Battery energy storage container and method of using same

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a battery energy storage container. The energy storage container has a cylindrical housing and a pair of end caps disposed on opposite ends of the cylindrical housing. A diaphragm is positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and a corresponding end of the cylindrical housing. In one version, the energy storage container is configured to be mounted beneath the earth surface for geologic thermal management of the energy storage container. Embodiments of the invention further disclose different types of electrode holders. The energy storage container is configured for use in electrochemical cells, Li-ion batteries, intercalation batteries, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, fuel cells, reversible fuel cells, and capacitors.

Description

Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 417,286, filed on October 18, 2022, entitled "Pressurized Energy Storage Container and Method of Use". Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to the field of energy storage, and more particularly, to energy storage containers for use in batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. Background Art

[0003] Climate change and the increasing population / growth in power consumption in crowded urban and suburban areas and their negative impacts on the power grid are interrelated issues. During hot summers, grid overload can cause power line conductors to sag significantly until a critical point is reached, such that the conductors may ground and arc with trees, buildings, or even the ground. The infamous 2003 Northeast blackout and the 2017 California Thomas Forest Fire caused immeasurable environmental damage, loss of life, loss of services, and incredible economic losses for individuals and businesses. Under normal circumstances, such as on hot days with high power loads, the ISO (Independent System Operator) will actively monitor the sag level and proactively shut down services to prevent arcing, blackouts, and fires. Additionally, as the power grid ages, power lines will arc across insulators and the power line support structure under reasonable / high loads. In the best - case scenario, the ISO will suffer significant power losses, and in the worst - case scenario, the insulator or conductor will completely fail, resulting in a blackout or fire. Even in 2005, it could be estimated that achieving the electrification of transportation and the power grid and gradually moving away from reliance on hydrocarbon fuels would be a challenging path for the national power grid. Methods for manufacturing large, safe, and low - cost battery cells can have a profound impact on further leveraging renewable power generation to achieve power grid electrification and will reduce peak loads and fossil fuel - based power generation.

[0004] Current battery improvements mainly focus on chemical systems to improve the energy density, cycle life, safety, and other performance metrics of 18650 / 4680 battery cells, pouch battery cells, or prismatic battery cells. However, there has been little research on container innovation. Currently, small - scale battery solutions are being adopted to address large - scale, durable energy storage problems. These solutions are not good ways to meet the requirements of large - scale, durable energy storage systems.

[0005] Since 2005, a profound paradigm shift has taken place globally (i.e., Al Gore’s Inconvenient Truth and The Paris Agreement in 2015) towards universal electrification and decarbonization of the grid, creating a market need for durable energy storage solutions.

[0006] US Patent No. 10,608,284 discloses a compressed gas electrolyte as a liquefied gas electrolyte. However, the disclosed technology does not provide a matching hardware solution to put its invention into practice.

[0007] Existing BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) solutions related to durable energy storage are inefficient, complex to use, difficult to manufacture, expensive, and have specific safety issues involving thermal runaway and fire. An effective and efficient solution is needed that uses small battery cells (energy storage containers) suitable for mobility to solve the above-mentioned durable energy storage problems. Summary of the invention

[0008] The present invention provides a battery energy storage container, which includes: a cylindrical shell, which is configured to enclose electrodes and store electrolytes at a pressure higher than or lower than ambient pressure; wherein the cylindrical shell includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; a pair of end caps, which are arranged on opposite ends of the cylindrical shell, wherein the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical shell; wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; and a diaphragm, which is positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

[0009] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each end selected from the two opposing ends of the cylindrical housing includes opposing flanges.

[0010] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps comprises a pressure port configured to introduce a fluid or a gas into the corresponding end cap.

[0011] In an embodiment, the energy storage vessel is configured to be installed below the surface of the earth to provide geothermal management of the energy storage vessel.

[0012] In an embodiment, the energy storage container is configured for use in an electrochemical cell, a Li-ion battery, an intercalation battery, a metal-air battery, a flow battery, a fuel cell, a reversible fuel cell, and a capacitor.

[0013] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to a corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

[0014] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably distinguishable from each other.

[0015] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

[0016] An embodiment of the present invention further discloses an overpressure fail-safe mechanism for a container, the overpressure fail-safe mechanism comprising: a pressure relief valve disposed in the container; a safety bladder connected downstream of the pressure relief valve; wherein the safety bladder is configured to be filled with the contents of the container; wherein the overpressure fail-safe mechanism is configured to be automatically enabled in a first mode or a second mode depending on the pressure of the contents in the container; wherein, in the first mode, the pressure relief valve releases at least some of the contents of the container into the safety bladder; wherein, in a subsequent second mode, the safety bladder releases at least some of the metered amount of the contents of the container into the atmosphere; and wherein the second mode is enabled only after the first mode is enabled, when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder exceeds a third set pressure.

[0017] In an embodiment, the overpressure fail-safe mechanism is automatically enabled only when the pressure of the contents in the container exceeds a second set pressure.

[0018] In an embodiment, the safety bladder further includes a pressure relief valve configured to release at least some of the metered amount of the contents of the container into the atmosphere when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder exceeds a third set pressure.

[0019] An embodiment of the present invention further discloses an electrode holder, the electrode holder comprising: an inner sliding fit holder element that can be sealed or includes a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; an outer sliding fit holder element that includes a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; and an inner cavity defined between the inner sliding fit holder element and the outer sliding fit holder element to support the installation of at least one electrode.

[0020] In an embodiment, at least one electrode separator is disposed between at least one pair of electrodes.

[0021] In an embodiment, the at least one pair of electrodes is selected from the group consisting of: a wound core (a commercially available cylindrical battery cell), a vertical thin film electrode (pouch or prismatic), a wafer electrode, and a disk electrode.

[0022] In an embodiment, electrodes selected from at least a pair of electrodes are arranged parallel to each other.

[0023] An embodiment of the present invention further discloses an electrode holder, which includes: a plurality of tubes, the plurality of tubes are arranged substantially parallel to each other; wherein, the plurality of tubes are spaced apart from each other; a cathode, the cathode is arranged in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes; an anode, the anode is arranged in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes; and at least one fluid flow, the at least one fluid flow is arranged in a space formed between the plurality of tubes; wherein, the fluid includes at least one of the following: a coolant and / or an electrolyte.

[0024] In an embodiment, the plurality of tubes are interconnected to form a substantially cylindrical shape.

[0025] In an embodiment, the cathode and / or the anode are formed into a shape including the following: a square tube, a cylindrical rod, a hexagonal shaft, a rectangular cylinder, and an elliptical cylinder.

[0026] An embodiment of the present invention further discloses a battery energy storage container, which includes: a cylindrical housing, the cylindrical housing is configured to enclose electrodes and store an electrolyte under a pressure higher than or lower than the ambient pressure; wherein, the cylindrical housing includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; a pair of end caps, the pair of end caps are provided at opposite ends of the cylindrical housing, wherein, the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing; wherein, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; a diaphragm, the diaphragm is positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing; and wherein, the energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

[0027] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each end of the two opposite ends of the cylindrical housing includes a corresponding flange.

[0028] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure port, the pressure port is configured to introduce a fluid or a gas into the corresponding end cap.

[0029] In an embodiment, the energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

[0030] In an embodiment, the energy storage container is configured to be used in a metal-air battery, a flow battery, a fuel cell, a reversible fuel cell, and a capacitor.

[0031] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

[0032] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably distinct from each other.

[0033] In an embodiment, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

[0034] The present hardware container invention is generic to battery chemistries and can be used in conjunction with a wide range of energy storage systems, including but not limited to Li-ion batteries, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, capacitors, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. The present invention includes applying pressure or vacuum to gases or liquids, thereby improving many fundamental scientific principles, which will enhance battery efficiency and performance.

[0035] Battery, capacitor, or fuel cell containers for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, which are common to chemical systems, include vessels or housings for holding battery chemical system elements (cathode, anode, electrolyte), where the pressure is greater than or less than atmospheric pressure. The vessel or housing is commonly referred to as an energy storage container, and the energy storage container provides system interoperability with other (but not limited to) typical cathode / anode batteries, capacitors, supercapacitors, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, and fuel cells. The non-ambient pressure (positive or negative) inside the energy storage container provides a method for tuning thermodynamic principles, thereby benefiting dozens of fundamental scientific laws, resulting in more efficient large and durable batteries. The container is a cylinder, vessel, or any acceptable shape that effectively maintains positive pressure or a vacuum, and has end caps to maintain positive pressure and / or vacuum, and is made of metal, plastic, composite materials, or other materials. The energy storage container can be a single-walled vessel or a double-walled vessel. It is also anticipated that the energy storage container will hold battery chemical system elements at atmospheric pressure (not only pressure or vacuum), where the size, shape, and static load of the container provide practicality in accommodating large battery chemical system elements suitable for efficient and durable electrochemical storage. The end caps and diaphragms of the energy storage container are designed to retain the battery chemical system of large batteries under ambient and non-ambient pressures. The energy storage container also includes or houses electrodes and / or electrode holders, separators, and current collectors (not shown in the figure), and these components are arranged in a vertical direction (hamburger style) and / or a longitudinal direction (hot dog style) relative to the energy storage container. The electrode holder is designed to be interoperable with any battery chemical system element with replaceable battery elements to extend the life of the energy storage container and is also capable of mounting future battery chemical system elements. The energy storage container has over-temperature protection and over-pressure protection for thermal runaway protection, thermal runaway mitigation, and thermal runaway shutdown, and these protections include (but not limited to): 1) the shape of the cylindrical shell and end caps; 2) active thermal management mechanisms / passive thermal management mechanisms; 3) the primary expansion area and pressure relief of the cavity; 4) the secondary expansion area and pressure relief of the cavity; 5) a three-stage fail-safe mechanism for the main cylinder and a safety bladder for retention. Over-pressure fail-safe protection and over-vacuum fail-safe protection will safely contain any battery chemical system elements or hot gases from being released into the atmosphere, vehicle, structure, or internal compartment, thereby mitigating or shutting down a thermal runaway event. The non-ambient nature of the energy storage container allows for an optimized internal environment for chemical reactions under various external atmospheric pressures and temperatures experienced on Earth, in space, and in other planetary environments. The design features of the container, electrode holder, and separator (diaphragm) allow the cathode material and anode material to expand and contract at different charge states and temperatures.The primary and secondary pressure relief mechanisms coupled to the separator (diaphragm) can self-regulate the thermal expansion and charge state expansion of the electrodes, thereby always allowing a stable internal battery chemistry environment, while providing a concise solution for applying mechanical clamping pressure to the battery cell stack. The vertical retainer can also be overfilled with electrode material to the desired level and then provide a predetermined retainer clamping force as the separator (diaphragm) and end caps are fastened / clamped in place when the retainer is installed in the main cylinder.

[0036] Additional features include safe interoperability with almost any battery chemistry or battery system (including but not limited to typical thin-film NMC and LFP batteries, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, and extending to fuel cells) to enable affordable and large-scale durable storage, thereby allowing the decarbonization of the power grid. The large version will provide acceptable digital inertia and immediate grid response times through associated inverters, transmission, and distribution contingency measures. Furthermore, grid capacity and resilience are facilitated through existing and estimated future loads, safe operation, thermal runaway mitigation features, thermal runaway shutdown features, and pressure control features with chemical retention. This will allow customers to make money and profit from energy storage, sales, and arbitrage. Customers can consider recyclable electrode materials when designing battery chemistry elements. The main cylinder and retainer are reusable, so the energy storage container assembly can be updated synchronously with the research and development of new battery chemistry elements and systems; battery chemistry interchangeability for extending the life cycle of the energy storage container assembly; [large] batteries will hereafter be separated by category / type into atmospheric chemistry systems and non-atmospheric (pressurized) chemistry systems; recyclability of battery chemistry elements, energy storage containers, and electrode retainers at the end of their life; and serving as a safe development test bench. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0037] Figure 1 A partial exploded view of an energy storage container according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0038] Figure 2 Different perspective views of the container in different mounting configurations are shown.

[0039] Figure 3 An overpressure fail-safe mechanism of an energy storage container according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Figure 1 of the energy storage container.

[0040] Figure 4 An energy storage container according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown, where for simplicity and clarity, a pair of end caps are shown removed from the Figure 1 cylindrical housing of the energy storage container.

