Method for generating waveform for quantum computing, storage medium and waveform generator

Abstract

The invention provides a method for generating a waveform for quantum computing, a storage medium and a waveform generator, and solves the technical problem that the transmission delay between an upper computer and the waveform generator is uncertain. The invention provides a method for generating a waveform for quantum computing. The method comprises the steps that an envelope is generated and stored; multiplying the amplitude by the envelope; and setting or adjusting phase, frequency and the like. The invention further provides a generation device for generating the waveform for quantum computing, and the generation device is configured to execute the method. The invention further provides a storage medium, and the instruction set is stored on the storage medium. The invention further provides a generation device for generating the waveform of the quantum computing. The generation device is configured to execute the instructions in the instruction set. The invention further provides a waveform generator and a waveform generation system for quantum computing, and the waveform generator and the waveform generation system are configured to execute the method. The technical scheme provided by the invention is suitable for an application scene of rapid feedback.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of quantum computers, and particularly to a method, a storage medium, and a waveform generator for generating waveforms for quantum computing. Background Art

[0002] Currently, the generation of quantum computing measurement and control waveform sequences usually uses an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). Its working mode is that, first, the user defines the required waveforms through computer software, and these waveform data are stored in the memory of the arbitrary waveform generator in digital form. Then, the waveform data is output externally under the drive of a unified clock signal and forms an arbitrary waveform after processing. This working mode has the following problems. First, the waveform data needs to be calculated in advance in the host computer and transmitted to the arbitrary waveform generator. When the number of control channels increases and the depth of the quantum circuit increases, the requirements for hardware resources increase, and the power consumption of the hardware increases, resulting in a rapid decline in the efficiency of quantum circuit compilation and execution, making it difficult to meet the expansion requirements of quantum computers; second, the memory of the arbitrary waveform generator is limited, resulting in limited storage depth of waveform data and making it difficult to cope with the problems brought by the continuous increase in the depth of future quantum circuits; third, it takes a relatively long time for the host computer to perform waveform calculations, and the transmission delay between the computer and the arbitrary waveform generator is high and uncertain, making it impossible to achieve quantum-level fast feedback. For example, in some application scenarios, it is necessary to complete fast feedback before significant decoherence of quantum bits, and this time requirement is generally in the order of hundreds of nanoseconds or even shorter, while the existing arbitrary waveform generators are difficult to meet this time requirement. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the technical problems existing in the prior art, the present application proposes a method for generating waveforms for quantum computing, including storing the received waveform envelope or locally generating and storing the waveform envelope; receiving amplitude information from the host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope; setting or adjusting the phase and frequency of the waveform; synthesizing the waveform envelope, frequency, and phase to generate an output waveform; sampling the external waveform; comparing the output waveform or its deformation with the sampled waveform or its deformation, comparing the comparison result with a discrimination threshold, and locally generating a decision to adjust the output waveform.

[0004] In particular, in the method for generating waveforms for quantum computing proposed by the present application, locally generating the waveform envelope includes receiving first data from the host computer, performing interpolation processing on it to generate and store the waveform envelope; or receiving second data from the host computer and locally generating the waveform envelope based on it.

[0005] In particular, the waveform generation method for quantum computing proposed in this application includes setting or adjusting the waveform frequency or phase, setting or adjusting the phase or frequency according to the quantum bit reference frame consistency rule and storing it; or, additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency.

[0006] In particular, the waveform generation method for quantum computing proposed in this application includes introducing background microwave and adjusting the output waveform.

[0007] In particular, the waveform generation method for quantum computing proposed in this application further includes providing the output waveform externally when a specific signal becomes valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal becomes valid.

[0008] This application also proposes a waveform generation device for quantum computing, which is configured to execute the above method.

[0009] This application also proposes a storage medium, on which an instruction set readable by a processor is stored. When the instructions in the instruction set are executed, the above method is executed.

[0010] In particular, in the storage medium proposed in this application, the instructions for storing the received waveform envelope at least include the envelope start address and the envelope length.

[0011] In particular, in the storage medium proposed in this application, the instructions for setting the phase and frequency of the waveform at least include a frame identifier and data, where the data includes frequency, phase, timestamp or delay.

[0012] In particular, in the storage medium proposed in this application, one or more instructions for sampling an external waveform include a channel identifier, a sampling frequency, the length of the waveform to be sampled, and / or sampling mode information.

[0013] In particular, in the storage medium proposed in this application, the instructions for receiving amplitude information from the host computer and multiplying it by the stored envelope, and additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency include the envelope start address, the envelope length, the amplitude information, the additional phase, and the additional frequency.

[0014] In particular, in the storage medium proposed in this application, the instructions for receiving amplitude information from the host computer and multiplying it by the stored envelope, and additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency are the same instruction.

[0015] In particular, for the storage medium proposed in this application, the instructions for generating a waveform envelope locally, multiplying the amplitude information received from the host computer by the stored envelope, and providing the output waveform externally after waiting for a specific signal to become valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal becomes valid include a trigger type representing the specific signal, a time interval representing the preset time length, an envelope length, an envelope shape identification code, an amplitude, an additional frequency, and an additional phase.

