovalent group or polyvalent group (e.g., divalent group, trivalent group, tetravalent group, etc.) fused to any cyclic group according to the structure of the formula in which the corresponding term is used. In one or more embodiments, a "benzene group" can be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, etc., which can be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of the formula including the "benzene group".

[0679] Depending on the context, in the present disclosure, a divalent group can refer to or be, for example, a polyvalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., and not only divalent) according to the structure of the formula associated with the term used.

[0680] Monovalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and monovalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups can include, non-limiting examples, C3-C 10 cycloalkyl groups, C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl groups, C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl groups, C1-C10 Heterocycloalkenyl group, C6-C 60 Aryl group, C1-C 60 Heteroaryl group, monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group and monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, and divalent C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group and divalent C1-C 60 Non-limiting examples of the heterocyclic group may include C3-C 10 Subcycloalkyl group, C1-C 10 Subheterocycloalkyl group, C3-C 10 Subcycloalkenyl group, C1-C 10 Subheterocycloalkenyl group, C6-C 60 Subaryl group, C1-C 60 Subheteroaryl group, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group and divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0681] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 Alkyl group" refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., from 1 to 30, from 1 to 20, from 1 to 15, or from 1 to 10 carbon atoms), and non-limiting examples thereof may include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, tert-pentyl group, neopentyl group, isopentyl group, sec-pentyl group, 3-pentyl group, sec-isopentyl group, n-hexyl group, isohexyl group, sec-hexyl group, tert-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, isoheptyl group, sec-heptyl group, tert-heptyl group, n-octyl group, isooctyl group, sec-octyl group, tert-octyl group, n-nonyl group, isononyl group, sec-nonyl group, tert-nonyl group, n-decyl group, isodecyl group, sec-decyl group, tert-decyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 Alkylene group" refers to a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of the C1-C 60 Alkyl group.

[0682] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkenyl group" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the middle or end of the C2-C 60 Alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include vinyl group, propenyl group, butenyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Alkenylene group" refers to a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of the C2-C 60 Alkenyl group.

[0683] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60"Alkynyl group" means a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at the middle or end of a C2-C 60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include ethynyl group, propynyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 "alkynylene group" means a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of a C2-C 60 alkynyl group.

[0684] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 "alkoxy group" means a monovalent group represented by -OA 101 (where A 101 is a C1-C 60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof may include methoxy group, ethoxy group, isopropoxy group, etc.

[0685] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "cycloalkyl group" means a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include cyclopropyl group, cyclobutyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, cycloheptyl group, cyclooctyl group, adamantyl group, norbornyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "cycloalkylene group" means a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of a C3-C 10 cycloalkyl group.

[0686] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "heterocycloalkyl group" means a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further containing at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom, and non-limiting examples thereof may include 1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl group, tetrahydrofuryl group, tetrahydrothienyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 "heterocycloalkylene group" means a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of a C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0687] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "cycloalkenyl group" means a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and having no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof may include cyclopentenyl group, cyclohexenyl group, cycloheptenyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 "cycloalkenylene group" means a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of a C3-C10 A divalent group having a substantially identical structure to a cycloalkenyl group.

[0688] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl group" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms that further contains at least one heteroatom other than carbon as a ring-forming atom in its cyclic structure and has at least one double bond. C1-C 10 Non-limiting examples of C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl groups can include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl groups, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl groups, 2,3-dihydrothienyl groups, and the like. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenylene group" refers to a divalent group having a substantially identical structure to a C1-C

[0689] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryl group" refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system containing from 6 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 6 to 30, 6 to 20, 6 to 15, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms), and as used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylene group" refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system containing from 6 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 6 to 30, 6 to 20, 6 to 15, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms). C6-C 60 Non-limiting examples of aryl groups can include phenyl groups, pentaphenylenyl groups, naphthyl groups, azulene groups, indacenyl groups, acenaphthylenyl groups, phenalenyl groups, phenanthrenyl groups, anthracenyl groups, fluoranthenyl groups, benzophenanthrenyl groups, pyrenyl groups, groups, perylenyl groups, pentaphenyl groups, heptaphenylenyl groups, tetracenyl groups, picenyl groups, hexaphenylenyl groups, pentaphenyl groups, rubicenyl groups, coronenyl groups, ovalenyl groups, and the like. When C6-C 60 aryl groups and C6-C 60 arylene groups each contain two or more rings, the two or more rings can be fused to each other.