[0041] Figure 5Shows an energy storage container in which a pair of end caps are shown applying a compressive pressure towards a cylindrical housing;

[0042] Figure 6 Shows exemplary techniques / methods for seasonal / daily adjustment of the pressure or vacuum of an Figure 1 energy storage container.

[0043] Figure 7 Shows an electrode holder for an energy storage container according to a first embodiment of the present invention, Figure 1 of.

[0044] Figure 8 Shows an electrode holder for an energy storage container according to a second embodiment of the present invention, Figure 1 of.

[0045] Figure 9 Shows a holderless configuration for an energy storage container according to yet another embodiment of the present invention for Figure 1 of.

[0046] Figure 10 Shows different views of a metal-air battery utilizing an energy storage container of Figure 1 of.

[0047] Figure 11 Shows different views of a flow battery utilizing an energy storage container of Figure 1 of.

[0048] Figure 12 Shows different views of a capacitor and supercapacitor stack utilizing an energy storage container of Figure 1 of.

[0049] Figure 13 Shows different views of a fuel cell container utilizing an energy storage container of Figure 1 of.

[0050] Figure 14 Shows different views of a reversible fuel cell utilizing an energy storage container of Figure 1 of.

[0051] Figure 15 Shows a modified form of an electrode holder according to another embodiment of the present invention, Figure 8 of. Detailed Description

[0052] The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. However, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

[0053] It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0054] It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer and / or section from another element, component, region, layer and / or section.

[0055] It will be understood that the elements, components, regions, layers and sections depicted in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0056] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that when used in this specification, the terms “comprises” and / or “comprising” or “includes” and / or “including” specify the presence of the stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and / or groups thereof.

[0057] In addition, relative terms (such as, “lower” or “bottom,” “upper” or “top,” “left” or “right,” “above” or “below,” “front” or “rear”) may be used herein to describe the relationship of one element to another as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the relative terms are intended to cover different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings.

[0058] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries shall be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and this disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0059] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to idealized embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, variations in the shapes as illustrated are to be expected due to, for example, manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances. Numerical values, ratios, percentages, and other values may include ±5%, ±10%, ±25%, ±50%, ±75%, ±100%, ±200%, ±500% or other values within ranges that do not depart from the spirit of the present invention. The terms "about," "approximately," or "substantially" may include values known to one of ordinary skill in the art. If not known in the art, these terms may be considered to be within a range of up to ±5%, ±10%, or other values higher than these ranges that are commonly accepted by one of ordinary skill in the art for the disclosed variables. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limited to the specific shapes of the regions illustrated herein, but will include, for example, deviations in shape caused by manufacturing. The present invention, as illustratively disclosed herein, may be practiced appropriately in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein. All patents, patent applications, and non-patent literature cited in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0060] Reference will now be made, in particular, to Figures 1 to 15 the drawings to describe an energy storage container and a method of using the same.

[0061] First, reference is made to Figure 1 , which shows a partial exploded view of an energy storage container 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The energy storage container 100 includes a cylindrical housing 110, a pair of end caps 120, and at least one electrode holder 130 (optional), all of which will be described in more detail in the following description. The pair of end caps 120 can be used for (formed for) primary pressure control and secondary pressure control, such that one end cap 120 can be used for (formed for) primary pressure control, while the other end cap 120 can be used for (formed for) secondary pressure control, all of which will be described in more detail in the following description. In other words, one end cap 120 can be used for (formed for) forming a primary expansion region (e.g., a chamber in one example), while the other end cap 120 can be used for (formed for) forming a secondary expansion region, all of which will be described in more detail in the following description. Further, the energy storage container 100 may include various safety elements (not shown in the figures) and a thermal management system (not shown in the figures).

[0062] Reference Figure 1 , the cylindrical housing 110 is configured to enclose the electrode 140 and store an electrolyte (not shown in the figure) at a pressure above ambient pressure (positive pressure) or below ambient pressure (vacuum); wherein, the cylindrical housing 110 includes two opposite ends 112 that are spaced apart from each other and separated by the total length of the cylindrical housing 110. Each end 112 selected from the two opposite ends 112 of the cylindrical housing 110 includes a flange 114. The cylindrical housing 110 is a basic structure that can be used to produce a container assembly 100 (also referred to as "energy storage container 100"), such that a closed vessel can be formed by combining a pair of end caps 120 to install various battery chemistries, such that a positive pressure or negative pressure (vacuum), i.e., not a compressive pressure but a fluid pressure, can be applied to the energy storage container 100. The cylindrical housing 110 is designed to withstand the large static loads of the chemistries of large, durable batteries. The cylindrical housing 110 can have several sub-parts known in the prior art, and these sub-parts can be designed according to various applicable standards, such as but not limited to: 2. MIL-STD-1522 1972 3. MIL-STD-1522A 1984 – Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems; 4. Change, J.B., Lou, M.C., and Huang, L.C.-P., PVP-Vol. 318 [Proceedings of the Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference Vol. 318], The American Society for Mechanical Engineers, 1995, Updated Requirements for Pressurized Space Systems; 5. ANSI / AIAA S-080-1998, Space Systems-Metallic Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure Components [Aerospace Systems-Metallic Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure Components], American National Standard Institute and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics [American National Standard Institute and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics], 1998; 6. ANSI / AIAA S-081-2000, Space Systems-Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels [Aerospace Systems-Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels], American National Standard Institute and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics [American National Standard Institute and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics], 2000; 7. Horton, R.E. et al., Damage Tolerance of Composites–Final Report [Damage Tolerance of Composites–Final Report], AFWAL-TR-87-3030, 1988; 8. Change, J.B., Enhanced Technology for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels [Enhanced Technology for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels], Technical Summary Final Report [Technical Summary Final Report], Aerospace Report [Aerospace Report] No. TR-99(8504)-1, 2000, February 2000; 9. Change, J.B, Chiu, S.T. and Huang, L.C.-P. Damage Control of Space-Flight Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels [Space-Flight Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels], IAF-00-I.3.10, 51 stInternational Astronautical Congress, 51st, 2000; 10. Babel, H. and Grimes L., AIAA Space Pressure Vessel Working Group Meeting Presentation Materials, 1998; 11. Ralph M., Tapphorn, Test Report, Impact Damage Effects and Control Applied to Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels, TR - 806 - 001, NASA Johnson Space Center, White Sands Test Facility, July 29, 1998; 12. Polymer Matrix Composites, MIL - HDBK - 17E, January 1997; 13. Fracture Control Requirements for Payloads using the Space Shuttle, NASA - STD - 5003, NASA / Headquarters, 1999; 14. Johnson, E. and Nokes, J.P., Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques Assessment for Graphite / Epoxy (GR / Ep) Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels, Aerospace report, TR - 908(8504) - 3, October 1998; 15. Fracture Control Implementation Handbook for Payloads, Experiments, and Similar Hardware, NASA - HDBK - P020, June 2002; 16. Lewis J., AIAA Space Pressure Vessel Working Group Meeting Presentation Materials, 1999; 17. ASME (ASME International, Three Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016 - 5990, www.asme.org) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Certifications, Pressure Vessels Section VIII Division 1, U – Pressure Vessels, UM – Miniature Pressure Vessels; Pressure Vessels Section VIII, Division II – U2 – Pressure Vessels (Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels); Pressure Vessels Section VIII, Division III, U3 – High - Pressure Vessels; Reinforced Pressure Vessels, Section X, RP – Fiber - Reinforced Plastic Vessels; and Pressure Relief Devices, Section XIII, UV – Pressure Vessel Relief Valves, UD – Pressure Vessel Relief Devices, UV3 – High - Pressure Vessel Relief Valves and UD3 – High - Pressure Vessel Relief Devices; 18. ANSI / AIAA S - 081 Revision B, 2018 Space Systems – Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels; 19. DNV – An independent risk management and verification expert, the world's leading classification society, and a recognized advisor in the maritime industry, pressure equipment, and systems; certifications provided according to DNV rules, the European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), the Transportable Pressure Equipment Directive (TPED), ASME, and AD 2000; 20. American Bureau of Shipping – development and verification of standards for the design, construction and operational performance of marine-related facilities, ABS Rules for Steel Vessels for Vessels Certified for International Voyages, approved by USCG on June 9, 2003; 21. EN ISO 11439:2000 Gas Cylinders – High Pressure Cylinders for the On-Board Storage of Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles; 22. ANSI / IAS NGV 2-1998 Basic Requirements for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) Fuel Containers; 23. ISO 9809-1 / 1999 Gas Cylinders – Refillable Seamless Steel Gas Cylinders – Design, Construction and Testing – Part 1 [ISO 9809-1 / 1999 Gas Cylinders – Refillable Seamless Steel Gas Cylinders – Design, Construction and Testing – Part 1]: Quenched and Tempered Steel Cylinders with Tensile Strength Less than 1100 Mpa for assembly, operation, inspection [For assembly, operation, inspection, steel cylinders that have been quenched and tempered and have a tensile strength less than 1100 MPa]; 24. ASTM D1784-20 Standard Classification System for and Basis for Specification for Rigid PVC compounds and CPVC Compounds [Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Rigid PVC compounds and CPVC compounds]; 25. ASME class fittings and flanges, including class 150, class 300, class 400, class 600, class 900, class 1500, and class 2500; 26. ASME / ANSI pipe schedule for metal and plastic pipes.

[0063] In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), a plurality of cylindrical housings 110 are fastened together to support batteries, flow batteries, metal-air batteries, capacitors, or fuel cells in the energy storage container 100.

[0064] In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), a plurality of cylindrical housings 110 are spaced apart by a certain distance but are still connected together (fluidly or gasly connected) or electrically connected through a piping system to support battery, capacitor, and fuel cell functions by using a system having a plurality of cylindrical housings 110.

[0065] Reference Figure 4, a separator (diaphragm) 116 is positioned between each end cap 120 of the pair of end caps 120 and the corresponding end 112 of the cylindrical housing 100 to separate these units, thereby creating separate sealed chambers, and the separator (diaphragm) may allow electrons or ions to pass through. The dividing line between the plurality of cylindrical housings 100 can be used to integrate a structural separator (not shown in the figure) located between the plurality of cylindrical housings 100, or a hybrid system integrating the separator and the separator (diaphragm) 116.( Figure 10 , Figure 11 , Figure 13 , Figure 14 ).

[0066] In combination with the pair of end caps 120, the main function of the cylindrical housing 110 is to form a complete airtight vessel for sealing under non-ambient pressure to achieve the desired battery chemical reactions, thermodynamic control, and chemical retention. Durable energy storage will cover the grid, commercial, residential, vehicle, and device. It should be understood that non-ambient pressure can mean a pressure less than atmospheric pressure (i.e., vacuum or negative pressure) or a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure (i.e., positive pressure). The ability to evacuate a vacuum and then apply pressure at the cell level enables the cylindrical housing 110 to be used as an environmental chamber during the manufacturing process. Here, via subsequent vacuum / filling (filling with an inert gas such as argon) steps, and then injecting the electrolyte, the cell can be made inert. During different stages of the charge / discharge cycle, it may also be desirable to change the pressure / vacuum to optimize the charge rate, battery capacity, discharge rate, and control the temperature and chemical reaction rate. For example: slowly reducing the pressure during high C charge rate (C rate) to control the temperature. The second main function of the cylindrical housing 110 is to accommodate the (multiple) electrode holders 130 (optional), the electrolyte, and in the case of a non-holder design( Figure 9 ), accommodate the dedicated electrodes 140, the separator 160, and the electrolyte with a specific design. For some single-cylinder assemblies and multi-cylinder assemblies, the purpose is to create a closed-loop environment to retain chemicals and gases to achieve reversible chemical reactions, thermodynamic reactions, thermal reactions, work reactions, and energy reactions. Further, in an embodiment, the cylindrical housing 110 acts as a pressure vessel and is configured to comply with various standards / practices, such as but not limited to: ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), ANSI (American National Standards Institute), etc., to withstand (provide) compressive force and pressure.