[0016] In particular, for the storage medium proposed in this application, the instruction for generating a waveform envelope locally, multiplying the amplitude information received from the host computer by the stored envelope, and providing the output waveform externally after waiting for a specific signal to become valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal becomes valid is one instruction.

[0017] This application also proposes a device for generating a waveform for quantum computing, which is electrically connected between a host computer and a quantum device and is configured to execute the instructions in the instruction set stored in the above storage medium.

[0018] This application also proposes a waveform generator for quantum computing, including: an instruction processing module configured to receive, parse, and store instructions; an envelope module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and configured to store the waveform envelope received according to the instructions or generate and store a waveform envelope locally; a frequency and phase module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and configured to set, adjust, and store the frequency and phase of the waveform according to the instructions; a synthesis module electrically connected between the envelope module and the frequency and phase module and configured to integrate the outputs of the two to generate a first waveform; and a feedback module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the synthesis module and configured to obtain a second waveform by external sampling, receive the first waveform from the synthesis module, and configured to compare the first waveform or its deformation with the second waveform or its deformation and provide feedback to the instruction processing module based on the comparison result; wherein the instruction processing module is configured to select corresponding instructions based on the feedback and execute them by the corresponding modules.

[0019] In particular, for the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, the envelope module further includes an interpolation processing sub-module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and configured to adjust the sampling rate of the waveform based on instructions and data and generate a waveform envelope.

[0020] In particular, for the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, the envelope module further includes a waveform envelope generation sub-module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and configured to generate a waveform envelope based on data and instructions.

[0021] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the envelope module includes a waveform envelope caching sub-module configured to store the envelope.

[0022] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the envelope module includes a first adjustment sub-module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the waveform envelope caching sub-module, and configured to adjust the amplitude of the output of the waveform envelope caching sub-module based on instructions and data.

[0023] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the frequency and phase module includes a frame register electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to store frequency, phase, timestamp, and / or delay data, and output the frequency and phase for forming a waveform based on instructions and the content stored in the frame register.

[0024] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the frequency and phase module further includes a digital oscillator electrically connected to the frame register, configured to generate an oscillating waveform with an amplitude of one based on the frequency and phase.

[0025] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the frequency and phase module further includes a second adjustment sub-module electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the frame register, and configured to adjust the output of the frame register based on instructions and data.

[0026] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the synthesis module includes one or more multiplication sub-modules configured to multiply the output of the envelope module and the output of the frequency and phase module.

[0027] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the synthesis module further includes an addition sub-module configured to add the outputs of the multiple multiplication sub-modules, or the waveform generator further includes a background microwave module electrically connected to the addition sub-module, and the addition sub-module is configured to add the received background microwave information to the output of the multiplication sub-module.

[0028] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application, wherein the feedback module includes a digital demodulator and a discrimination and operation sub-module that are electrically connected to each other. The digital demodulator is electrically connected to the output end of the synthesis module and is configured to receive the first waveform and receive the second waveform from the outside. The digital demodulator includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the second waveform. The digital demodulator is also configured to compare the converted result with the first waveform. The discrimination and operation sub-module is configured to receive a discrimination threshold value from the instruction processing module and use it to discriminate the comparison result based on this threshold value, and feedback the discrimination result to the instruction processing module.

[0029] In particular, the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application further includes a waveform cache module electrically connected to the synthesis module, configured to cache and output the first waveform.

[0030] In particular, the waveform envelope shapes of the waveform generator for quantum computing proposed in this application include a constant wave, a single Hanning window, an amplitude rectangular window Hanning step, a rising edge, a falling edge, and a Hanning window platform, etc.

[0031] This application also proposes a quantum computing measurement and control waveform generation system, including a host computer and the above-mentioned waveform generator electrically connected thereto.

[0032] The method for generating waveforms for quantum computing proposed in this application avoids the problem of uncertain transmission delay between the host computer and the waveform generator. The storage medium proposed in this application, wherein the stored instruction set includes various different types of instructions. The waveforms generated based on this instruction set can perform complete quantum bit manipulation. The waveform generator and generation system for quantum computing proposed in this application achieve local real-time output of waveforms and are suitable for application scenarios with fast feedback. Description of the Drawings

[0033] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the modules of a quantum computing measurement and control waveform generation system according to an embodiment of the present application; Figures 2 to 26 is a schematic diagram of the structures of multiple instructions according to multiple embodiments of the present application; Figure 27 is a schematic diagram of the envelope shape and required parameters according to multiple embodiments of the present application. Detailed Embodiments

[0034] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application. Apparently, the described embodiments are some, but not all, of the embodiments of this application. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments in this application without creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of this application.

