Method and system for designing window-wall ratio of underground public building

Abstract

The invention discloses a window-wall ratio design method and system for an underground public building, and the method comprises the steps: taking a window-wall ratio as an independent variable, carrying out the discretization at a set step length in a set range, and obtaining a discrete window-wall ratio, substituting each discrete window-wall ratio into the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the lighting performance index, the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation performance index and the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index to obtain corresponding performance index values; substituting each performance index value under the same discrete window-wall ratio into the target function to obtain a comprehensive performance score of the discrete window-wall ratio; drawing a window-wall ratio-comprehensive performance score curve according to the comprehensive performance score of each discrete window-wall ratio; and determining an optimal window-to-wall ratio interval based on the window-to-wall ratio-comprehensive performance scoring curve.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of building physics and building energy conservation, and specifically relates to a window-wall ratio design method and system for underground public buildings. Background Art

[0002] Performance evaluation is the starting point and ending point of architectural creation, running through the entire process of design and operation. However, there are various ways to evaluate building performance, and the indicators used in previous studies are also different, mainly divided into four categories: natural daylighting comfort evaluation indicators, natural ventilation quality evaluation indicators, thermal comfort evaluation indicators, and energy performance evaluation indicators.

[0003] As the core carrier for introducing natural ventilation and daylighting, the spatial interface provides a more comfortable light environment and air circulation for underground spaces. There is a significant synergistic effect between natural light and natural ventilation on the spatial interface. For example, a light well can not only provide light but also serve as a ventilation opening to allow natural air circulation. A sunken square and a courtyard can both guide air into the underground space to promote air exchange and improve the light environment. Therefore, under the framework of performance orientation, by reasonably setting the openings and cavities of the spatial interface, natural light and ventilation can be introduced simultaneously to meet multiple requirements of the thermal environment, light environment, and air circulation, enabling the building to better adapt to the external climate and improve indoor comfort.

[0004] However, this strategy faces complex thermal environment challenges in different seasons. In summer, although natural daylighting can reduce the energy consumption of artificial lighting, excessive sunlight will bring too much heat radiation, resulting in an increase in indoor temperature and thus increasing the cooling load. Reasonable introduction of natural ventilation can not only effectively dissipate heat but also improve indoor thermal comfort. In winter, the introduction of fresh air can improve air quality, but too much fresh air will cause heat loss. The introduction of natural daylighting not only provides lighting but also increases indoor heat through solar radiation, thus reducing the heating demand to a certain extent. Therefore, how to achieve a dynamic balance among daylighting, ventilation, and thermal environment control is a key issue in the design optimization of underground public buildings.

[0005] Although the existing technologies have made certain progress in the energy-saving design of ground buildings, due to the unique environmental characteristics of underground public buildings, their applicability and effectiveness still have significant limitations. Due to the lack of direct contact with the natural environment in underground spaces, they have higher requirements in terms of lighting, ventilation, and thermal environment regulation, and there is an urgent need to develop more targeted design strategies. The existing research mainly has the following deficiencies: (1) Lack of customized energy regulation strategies for the interface characteristics of underground public building spaces. Currently, the research on urban underground space design mainly focuses on several popular aspects, such as the natural lighting design and natural ventilation design of underground spaces, but there is a lack of systematic research based on the interface characteristics of underground public buildings. Especially while the environmental improvement effects of natural lighting and ventilation design are generally emphasized, their potential impact on the overall building energy consumption has not received sufficient attention. Due to the essential differences in the light and heat environment feedback mechanisms between underground spaces and ground buildings, the quantitative analysis of the coupling relationship between lighting, ventilation, and energy consumption in current research is seriously insufficient, resulting in a lack of clear performance guidance in the design stage.