[0690] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heteroaryl group" refers to a monovalent group having a heteroaromatic system containing from 1 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms) that further contains at least one heteroatom other than carbon as a ring-forming atom. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60"Heteroarylene group" refers to a divalent group having a heteroaromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms) further containing at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms. C1-C 60 Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups may include pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyridazinyl group, triazinyl group, quinolinyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, benzoisoquinolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, benzoquinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, benzoquinazolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, phthalazinyl group, naphthyridinyl group, etc. When C1-C 60 heteroaryl group and C1-C 60 each heteroarylene group contains two or more rings, the two or more rings may be fused to each other.

[0691] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms, e.g., 8 to 30, 8 to 20, 8 to 15, or 8 to 10 carbon atoms) having two or more rings fused to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms and having no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups may include indenyl group, fluorenyl group, spiro-bifluorenyl group, benzofluorenyl group, indenoanthryl group, indenoacenaphthylenyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.

[0692] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms, such as from 1 to 30, from 1 to 20, from 1 to 15, or from 1 to 10 carbon atoms) that has two or more rings fused to each other, further contains at least one heteroatom other than carbon as a ring-forming atom, and has no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group may include pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, indolyl group, benzindolyl group, naphthylindolyl group, isoindolyl group, benzisoindolyl group, naphthoisoindolyl group, benzosilolyl group, benzothienyl group, benzofuryl group, carbazolyl group, dibenzosilolyl group, dibenzothienyl group, dibenzofuryl group, azacarbazolyl group, azafuryl group, azadibenzosilolyl group, azadibenzothienyl group, azadibenzofuryl group, pyrazolyl group, imidazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, thiadiazolyl group, benzopyrazolyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzoxadiazolyl group, benzothiadiazolyl group, imidazopyridyl group, imidazopyrimidinyl group, imidazotriazinyl group, imidazopyrazinyl group, imidazopyridazinyl group, indolocarbazolyl group, indolocarbazolyl group, benzofurocarbazolyl group, benzothienocarbazolyl group, benzosilolocarbazolyl group, benzindolocarbazolyl group, benzocarbazolyl group, benzonaphthofuryl group, benzonaphthothienyl group, benzonaphthosilolyl group, benzofurodibenzofuryl group, benzofurodibenzothienyl group, benzothienodibenzothienyl group, etc. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having a structure substantially the same as that of the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0693] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryloxy group" refers to -OA 102 (where A 102 is a C6-C 60 aryl group), and as used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylthio group" refers to -SA 103 (where A 103 is a C6-C 60 aryl group).

[0694] As used herein, the term "C7-C 60 arylalkyl group" refers to -A 104 A 105 (where A104 is a C1-C 54 alkylene group, and A 105 is a C6-C 59 aryl group), and as used herein the term "C2-C 60 heteroarylalkyl group" means -A 106 A 107 (where A 106 is a C1-C 59 alkylene group, and A 107 is a C1-C 59 heteroaryl group).

[0695] As used herein the term "R 10a " can be:

[0696] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group or a nitro group;

[0697] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C 60 aryloxy group, a C6-C 60 arylthio group, a C7-C 60 arylalkyl group, a C2-C 60 heteroarylalkyl group, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C2-C 60 alkenyl group, a C2-C 60 alkynyl group or a C1-C 60 alkoxy group;

[0698] each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C2-C 60 alkenyl group, a C2-C 60 alkynyl group, a C1-C 60Alkoxy group, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio group, C7-C 60 Arylalkyl group, C2-C 60 Heteroarylalkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof substituted C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio group, C7-C 60 Arylalkyl group or C2-C 60 Heteroarylalkyl group; or

[0699] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ).