[0035] In the following detailed description, reference may be made to the various specification drawings that form a part of this application and illustrate specific embodiments of this application. In the drawings, like reference numerals generally describe substantially similar components in different diagrams. The specific embodiments of this application have been described in sufficient detail below so that those of ordinary skill in the relevant art can implement the technical solutions of this application. It should be understood that other embodiments may also be utilized or structural, logical, or electrical changes may be made to the embodiments of this application.

[0036] For technologies, methods, and devices known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art, detailed discussion may not be made, but where appropriate, such technologies, methods, and devices should be regarded as part of the specification. Regarding the connections between the units in the drawings, they are merely for ease of illustration and indicate that at least the units at both ends of the connection communicate with each other, and are not intended to limit that the units not connected cannot communicate. Additionally, the number of lines between two units is intended to represent at least the number of signals involved in the communication between the two units or at least the number of output terminals they have, and is not used to limit that the two units can only communicate with the signals shown in the figure.

[0037] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the quantum computing measurement and control waveform generation system module according to an embodiment of this application.

[0038] According to one embodiment, the quantum computing measurement and control waveform generation system may include a host computer and a quantum computing measurement and control waveform generator 1 (hereinafter referred to as waveform generator 1), and the generated waveform is sent to the quantum device. Waveform generator 1 may include one or more channels. Figure 1 Only the case of the quantum computing measurement and control waveform generator with one channel is shown. Without creative efforts, waveform generators including multiple channels still fall within the scope of protection of this application.

[0039] According to one embodiment, waveform generator 1 may include an instruction processing module 10, electrically connected to the host computer, configured to receive instructions from the host computer and store and parse them. The host computer can interact with the user. The user sends various requirements for generating waveforms and instruction sets to waveform generator 1 through the host computer, and waveform generator 1 uses the instructions in the instruction set to generate the waveforms required by the user.

[0040] According to one embodiment, the instruction processing module 10 may include a decoder 101. After the instructions in the instruction processing module 10 are decoded by the decoder 101, they are sent to other modules.

[0041] According to one embodiment, the waveform generator 1 may further include an envelope module 11, electrically connected to the instruction processing module 10 and configured to generate a waveform envelope.

[0042] According to one embodiment, the envelope module 11 may include an interpolation processing sub-module 111, configured to receive instructions and first data from the instruction processing module 10, perform interpolation processing on waveforms with a lower sampling rate to increase the sampling rate, and generate a waveform envelope. The first data includes information required for generating the waveform envelope. This method can reduce the amount of data transmission.

[0043] According to one embodiment, the envelope module 11 may further include a waveform envelope generation sub-module 112, configured to receive instructions and second data from the instruction processing module 10, and generate a waveform envelope based on information such as the envelope shape and parameters included in the second data.

[0044] According to one embodiment, the envelope module 11 may further include a waveform envelope caching sub-module 113, configured to cache the waveform envelope. It may be configured to output the cached envelope, and its output may include a real part and an imaginary part, or may only include the real part. According to one embodiment, some of the waveform envelopes cached in the waveform envelope caching sub-module 113 are reusable and can be applied to multiple different waveforms. The waveform envelope caching sub-module 113 caches the reusable envelopes for different waveform generations, improving efficiency. According to one embodiment, the envelopes cached in the waveform envelope caching sub-module 113 also include dedicated envelopes. The dedicated envelope is a special envelope representative in quantum manipulation and has better quantum manipulation characteristics. The dedicated envelope can be generated in advance and cached by the waveform envelope caching sub-module 113.

[0045] According to one embodiment, the instruction processing module 10 may directly send the waveform envelope to the waveform envelope caching sub-module 113 for caching. According to one embodiment, when the instruction processing module 10 sends the waveform envelope, it may be through the addressing line 115.

[0046] According to one embodiment, the envelope module 11 may further include a first adjustment sub-module 114 configured to adjust the amplitude of the waveform envelope in the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113. According to one embodiment, the first adjustment sub-module 114 may include, for example, a multiplier 1141 and a multiplier 1142 configured to multiply the real part and the imaginary part of the waveform envelope cached in the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113 by the amplitude received from the instruction processing module 10, respectively. According to other embodiments, the first adjustment sub-module 114 may also be implemented using other arithmetic units.

[0047] In the operation of generating the waveform envelope, there are some operations that need to adjust the real part and the imaginary part of the waveform envelope. The first adjustment sub-module can adjust the real part and the imaginary part of the waveform envelope, and this adjustment will not affect the waveform envelope cached in the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113, which is a flexible adjustment method.

[0048] According to one embodiment, the waveform generator 1 may further include a frequency and phase module 12 electrically connected to the instruction processing module 10 and configured to determine the frequency and phase of the waveform.

[0049] According to one embodiment, the frequency and phase module 12 may include a frame register 121 configured to store, for example, four types of data, namely frequency, phase, timestamp, and delay. The range of the frequency is 3 - 14 GHz. During the waveform generation process, it is necessary to rotate the state of the qubit. Specifically, which axis to rotate around is determined by the phase. The specific rotation angle is controlled by the area of the waveform envelope. The area of the waveform envelope is related to the envelope length and amplitude. The phase is related to the specific operations during the waveform generation process, and the value of the phase in the frame register 121 needs to be modified according to different waveforms to be output. The timestamp is associated with the phase, and both jointly affect the phase of the finally generated waveform. Due to the inconsistency of the transmission lines connected to the qubits in the external quantum device, the time required for waveform transmission is also inconsistent. Therefore, the delay can be adjusted to ensure that the waveforms received by the quantum device are aligned in time. The frame register 121 can also output the real part and the imaginary part.