[0067] The cylindrical shell 110 is constructed of a suitable material to exhibit strength against failure or rupture, wrinkling, or collapse when pressurized to a significant positive pressure or evacuated to a significant negative pressure. The strength characteristics of the material will also take into account diurnal and seasonal temperature variations, minor internal / external damage tolerance, expected fatigue cycles, unforeseen accidents, thermal runaway events, compressive forces resulting from burial underground, and the incorporation into a structure, building, or vehicle, while the material has an appropriate safety factor. Commonly used materials may include, but are not limited to: metals, plastics, or composite materials. Energy storage containers designed for stationary ground applications can be made of metal. Applications for vehicle or marine use (where weight is a significant factor) can be made of aluminum, composite materials, or plastics. There can be many types of materials, including Type 1 - all metal; Type 2 - composite-wrapped metal liner (circumferential only); Type 3 - composite-wrapped metal liner (optimized design consisting of circumferential and helical as needed); Type 4 - composite-wrapped plastic liner; and Type 5 - all composite (not yet commercialized). Metal enclosures can be relatively easily implemented, with characteristics of safety, high positive pressure, and vacuum resistance, where metal enclosures include Types 1, 2, and 3. Within the same metal category, Type 1 is the cheapest and heaviest, while Type 3 is the most expensive and lightest.

[0068] The cylindrical shell 110 has flanges 114 at each end 112 of the cylindrical shell 110 to allow the mounting of the pair of end caps 120( Figure 1 and Figure 5)。The flange 114 is made of circumferentially angled material with holes for fasteners and complies with various standards / practices such as, but not limited to: 1. Farr, J.R. and Jawad, M.H., Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels [ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessel Design Guide]; ASME, 2010; 2. 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels – Division 1 [2010 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Pressure Vessel Construction Rules – Part 1], ASME, July 1, 2011; 3. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 2021 Complete Set [ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 2021 Complete Edition], BPVC - Complete Code [BPVC - Complete Code] – 2021; and 4. ASME class fittings and flanges, including 150 class, 300 class, 400 class, 600 class, 900 class, 1500 class, and 2500 class.

[0069] In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), the pair of end caps 120 can be threadedly connected, welded, interlocked, or adhered to the two opposite ends 112 of the cylindrical shell 110. In the case of plastic or composite materials, the pair of end caps 120 can be a cylinder integral with the cylindrical shell 110 or adhered to the cylindrical shell. If a pair of removable end caps 120 is used, access to the internal parts is improved, and a means is provided for simple and effective maintenance, recycling of old chemical systems, updating the container with future chemical systems, and replacement of internal parts. There can be many types of a pair of removable end caps 120, and they include bolted flanges, twist / lock flanges, welded flanges, or adhered flanges. The flange 114 further allows connection of multiple cylindrical shells 110, which can in turn have different pressures or vacuums but still operate as a battery system. This can apply to flow batteries, fuel cells, metal - air batteries, thermal batteries, and standard redox electrochemical cells.

[0070] See Figure 2, based on the installation requirements of fixed equipment, vehicles, trailers, structures, buildings, etc., mounting points (119A) can be integrated in the form of flange fasteners 119A to accommodate the horizontal installation of the energy storage container 100. Alternatively, mounting points (119B) in the form of strap clamps 119B can be installed around the circumference of the cylindrical housing 110 to accommodate vertical installation. The metal cylindrical housing 110 can have mounting points (119A, 119B) welded thereto. In the case of plastic storage tanks or composite material storage tanks, these mounting points (119A, 119B) can be integrated into the molding process or the layup process.

[0071] In an embodiment, the cylindrical housing 110 includes a fill port 118 to allow electrolyte gas or electrolyte liquid to be added to or removed from the cylindrical housing 110. The same fill port 118 can be used in conjunction with a shut-off valve to achieve multiple functions, such as a pressure port and a mounting point for an overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150 ( Figure 3 ), and a passage for an active cooling system. The overall emphasis is to minimize the holes and fittings in the cylindrical housing 110 to reduce manufacturing costs while maintaining the overall strength of the cylindrical housing 110.

[0072] An exemplary method for pressurizing the cylindrical housing 110 with a gaseous electrolyte or a liquefied gaseous electrolyte will now be described. Both the primary expansion region of one end cap 120 and the secondary expansion region of the other end cap 120 are placed in a vacuum, and the diaphragms (membranes) 116 of each end cap 120 are pulled towards their corresponding end caps 120. Thereafter, the fittings of the primary expansion region of one end cap 120 and the fittings of the secondary expansion region of the other end cap 120 are sealed (closed) to maintain the vacuum. Thereafter, the cylindrical housing 110 is filled with electrolyte liquid and / or electrolyte gas using the fill port 118 until the pressure approaches but does not exceed the vapor pressure of the electrolyte liquid and / or electrolyte gas at a given temperature. Now, the cylindrical housing 110 is sealed (closed) at the warmest fill temperature to prevent condensation from starting. Thereafter, the vacuum is removed from the primary expansion region of one end cap 120 and the secondary expansion region of the other end cap 120, and the primary expansion region of one end cap 120 and the secondary expansion region of the other end cap 120 are pressurized to the battery operating pressure. The primary expansion region of one end cap 120 and the secondary expansion region of the other end cap 120 will apply pressure to the cylindrical housing 110 via the diaphragms (membranes) 116, and the gaseous electrolyte or liquid electrolyte will shift from the gas phase to a liquid or supercritical liquid depending on the physical and chemical properties of the electrolyte.

[0073] The pair of end caps 120 provides a structure for enclosing each end 112 of the cylindrical housing 110 to produce the energy storage container 100. The pair of end caps 120 can be welded, glued, brazed, integrally compounded to the cylindrical housing 110, and can be repaired, inspected, and rehabilitated according to various standards / practices, such as but not limited to: 1.API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration [API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration], API RP 571 – Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry [Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry], RP 572 – Inspection of Pressure Vessels [Inspection of Pressure Vessels], RP 576 – Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices [Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices], RP 577 – Welding Inspection of Metallurgy [Welding Inspection of Metallurgy], PR 578 – Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems [Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems], PR 579 – Fitness-For-Service [Fitness-For-Service], PR 580 – Risk-Based Inspection [Risk-Based Inspection], RP 580 – Risk-Based Inspection [Risk-Based Inspection], Publ 581 – Risk-Based Inspection – Base Resource Document [Risk-Based Inspection – Base Resource Document], RP 582 – Recommended Practice and Supplementary Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries [Recommended Practice and Supplementary Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries], Publ 2201 – Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in Service [Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in Service], and API 510 Inspector Certification Examination Body of Knowledge [API 510 Inspector Certification Examination Body of Knowledge]; 2.ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V: Non-Destructive Examination, Section VIII: Division 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Section VIII: Division 2, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels – Alternative Rules, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications, and PCC-1 Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly [ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V: Non-Destructive Examination, Section VIII: Division 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Section VIII: Division 2, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels – Alternative Rules, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications, and PCC-1 Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly]; 3. ASNT (The American Society for Nondestructive Testing [American Society for Nondestructive Testing], 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus Ohio [Columbus, Ohio, Arlingate Lane 1711], Zip Code 43228-0518, www.asnt.org) CP-189 Standard for Qualify Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing [CP-189 Standard for Qualify Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing]; 4. NACE (NACE International, 440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas [Houston, Texas, South Creek Drive 440], Zip Code 77084, www.nace.org)RP 0472Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments In Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments and MR 0103Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments; 5. National Board (The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 1055 Crupper Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, Zip Code 43229, www.nationalboard.org) NB-23 National Board Inspection Code; 6. WRC (Welding Research Council, P.O. Box 201547, Shaker Heights, Ohio, Zip Code 44120, www.forengineers.org) Bulletin 412 Challenges and Solutions in Repair Welding for Power and Processing Plants; and 7. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington DC, Zip Code 20210, www.osha.gov) 29 CFR Part 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards [29 CFR Part 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards]. The shape of the end cap 120 is designed according to the main references and industry standards (Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Dennis Moss; Pressure Vessel Handbook, Eugene Megyesy; Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, Henry Bednar; Modern Flange Design Bulletin 502, Taylor Forge; Shigley Joseph E, Mechanical Engineering Design 2003, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill, Boston; ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Divisions 1, 2, and 3, ASME II, Part D, and ASME V; Europe, EN-13445; Germany, A.D. Merkblatt Specification; United Kingdom, British Standard BS 5500; France, CODAP; and China, GB-150). Each flange 122 of each end cap 120 provides a surface for compressing the diaphragm (membrane) 116 or structurally supporting a partition (not shown in the figure) for different applications. The flange 122 and the closing method are designed according to various standards / industry practices, such as but not limited to: ASME class fittings and flanges, including class 150, class 300, class 400, class 600, class 900, class 1500, and class 2500.

[0074] The main purpose of the end cap 120 is to seal both ends of the cylindrical housing 110 so that various pressures can be applied to the interior of the cylindrical housing 110 and a primary expansion region associated with one end cap 120 and a secondary expansion region associated with the other end cap 120 can be created. There are also several other minor functions associated with the end cap 120. A dividing line between the end cap 120 and the cylindrical housing 110 can sandwich a diaphragm (membrane) 116 of a suitable material to apply an associated pressure to the cylindrical housing 110. At the same time, the diaphragm (membrane) 116 can (but does not have to) allow electrons, ions, protons to pass between the cylindrical housing 110 region and the expansion region to assist with charge / discharge cycles and chemical reactions in the cylindrical housing 110. The end cap 120 may also contain mounting sites, fittings for applying pressure, a pressure relief valve 124, and mounting points for horizontal or vertical mounting ( Figure 2 ). The shape of the end cap 120 is consistent with many standard designs / criteria / design practices of pressure vessels optimized to maintain significant positive and negative pressures, such as but not limited to: 1. Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Dennis Moss; Pressure Vessel Handbook, Eugene Megyesy; Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, Henry Bednar; Modern Flange Design Bulletin 502, Taylor Forge; Shigley Joseph E, Mechanical Engineering Design 2003, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill, Boston.

[0075] A structural support separator (not shown in the figure) can be installed at the flange 122 dividing line. This structural support separator helps to strengthen the cylindrical housing 110 in the radial direction, while adding certain characteristics to support the operation of the diaphragm (membrane), and can be a method for electrically conducting electrons to and from the battery and associated load 116. The end cap 120 and the cylindrical housing 110 can be fitted with pressure-sealed feedthrough fittings (not shown in the figure) for electrical connectors, sensors, battery management control, and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) control.

[0076] The end cap 120 can be made of metal, composite material, or plastic based on specific pressure requirements, internal chemical system requirements, external environmental requirements, electrical insulation, size, weight, etc.

[0077] The flange 122 of the metal end cap 120 has a suitable thickness that conforms to various standard designs / standards / design practices, such as but not limited to: Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Dennis Moss; Pressure Vessel Handbook, Eugene Megyesy; Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, Henry Bednar; Modern Flange Design Bulletin 502, Taylor Forge; Shigley Joseph E, Mechanical Engineering Design 2003, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill, Boston; ASME class fittings and flanges, including class 150, class 300, class 400, class 600, class 900, class 1500, and class 2500.

[0078] The flange 122 can further include holes (not shown in the figure) for connecting fasteners (not shown in the figure) to the cylindrical housing 110. In order to create a primary expansion region and a secondary expansion region, a diaphragm (membrane) 116 and / or a structural partition (not shown in the figure) spanning the circumference of the end cap 120 and the cylindrical housing 110 can be clamped between the flanges 122 with fasteners (not shown in the figure) (not shown in the figure). Flange fasteners (not shown in the figure) can be located at desired positions for attaching mounting brackets (not shown in the figure) to achieve horizontal and vertical applications or integration with battery packs, structures, vehicles, or buildings.

[0079] The pressure port (not shown in the figure) in the form of a threaded fitting with a shut-off valve in the end cap 120 allows various pressures to be applied to the primary or secondary primary expansion regions and secondary expansion regions of each end cap 120 to pre-pressurize the cylindrical housing 110 region with positive pressure or vacuum. The pressure port (not shown in the figure) is configured to introduce fluid into the corresponding end cap 120.

[0080] The end caps 120 of the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region have pressure relief valves 124 to release any overpressure from a thermal runaway event transferred from the cylindrical housing 110 to the expansion regions, thereby relieving pressure from the cylindrical housing 110 while allowing the battery chemistry and hot gases to remain within the cylindrical housing 110. In an embodiment, the set pressures of the pressure relief valves 124 of each end cap 120 selected from the pair of end caps 120 are measurably distinguishable from one another. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the pressure relief valve 124 of the primary expansion region will have a lower activation set pressure while the pressure relief valve of the secondary expansion region will have a higher activation set pressure. In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), if active liquid, active gas, or active solid materials are stored within or are intended to pass through the diaphragm (membrane) 116 in the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region, it may be desirable to assemble a retention airbag (not shown in the figures) upstream of the particular pressure relief valve 124. In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), the set pressures of the pressure relief valves 124 of each end cap 120 selected from the pair of end caps 120 are measurably the same.