[0700] As used herein, Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy group; cyano group; nitro group; C1-C 60 alkyl group; C2-C 60 alkenyl group; C2-C 60 alkynyl group; C1-C 60An alkoxy group; each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof-substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group; a C7-C 60 arylalkyl group; or a C2-C 60 heteroarylalkyl group.

[0701] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, and the number of heteroatoms can be from 1 to 10, such as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Non-limiting examples of heteroatoms can include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se or any combination thereof.

[0702] The term "transition metal" as used herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), etc.

[0703] As used herein, "Ph" refers to a phenyl group, "Me" as used herein refers to a methyl group, "Et" as used herein refers to an ethyl group, "tert-Bu" or "Bu t " refers to a tert-butyl group, and "OMe" as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

[0704] As used herein, the term "biphenyl group" refers to "a phenyl group substituted by a phenyl group". For example, a "biphenyl group" can be a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C 60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0705] As used herein, the term "terphenyl group" refers to "a phenyl group substituted by a biphenyl group". A "terphenyl group" is a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C 60 aryl group substituted by a C6-C 60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0706] Unless otherwise defined, * and *' as used herein each refer to the binding site to adjacent atoms in the corresponding formula or moiety.

[0707] As used herein, the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are not limited to the three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system and can be interpreted in a broad sense including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis can refer to those that are orthogonal to each other, or can refer to those in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

[0708] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The phrase "using B in place of A" used to describe the Synthesis Examples means using substantially equimolar equivalents of B in place of A.

[0709] Example

[0710] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound CPL1

[0711]

[0712] To tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (10 g, 0.021 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid (17.7 g, 0.077 mol), potassium carbonate (17.28 g, 0.125 mol), and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (1.16 g, 0.001 mol), 150 mL of toluene, 40 mL of ethanol, and 20 mL of H2O were added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 12 hours for reaction. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was performed on the reaction product, and then a purification process was performed using column chromatography to obtain 10.4 g of Compound CPL1 (yield: 62.5%).

[0713] Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 1H-NMR) (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 8.23 (s, 3H), 8.12 (s, 3H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 6H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 6H), 7.48 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 6H).

[0714] Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS): m / z = 791.2 [M] + .

[0715] Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0716] (1) Preparation Example 1: Synthesis of Intermediate 2-1

[0717]

[0718] To tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (10 g, 0.021 mol), phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid (12.24 g, 0.044 mol), potassium carbonate (28.86 g, 0.209 mol) and catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (2.41 g, 0.002 mol), 250 mL of toluene, 70 mL of ethanol and 30 mL of H2O were added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 12 hours for reaction. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on the reaction product, and then a purification process was carried out using column chromatography to obtain 10.3 g of intermediate 2-1 (yield: 62.3%).

[0719] (2) Preparation Example 2: Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0720]

[0721] To intermediate 2-1 (10 g, 0.013 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-ylboronic acid (3.25 g, 0.015 mol), potassium carbonate (17.55 g, 0.127 mol) and catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (1.47 g, 0.001 mol), 200 mL of toluene, 50 mL of ethanol and 25 mL of H2O were added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 12 hours for reaction. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on the reaction product, and then a purification process was carried out using column chromatography to obtain 11.2 g of compound CPL2 (yield: 60.9%).

[0722] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.32 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 10H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 8.12~8.32 (m, 10H), 8.88 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H).

[0723] ESI-MS: m / z = 791.2 [M] + 。

[0724] Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound CPL3

[0725] Compound CPL3 was prepared in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of compound CPL2, but naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid and (6-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)boronic acid were used as the ligands used in Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2, respectively. (7.45 g, yield: 78.3%).

[0726] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.37 - 7.6 (m, 7H), 7.65 (dd, J = 7.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.80 - 7.95 (m, 12H), 8.04 - 8.15 (m, 8H), 8.33 (s, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 1H).

[0727] ESI-MS: m / z = 817.2 [M] + .

[0728] Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound CPL4

[0729] In the synthesis of compound CPL4, compound CPL4 was prepared in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of compound CPL3, except that naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid was used as a ligand in Preparation Example 1 and naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-ylboronic acid was used as a ligand in Preparation Example 2. (6.9 g, yield: 76.4%).