[0050] In the existing arbitrary waveform generator, information such as the phase of the waveform is stored in the software system of the host computer, which cannot achieve fast interaction between software and hardware, and the interaction time is unstable due to network transmission. The frame register 121 can store information such as frequency and phase inside the hardware, overcoming the above problems, reducing the delay during the waveform generation process, and obtaining a stable and accurate phase.

[0051] According to one embodiment, the frequency and phase module 12 may further include a second adjustment sub-module 122. According to one embodiment, the second adjustment sub-module 122 may include an adder 1221 and an adder 1222, configured to perform an addition operation on the frequency and phase in the frame register 121 and the additional frequency and additional phase in the instruction processing module 10 respectively.

[0052] According to one embodiment, in some cases, it is necessary to modify only the phase of the current waveform inside the waveform. This is a temporary modification and will not take effect on the next waveform. Using an existing arbitrary waveform generator, it is necessary to first modify the phase, generate a waveform, and then modify the phase again, which increases the complexity of the system. The second adjustment sub-module 122 in the present application is a flexible control interface that can modify the phase and frequency of the current waveform without affecting the information in the frame register 121. This modification only takes effect on the current waveform and does not affect the information in the frame register.

[0053] According to one embodiment, the frequency and phase module 12 may further include a digital oscillator 124 (sin(2πf + φ) and cos(2πf + φ)), configured to generate an oscillating signal with an amplitude of 1 based on the frequency f and phase φ from the frame register or the second adjustment sub-module. According to one embodiment, the digital oscillator 124 may include an input terminal t, and the signal may be a system clock signal.

[0054] According to one embodiment, the waveform generator 1 may further include a synthesis module 14, electrically connected to the envelope module 11 and the frequency and phase module 12. The synthesis module 14 may include a multiplication sub-module 141. The multiplication sub-module 141 may include a multiplier 1411 and a multiplier 1412. According to one embodiment, the multiplier 1411 may perform a multiplication operation on the imaginary part of the oscillating signal generated by the digital oscillator 124 and the imaginary part Q of the waveform envelope. According to one embodiment, the multiplier 1412 may perform a multiplication operation on the real part of the oscillating signal generated by the digital oscillator 124 and the real part I of the waveform envelope.

[0055] The synthesis module 14 may further include multiple multiplier sub-modules. The synthesis module 14 including a multiplication sub-module 141 described in this embodiment only represents one case.

[0056] According to one embodiment, the synthesis module 14 may further include an addition sub-module 142, electrically connected to the multiplier 1411 and the multiplier 1412, configured to perform an addition operation on the operation results of the multiplier 1411 and the multiplier 1412 to generate a first waveform.

[0057] According to one embodiment, optionally, the waveform generator 1 may further include a background microwave module 15, electrically connected to the instruction processing module 10 and the addition sub-module 142, configured to obtain background microwave from the instruction processing module 10 and deliver the background microwave to the addition sub-module 142. The addition sub-module 142 adds the first waveform and the background microwave to adjust the first waveform.

[0058] According to one embodiment, the waveform generator 1 may further include a waveform cache module 16, configured to cache the first waveform and output it to the quantum device. According to one embodiment, the waveform cache module 16 may include an input terminal t, and the signal may be a system clock signal. The waveform cache module 16 may wait for the clock signal to be valid and then output the cached waveform to the quantum device. In actual operation, some waveforms are usually generated additionally and cached in the waveform cache module 16 to ensure stable, continuous, and reliable waveform output.

[0059] According to one embodiment, the waveform generator 1 may further include a feedback module 13, electrically connected to the instruction processing module 10, the synthesis module 14, and the quantum device. The feedback module 13 can sample the waveform from the outside in real time for comparison and feedback. This comparison and feedback are performed locally without going through the host computer, improving the processing speed and efficiency.

[0060] According to one embodiment, the feedback module 13 may include a digital demodulator 131, electrically connected to the output terminal of the synthesis module 14. According to one embodiment, the digital demodulator 131 may include an analog-to-digital converter 1311, configured to sample the second waveform from the external quantum device and convert it into a digital signal. The digital demodulator 131 is configured to receive the first waveform from the output terminal of the synthesis module 14, compare it with the second waveform, and output the comparison result. The first waveform is a digital signal.

[0061] According to one embodiment, the feedback module 13 may further include a discrimination and operation sub-module 132. According to one embodiment, the discrimination and operation sub-module 132 may include a discrimination information register 1321, configured to store the discrimination threshold. The discrimination and operation sub-module 132 is configured to compare the comparison result from the digital demodulator 131 with the discrimination threshold, generate a discrimination result, and deliver it to the instruction processing module 10. The discrimination threshold may be provided by the instruction processing module 10.