[0081] The bracket (not shown in the figures) of the end cap 120 can be attached or welded to the end cap 120 itself via fasteners (not shown in the figures) or attached to the flange 122 with fasteners (not shown in the figures) to enable vertical or horizontal mounting of the energy storage container assembly. In the case of composite or plastic materials, the mounting bracket (not shown in the figures) can be integral with the end cap 120.

[0082] The typical shapes of the end cap 120 that forms the head of the pressure vessel can be oval, flat, 10% dish, standard dish, conical, semi-elliptical, hemispherical, inverted, etc. These shapes can conform to various standards / design practices, such as but not limited to: Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Dennis Moss; Pressure Vessel Handbook, Eugene Megyesy; Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, Henry Bednar; Modern Flange Design Bulletin 502, Taylor Forge; Shigley Joseph E, Mechanical Engineering Design 2003, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill, Boston. In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), the end cap 120 can be fastened to the cylindrical shell 110 by a double flange and fastener method, welded to the cylindrical shell with metal, or formed as an integral part with the cylindrical shell 110 using plastic or composite materials.

[0083] Reference Figure 3, the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 is a three - stage (third) pressure fault safety mechanism and safety feature of the cylindrical housing 110, and is designed to mitigate and shut down a catastrophic thermal runaway event of the energy storage container 100, and is actuated only after the pressure relief valves 124 in the primary expansion region and the pressure relief valves 124 in the secondary expansion region have exceeded their set enabling limits (second set pressure). In an embodiment, the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 includes a pressure relief valve 152 configured to be enabled when the pressure exceeds the second set pressure, wherein the second set pressure corresponds to the larger value selected from the pressure relief valves 124 in the primary expansion region and the pressure relief valves 124 in the secondary expansion region. After the pressure relief valves 124 in the primary expansion region and the pressure relief valves 124 in the secondary expansion region have been enabled by successive increases in pressure, the third and final mechanism is the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150. A safety bladder 154 is connected downstream of the pressure relief valve 152; wherein the safety bladder 154 is configured to be filled with the contents of the cylindrical housing 110 of the energy storage container 100. The overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 has two functions that automatically operate in a multi - mode manner depending on the pressure of the contents in the cylindrical housing 110 of the energy storage container 100. The first mode enables the release of at least some of the contents of the cylindrical housing 110 (such as pressure, hot gas, and chemicals) into the safety bladder 154, which is sized to chemically disable the cylindrical housing 110 of the energy storage container 100, thereby shutting down the thermal runaway event, but retaining the chemicals in the safety bladder 154, thereby preventing release into the atmosphere. In the extremely rare case that the cylindrical housing 110 of the energy storage container 100 remains energized after such a large chemical spill, the second mode of the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 is enabled to meter - release at least some of the contents from the safety bladder 154, thereby discharging the pressure into the atmosphere. Thus, the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 prevents the release of chemicals and gases into the atmosphere by retaining the chemicals and gases in the safety bladder 154 until the second mode of the overpressure fault safety mechanism 150 is enabled, thereby shutting down the thermal runaway. In an embodiment, the safety bladder 154 further includes a pressure relief valve (not shown in the figure) configured to release a metered amount of at least some of the contents of the cylindrical housing 110 of the energy storage container 100 into the atmosphere when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder 154 exceeds a third set pressure, wherein the third set pressure corresponds to the pressure limit (capacity) of the safety bladder 154. The second mode is enabled only after the first mode is enabled, when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder 154 exceeds the third set pressure, wherein the third set pressure corresponds to the pressure limit (capacity) of the safety bladder 154.

[0084] In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), the overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150 includes a rupture disk (not shown in the figures) configured to rupture when the pressure exceeds a second set pressure, where the second set pressure corresponds to the larger value selected from the pressure relief valve 124 in the primary expansion region and the pressure relief valve 124 in the secondary expansion region.

[0085] Using the overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150 for thermal runaway mitigation may be desirable for certain battery chemistries and mounting configurations. However, this is not the only way to adjust the pressure in the cylindrical housing 110. The pressure in the cylindrical housing can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure in the primary and secondary expansion regions and thereby adjusting the volume to achieve similar desired pressurization and regulation results.

[0086] The primary pressure control and secondary pressure control provide a clamping force to the stack of electrodes 140 or optional electrode holders 130 and simultaneously provide pressure control to mitigate and / or shut down thermal runaway while retaining the chemistry and hot gases in the cylindrical housing 110.

[0087] The primary pressure control and secondary pressure control and the associated pressure relief regions are formed by clamping a diaphragm (membrane) 116 (which can be a conductive material, an insulator material, a gas diffusion material, a proton exchange material, or an ion selective material, or other materials) between the flange 114 of the cylindrical housing 110 and the flange 122 of the corresponding end cap 120. The regions generated in the end cap 120 are isolated from the cylindrical housing 110 but allow pressure to be transmitted between the separated chambers. The energy storage container 100 can operate without the primary and secondary pressure control features or can be equipped with one or more pressure control regions.

[0088] The primary purpose of the primary pressure control and secondary pressure control is to act as a damper or pressure accumulator that will allow the operating environment inside the cylindrical housing 110 to be uniform during charge / discharge cycles, allow adjustment according to diurnal and seasonal temperature variations and solar heating factors, and allow automatic adjustment according to the thermal expansion / contraction of the electrodes 140 and the expansion / contraction of the charge state, thereby regulating the cell stack compression pressure. Based on specific design criteria and battery chemistry performance, by specifying and adjusting the pressure in the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region, the desired pressure in the cylindrical housing 110 can be maintained more uniformly within the daily operating range and charge / discharge states. These pressures can include positive or vacuum pressures required for the desired outcome. The second purpose of the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region is to relieve the pressure transferred from the cylindrical housing 110 to mitigate and shut down a thermal runaway event, while maintaining the battery chemistry within the cylindrical housing 110 region via a diaphragm (membrane) 116 or a structural separator (not shown in the figure), and setting a critical enabling pressure for the pressure relief valve. Each time the primary pressure relief and secondary pressure relief are enabled, a certain specific volume / pressure (based on the shape of the end cap 120) can be relieved, allowing for a commensurate temperature adjustment to occur simultaneously. The design features contain the battery chemistry and hot gases within the cylindrical housing 110 while the pressure in the cylindrical housing 110 region decreases, first mitigating the thermal runaway event and potentially shutting it down. Once the battery cools and the pressure drops, the battery management system (BMS) can automatically re-maintain the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region to the design pressure to accommodate the specific battery chemistry in the cylindrical housing 110 region, and the battery can remain operational, providing a self-healing, self-resetting battery safety feature. The third design feature of the primary expansion region and the secondary expansion region can be used to apply varying pressures to the cylindrical housing 110 region during the assembly and manufacturing process to cause phase changes in the electrode material 140, electrolyte, and sublimation of chemical elements, and then initiate the energy storage container 100 into service. The phase change and sublimation characteristics will also be useful for certain chemical reactions during operation.

[0089] Reference will now be made to Figures 1 to 6 describe the operation of the various pressure control systems.

[0090] Example 1: Positive pressure: The cylindrical housing 110 is filled to a positive pressure of 1000 PSI (pounds per square inch), and the fail-safe setting of the three-stage pressure relief (overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150) is 1300 PSI. During the normal operating range, with the pressure relief valve set at 1100 PSI (also known as the first set pressure), the primary expansion region is pressurized to 1000 PSI, where the net pressure acting on the diaphragm 116 is zero. During normal operation, with the pressure relief valve set at 1200 PSI, the secondary expansion region is pressurized to 1000 PSI, where the net pressure acting on the diaphragm 116 is zero. As the thermal runaway event progresses and the pressure in the cylindrical housing 110 increases to 1100 PSI, where 100 PSI acts on the two diaphragms 116, the pressure in the cylindrical housing 110 is transferred to the primary and secondary expansion regions, and at this moment, the primary pressure relief valve 124 is activated. As the primary expansion region empties, the pressure and temperature (Gay-Lussac's law) in the cylindrical housing 110 decrease to a level related to the volume of the end cap 120 and the space that the diaphragm 116 can fill. During this first stage of thermal runaway mitigation, the chemical liquid and chemical gas are retained in the cylindrical housing 110, making it possible to shut down the thermal runaway event. The secondary pressure relief valve can be set at 1200 PSI (also known as the second set pressure). If the thermal runaway event continues, the next line of defense against catastrophic container failure is the secondary expansion region and the associated pressure relief valve 124. Similar to the primary pressure relief, the cylindrical housing 110 may need to reach 1200 psi, where 200 psi acts on the diaphragm 116, to activate the secondary pressure relief valve 124, and the pressure and temperature in the cylindrical housing 110 can decrease again, with the decrease amount related to the designed evacuation volume of the end cap 120. This is the second stage of thermal runaway mitigation, making it possible to shut down the thermal runaway event and still retain the chemical substances in the cylindrical housing 110. In rare cases, if the first two levels of pressure control cannot mitigate the thermal runaway event, the overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150 (three-stage fail-safe) will chemically shut down the battery while retaining the chemical substances and hot gas in the safety bladder 154, where if the design pressure of the safety bladder 154 (third set pressure) is reached, the gas will be metered and released into the atmosphere. The automatic multi-mode release of pressure mitigates the thermal runaway and prevents catastrophic failure of the energy storage container 100, and retains the chemical substances and hot gas in the container until the second mode of the three-stage fail-safe. For thermodynamically consistent battery chemistry system operation and considering seasonal and diurnal (or other time ranges) temperature variations, the initial pressurization of the cylindrical housing 110 and the primary pressure relief valve 124 / secondary pressure relief valve 124 / pressure relief valve 152 can be set below 25 PSI in summer months and above 25 PSI in winter months ( Figure 6 ). Example 2: Ambient Pressure: It may be desirable to have an ambient or near-ambient energy storage container 100 with pressure relief characteristics and battery chemistry retention characteristics. The need for large-scale, durable electrochemical energy storage has given rise to large grid / industrial / commercial energy storage containers 100, and the size of the energy storage container is determined such that whether it is under positive pressure, vacuum, or ambient pressure, due to the large mass of the electrodes and electrolyte, a liquid / gas / solid container or vessel will require a static strength level, pressure relief safety characteristics, and chemistry retention characteristics to handle thermal runaway type events, pressure type events, expansion type events, or chemical element leakage type events. Ambient batteries can be vented to the atmosphere without the requirement for chemical retention, but still use a primary expansion region, a secondary expansion region, and a diaphragm (membrane) 116( Figure 5 ) for pressurization and application of physical compressive force, as the electrode material expands and contracts with solar heating or heating and cooling during the charge / discharge state. If physical compressive force is not required, the ambient battery can be designed to operate without the diaphragm (membrane) 116 being compressed between the flange 114 and the flange 122, and this space can be used for battery chemistry elements. For a battery chemistry designed for ambient pressure requirements, the primary expansion region will provide positive pressure relief and vacuum relief in terms of the pressure relief mechanism installed in the end cap 120 to provide positive / negative pressure (e.g., 3 PSI positive pressure and 3 PSI negative pressure) relief simultaneously when the battery chemistry elements inside the cylindrical housing 110 heat / cool and expand / contract. The secondary relief region will also provide positive and negative pressure relief simultaneously, but at a higher design level (e.g., 6 PSI positive pressure and 6 PSI negative pressure). If required, a tertiary pressure relief (overpressure fail-safe mechanism 150) can be attached at any position on the cylindrical housing 110 to shut down a thermal runaway event and prevent catastrophic failure of the energy storage container 100. In the case of these ambient and near-ambient batteries, suitable materials for the cylindrical housing 110 and the end cap 120 can be plastic, aluminum, or lightweight composite materials.

[0091] Example 3: Vacuum Pressure: Capacitors 400 of various sizes and designs( Figure 12)Using vacuum as a dielectric for insulation purposes. For example, the energy storage container 100 can house the plates, oil, and other components required for a power factor correction capacitor. When the energy storage container 100 is evacuated to create a 500 PSIG (pounds per square inch gauge) vacuum therein, the primary relief / vacuum relief control area can also have a 500 PSIG vacuum (where 0 psi acts on the diaphragm), and the vacuum relief valve is set to 525 PSIG. This vacuum relief valve is ready to be evacuated in the ambient area to control over-vacuum conditions and prevent damage to the cylindrical housing 110. If the over-vacuum condition progresses further, the secondary vacuum relief valve is set to 550 PSIG, providing even more protection to the cylindrical housing 110 actively. Both vacuum relief mechanisms prevent ambient air from mixing with the internal components of the capacitor, and this state is field-repairable or automatically reset by the device management system.