[0006] (2) Lack of design methods for multi-objective comprehensive optimization. Existing energy-saving designs mostly focus on single performance indicators and lack multi-objective optimization methods that comprehensively consider natural lighting, ventilation, and energy consumption. Although some studies have attempted to introduce multi-objective optimization methods to seek a balance between comfort and energy consumption, most still remain at the level of local parameter regulation, and the research on the interaction mechanism of different design variables (such as window-wall ratio, interface orientation, opening depth, etc.) under global change conditions is not yet mature. Building performance is a complex system where multiple factors interact with each other. The mechanism of action of multiple types of parameters under global change is closer to the actual situation of the building. Therefore, the performance impact mechanism under the global context remains to be supplemented. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Object of the Invention: To solve the problem of how to achieve a dynamic balance among lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort regulation, the present invention proposes a window-wall ratio design method and system for underground public buildings. By correlating the window-wall ratio of underground public buildings with building performance and comprehensively considering multiple performance indicators such as natural lighting, ventilation, and energy consumption, the optimal design of the window-wall ratio is realized, providing a scientific basis for building energy conservation and comfort improvement.

[0008] Technical Solution: A window-wall ratio design method for underground public buildings includes the following steps: Determine the lighting performance indicators and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the lighting performance indicators; Determine the ventilation performance indicators and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation performance indicators; Determine the energy consumption performance indicators and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance indicators; Construct the following objective function : ; In the formula, represents the value of the th performance indicator at a certain window-wall ratio, WWR represents the window-wall ratio, represents the The weight coefficient of each performance index, and n represents the number of performance indexes; Taking the window-wall ratio as the independent variable, discretizing it within a set range with a set step size to obtain discrete window-wall ratio values, collecting daylighting data related to the daylighting performance index, collecting ventilation data related to the ventilation performance index, collecting energy consumption data related to the energy consumption performance index, and substituting each discrete window-wall ratio value, daylighting data, ventilation data, and energy consumption data into the mathematical models of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the daylighting performance index, the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation performance index, and the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index respectively to obtain the corresponding performance index values; substituting the performance index values under the same discrete window-wall ratio into the objective function to obtain the comprehensive performance score of this discrete window-wall ratio value; According to the comprehensive performance scores of each discrete window-wall ratio value, draw a window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve; Based on the window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve, determine the optimal window-wall ratio interval.

[0009] Furthermore, the daylighting performance index includes the independent daylighting valve and the daytime glare probability.

[0010] Furthermore, the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the independent daylighting valve is expressed as: ; Wherein, represents the vertical illuminance of the underground public building at the i th moment, represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the i th moment, represents the glass transmittance, represents the independent daylighting valve, which is expressed as: ; ; In the formula: represents the usage duration; represents the number of time steps, represents the minimum illuminance requirement, represents the weight factor.

[0011] Furthermore, the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the daytime glare probability is expressed as: ; ; ; In the formula, represents the daytime glare probability, represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the i moment, represents the glass light transmittance, and both k1 and k4 represent intermediate parameters; represents the i solid angle of the glare source of the underground public building at the moment, represents the i position index at the moment, is the angle of the light source in the field of view.

[0012] Furthermore, the ventilation performance index includes: the ventilation volume of the air exchange between the indoor and outdoor of the underground public building and the air change rate of the indoor air of the underground public building.

[0013] Furthermore, the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation volume of the air exchange between the indoor and outdoor of the underground public building is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the ventilation volume of the air exchange between the indoor and outdoor of the underground public building, represents the average outdoor wind speed of the underground public building, represents the wall area of the underground public building.

[0014] Furthermore, the mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the air change rate of the indoor air of the underground public building is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the air change rate of the indoor air of the underground public building, represents the average outdoor wind speed of the underground public building, represents the wall area of the underground public building, represents the volume of the underground public building.