[0062] In the application scenario of fast feedback, the first waveform for feedback precisely depends on the feedback delay and the phase information of the current time axis. For existing arbitrary waveform generators, when generating waveforms, it is necessary to calculate the phase of each waveform in the host computer first. Since the network delay transmitted by the host computer is uncertain, the phase of the generated first waveform cannot be determined. Therefore, existing arbitrary waveform generators are not suitable for the application scenario of fast feedback. The waveform generator 1 of this application can be implemented by FPGA or ASIC, avoiding the problem of uncertain transmission delay. Among them, the frame register 121 can store information such as frequency and phase to achieve real-time output of waveforms. Therefore, the waveform generator proposed in this application is suitable for the application scenario of fast feedback.

[0063] According to one embodiment, the instructions of the quantum computing measurement and control waveform generator may include the following categories: envelope setting and adjustment instructions, frequency and phase setting and adjustment instructions, feedback instructions, output waveform cache instructions, background microwave instructions, feedback-based adjustment instructions, and processing module instructions.

[0064] Next, the instructions in the embodiments of this application will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the following description of the instruction structure, the arrangement order of the fields only represents one situation. Obviously, for the instructions in the embodiments of this application, the fields can also be arranged in other orders.

[0065] According to one embodiment, the envelope setting and adjustment instructions may include an envelope write instruction, and its structure is as Figure 2 shown. The envelope write instruction represents writing the waveform envelope in the instruction processing module 10 into the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113. Among them, fields 201 and 202 are used to identify that this instruction is an envelope write instruction. Field 203 includes arbitrary fields. Field 204 includes the starting address, indicating that writing starts from a certain address in the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113. Field 205 includes the length of the written envelope.

[0066] According to one embodiment, the envelope setting and adjustment instructions may also include a first play instruction, and its structure is as Figure 3As shown. The first playback instruction represents that the waveform envelope in the instruction processing module 10 is sent to the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113 for caching after interpolation processing by the interpolation processing sub-module 111, or the waveform envelope in the instruction processing module 10 is directly sent to the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113 for caching and multiplied by an amplitude. Then, the additional frequency and additional phase are sent to the second adjustment sub-module 122 for arithmetic processing with the frequency and phase data in the frame register 121. This arithmetic processing is a temporary modification only to the frequency and phase of the current waveform. This temporary modification does not affect the information in the frame register and does not take effect on the next waveform, which is a flexible adjustment method. Field 301 and field 302 in the first playback instruction are used to identify that this instruction is the first playback instruction. Field 303 includes a frame identifier, indicating obtaining information from a specific frame in the frame register 121. Field 304 includes the envelope start address, field 305 includes the length of the envelope. Field 306 includes the multiplied amplitude. Field 307 includes the additional frequency, and field 308 includes the additional phase.

[0067] According to one embodiment, the envelope setting and adjustment instruction may further include a second playback instruction, whose structure is as Figure 4 As shown. The second playback instruction represents that information such as the parameters of the waveform is sent to the waveform envelope generation sub-module 112, and after generating the waveform, it is sent to the waveform envelope cache sub-module 113 for caching and multiplied by an amplitude. Then, the additional frequency and additional phase are sent to the second adjustment sub-module 122 for arithmetic processing with the frequency and phase data in the frame register. This arithmetic processing is a temporary modification only to the frequency and phase of the current waveform. This temporary modification does not affect the information in the frame register and does not take effect on the next waveform, which is a flexible adjustment method. Field 401 and field 402 in the second playback instruction are used to identify that this instruction is the second playback instruction. Field 403 includes a frame identifier, indicating obtaining information from a specific frame in the frame register 121. Field 404 includes a trigger type, indicating waiting for a specific signal to be valid and then outputting the generated waveform to the quantum device. The specific signal may include a system clock signal or an external signal. Field 405 includes a time interval, indicating waiting for a period of time after the specific signal is valid and then outputting the generated waveform to the quantum device. Field 406 includes the envelope length. Field 407 includes a real part envelope shape identification code. Field 408 includes real part required parameters. Field 409 includes the multiplied amplitude of the real part. Field 410 includes the additional frequency, and field 411 includes the additional phase.

[0068] According to one embodiment, most of the waveforms will be used for single qubit rotation operations. Single qubit rotation operations are generally referred to as single qubit gates, and can also be called R. R contains parameters theta and phi. A calibrated single waveform is generally called a π / 2-pulse. The additional phase adjusts phi. The additional frequency first corrects the ac Stark effect caused by multiple energy levels in a transmon superconducting qubit, such that the frequency of the waveform is different from the inherent frequency of the transmon superconducting qubit. In this case, changing the frequency will not cause a change in phase, and through adjustment, the frequency and phase of the generated waveform can both meet the requirements. Therefore, the designs of both the additional frequency and the additional phase are necessary. Without the additional frequency and additional phase, the following operations are required in the instruction composition: modifying the frequency in the frame register, modifying the phase in the frame register, playing a waveform, modifying the frequency in the frame register back to the original value, and modifying the phase in the frame register back to the original value. With the additional frequency and additional phase, only by playing the instruction can the frequency and phase be adjusted.