[0092] The energy storage container 100 is designed as a large-scale energy storage device. Chemists, engineers, and scientists can use the energy storage container 100 to further design platforms for land-based and air-based batteries / capacitors / fuel cells that can operate efficiently for charging, discharging, and storing within a vacuum pressure or positive pressure range, applicable to all or part of the entire electrochemical cycle, redox reaction cycle, or capacitor cycle.

[0093] Preliminary studies indicate that materials can be evaporated / sublimed onto the cathode and anode, similar to electroplating, and vacuum pressure can facilitate sublimation. An example is evaporating / subliming a solid electrolyte into a gas to provide a suitable electrolyte. The pressure components of the container should be suitable for vacuum pressure and simultaneously provide differential pressure protection for over-vacuum and over-pressure conditions, and can be adjusted within a diurnal time range, seasonal time range, or other time ranges ( Figure 6 ).

[0094] Example 4: Coexistence of pressure and vacuum: A positive pressure can be placed on the cylindrical housing 110 while a vacuum pressure is placed on the electrode holder 130, creating a pressure difference between the two components. This partially assists ions, protons, electrons, electrolytes, or chemicals in crossing the separator (diaphragm) 116 or other barriers, and also provides the desired pressure or vacuum at the expected electrode 140 to achieve temperature control, increased intercalation, increased decomposition voltage, reduced resistance, etc. Alternatively, a vacuum pressure can be placed on the cylindrical housing 110 while a positive pressure is placed on the electrode holder 130. For example, in certain batteries such as the metal-air battery 200 ( Figure 10 ), the flow battery 300 ( Figure 11 ) and fuel cells (400, 500) ( Figures 13 to 14In the case of ))), the cylindrical housing 110 sections connected by flanges, pipe systems, or electrical wires can alternately have pressure and vacuum based on pressure, temperature, and performance requirements for the intended charging, discharging, or storage cycles of a particular electrode 140. For a specific battery system, the flow battery 300( Figure 11 ) may be well-suited to applying a positive pressure to the cathode side (including the storage tank, pipe system, and electrode) of the system and a vacuum to the anode side (including the storage tank, pipe system, and electrode) of the system during the charging process. For the discharging reaction, the opposite pressures on the anode side / cathode side of the flow battery 300( Figure 11 ), i.e., applying a vacuum pressure to the cathode side of the system and a positive pressure to the anode side of the system, can provide the desired performance.

[0095] Broadly speaking, it may be desirable to charge a battery / capacitor / cell / holder at a certain pressure / vacuum, store it at some other desired pressure / vacuum, and discharge it at another pressure / vacuum.

[0096] In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), an airbag (not shown in the figures) similar to the balloon used in airship buoyancy control is installed in the end cap 120 or the intermediate cylindrical housing 110, or inside the center of the core, or at other locations in the energy storage container 100, thereby allowing pressure / temperature control, chemical retention characteristics, and radial compaction force on the electrode material 140. The airbag (not shown in the figures) is mainly used for primary pressure control and secondary pressure control. This embodiment may be useful in plastic-molded or composite vessels with an integrated end cap 120 without a diaphragm (membrane) 116 installed.

[0097] Reference Figures 1 to 9 , specifically Figures 7 to 9 In, the electrode holder 130 provides a modular and systematic way to install the electrode 140, separator 160, electrolyte, and current collector (not shown in the figures) 170 in the energy storage container 100. The energy storage container 100 can be used with cathode and anode holders 130, with only one type of electrode holder 130, or not used with any holder at all( Figure 9 ). The electrode holder 130 supports the repair, maintenance, update, and recycling of old electrodes at the end of their life.

[0098] In the first embodiment, as in Figure 7As seen in, the electrode holder 130 is a vertical holder 130 that is flat, disk-shaped, and can have various thicknesses, typically having a diameter suitable for assembly inside the cylindrical housing 110 in a stacked form. The vertical holder 130 then includes an inner sliding fit holder element 132 that includes a plurality of corrugated holes 133 to allow electrolyte circulation; and an outer sliding fit holder element 134 that includes a plurality of corrugated holes 135 to allow electrolyte circulation. An inner cavity 136 is defined between the inner sliding fit holder element 132 and the outer sliding fit holder element 134 to support the installation of at least one electrode 140. In other words, the vertical holder 130 will have an inner cavity 136 to support the installation of the electrode material 140, and the vertical holder 130 can have corrugated holes (133, 135) to allow electrolyte circulation for chemical reactions, allow ions to shuttle between the electrodes 130, and allow cooling features. The vertical holder 130 can be sealed and operate at a different pressure or vacuum than the cylindrical housing 110. The vertical holder 130 can be conductive to allow current and electrons to flow to the cylindrical housing 110 when resistance reduction is desired. In an embodiment, the vertical holder 130 can be constructed of a non-conductive material to act as a separator / insulator for adjacent electrode holders 130, cylindrical housing 110, end caps 120, or diaphragms (membranes) 116. The electrode material 140 can have several forms, such as but not limited to: wound cores, stacked wafers, vertical thin film electrodes, wafer electrodes, and disk electrodes, or free electrodes with some bulk medium. In an embodiment, at least one electrode separator 160 is disposed between at least a pair of electrodes 140. As seen in Figure 7 As seen in, the pair of electrodes 140 are arranged parallel to each other. As seen in Figure 7As seen in, the vertical retainer 130 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing 110. The vertical retainer 130 will have various thicknesses to account for the stacked battery cell layers and voltages, so that the active electrode material 140 can interact efficiently with the electrolyte and with the opposing vertical retainer 130. In an embodiment, the vertical retainer 130 will act as a separator for the electrode material 140 of adjacent electrode retainers. In an embodiment, a single vertical retainer 130 can individually house the anode 140 or the cathode 140, and the vertical retainers 130 are staggered / alternated to achieve an efficient electrochemical reaction. In another embodiment, both the anode material and the cathode material can be present in a single vertical retainer 130, and this will require an inter-retainer electrode separator 160. Another positive design aspect of the vertical retainer 130 is that, in the case of the metal cylindrical housing 110, the vertical retainer 130 keeps the electrode 140 from contacting the cylindrical housing 110 (electrical insulation). The vertical retainer 130 will also have a sleeve mating feature to account for the expansion and contraction of the electrode 140, while allowing an end cap 120 fastening method to provide a compressive force to the retainer stack ( Figure 7 ). A separator (diaphragm) 116 (having appropriately controlled primary expansion regions / secondary expansion regions) installed between each end cap 120 and the cylindrical housing 110 can also provide the compressive force required for the sliding fit feature to adjust as each vertical retainer 130 expands / contracts.

[0099] In a second embodiment, as seen in Figure 8 , the electrode retainer 130 is a longitudinal retainer 230 (hot dog-shaped). The longitudinal retainer 230 includes a plurality of tubes 232 arranged substantially parallel to each other; wherein, the plurality of tubes 232 are spaced apart from each other.

[0100] The cathode 140 is arranged in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes 232, and the anode 140 is arranged in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes 232. At least one fluid flow is arranged in the space 234 formed between the plurality of tubes 232, wherein the fluid includes at least one of the following: coolant and / or electrolyte. The plurality of tubes 232 are interconnected to form a substantially cylindrical shape. The shape of the longitudinal retainer 230 can be in the form of a tube, rod, flat plate, ring or box. The longitudinal retainer 230 can accept free electrodes 140 (bulk material) or attached electrodes 140 with a specific design. The focus for large batteries will be on producing cheaper and faster-produced electrode materials 140 to increase the speed and scale of manufacturing and adoption. The accuracy of the film thickness may be reduced, but the cost will decrease and the production rate may increase. This is an acceptable compromise since energy density is not the primary requirement for large stationary batteries. One such configuration can include a plurality of longitudinal electrode tubes 232 longitudinally arranged in the cylindrical housing 110 ( Figure 8) several diaphragm-type retainers / spacers / current collectors (not shown in the figures) coupled to a shaft, rod, or other suitable shape. In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), the cathode 140 and / or the anode 140 are formed in shapes including: square tubes, cylindrical rods, hexagonal shafts, rectangular tubes, and oval tubes.

[0101] In an embodiment, the longitudinal retainer 230 can receive: a free electrode 140 of any shape; individual rods of one type of electrode 140; or electrode rods including both an anode and a cathode with appropriate spacers 160 and current collectors; or a hot dog / hamburger-shaped battery configuration, i.e., a long tube is used inside the longitudinal retainer 230, where there are wafer cathodes 140 and wafer anodes 140. The cap fittings on the ends of the electrode 140 tubes expand and contract to allow the primary expansion diaphragm (diaphragm) and the secondary expansion diaphragm (diaphragm) 116 to physically push the electrode materials 140 together as the temperature and pressure inside the energy storage container 100 change with the expansion and contraction associated with the state of charge. The tube 232 leaves space at its tangent for longitudinal distribution of cooling passages or for coolant to pass through the gaps that naturally occur at the tangent of each tube 232.

[0102] In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), the longitudinal retainer 230 is in the form of a flat plate or a box. The flat plate longitudinal retainer 230 can receive: a free electrode; or a flat stack of one type of electrode material inside the flat plate longitudinal retainer 230; or a flat stacked combination of a cathode film 140 and an anode film 140 in one flat plate longitudinal retainer 230, with appropriate spacers and current collectors (not shown in the figures). This design is effective when considering the density of the electrode material 140 and the volume it occupies inside the flat plate longitudinal retainer 230, and existing membrane electrode manufacturing techniques can be utilized. This can be a very long prismatic cell or a pouch cell.

[0103] In another embodiment (not shown in the figures), the longitudinal retainer 230 has an annular shape: the annular-shaped longitudinal retainer 230 (like the tree rings) can receive: free electrodes 140 of various sizes in the form of alternating rings, with current collectors (not shown in the figures) integrated with the longitudinal retainer 230; or one type of electrode 140 wound inside each annular ring, also with an integrated current collector (not shown in the figures).

[0104] Multiple tubes 232 can include longitudinal cylinders, square tubes, rods, or tubes of other shapes parallel to the main longitudinal axis of the energy storage container 100. The longitudinal retainer 230 can be a perforated tube / corrugated tube, thereby providing a cavity for the electrode material 140 mounted in the form of a core, wafer, or bulk material. The longitudinal retainer 230 can be sealed and operate at a different pressure or vacuum than the cylindrical housing 110. In an embodiment, the longitudinal retainer 230 acts as a separator between the electrodes 140 and provides a mechanism for attaching current collectors (not shown in the figure).

[0105] The electrode retainers (130, 230) provide flexibility in more effectively mitigating thermal runaway and more effectively shutting down thermal runaway by isolating a portion of the chemical system in the electrode retainers (130, 230) or isolating the entire electrode retainers (130, 230); the replacement / renewal of battery components / materials; and / or the possibility of recycling battery components / materials. The interchangeable and interoperable features of the electrode retainers (130, 230) will allow the cylindrical housing 140 to be updated with existing and future chemical systems or battery systems. This is a feature that plays a role in driving down the cost of energy storage, depending on the frequency of replacement of chemical system components during the service life of the cylindrical housing 140. By reusing the cylindrical housing 140 and the electrode retainers (130, 230) and updating them with more affordable chemical systems and battery systems to be developed in the future. The electrode materials 140 inside the electrode retainers (130, 230) can be arranged in series and / or parallel and support the architecture of bipolar electrodes 140 for different desired voltages and currents. Key methods and embodiments allowed by the cylindrical housing 140 are thermal management of the cylindrical housing 140 by simultaneously charging and discharging certain electrode retainers (130, 230), battery cells, or parts of the battery during high charge rates, high ambient temperatures, and high internal temperatures. Both the charge cycle and the discharge cycle will generate heat related to the internal resistance of the battery cell. However, the charge-related electrochemical reaction will typically be exothermic, while the discharge reaction will be endothermic. The battery management system (BMS) will manage the electrode retainers (130, 230) and battery cells near the overheated retainer / battery cell, as well as the installed chemical system, to discharge and absorb the heat of the overheated electrode retainers (130, 230) through the thermodynamics of the discharge reaction.