[0015] Furthermore, the energy consumption performance index is the sum of the lighting energy consumption, heating energy consumption and cooling energy consumption; The mathematical model of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the lighting reference energy consumption without windows, , represents the i outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the moment, represents the glass light transmittance, represents the heating reference energy consumption without windows, , represents the heat transfer coefficient of the window, denotes heating degree days, represents the baseline cooling energy consumption without windows, , is the coefficient of non-linear heat accumulation, represents the solar heat gain coefficient, denotes cooling degree days.

[0016] The present invention also proposes a window-wall ratio design system for underground public buildings, including the following modules: The window-wall ratio discretization module is used to discretize the window-wall ratio within a set range with a set step size to obtain discrete window-wall ratio values; The data acquisition module is used to collect daylighting data related to daylighting performance indicators, ventilation data related to ventilation performance indicators, and energy consumption data related to energy consumption performance indicators; The performance indicator calculation module is used to substitute each discrete window-wall ratio value, daylighting data, ventilation data, and energy consumption data into the mathematical models of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and daylighting performance indicators, the relationship between the window-wall ratio and ventilation performance indicators, and the relationship between the window-wall ratio and energy consumption performance indicators respectively to obtain corresponding performance indicator values; The comprehensive performance scoring module is used to substitute the performance indicator values under the same discrete window-wall ratio into the objective function to obtain the comprehensive performance score of the discrete window-wall ratio; The window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve drawing module is used to draw the window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve according to the comprehensive performance scores of each discrete window-wall ratio; The optimal window-wall ratio interval determination module is used to determine the optimal window-wall ratio interval based on the window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve; Among them, the objective function is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the objective function, represents the value of the th performance indicator at a certain window-wall ratio, WWR represents the window-wall ratio, represents the weight coefficient of the th performance indicator, and n represents the number of performance indicators.

[0017] Furthermore, the daylighting performance indicators include the independent daylighting valve and the probability of daytime glare; the ventilation performance indicators include: the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building and the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building; the energy consumption performance indicator is the sum of lighting energy consumption, heating energy consumption, and cooling energy consumption.

[0018] Beneficial effects: Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: (1) Improve energy utilization efficiency: By optimizing the spatial interface design of underground public buildings, energy consumption can be effectively reduced and energy utilization efficiency can be improved. (2) Improve indoor environmental quality: Utilize natural lighting and natural ventilation to enhance the comfort and health of the indoor environment. (3) Reduce operating costs: Reduce the economic burden brought by high energy consumption during the operation stage of underground public buildings and lower the operating costs. Description of the Drawings

[0019] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of a biaxial broken line graph showing the influence of the window-wall ratio on comfort and energy consumption; the horizontal axis represents the change in the value of the window-wall ratio, the left vertical axis represents the physical performance; the right vertical axis represents the energy consumption performance; the broken lines of different colors respectively represent the trends of each performance index changing with the window-wall ratio. Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram showing the manifestation form of the window-wall ratio in underground public buildings. Specific Embodiments

[0020] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the following will further explain a window-wall ratio design method and system for underground public buildings proposed by the present invention in combination with the drawings and embodiments.

[0021] Underground Public Buildings (UPB) refer to building types whose main functional spaces are located below the ground surface, are open to the public, and provide service and activity places for the public, as shown in Table 1. Classified according to "Classification of Urban Underground Space and Underground Engineering (GB / T 41925 - 2022)", underground public buildings are widely used in multiple fields such as commerce, culture, medical care, education, and entertainment, and usually have characteristics such as large scale, complex functions, and dense personnel flow, and are an important part of the development and utilization of urban underground space.

[0022] Table 1 Classification of Underground Space by Functional Characteristics

[0023] In the design of underground public buildings, reasonably setting the window-wall ratio of the spatial interface is one of the key means to achieve natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal environment regulation. By optimizing the window-wall ratio configuration, natural light can be effectively guided into the indoor space, air fluidity can be enhanced, thereby meeting multiple comfort requirements such as the light environment, thermal environment, and air quality, improving the adaptability of the building to external climate conditions, and further enhancing the overall indoor environmental quality.