[0069] According to one embodiment, the envelope setting and adjustment instruction may further include a third play instruction, the structure of which is as Figure 5 shown. The third play instruction has the same meaning as the second play instruction. The fields 501 and 502 in the third play instruction are used to identify that this instruction is the third play instruction. The third play instruction adds relevant information required for the waveform envelope generation sub-module 112 to generate a waveform on the basis of the second play instruction, including the imaginary part envelope shape identification code, the required parameters of the imaginary part, and the amplitude multiplied by the imaginary part.

[0070] According to one embodiment, the first play instruction, the second play instruction, and the third play instruction are physically dedicated expressions. These three instructions contain and only contain all the information required for one unit of quantum manipulation, and can correspond to a quantum gate in a quantum circuit. Among them, the phase reflects which axis to rotate around specifically in quantum manipulation; the area of the envelope reflects the rotation angle, which is related to the envelope length and amplitude.

[0071] According to one embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instructions may include the first play instruction, the second play instruction, and the third play instruction. The first play instruction, the second play instruction, and the third play instruction are related to both the setting and adjustment of the waveform envelope and the setting and adjustment of the frequency and phase.

[0072] According to one embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instruction may further include a frame register setting instruction, the structure of which is as Figure 6As shown. The frame register setting instruction represents an operation of setting the data stored in a certain frame in the frame register 121. Among them, field 601 and field 602 are used to identify that this instruction is a frame register setting instruction, and field 603 includes a frame identifier, indicating the frame to be set and the type of data to be set. Field 604 includes data, and the data can include one of frequency, phase, timestamp or delay.

[0073] According to an embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instruction may further include a frame register accumulation instruction, and its structure is as Figure 7 shown. The frame register accumulation instruction represents an operation of accumulating the data stored in a certain frame in the frame register 121. Among them, field 701 and field 702 are used to identify that this instruction is a frame register accumulation instruction. Field 703 includes a frame identifier, indicating the frame to be accumulated and the type of data to be accumulated. Field 704 includes data, and the data can include one of frequency, phase, timestamp or delay.

[0074] According to an embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instruction may further include an instruction to clear a specific frame, and its structure is as Figure 8 shown. The instruction to clear a specific frame represents an operation of clearing a certain frame in the frame register 121. Among them, field 801 and field 802 are used to identify that this instruction is an instruction to clear a specific frame. Field 803 includes a frame identifier, indicating the frame to be cleared.

[0075] According to an embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instruction may further include an instruction to clear all frames, and its structure is as Figure 9 shown. The instruction to clear all frames represents clearing the data stored in all frames in the frame register 121. Among them, field 901 and field 902 are used to identify that this instruction is an instruction to clear all frames.

[0076] According to an embodiment, the frequency, phase setting and adjustment instruction may further include a phase change instruction, and its structure is as Figure 10 shown. The phase change instruction represents changing the phase stored in a certain frame in the frame register 121 to a specific value. The phase change instruction is an instruction interface reserved in advance to be applicable to different quantum gate structures, and is used to adapt to the calculation of the phase in different gate structures. Among them, field 1001 and field 1002 are used to identify that this instruction is a phase change instruction. Field 1003 includes a frame identifier, indicating the frame to be changed. Field 1004 includes a target value, indicating the target value of the phase to be changed to, that is, the target data.

[0077] According to one embodiment, by using a frame register setting instruction and a frame register accumulation instruction to adjust the data in the frame register, it should meet a preset rule, such as the quantum bit reference frame consistency rule, that is: the phase of the waveform = 2π × the frame register frequency × the time + the frame register phase. Where the time represents how many sampling points the system's time counter has run. And by using the phase change instruction to modify the phase, it does not need to meet the above rule.

[0078] According to one embodiment, the feedback instruction may include a discrimination information setting instruction, and its structure is as Figure 11 shown. The discrimination information setting instruction represents writing a discrimination threshold value into a certain register in the discrimination information register 1321. Among them, field 1101 and field 1102 are used to identify that this instruction is a discrimination information register setting instruction. Field 1103 includes a register identifier, indicating the target register address where the discrimination threshold value is to be written. Field 1104 includes the discrimination threshold value to be written.

[0079] According to one embodiment, the feedback instruction may also include a discrimination information accumulation instruction, and its structure is as Figure 12 shown. The discrimination information accumulation instruction represents performing an accumulation operation on the discrimination threshold value stored in a certain register in the discrimination information register 1321. Among them, field 1201 and field 1202 are used to identify that this instruction is a discrimination information register accumulation instruction. Field 1203 includes a register identifier, indicating the register address where the accumulation operation needs to be performed. Field 1204 is the accumulation value.