[0106] The electrode retainers (130, 230) represent only several configurations that battery engineers and chemists can use to insert proprietary battery chemistries for cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, etc. while utilizing existing industrial electrode manufacturing processes, tooling, etc. The electrode retainers (130, 230) can be configured in a lateral (hamburger-like) style ( Figure 7 ) or a longitudinal (hot dog-like) style (Figure 8 )。Inside both of these styles of electrode holders (130, 230), an electrode 140 can be attached. A current collector (not shown in the figure) is separately attached to each electrode 140 and provides a path for electrons or free electrodes. The electrons find a conductive path by approaching the nearby electrode 140 (bulk material: sphere, tube, pellet, or a combination of various forms, etc.), and then reach the common current collector in the electrode holders (130, 230). The battery designer needs to correspondingly determine the size of the cathode (electrode 140) electrode holder (130, 230) and the cathode (electrode 140) based on the anode (electrode 140) electrode holder (130, 230) and the anode (electrode 140) to obtain the optimal cathode-to-anode ratio.

[0107] In another embodiment, as seen in Figure 15 , a modified electrode holder 230' according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown. Except for very few geometric modifications, the modified electrode holder 230' is very similar to the Figure 8 's electrode holder 230. The modified electrode holder 230' includes a plurality of battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) arranged in a circular pattern. As seen in Figure 15 , the plurality of battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) are arranged in parallel such that several battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) selected from the plurality of battery cells 140 are arranged together to define an upper circular pattern, and the remaining battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) selected from the plurality of battery cells 140 are arranged together to define a lower circular pattern. A plurality of pressing plates 236 are arranged at both ends of the plurality of battery cells 140 (electrodes 140). The plurality of pressing plates 236 physically separate several battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) arranged together in the upper circular pattern from the remaining battery cells 140 (electrodes 140) arranged together in the lower circular pattern. At least one fluid flow is arranged in the space 234 formed between the plurality of battery cells 140 (electrodes 140), where the fluid includes a coolant composed of at least one of a liquid and / or a gas.

[0108] The overall concept of the energy storage container is to provide the battery development community with a known platform for the design, manufacture, and production of energy storage containers. The pre-designed longitudinal and vertical retainer products help designers focus on proprietary specific battery chemistries without having to concern themselves with the container. However, a customer can determine that their battery chemistry performs optimally (taking all factors into account) without utilizing one of these pre-determined retainer options. The benefit of not using a retainer is fewer parts, which reduces complexity, production costs, and manufacturing time. It should be emphasized that the energy storage container is optimized for large, durable electrochemical storage, so it is appropriate that the internal battery chemistry is also manufactured and produced using a truly practical scale approach; rather than the precision laboratory production environment of the small lithium-ion battery cells used in current electric vehicles and devices.

[0109] Reference Figure 9 , the cylindrical housing 110 can be designed to operate with or without any electrode retainers. In an embodiment, as seen in Figure 9 , a wound core design electrode 140 is used to achieve a retainerless design. The idea of the wound core design electrode 140 is to manufacture large, durable energy storage batteries on an industrial scale with the lowest manufacturing cost, assembly cost, and maintenance cost, etc. As seen in Figure 9 , the wound core design electrode 140 can be continuous along the entire length of the cylindrical housing 140 or can be a segmented wound core electrode 140 with separators 160 to arrange current collectors (not shown in the figure) to obtain the desired voltage and current output. The emphasis here can be on easily / cost-effectively winding to manufacture the electrode 140 and the separator 160, which are no more complex than expanded metal sheets, foils, membranes, etc., and only require changing the filling density of the medium. The retainerless wound core electrode 140 can be wire-connected to a current collector (not shown in the figure) to include series / parallel or both simultaneously to obtain the desired voltage / current output.

[0110] In an embodiment (not shown in the figure), a vertical thin film electrode 140 or a thick wafer electrode 140 along with a solid electrolyte / liquid electrolyte and a separator are used to achieve a retainerless design. The lining of the cylindrical housing 110 (not shown in the figure) is configured to electrically insulate the cylindrical housing 110 from the electrode 140. The emphasis can be on easily / cost-effectively manufacturing an extruded graphite electrode or a drawn crystal electrode 140, which are sliced into vertical discs or wafers.

[0111] It should be understood that the term "electrode 140" includes at least one of the following: a cathode and an anode. The electrode 140 can have various types and sizes. For example, the free electrode 140 is installed inside the electrode holders (130, 230), where electrons find a conduction path by approaching a similar free electrode to reach a common current collector (not shown in the figure) in the electrode holders (130, 230). The free electrode 140 can be a bulk material (medium) coated with anode material and cathode material and having a spherical shape, a cylindrical shape, a pellet shape, or a random material shape. The shape used for the free electrode 140 can be similarly used for both types of electrode holders (130, 230). In the case of the free electrode 140, the electrode holders (130, 230) can be thinner to facilitate chemical reactions on both sides of the electrode holders (130, 230), where the free electrode 140 in the middle of the electrode holders (130, 230) also contributes to the reaction. It should be understood that the internal battery resistance of the free electrode 140 may increase relative to the attached electrode style, but the positive trade-offs are: the simplicity and cost of manufacturing the free electrode 140; the simplicity and cost of assembling the free electrode 140 into the electrode holders (130, 230); and the recyclability of the battery chemistry system elements at the end of the service life and the interchangeability of new battery chemistry system elements into the existing electrode holders (130, 230) and the energy storage container 100.

[0112] In another embodiment, the electrode 140 can be in the form of an attached electrode 140 140, where the attached electrode 140 includes a current collector (not shown in the figure) that is separately attached to each electrode element 140 (typical for the industry) and provides a path for electron flow. The attached electrode 140 can be used in both types of electrode holders (130, 230). The benefits provided by the attached electrode 140 are a reduced internal resistance and an increased conductivity, while the design complexity (design for manufacturing) and the manufacturing cost only increase limitedly.

[0113] By using two types of electrode holders (130, 230), while having a free electrode or an attached electrode 140 inside, a current collector (not shown in the figure) establishes a path for collecting electrons from each electrode holder (130, 230) and then for electrons to enter and exit the energy storage container 100. The current collector (not shown in the figure) conducts the electron flow between the active material of the electrode 140 and the battery terminal. The current collector (not shown in the figure) can be arranged in series and / or parallel or be arranged in a bipolar configuration to account for the desired output voltage, and can be arranged in the form of a wire, a flat metal sheet, or other conductive materials to collect current from each electrode holder. The design and configuration of the current collector (not shown in the figure) should reduce the internal resistance of the battery to achieve efficient charge and discharge rates. In another current collector (not shown in the figure) configuration, to further reduce the number of parts and installation inside the cylindrical housing 110, the anode current collector or the cathode current collector (not shown in the figure) can be electrically continuous with the electrode holders (130, 230), and the electrode holders (130, 230) are electrically continuous with the conductive container. The resistance may be very low, and the contacts may be suitable for handling the desired current. Additionally, the opposing electrode holders (130, 230) and the current collector (not shown in the figure) may need to be electrically insulated from the cylindrical housing 110.

[0114] Various current collector (not shown in the figure) system designs can allow users to arrange and assemble the internal battery cells / electrode holders (130, 230) in different configurations to achieve different voltages and currents. This is a useful feature as it can be fully customized for a wide range of applications. Batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells can be within the same container to provide hybrid performance. Each cylindrical housing 110 and electrode holder (130, 230) design can have a related current collector (not shown in the figure) system.

[0115] The replaceable electrode 140 / electrode holder (130, 230) can "refresh" the battery as battery chemistries progress in the future, which is another remarkable design feature. Compared with existing products without this feature (such as Tesla Powerwall, Powerpack, and Megapack), the present invention can provide a huge competitive advantage as an environmentally friendly energy storage device. It is estimated that with a properly matched chemical system, considering the total power stored and the power fed back to the grid, the present invention will provide cost savings of up to 90% over the life cycle of the battery. The energy storage container 100 and the electrode holder (130, 230) can be updated and are reusable / recyclable. The electrode holder (130, 230) will also be reusable / recyclable. As battery chemistries change over time and the in-situ chemistry degrades, a new battery chemical system can be installed in the existing energy storage container 100, enabling an increase in power and energy density, which would be remarkable and has not been achieved yet.

[0116] In an embodiment of the present invention, passive cooling may be present. Longitudinally or radially protruding fins (not shown in the figures) made of a thermally conductive material allow heat to leave the energy storage container 100 via radiative cooling and conductive cooling. The fins can be integrated onto the cylindrical housing 110 and the end caps 120 during the manufacturing process. Alternatively, separate components can be attached to the energy storage container 100 via adhesion, welding, or mechanical means (such as fasteners) or clamped onto the energy storage container, and separate components can also be installed / removed when specific cooling characteristics are desired. Regardless of the internal battery chemistry, the energy storage container 100 above the ground is cooled by passive cooling, which involves a massive radiator (not shown in the figures) with radiative cooling fins and conductive cooling fins (not shown in the figures). The fins (not shown in the figures) can be arranged longitudinally along the energy storage container 100 or radially around the circumference of the energy storage container 100. To increase passive cooling, the end caps 120 can have linear fins or annular fins. Regardless of the internal battery chemistry, the cooling of the energy storage container underground will involve engineering earthwork and compacted materials (such as plain soil, sand, gravel, concrete, or other aggregates) to conduct heat from the outside of the container to the surrounding underground area while supporting the container.

[0117] In some applications, a Battery Management System (BMS) controls chargers, inverters, fans, or pumps to increase the gas / liquid flow rate across the battery and controls heat exchangers to mitigate the occurrence of thermal runaway conditions. The BMS can vary the pressure and charge / discharge rate of certain retainers / cells to assist in thermal management. BESS components can be housed in the same container or separate containers.

[0118] In another embodiment of the present invention, such as in a flow battery (not shown in the figures), active internal cooling can be present. In this embodiment (not shown in the figures), open-loop active cooling can be present such that the electrolyte is pumped to an external cooling unit (not shown in the figures), a heat exchanger, or other radiative cooling mechanism (not shown in the figures) to transfer heat away from the electrolyte and away from the internal energy storage container assembly. In closed-loop active cooling, an internal channel, piping, and plumbing system is installed to allow a separate cooling fluid to circulate to the interior portion of the battery without mixing with the battery chemistry. Heat is transferred from the battery to the cooling fluid and then pumped to an external cooling unit, heat exchanger, or radiative cooling mechanism to transfer the heat to the atmosphere. Adding a cooling fluid introduces complexity, while using the electrolyte allows for more fluid to be present and circulated, thus providing ion transfer benefits similar to those of a flow battery.

[0119] Various techniques / methods for active cooling according to different embodiments of the present invention (not shown in the figures) are: 1. Air jacket (double-walled cylinder) - With all passive components installed, a double wall can be implemented around the energy storage container. The double wall has ducts that force cooling air through a fairing and across radiative fins. In this case, the heated air will be exhausted to the environment. 2. Liquid cooling - double wall: With all components of the passive cooling system installed, a waterproof double wall is installed around the exterior of the energy storage container. Liquid will be pumped through the double-wall area and then forward in a plumbing system loop to a heat exchanger to dissipate heat. The BMS will control the coolant pump via inputs from temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and a pressure relief mechanism. 3. Liquid cooling - circulating coolant through internal passages: Circulate coolant through internal passages ([[]] Figure 8 ) with vertical electrode retainers or longitudinal electrode retainers or a retainerless arrangement, and then transport the fluid to an external heat exchanger to dissipate heat to the atmosphere. Some battery chemistries (e.g., those with solid electrodes and electrolytes) can use a separate fluid to circulate the coolant in a closed-loop circuit, while some designs can circulate and cool the electrolyte itself.

[0120] As existing and future environmental and non-environmental battery chemistry technologies develop, the need for thermal management of the energy storage container 100 and its contents will continue to grow in order to achieve consistent and reliable battery performance and potentially vehicle temperature or passenger comfort. As charge and discharge cycles are pushed to their limits to obtain optimal capacity, output, and efficiency, the ability to thermally condition the battery will become a limiting factor for a particular battery chemistry. Not all battery chemistries installed in the energy storage container 100 will require cooling; some battery chemistries may be sufficient without cooling, some may require passive cooling, while others may require active cooling methods, and in extreme cases, both passive and active cooling will be required simultaneously to keep the battery chemistry operating within the desired temperature range. It should be noted that pressure can be a limiting factor for battery chemistries and battery performance, and cooling will thereby reduce the pressure in the energy storage container 100. Insulation and heating of the energy storage container 100 can also help maintain an appropriate temperature when a minimum temperature must be maintained for proper battery performance.