[0024] Such as Figure 2As shown in the figure, the design performance of the window-wall ratio can be divided into two categories according to the interface type: three-dimensional interface and planar interface. The three-dimensional interface mainly refers to the openings in the three-dimensional depth spaces such as atriums, sunken courtyards, light wells, and ventilation shafts, emphasizing the daylighting and ventilation efficiency in the depth direction; the planar interface is more applied to the building envelope, and the opening design is carried out on the building's external envelope structure. For example, forms such as skylights, side windows, or glass curtain walls are used to guide natural resources into the interior.

[0025] For the underground public buildings defined above, this embodiment proposes a method for designing the window-wall ratio of underground public buildings, which mainly includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct a mathematical model of the window-wall ratio and daylighting performance; the specific construction process includes: Define the daylight autonomy (DA), which is used to represent the time proportion that a certain point in the room can meet the minimum illuminance requirement (such as 300 lux) during the day, usually expressed as a percentage: ; ; In the formula, represents the usage duration (h); represents the number of time steps, represents the i vertical illuminance (lux) of the underground public building at the moment, represents the minimum illuminance requirement,

[0026] Among them, the vertical illuminance i of the underground public building at the moment refers to the light flux per unit area entering the field of view at the i moment, which is mainly affected by the outdoor horizontal illuminance and the window transmittance. The larger the window, the more natural light enters the room. Therefore, the vertical illuminance i of the underground public building at the moment is approximately linearly related to the window-wall ratio WWR, expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance (lux) of the underground public building at the i moment, represents the glass transmittance.

[0027] Therefore, the daylight autonomy DA can be expressed as: ; Define the probability of discomfort glare during the day ( ) to quantify the discomfort glare caused by direct light or reflected light, expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the luminance (cd / m i ) of the glare source in the underground public building at the 2 th moment, represents the solid angle of the glare source in the underground public building at the i th moment, represents the position index at the i th moment, i represents the i th moment.

[0028] Among them, the luminance i of the glare source in the underground public building at the th moment increases with the increase of the window-wall ratio, which can be expressed as: ; ; In the formula: is the angle of the light source in the field of view (unit: sr, solid angle).

[0029] Therefore, the probability of daytime glare is mainly affected by direct sunlight. When the WWR exceeds a certain threshold, its growth rate may tend to level off. Therefore, it can be expressed as: ; ; In the formula, represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the i th moment, and both k1 and k4 represent intermediate parameters.

[0030] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a biaxial broken line graph showing the influence of the window-wall ratio WWR on comfort and energy consumption, comprehensively analyzing the influence trend of the design variable window-wall ratio on the physical environment performance and energy consumption of underground public buildings. Through Figure 1 it can be observed that the change of the design variable has a significant positive and negative correlation with comfort and energy consumption, and there is a mutual restriction between the two. As the window-wall ratio WWR increases, the illuminance of outdoor light entering the room increases, and the daylight autonomy (DA) gradually increases, which means an increase in the utilization rate of natural light. However, an excessive window-wall ratio WWR will also lead to an increase in the probability of daytime glare, an increase in the area of high-brightness regions, an increase in the glare risk, and thus a decrease in visual comfort. In addition, a larger window-wall ratio WWR may also lead to a higher cooling energy consumption demand, resulting in an increase in energy consumption, which has an adverse impact on the overall energy efficiency of the building.

[0031] Step 2: Construct a mathematical model of the window-wall ratio WWR and ventilation performance. The specific construction process includes: Natural ventilation is mainly affected by wind pressure and thermal pressure. The ventilation volume (m 3 / s) of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in underground public buildings depends on the cross-sectional area of the windows ( , m 2 ) and the average outdoor wind speed of underground public buildings ( , m / s) and can be calculated by the following formula: ; , where

[0032] represents the wall area of the underground public building. ; At this time, the air change rate ACH of the indoor air in the underground public building is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the volume of the underground public building (m 3 ).