[0730] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.46 - 7.52 (m, 6H), 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.82 - 7.92 (m, 6H), 8.03 (m, 14H), 8.52 (s, 2H).

[0731] ESI-MS: m / z = 775.2 [M] + .

[0732] Evaluation Example 1

[0733] For each of compounds CG1 to CG5 and compounds HTL1 to HTL7, the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, singlet energy level (S1), triplet energy level (T1), and the difference between the singlet energy level and the triplet energy level (ΔE ST ) were evaluated using the DFT method of the Gaussian program. The DFT method was performed at the B3LYP / 6-31G(d,p) level for structure improvement or optimization, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0734] Table 1

[0735]

[0736]

[0737]

[0738] Table 2

[0739]

[0740]

[0741] Evaluation Example 2

[0742] Each of Compounds CPL1 to CPL4 was deposited on a glass substrate to prepare a film having a thickness of 1,500 nm. Then, with respect to this film, using an ellipsometer M-2000 (J.A. Woollam), at a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 50%, according to the Cauchy film model, the refractive index of each of Compounds CPL1 to CPL4 for light having a wavelength of 633 nm, 530 nm, or 450 nm was evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0743] Table 3

[0744]

[0745]

[0746]

[0747] Example 1

[0748] As an anode, a glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) having thick Ag and 115 Ω / cm 2 ITO formed thereon was cut into a size of 50 mm x 50 mm x 0.7 mm, ultrasonically treated with isopropyl alcohol and then with pure water for 5 minutes each, cleaned by irradiating ultraviolet rays and exposing it to ozone for 30 minutes, and then mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0749] Compound CG1 as a p-dopant and Compound 201 were vacuum deposited on the anode in a weight ratio of 3:97 to form a hole injection layer having a thickness, and Compound HTL1 was vacuum deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness.

[0750] Compound H125 and Compound H126 as hosts and Compound R01 as a dopant were co-vacuum deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness. At this point, based on the total weight (100 wt%) of the emission layer, the amount of the dopant compound was 10 wt%.

[0751] Compound ET37 was vacuum deposited on the emission layer to form a layer having A hole blocking layer having a thickness of , and vacuum depositing compound ET46 and Liq at a weight ratio of 5:5 on the hole blocking layer to form a Subsequently, Yb is vacuum deposited on the electron transport layer to form a An electron injection layer having a thickness of , and Ag and Mg were vacuum deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a The thickness of the cathode.

[0752] Subsequently, compound CPL1 was vacuum deposited on the cathode to form a A covering layer with a thickness of is formed, thereby completing the manufacture of the organic light-emitting device.

[0753]

[0754] Examples 2 to 140 and Comparative Examples 1 to 24

[0755] The organic light-emitting devices of Examples 2 to 140 and Comparative Examples 1 to 24 were each manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, but the materials used in forming the hole transport region and the capping layer were changed as shown in Tables 4 and 5.

[0756] Evaluation Example 1

[0757] For each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 140 and Comparative Examples 1 to 24, the brightness at 1000 cd / m 2 The driving voltage (V), luminous efficiency (cd / A) and service life (T 95 ), and the results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. The values ​​in Tables 4 and 5 represent the relative values ​​of the driving voltage, luminous efficiency and service life of each of the embodiments and comparative examples when the driving voltage value, luminous efficiency value and service life value of Example 1 are each set to 100%.

[0758] ΔT1 in Tables 4 and 5 represents the difference between the T1 energy level of the p-dopant and the T1 energy level of the second hole transport material (ie, the absolute value of the difference between the T1 energy level of the p-dopant and the T1 energy level of the second hole transport material).

[0759] Table 4

[0760]

[0761]

[0762]

[0763]

[0764]

[0765] Table 5

[0766]

[0767]

[0768] Referring to Table 4 and Table 5, it is confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 140 each have more excellent driving voltage, luminous efficiency, and device service life than the organic light-emitting devices according to Comparative Examples 1 to 24.