[0121] In another embodiment of the present invention (not shown in the figures), the energy storage container 100 can be thermally controlled using geothermal management, where geothermal management includes burying the durable energy storage container 100 and BESS components underground: the large vessel style and long life cycle favor the proposition of burying the energy storage container 100 and associated batteries, capacitors, or fuel cell containers underground and using the passive and active methods described above. This embodiment balances the battery thermal management requirements for diurnal, seasonal, solar heating, and radiative / conductive heat gains and losses. The consistent temperature experienced underground provides a more ideal and stable environment for any durable, large-scale, grid-scale energy storage device to facilitate the consistent regulation of the electrochemical reactions and capacitor cycles of the energy storage device. Additionally, the energy storage container 100 buried underground can enhance safety, reduce the risk of war or terrorism, and reduce exposure to natural disasters (such as fires or extreme meteorological temperature events).

[0122] Figure 10 Shows the use of Figure 1Different views of the metal-air battery 200 of the energy storage container 100. Any existing type of metal-air battery 200 (lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, or others) is an electrochemical cell unit having a metal anode and an external cathode exposed to ambient air, where a reduction reaction occurs at the cathode. Typically, ambient air passes through the cathode, ions are transferred through the electrolyte to the anode, and the cell unit is not pressurized under any circumstances. The energy storage container 100 provides interoperability of battery systems and battery chemistries, and any existing metal-air chemistry system can be configured and installed, where both electrodes 140 are pressurized or only one electrode 140 is pressurized. Figure 10Shows different views of the metal-air battery 200, in which the metal anode 140, electrolyte, separator 160 (not shown in the figure), oxygen cylinder 250, oxygen manifold 260, and cathode 160 (catalyst layer, current collector (not shown in the figure), and gas diffusion layer) of the metal-air battery cell 142 are all integrated in the energy storage container 100 that is fully equipped with pressure control, safety mechanism, electrode expansion / contraction, compaction force, and temperature control (which can be adapted to conventional thin-film primary and secondary batteries). Pressure control, compaction force, and temperature control all provide positive benefits for ionic conductivity and improved cycle life, and contribute to the role of the catalyst in the discharge chemical reaction and the charge chemical reaction. Pressure control, compaction force, and temperature control can be used to prevent the metal anode 140 from corroding via dendrite formation, which is known to cause battery failure due to the formation of an electrical short circuit on the electrode 140. Pressure control, compaction force, and temperature control can also stabilize important intermediate substances that play a key role in the life cycle of the metal-air battery 200. For example, an important by-product of the Li-air battery 200 is lithium superoxide, which is a compound formed during the cycling of the battery cell and is known to react to form lithium peroxide. Lithium peroxide is known to be key to battery storage. The gaseous electrolyte increases the ionic diffusion rate, which is another significant limitation of prior art metal-air batteries. Additionally, electrode holders (130, 230) can be used to mount the cathode 140 and anode 140, just like any other form of energy storage container 100 equipped with a battery chemistry system. A significant advantage of the pressurized environment is that it provides the use of pure O2 or liquid O2 250 for the oxidation reaction, thus significantly improving the capacity, energy density, and power density compared to typical ambient metal-air configuration batteries. Pure O2 or liquid O2 can be provided in the system to overcome the variable performance associated with the difference in ambient air oxygen concentration and provide consistent performance under a variety of different environmental conditions. The closed-loop nature of the energy storage container 100 prevents environmental pollution of the electrodes 140 and the separator (membrane) 116 and will minimize the negative impact of introducing moisture or other contaminants into the system. As an alternative to the closed-loop system, an O2 filter can also be implemented to improve the quality of the supplied O2 while being used to replenish the pure O2 reserve.

[0123] Figure 11 Shows the utilization of Figure 1Various views of the flow battery 300 of the energy storage container 100. Any existing type (inorganic, organic, etc.) of flow battery 300 is an electrochemical cell unit having two liquid storage tanks at ambient pressure, where the liquids are pumped through two electrodes and ions pass through a selective membrane. Since the energy storage container 100 provides interoperability of the battery system and battery chemistry, any existing flow battery chemistry can be configured and installed, where both the anolyte storage tank and the catholyte storage tank are pressurized or only one tank is pressurized. Figure 11 Shows various views of the flow battery 300, where the anolyte storage tank 350, the catholyte storage tank 360, the catholyte flow battery unit 380, the anolyte flow battery unit 390, current collectors (not shown in the figure), and the ion selective membrane are integrated in a pressurized state in several container manifolds 370 or a single manifold integrated with flow and pressure control. A safety mechanism is integrated to prevent the contamination of the surrounding environment by corrosive and toxic chemicals. The diaphragm manifold with expansion / contraction clamping force capabilities allows for different pressures and flow rates to be generated within the diaphragm (membrane). The storage tanks can support one battery unit or any number (n) of battery units in separate containers or integrated containers. Additionally, electrode holders (130, 230) can be used to install any or many catholyte active materials or anolyte active materials. The significant advantage of a pressurized environment is the ability to pressurize the liquid electrolyte and / or gas electrolyte to achieve different flow rates, manifold pressures, and temperature conditions, thereby significantly enhancing the system's capabilities, capacity, and cycle life. Pressure control, clamping force, and temperature control offer distinct advantages for current collectors (not shown in the figure), electrodes 140, and replacing expensive and corrosive or toxic fluids. For example, liquefied gases can replace traditional liquids, thereby providing similar or enhanced performance at a lower cost and / or with few corrosion or toxicity issues.

[0124] Figure 12 Shows the use of Figure 1 Various views of the capacitor 400 and the supercapacitor stack 410 of the energy storage container 100. Any existing type (fixed, variable, polarized, and non-polarized) of capacitor 400 is a device that stores energy in an electric field composed of metal plates and a dielectric that separates the metal plates. A supercapacitor 400 (electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) or supercapacitor; pseudocapacitor; or hybrid capacitor) stores electrical energy between the surfaces of two electrode layers that maintain an electric potential. Since the energy storage container 100 provides interoperability of the capacitor system and capacitor components, any existing capacitor 400 can be configured and installed in the energy storage container 100, where a vacuum or pressure meets the design requirements. Figure 12Shows different views of capacitor 400 and supercapacitor stack 410, where conductors (graphite, carbon, and metal) and dielectrics (polymer separator, air, oil, and glass) are integrated under pressure in a group of several cylindrical housings 110 or a single cylindrical housing 110 that integrates pressure control, safety mechanisms, cell expansion / contraction, and clamping force (for positioning the conventional cylindrical housing 110). The cylindrical housing 110 can support one capacitor 400 or any number (n) of capacitors 400 in a separate cylindrical housing 110 or an integrated cylindrical housing 110. The cylindrical housings 110 of the capacitors 400 can be arranged in series, in parallel, or in a hybrid combination to achieve different discharge currents and electric potentials. Additionally, electrode holders (130, 230) can be used to mount the capacitors 400, just like any other form of cylindrical housing 110 with a battery chemistry installed. A significant advantage of the cylindrical housing 110 of the capacitor 400 is the ability to apply pressure / vacuum, clamping pressure, and cell expansion / contraction to the liquid / gas / solid dielectric material and the plate material / electrode material that generate the electric field, thus significantly improving the grid capacitor 400 for energy storage, power conditioning, and power factor correction. Applying pressure / vacuum, clamping force, and cell expansion / contraction to the capacitor 400 or supercapacitor 400 using the energy storage container 100 improves the Coulomb efficiency, dielectric strength, breakdown voltage, energy capacity, Q factor, power density, cycle life, leakage, and capacitance instability of typical ambient and vacuum capacitors 400. Currently, the supercapacitors 400 known in the prior art are limited in storage capacity by the electrochemical performance of the current electrolyte and active materials of the electrodes 140. The energy density of the supercapacitor 400 can be enhanced by increasing the effective surface area of the electrode material 140 in the double-layer capacitor 400 and / or by increasing the operating voltage window. Pressure control, clamping force, and temperature control can improve electrolyte stability, thus allowing operation at higher voltages for longer periods, thereby providing a higher energy density, up to and even exceeding that of a battery. Operation of the supercapacitor 400 at higher voltages can reduce the number of series connections, thus reducing the need for high-current charging and discharging in the application and reducing overcharging, thereby greatly extending the service life of the device.

[0125] Figure 13 Shows the use of Figure 1Different views of the fuel cell container 500 of the energy storage container 100. Existing fuel cell containers 500 (polymer electrolyte membrane or PEM, alkaline fuel cell or AFC, phosphoric acid fuel cell or PAFC, molten carbonate fuel cell or MCFC, solid oxide fuel cell or SOFC) provide electrical energy when supplied with fuel (typically hydrogen). By definition, a fuel cell container 500 is not a battery, however, typical types of fuel cell containers 500 can benefit from pressurizing one electrode (anode or cathode) or both electrodes (anode and cathode) of the fuel cell container 500 system to increase the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel and oxygen. Figure 13 Shows different views of the fuel cell container 500, which includes an oxygen storage tank 550, a fuel cell 560, a hydrogen storage tank 570, and a plurality of manifold lines 580. The fuel cell container 500 will provide improvements in pressurization aspects, safety system integration, and all basic chemical pathways provided by the installed energy storage container 100. In the closed and pressurized reaction environment of the fuel cell container 500, when protons pass through the proton exchange membrane and electrons travel through an external circuit providing a load to the cathode, excess hydrogen can be more fully utilized. In the case of a pressurized cathode 140, the frequency of interaction between protons and oxygen increases, thus facilitating more reactions to occur, thereby improving the fuel utilization efficiency of the device. Pressurizing the cathode 140 with filtered compressed air or pure O2 provides an improvement in the performance of the fuel cell container 500. Container environmental control can also minimize moisture and other contaminants, thus preventing degradation and side reactions of the cathode 140. In the case of a fully pressurized system, hydrogen can be completely consumed. Pressurized air or pure O2 (gas or liquid) will completely oxidize hydrogen in the presence of protons, and the generated water is discharged through the drain port 562. Some of the water generated at the cathode can be discharged or retained inside the cylindrical housing 110 to control humidity. Since the electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell container 500 is exothermic, there are opportunities for combined heat and power generation to collect heat for thermal energy applications.

[0126] Figure 14 Shows the use of Figure 1 Different views of the reversible fuel cell 600 of the energy storage container 100. The performance of a regenerative or reversible fuel cell container 600 (RFC) is similar to that of other electrochemical energy storage devices (e.g., large and durable batteries). Since the energy storage container 100 provides interoperability of the fuel cell system and fuel cell chemistry, any existing reversible fuel cell 600 can be configured and installed in the energy storage container 100, provided that the vacuum and pressure meet the necessary design requirements. Figure 14Shows a combined regenerative / reversible fuel cell 600 (URFC) including an oxygen storage tank 650, a hydrogen storage tank 670, and a plurality of manifold lines 680. Further, a fuel supply manifold 690 and a hydrolysis chamber 692 are provided. Among them, the chemical systems are all integrated under pressure in several energy storage containers 100 or stacks, or integrated in a single energy storage container 100 that is fully integrated with pressure control and safety mechanisms, cell expansion / contraction, and compression force (for positioning conventional cell-type containers). The URFC 600 functions as an electrolyzer for electrolysis and has a two-way function of reverse electrolysis. Heat, as a by-product of the exothermic oxidation reaction of hydrogen and O2, can be used for co-generation of heat and power to reverse the electrolysis process, thereby converting water into steam. Any efficiency losses can be overcome by "charging" the decomposition and overpotential voltage of the URFC 600 using an external power source. The energy storage container 100 can support one URFC 600 or any number (n) of URFC 600s in a separate energy storage container 100 or an integrated stack. The fuel cell stacks and containers can be arranged in series, parallel, or series-parallel to achieve the desired voltage or current output. Additionally, electrode holders (130, 230) can be used as a systematic way to install different fuel cell catalysts, PEMs, fuel materials, just like any other form of energy storage container with a battery chemical system installed. A significant advantage of the internal environment of the fuel cell and stack is the ability to apply pressure / vacuum to the liquid / gas / solid materials and electrode materials 140 that generate electron flow and proton exchange, thus significantly improving the RFC 600 for energy storage. Applying positive pressure or vacuum to the fuel cell or regenerative fuel cell 600 using the energy storage container 100 improves the round-trip coulombic efficiency, energy, and power capacity, thereby addressing the drawbacks of traditional fuel cells. Excess heat energy and excess grid energy are supplemented for the fuel through electrolysis, enabling the reuse of system hydrogen and oxygen, thereby generating a renewable energy storage supply. Reusing hydrogen eliminates the need for fuel refilling and associated hazards. The closed-loop nature of the URFC 600 also eliminates the need to produce more new hydrogen for use as fuel.