[0033] Since the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building changes linearly with the window-wall ratio, the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building also shows a linear growth trend: ; As Figure 1 shown, the window-wall ratio determines the air circulation effect by affecting the ventilation cross-sectional area of the windows. When the window-wall ratio increases, the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building rises, and the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building also increases, thus enhancing the ventilation performance. However, an excessively high window-wall ratio may lead to an increase in winter heat loss and reduce the stability of the indoor temperature, while in summer, it may bring in too much hot air and increase the cooling load.

[0034] Step 3: Construct a mathematical model of the window-wall ratio and energy consumption performance. The specific construction process includes: The total annual energy consumption includes lighting energy consumption , heating energy consumption and cooling energy consumption and is expressed as: ; Among them, the lighting energy consumption decreases linearly with the window-wall ratio WWR, that is, it is negatively correlated, and is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the benchmark lighting energy consumption without windows, .

[0035] Among them, the heating energy consumption increases linearly with the window-wall ratio WWR, that is, it is positively correlated, and is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the benchmark heating energy consumption without windows, , represents the heat transfer coefficient of the window (W / m²·K), represents the heating degree days, reflecting the influence of winter climate.

[0036] Among them, because the solar radiation gain is positively correlated with the window area, and the window area has a linear relationship with the window-wall ratio WWR, so the cooling energy consumption is approximately a quadratic curve with the window-wall ratio WWR, and is expressed as: ; In the formula, represents the solar heat gain coefficient, indicating the amount of solar radiation transmitted through the window, represents the cooling degree days, reflecting the cooling load demand in summer, represents the benchmark cooling energy consumption without windows, , is the heat non-linear accumulation coefficient.

[0037] The growth rate of cooling and heating energy consumption is often greater than the decline rate of lighting energy consumption, resulting in a U-shaped change in the total energy consumption. This shows that the annual total energy consumption can be approximately described in the form of a quadratic function: ; As Figure 1 shown, when the window-wall ratio WWR is too small, the utilization rate of natural light is low, and the lighting energy consumption is high. However, due to the small window area, the winter heating load is low, and the solar radiation heat gain in summer is also small, so the cooling load is relatively small; when the window-wall ratio WWR is too large, although the lighting energy consumption decreases, due to a large amount of solar radiation entering, the cooling load in summer increases significantly, and at the same time, the heat transfer coefficient of the window increases in winter, and the heating energy consumption also increases accordingly, resulting in an increase in the total energy consumption.

[0038] Step 4: Determine the optimal window-wall ratio range of the underground public building through the performance weighted analysis method. The specific operations include: Index standardization: Due to the dimensional differences in daylighting performance, ventilation performance, and energy consumption performance, all performances are standardized. The common methods are min-max normalization or Z-score normalization, which are expressed as: ; Among them, is the mean value, is the standard deviation.

[0039] Comprehensively considering the weights of each performance, the following objective function is constructed: ; In the formula, represents the objective function, represents the value of the rd performance index at a certain window-wall ratio, WWR represents the window-wall ratio, represents the th weight coefficient of the performance index. According to the design objectives of specific projects, one of the objectives of daylighting, ventilation, and energy consumption can be preferentially satisfied. n represents the number of performance indicators.

[0040] Taking the window-wall ratio WWR as the independent variable, discrete calculations are carried out at a step size of 0.05 within the set range (such as 0.1–0.9); at each discrete window-wall ratio WWR value, the corresponding performance index values are respectively substituted into the established mathematical model for calculation; then substituted into the objective function to obtain the comprehensive performance score at this window-wall ratio WWR; draw the WWR–comprehensive performance score curve, and find the peak value or the optimal interval, which is the optimal window-wall ratio interval.