[0080] According to one embodiment, the feedback instruction may also include a start sampling instruction, and its structure is as Figure 13 shown. The start sampling instruction controls the analog-to-digital converter 1311 to sample a second waveform from an external quantum device, and acquire a first waveform, and compare the first waveform with the second waveform. Among them, field 1301 and field 1302 are used to identify that this instruction is a start sampling instruction. Field 1303 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. Field 1304 includes the length of the acquired first waveform. Field 1305 includes the length of the sampled second waveform.

[0081] According to one embodiment, the feedback instruction may also include a sampling rate setting instruction, and its structure is as Figure 14 shown. The sampling rate setting instruction represents setting the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter 1311 for sampling the second waveform. Among them, field 1401 and field 1402 are used to identify that this instruction is a sampling rate setting instruction. Field 1403 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. Field 1404 includes the sampling rate, indicating the target sampling rate to be set.

[0082] According to one embodiment, the feedback instruction may also include a sampling mode setting instruction, and its structure is asFigure 15 As shown. The set sampling mode instruction represents setting the sampling mode for the analog-to-digital converter 1311 to sample the second waveform. Among them, field 1501 and field 1502 are used to identify that this instruction is a set sampling mode instruction. Field 1503 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. Field 1504 includes the sampling mode, indicating the target mode information to be set. The sampling mode can include NRZ, RZ, and MIX.

[0083] According to one embodiment, the output waveform buffer instruction may include a wait for specific signal instruction, and its structure is as Figure 16 shown. The wait for specific signal instruction is the enable of the waveform buffer module 16, controlling the waveform buffer module 16 to wait for a specific signal. Among them, field 1601 and field 1602 are used to identify that this instruction is a wait for specific signal instruction. Field 1603 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction.

[0084] According to one embodiment, the output waveform buffer instruction may also include an unconditional delay instruction, and its structure is as Figure 17 shown. The unconditional delay instruction represents performing a delay operation on the waveform buffered in the waveform buffer module 16. Among them, field 1701 and field 1702 are used to identify that this instruction is an unconditional delay instruction. Field 1703 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. Field 1704 includes the length of the delay time.

[0085] According to one embodiment, the background microwave instruction may include a background microwave enable instruction, and its structure is as Figure 18 shown. The background microwave enable instruction is used to control the background microwave module 15 to start enabling the background microwave. Among them, field 1801 and field 1802 are used to identify that this instruction is a background microwave enable instruction. Field 1803 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. The fourth field 1804 includes background microwave parameter information.

[0086] According to one embodiment, the background microwave instruction may also include a background microwave setting instruction, and its structure is as Figure 19 shown. The background microwave setting instruction represents setting the parameters of the background microwave in the background microwave module 15. Among them, field 1901 and field 1902 are used to identify that this instruction is a background microwave setting instruction. Field 1903 includes a channel identifier, indicating the channel for executing this instruction. Field 1904 includes the start time. Field 1905 includes the total length of the background microwave. Field 1906 includes the length of a single waveform envelope. Field 1907 includes the amplitude, field 1908 includes the frequency, and field 1909 includes the phase.

[0087] According to one embodiment, the feedback-based adjustment instruction may include an unconditional jump instruction, and its structure is as Figure 20As shown. Among them, field 2001 and field 2002 are used to identify that this instruction is an unconditional jump instruction. The unconditional jump instruction is a standard CPU instruction.

[0088] According to one embodiment, the adjustment instruction based on feedback may further include a conditional jump instruction, and its structure is as Figure 21 shown. Among them, field 2101 and field 2102 are used to identify that this instruction is a conditional jump instruction. The conditional jump instruction is a standard CPU instruction. The conditional jump instruction can be used to control the discrimination and operation sub-module 132, and feedback the discrimination result to the instruction processing module 10.

[0089] According to one embodiment, the processing module instruction may include a start write instruction, and its structure is as Figure 22 shown. The start write instruction represents starting to write six other types of instructions into the instruction processing module 10. Field 2201 and field 2202 of the start write instruction are used to identify that this instruction is a start write instruction.

[0090] According to one embodiment, the processing module instruction may further include a non-cyclic end instruction, and its structure is as Figure 23 shown. The non-cyclic end instruction represents the end of the operation of writing instructions into the instruction processing module without looping. Field 2301 and field 2302 of the non-cyclic end instruction are used to identify that this instruction is a non-cyclic end instruction.

[0091] According to one embodiment, the processing module instruction may further include a cyclic end instruction, and its structure is as Figure 24 shown. The cyclic end instruction represents the end of writing instructions, and the instructions of a specific channel are looped. Among them, field 2401 and field 2402 are used to identify that this instruction is a cyclic end instruction. Field 2403 includes a channel identifier, indicating the specific channel that needs to be looped. Field 2404 includes the number of loops.

[0092] According to one embodiment, the processing module instruction may further include a cache clear instruction, and its structure is as Figure 25 shown. The cache clear instruction represents clearing the instructions in a specific channel. Among them, field 2501 and field 2502 are used to identify that this instruction is a cache clear instruction. Field 2503 includes a channel identifier, indicating the specific channel that needs to be cleared.