[0769] According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device having a reduced driving voltage, improved luminous efficiency, and increased service life, and a high-quality electronic device including the light-emitting device can be manufactured.

[0770] In the present disclosure, it should be understood that the terms "comprise(s)", "include(s)", or "have / has" indicate the presence of the specified features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0771] Throughout the present disclosure, when referring to placing a component such as a layer, film, region, or plate "on" another component, it should be understood that it can be directly on the other component, or another component can be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, "directly on" may mean that there is no additional layer, film, region, plate, etc. between the layer, film, region, plate, etc. and other parts. For example, "directly on" may mean that two layers or two members are provided without using an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.

[0772] In the present disclosure, although terms such as "first", "second", etc. may be used herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and / or layers, these elements, components, regions, and / or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another.

[0773] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", "one" and "the" are intended to also include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Additionally, the use of "may" when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure".

[0774] As used herein, the terms "substantially", "about" or similar terms are used as approximate terms and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art. "About" as used herein includes the stated value and means within an acceptable deviation range of the specific value as determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art considering the relevant measurements and the error associated with the measurement of a particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "about" may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, ±5% of the stated value.

[0775] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, the range "1.0 to 10.0" is intended to include all sub-ranges between the recited minimum value 1.0 and the recited maximum value 10.0 (and including the end values), i.e., having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as by way of example 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in the present disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to modify the present disclosure (including the claims) to expressly recite any sub-ranges subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0776] Any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., application specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware can be used to implement the light-emitting device, light-emitting equipment, display device, electronic equipment, electronic device, or any other related device or component according to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein. For example, the various components of the device can be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Additionally, the various components of the device can be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, tape carrier package (TCP), printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Further, the various components of the device can be a process or thread running on one or more processors in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions, and interacting with other system components for performing the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory, which can be implemented in a computing device using standard memory devices (such as by way of example random access memory (RAM)). The computer program instructions can also be stored in other non-transitory computer-readable media, such as by way of example CD-ROM, flash drive, etc. Moreover, those skilled in the art should recognize that, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the functions of various computing devices can be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functions of a particular computing device can be distributed across one or more other computing devices.

[0777] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered only in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The description of each feature or aspect in each embodiment should generally be considered available for other similar features or aspects in one or more other embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that one or more suitable changes in form and detail can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device, comprising: A first electrode; A second electrode facing the first electrode; An intermediate layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; And A covering layer, Wherein: The intermediate layer includes a hole transport region and an emission layer; The hole transport region is between the first electrode and the emission layer; The hole transport region includes a first layer and a second layer; The first layer is between the first electrode and the second layer; The first layer contains a first hole transport material and a p-dopant; The second layer contains a second hole transport material; The absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material is 1.50 eV or greater than 1.50 eV; The second hole transport material is an amine-containing compound including at least two cycloalkane groups each having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; The emission layer is intended to emit first light; The covering layer is in the traveling path of the first light; The covering layer contains a first covering material; and The first covering material satisfies at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3: Condition 1 The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 for light having a wavelength of 633 nm; Condition 2 The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 for light having a wavelength of 530 nm; and Condition 3 The first covering material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 for light having a wavelength of 450 nm.

2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the amount of the p-dopant is 0.01 part by weight to 10 parts by weight.

3. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the second layer does not contain a p-dopant.

4. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the triplet energy level of the second hole transport material is 2.00 eV to 3.00 eV.

5. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the triplet energy level of the p-dopant is 0.05 eV to 0.30 eV.

6. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the singlet energy level of the p-dopant is 1.30 eV to 2.50 eV.

7. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy level of the p-dopant and the singlet energy level of the p-dopant is 1.00 eV to 2.50 eV.

8. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein each of the first hole transport material and the second hole transport material is an amine-containing compound.

9. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first covering material satisfies Condition 1, The first light is red light, and The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater than 1.70 for the first light.

10. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first covering material satisfies Condition 2, The first light is green light, and The first covering material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater than 1.90 for the first light.

11. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first covering material satisfies condition 3, the first light is blue light, and the first covering material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater than 2.10 for the first light.

12. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first covering material is a boron-containing compound.

13. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first covering material is represented by Formula 3: Formula 3 In Formula 3, L 31 to L 33 each independently is a single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C5-C 30 carbocyclic group, or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, where * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom, X 311 , X 321 and X 331 each independently is O, S or Se, X 312 、 X 322 and X 332 each independently is N, B or P, CY 311 to CY 313 each independently is a C5-C 30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, R 311 to R 313 、R 1a and R 1b each independently is hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxy group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkylthio group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), n31 to n33 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, a311 to a313 are each independently an integer from 1 to 20, R 10a is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C 60 aryloxy group, a C6-C 60 arylthio group, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C2-C 60 alkenyl group, a C2-C 60 alkynyl group or a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group or C6-C 60 arylthio group; or -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 , Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 each independently is: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a hydroxy group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C 60 alkyl group; a C2-C 60 alkenyl group; a C2-C 60 alkynyl group; a C1-C 60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, a cyano group, a C1-C 60 alkyl group, a C1-C 60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group or any combination thereof.

14. The light-emitting device according to claim 13, wherein L 31 to L 33 are each independently: Single bond, *-C(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-C(R 1a )=*', *=C(R 1a )-*', *-C(R 1a )=C(R 1b )-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-C(=S)-*', *-C≡C-*', *-B(R 1a )-*', *-N(R 1a )-*', *-O-*', *-P(R 1a )-*', *-Al(R 1a )-*, *-Si(R 1a )(R 1b )-*', *-P(=O)(R 1a )-*', *-S-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*' or *-Ge(R 1a )(R 1b ), * and *' each represent a binding site to an adjacent atom, and R 1a and R 1b are each the same as defined in Formula 3; A phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, an phenanthrylene group, an anthrylene group, a benzo[ghi]phenanthrylene group, a pyrenylene group, a yl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a benzoquinolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a triazinone group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group or a dibenzothienyl group; or Each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, C1-C 20 alkyl group, C1-C 20 alkoxy group, phenyl group, naphthyl group, fluorenyl group, spiro-fluorenyl group, phenalenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthracenyl group, fluoranthenyl group, benzophenanthryl group, pyrenyl group, yl group, perylenyl group, pentaphenyl group, hexaphenyl group, quaterphenyl group, pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, furyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, indolyl group, indazolyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, carbazolyl group, benzoquinolinyl group, phthalazinyl group, naphthyridinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, quinazolinyl group, phenanthridinyl group, acridinyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, phenazinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, benzoxazolyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazinyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzothienyl group, benzocarbazolyl group or dibenzocarbazolyl group, and at least one of the substituted phenylene group, naphthylene group, fluorenylene group, phenanthrylene group, anthrylene group, benzophenanthrylene group, pyrylene group, yl group, pyrrolylene group, thienylene group, furylene group, imidazolylene group, pyridylene group, pyrazinylene group, pyrimidinylene group, pyridazinylene group, indolylene group, quinolinylene group, isoquinolinylene group, benzoquinolinylene group, phenanthridinylene group, acridinylene group, phenanthrolinylene group, benzofuranylene group, benzothienylene group, triazinone group, tetrazolylene group, triazinylene group, dibenzofuranylene group or dibenzothienylene group.

15. The light-emitting device according to claim 13, wherein CY 311 to CY 313 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a benzophenanthrene group, a pyrene group, group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a dibenzooxasilin group, a dibenzothiasilin group, a dibenzodihydroazasilin group, a dibenzodihydrodisilin group, a dibenzodihydroasilin group, a dibenzooxalin group, a dibenzooxathiin group, a dibenzoxazine group, a dibenzopyran group, a dibenzodithiin group, a dibenzothiazine group, a dibenzothiopyran group, a dibenzocyclohexadiene group, a dibenzodihydropyridine group or a dibenzodihydropyrazine group.

16. An electronic device, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. The electronic device according to claim 16, further comprising a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

18. The electronic device according to claim 17, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof.

19. An electronic apparatus, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

20. The electronic apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the electronic apparatus is at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

Images