[0041] Now, a window-wall ratio design method for an underground public building proposed in this embodiment is applied to the underground space in Suzhou Bay, designing the spatial interface for the underground space in Suzhou Bay, enabling the underground space in Suzhou Bay to significantly improve the building performance without relying on active systems, especially the comprehensive performance in the regulation of light environment and thermal environment. The underground space in Suzhou Bay is located in the central business district of Taihu New City, Wuzhong District, Suzhou City, and is a large-scale comprehensive development project integrating public transportation, commerce, and leisure. In the spatial interface design, a window-wall ratio design method for an underground public building proposed in this embodiment is adopted, with 19 sunken squares, 24 sets of light pipes, and 6 large skylights set up. The window-wall ratio WWR is reasonably configured according to the spatial orientation, functional requirements, and solar path, effectively suppressing heat loss and excessive temperature rise while improving the lighting and ventilation efficiency.

[0042] Compared with underground spaces without windows or with a fixed window-to-wall ratio in traditional designs, the spatial interface designed using the method of this embodiment is particularly outstanding in terms of natural lighting. For example, by setting the window-to-wall ratio WWR=0.4 in the skylight area, the average illuminance of the surrounding underground space reaches 320 lux, and the local illuminance directly below the skylight is as high as 480 lux, which is about 340% higher than that of the windowless area.

[0043] In terms of ventilation and thermal environment, the method of this embodiment also shows significant advantages. Monitoring data on August 24, 2024 showed that after the natural wind was introduced into the sunken courtyard and square, the regional temperature dropped by an average of about 2°C, and the optimized design sunken courtyard covered with green plants had a greater cooling advantage. Compared with the courtyard designed with traditional equal depth and no optimized window-to-wall ratio WWR, the optimized interface of the method of this embodiment can achieve more stable air exchange and avoid heat retention. In winter, the sunken courtyard set by the optimized window-to-wall ratio WWR effectively reduces the intrusion of cold air and heat loss due to proper control of the opening area and depth, so that the temperature of the surrounding space is increased by 1.7°C, and the thermal fluctuation is significantly smaller than that of the traditional design courtyard.

[0044] In summary, the Suzhou Bay underground space case fully verifies the effectiveness and advancement of the proposed optimized window-to-wall ratio design method in improving the natural lighting and ventilation efficiency of underground spaces. Compared with traditional design methods, this method can not only control environmental parameters more accurately, but also significantly improve the comfort and energy efficiency of the space, providing a replicable and scalable empirical basis for the green and low-carbon design of underground spaces.

Claims

1. A design method for the window-wall ratio of an underground public building, characterized in that: It includes the following steps: Determine the daylighting performance index and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the daylighting performance index; Determine the ventilation performance index and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation performance index; Determine the energy consumption performance index and construct a mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index; Construct the following objective function : ； In the formula, represents the value of the th performance index at a certain window-wall ratio, WWR represents the window-wall ratio, represents the weight coefficient of the th performance index, and n represents the number of performance indexes; Taking the window-wall ratio as the independent variable, discretize it within the set range with a set step size to obtain discrete window-wall ratio values. Collect daylighting data related to daylighting performance indicators, ventilation data related to ventilation performance indicators, and energy consumption data related to energy consumption performance indicators. Substitute each discrete window-wall ratio value, daylighting data, ventilation data, and energy consumption data into the mathematical models of the relationship between the window-wall ratio and daylighting performance indicators, the relationship between the window-wall ratio and ventilation performance indicators, and the relationship between the window-wall ratio and energy consumption performance indicators respectively to obtain the corresponding performance indicator values; Substitute the performance indicator values under the same discrete window-wall ratio into the objective function to obtain the comprehensive performance score of this discrete window-wall ratio value. Draw a window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve according to the comprehensive performance scores of each discrete window-wall ratio value; Based on the window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve, determine the optimal window-wall ratio range.

2. The window-wall ratio design method of an underground public building according to claim 1, characterized in that: The daylighting performance index includes the autonomous daylighting valve and the probability of daytime glare.