[0127] In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), the energy storage container 100, metal-air battery 200, flow battery 300, capacitor 400, fuel cell container 500, and reversible fuel cell 600 will have appropriate electrical connectors, sensors, and component mounts to support the operation and functions of the BMS (Battery Management System) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Other remote sensing functions, battery management functions, remote control functions, and automatic functions of the battery can be achieved through connection points and mounting sites.

[0128] In different embodiments (not shown in the figures), the energy storage container 100, the metal-air battery 200, the flow battery 300, the capacitor 400, the fuel cell container 500, and the reversible fuel cell 600 will have appropriate electrical connection points for DC-AC inverters, DC-DC converters, and other means for connection to the transmission grid, distribution grid, microgrid, conventional power plants, hydrogen production facilities, and renewable power plants. The provided connection points should not be limited to connecting the above facilities and devices, but should also connect additional loads and power generation devices.

[0129] Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the words used are descriptive rather than limiting. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims, and the scope of the invention should be given its broadest, fairest scope.

[0130] The various components and parts of the different embodiments of the energy storage container 100, the metal-air battery 200, the flow battery 300, the capacitor 400, the fuel cell container 500, and the reversible fuel cell 600 of the present invention are similar and interchangeable. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the various components and parts of the energy storage container 100 of the present invention can be considered for use in the metal-air battery 200, the flow battery 300, the capacitor 400, the fuel cell container 500, and the reversible fuel cell 600 with minor modifications or without modification.

[0131] Finally, although the invention has been described above with reference to different exemplary embodiments, many changes, combinations, and modifications can be made to the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the various components can be implemented in alternative ways. These alternatives can be appropriately selected depending on the particular application or any number of factors associated with the operation of the device. Additionally, the techniques described herein can be extended or modified to be used with other types of devices. These and other changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

[0132] Clause 1. An energy storage container, comprising: a cylindrical housing configured to enclose electrodes and store an electrolyte at a pressure above or below ambient pressure; wherein the cylindrical housing includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; a pair of end caps disposed on the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing, wherein the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing; wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; and a diaphragm positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

[0133] Clause 2. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each end of the two opposite ends of the cylindrical shell includes an opposing flange.

[0134] Clause 3. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure port configured to introduce a fluid or gas into the corresponding end cap.

[0135] Clause 4. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein the energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

[0136] Clause 5. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein the energy storage container is configured for use in at least one of the following: an electrochemical cell, a Li-ion battery, an intercalation battery, a metal-air battery, a flow battery, a fuel cell, a reversible fuel cell, and a capacitor.

[0137] Clause 6. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

[0138] Clause 7. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is removably connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

[0139] Clause 8. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably distinguishable from each other.

[0140] Clause 9. The energy storage container according to Clause 1, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

[0141] Clause 10. An overpressure fail-safe mechanism and a chemical retention method for an energy storage container, the overpressure fail-safe mechanism comprising: a pressure relief valve disposed in the container; a safety bladder or receptacle connected downstream of the pressure relief valve; wherein the safety bladder or receptacle is configured to be filled with the liquid / gas contents of the energy storage container; wherein the overpressure fail-safe mechanism is configured to be enabled in a first mode or a second mode depending on the pressure of the contents in the container; wherein, in the first mode, the pressure relief valve releases at least some of the contents of the container into the safety bladder or receptacle; wherein, in the second mode, the safety bladder or receptacle releases a metered amount of at least some of the contents therein into the atmosphere to prevent the safety bladder or receptacle from bursting or failing; and wherein the second mode is only enabled after the first mode is enabled and when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder or receptacle exceeds a third set pressure.

[0142] Clause 11. The overpressure fail-safe mechanism according to Clause 10, wherein the overpressure fail-safe mechanism is automatically enabled only when the pressure of the contents in the container exceeds a second set pressure.

[0143] Clause 12. The overpressure fail-safe mechanism according to Clause 10, wherein the safety bladder further comprises a pressure relief valve configured to release a metered amount of at least some of the contents of the container into the atmosphere when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder exceeds a third set pressure.

[0144] Clause 13. An electrode holder comprising: an internal sliding fit holder element including a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; an external sliding fit holder element including a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; and an internal cavity defined between the internal sliding fit holder element and the external sliding fit holder element to support the installation of at least one electrode.

[0145] Clause 14. The electrode holder according to Clause 13, wherein at least one electrode separator is disposed between at least a pair of electrodes.

[0146] Clause 15. The electrode holder according to Clause 13, wherein at least a pair of electrodes are selected from the group consisting of: cylindrical battery cells, pouch battery cells, vertical thin film electrodes, wafer electrodes, and disk electrodes.

[0147] Clause 16. The electrode holder according to Clause 13, wherein the electrodes selected from at least a pair of electrodes are arranged parallel to each other.

[0148] Clause 17. An electrode holder, comprising: a plurality of tubes, the plurality of tubes being arranged substantially parallel to each other; wherein the plurality of tubes are spaced apart from each other; a cathode disposed in at least one of the plurality of tubes; and an anode disposed in at least one of the plurality of tubes; and at least one fluid flow disposed in a space formed between the plurality of tubes; wherein the fluid flow comprises at least one of the following: a coolant and / or an electrolyte.

[0149] Clause 18. The electrode holder according to Clause 17, wherein the plurality of tubes are interconnected to form a substantially cylindrical shape.

[0150] Clause 19. The electrode holder according to Clause 17, wherein the cathode and / or the anode are formed in a shape including the following: a square tube, a cylindrical rod, a hexagonal shaft, a rectangular cylinder, and an elliptical cylinder, and the cathode and / or the anode are capable of accommodating a wound core electrode, a stacked wafer, a battery cell, or other electrodes.

[0151] Clause 20. An energy storage container, comprising: a cylindrical housing configured to enclose an electrode and store an electrolyte under a pressure higher than or lower than ambient pressure; wherein the cylindrical housing includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; a pair of end caps disposed on the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing, wherein the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing; wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; a diaphragm positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing; and wherein the energy storage container is configured to be installed above or below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

[0152] Clause 21. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each end of the two opposite ends of the cylindrical housing includes a corresponding flange.

[0153] Clause 22. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure port configured to introduce a fluid into the corresponding end cap.

[0154] Clause 23. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein the energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

[0155] Clause 24. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein the energy storage container is configured for use in an electrochemical cell, a Li-ion battery, an intercalation battery, a metal-air battery, a flow battery, a fuel cell, a reversible fuel cell, and a capacitor.

[0156] Clause 25. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

[0157] Clause 26. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is removably connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

[0158] Clause 27. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably distinguishable from each other.

[0159] Clause 28. The energy storage container according to Clause 20, wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

Claims

1. An energy storage container, comprising: A cylindrical shell configured to enclose electrodes and store electrolyte at a pressure above or below ambient pressure; wherein the cylindrical shell includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; A pair of end caps disposed on opposite ends of the cylindrical shell, wherein the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical shell; Wherein each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; and A diaphragm positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

2. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each of the two opposite ends of the cylindrical shell includes an opposing flange.

3. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure port configured to introduce fluid or gas into the corresponding end cap.

4. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, The energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

5. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, The energy storage container is configured for use in at least one of the following: an electrochemical cell, a Li-ion battery, an intercalation battery, a metal-air battery, a flow battery, a fuel cell, a reversible fuel cell, and a capacitor.

6. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

7. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is removably connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical shell.

8. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably distinguishable from each other.

9. The energy storage container according to claim 1, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

10. An overpressure fail-safe mechanism and chemical retention method for an energy storage container, the overpressure fail-safe mechanism comprising: A pressure relief valve disposed in the container; A safety bladder or receptacle connected downstream of the pressure relief valve; Wherein the safety bladder or receptacle is configured to be filled with the liquid / gas contents of the energy storage container; Wherein the overpressure fail-safe mechanism is configured to be enabled in a first mode or a second mode depending on the pressure of the contents in the container; Wherein, in the first mode, the pressure relief valve releases at least some of the contents of the container into the safety bladder or receptacle; Wherein, in the second mode, the safety bladder or receptacle releases a metered amount of at least some of the contents in the safety bladder or receptacle into the atmosphere to prevent the safety bladder or receptacle from bursting or failing; and Wherein the second mode is only enabled after the first mode is enabled when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder or receptacle exceeds a third set pressure.

11. The overvoltage fault safety mechanism according to claim 10, wherein, The overpressure fail-safe mechanism is only automatically enabled when the pressure of the contents in the container exceeds a second set pressure.

12. The overvoltage fault safety mechanism according to claim 10, wherein, The safety bladder further includes a pressure relief valve configured to release a metered amount of at least some of the contents of the container into the atmosphere when the pressure of the contents released in the safety bladder exceeds a third set pressure.

13. An electrode holder, comprising: An internal sliding fit holder element, the internal sliding fit holder element including a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; An external sliding fit holder element, the external sliding fit holder element including a plurality of corrugated holes to allow electrolyte circulation; and An internal cavity, the internal cavity being defined between the internal sliding fit holder element and the external sliding fit holder element to support the installation of at least one electrode.

14. The electrode holder according to claim 13, wherein, At least one electrode separator is disposed between at least a pair of electrodes.

15. The electrode holder according to claim 13, wherein, The at least a pair of electrodes are selected from the group consisting of: cylindrical battery cells, pouch battery cells, vertical thin film electrodes, wafer electrodes, and disk electrodes.

16. The electrode holder according to claim 13, wherein, The electrodes selected from the at least a pair of electrodes are arranged parallel to each other.

17. An electrode holder, comprising: A plurality of tubes, the plurality of tubes being arranged substantially parallel to each other; wherein, the plurality of tubes are spaced apart from each other; A cathode, the cathode being disposed in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes; and An anode, the anode being disposed in at least one tube selected from the plurality of tubes; and at least one fluid flow, the at least one fluid flow being disposed in the space formed between the plurality of tubes; wherein, the fluid flow includes at least one of the following: coolant and / or electrolyte.

18. The electrode holder according to claim 17, wherein, The plurality of tubes are interconnected to form a substantially cylindrical shape.

19. The electrode holder according to claim 17, wherein, The cathode and / or the anode are formed in a shape including the following: square tube, cylindrical rod, hexagonal shaft, rectangular cylinder, and elliptical cylinder, and the cathode and / or the anode are capable of accommodating wound core electrodes, stacked wafers, battery cells, or other electrodes.

20. An energy storage container, comprising: A cylindrical housing, the cylindrical housing being configured to enclose electrodes and store electrolyte under a pressure higher or lower than ambient pressure; wherein, the cylindrical housing includes two opposite ends spaced apart from each other; A pair of end caps, the pair of end caps being provided on the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing, wherein, the pair of end caps are configured to seal the opposite ends of the cylindrical housing; Wherein, each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve; A diaphragm, the diaphragm being positioned between each end cap selected from the pair of end caps and the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing; and Wherein, the energy storage container is configured to be installed above or below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

21. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a flange; and each end of the two opposite ends of the cylindrical housing includes an opposing flange.

22. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure port, the pressure port being configured to introduce fluid into the corresponding end cap.

23. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, The energy storage container is configured to be installed below the ground surface for geothermal management of the energy storage container.

24. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, The energy storage container is configured for use in electrochemical battery cells, Li-ion batteries, intercalation batteries, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, fuel cells, reversible fuel cells, and capacitors.

25. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is fixedly connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

26. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps is removably connected to the corresponding end of the cylindrical housing.

27. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably separated from each other.

28. The energy storage container according to claim 20, wherein, Each end cap selected from the pair of end caps includes a pressure relief valve, and the set pressures of the pressure relief valves of each end cap selected from the pair of end caps are measurably the same.

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