3. The window-wall ratio design method of an underground public building according to claim 2, characterized in that: The mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the autonomous daylighting valve is expressed as: ； Among them, represents the i vertical illuminance of the underground public building at the moment, i and represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the moment. represents the daylighting valve, which is expressed as: ； ； In the formula: represents the usage duration; represents the number of time steps, represents the minimum illuminance requirement, represents the weighting factor.

4. The window-wall ratio design method of an underground public building according to claim 2, characterized in that: The mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the probability of daytime glare is expressed as: ； ； ； In the formula, represents the probability of daytime glare, represents the i outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the th moment, represents the glass transmittance, and both k1 and k4 represent intermediate parameters; represents the i solid angle of the glare source of the underground public building at the th moment, represents the position index at the i th moment, and is the angle of the light source in the field of view.​​ 5. The window-wall ratio design method of an underground public building according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ventilation performance index includes: the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building and the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building.

6. The window-wall ratio design method for an underground public building according to claim 5, characterized in that: The mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building is expressed as: ； In the formula, represents the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange of the underground public building, represents the average outdoor wind speed of the underground public building, represents the wall area of the underground public building.

7. A window-wall ratio design method for an underground public building according to claim 5, characterized in that: The mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building is expressed as: ； In the formula, represents the air change rate of the indoor air of the underground public building, represents the average outdoor wind speed of the underground public building, represents the wall area of the underground public building, represents the volume of the underground public building.

8. The window-wall ratio design method for an underground public building according to claim 1, characterized in that: The energy consumption performance index is the sum of lighting energy consumption, heating energy consumption, and cooling energy consumption; The mathematical model for the relationship between the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index is expressed as: ； In the formula, represents the benchmark lighting energy consumption without windows, , represents the outdoor horizontal illuminance of the underground public building at the i th moment, represents the glass transmittance, represents the benchmark heating energy consumption without windows, , represents the heat transfer coefficient of the window, represents the heating degree days, represents the benchmark cooling energy consumption without windows, , is the heat non-linear accumulation coefficient, represents the solar heat gain coefficient, represents the cooling degree days.

9. A window-wall ratio design system for an underground public building, characterized in that: It includes the following modules: The window-wall ratio discretization module is used to discretize the window-wall ratio at a set step within a set range to obtain discrete window-wall ratio values; The data acquisition module is used to collect daylighting data related to the daylighting performance index, ventilation data related to the ventilation performance index, and energy consumption data related to the energy consumption performance index; The performance index calculation module is used to substitute each discrete window-wall ratio value, daylighting data, ventilation data, and energy consumption data into the mathematical models for the relationships between the window-wall ratio and the daylighting performance index, the window-wall ratio and the ventilation performance index, and the window-wall ratio and the energy consumption performance index respectively to obtain the corresponding performance index values; The comprehensive performance scoring module is used to substitute the performance index values under the same discrete window-wall ratio value into the objective function to obtain the comprehensive performance score of the discrete window-wall ratio value; The window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve drawing module is used to draw a window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve according to the comprehensive performance scores of each discrete window-wall ratio value; The optimal window-wall ratio range determination module is used to determine the optimal window-wall ratio range based on the window-wall ratio - comprehensive performance score curve; Among them, the objective function is expressed as: ； In the formula, represents the objective function, represents the value of the th performance index at a certain window-wall ratio, WWR represents the window-wall ratio, represents the th weight coefficient of the performance index, and n represents the number of performance indices.

10. The window-wall ratio design system for an underground public building according to claim 9, characterized in that: The daylighting performance index includes the autonomous daylighting valve and the probability of daytime glare; the ventilation performance index includes: the ventilation volume of the indoor and outdoor air exchange in the underground public building and the air change rate of the indoor air in the underground public building; the energy consumption performance index is the sum of lighting energy consumption, heating energy consumption, and cooling energy consumption.

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