[0093] According to one embodiment, the processing module instruction may further include a stop instruction, and its structure is as Figure 26 shown. Among them, field 2601 and field 2602 are used to identify that this instruction is a stop instruction. The stop instruction is a standard CPU instruction.

[0094] According to one embodiment, fields 407 in the second play instruction, fields 507 and 510 in the third play instruction are envelope shapes. Fields 408 in the second play instruction, fields 508 and 511 in the third play instruction are required parameters. The codes and required parameters corresponding to different envelope shapes are as Figure 27 shown.

[0095] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a constant wave, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a constant 0.

[0096] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a single Hanning window, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a single Hanning window.

[0097] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a unit amplitude rectangular window, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a rectangular window with an amplitude of 1.

[0098] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include other amplitude rectangular windows, and the envelope includes a parameter A, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a rectangular window with an amplitude of A.

[0099] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a Hanning step, and the envelope includes parameters A1 and A2, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a Hanning step with an amplitude from A1 to A2.

[0100] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a rising edge, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is the rising edge of a single Hanning window.

[0101] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a falling edge, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is the falling edge of a single Hanning window.

[0102] According to one embodiment, the envelope shape may include a Hanning window platform, and the envelope includes parameters L and E, and the corresponding operation is to generate an envelope that is a Hanning window platform. The Hanning window platform consists of three parts, namely a rising edge, a falling edge, and a platform. The total length of the Hanning window platform is L, where the lengths of the rising edge and the falling edge are E. The length of the platform is L - 2E.

[0103] According to one embodiment, based on the above waveform generator and instructions, a method for locally generating waveforms for quantum computing can be implemented.

[0104] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method includes receiving first data from a host computer, performing interpolation processing through an interpolation processing sub-module 111, or generating a waveform envelope based on second data from the host computer through a waveform envelope generation sub-module 112 and storing it in a waveform envelope caching sub-module 113. Alternatively, an instruction processing module 10 sends the waveform envelope to the waveform envelope caching sub-module 113 through an addressing line 115 for storage. Then, amplitude information is received from the host computer and multiplied by the stored waveform envelope.

[0105] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes setting and adjusting the phase and frequency of the waveform in a frame register 121 according to a preset rule.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes performing a one-time adjustment on the phase or frequency for synthesizing an output waveform through a second adjustment sub-module 122 without changing the phase or frequency stored in the frame register 121.

[0107] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes a synthesis module 14 synthesizing the waveform envelope, frequency, and phase to generate a first waveform.

[0108] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes a digital demodulator 131 sampling a second waveform of an external quantum device.

[0109] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes a digital demodulator 131 comparing the first waveform or its deformation with the sampled second waveform or its deformation and sending the comparison result to a discrimination and operation sub-module 132. The discrimination and operation sub-module 132 compares the comparison result with a discrimination threshold value, generates a discrimination result, and makes a decision to adjust the output waveform locally.

[0110] According to one embodiment, the waveform generation method further includes introducing background microwave through a background microwave module 15 to adjust the first waveform.

[0111] According to one embodiment, instructions can be stored in a storage medium. When the instructions in the storage medium are executed, the above-mentioned waveform generation method is performed.

[0112] The solution proposed in this application avoids the problem of uncertain transmission delay between the host computer and the waveform generator. By storing information such as frequency and phase in the frame register and locally storing the envelope using the envelope cache sub-module, the local real-time output of the waveform is achieved. The envelope cached in the envelope cache sub-module has reusability and can be used for different waveform generations, improving compatibility and simplifying the product structure. The solution of this application includes a local feedback path that compares the externally sampled waveform with the generated waveform and promptly feeds back the comparison result to the local processing module. Without the participation of the host computer, an adjustment strategy for the waveform can be obtained, improving the waveform generation and adjustment speed as well as the accuracy of waveform generation. Therefore, the quantum computing measurement and control waveform generator proposed in this application is suitable for application scenarios with fast feedback. This application also proposes a storage medium, in which the stored instruction set includes various different types of instructions. Based on the waveform generated by this instruction set, complete quantum bit manipulation can be performed, including single-bit rotation operations, quantum bit energy level regulation, two-bit gate operations, as well as operations such as reading, determination, and feedback of quantum bits.

[0113] The above embodiments are only for illustrating this application and are not intended to limit this application. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant technical fields can make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of this application. Therefore, all equivalent technical solutions should also fall within the scope of the disclosure of this application.

Claims

1. A method for generating waveforms for quantum computing, characterized in that, Including: Storing the received waveform envelope or locally generating and storing a waveform envelope; Receiving amplitude information from a host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope; Setting or adjusting the phase and frequency of the waveform; Synthesizing the waveform envelope, frequency, and phase to generate an output waveform; Sampling an external waveform; Comparing the output waveform or its deformation and the sampled waveform or its deformation, comparing the comparison result with a discrimination threshold value, and locally generating a decision to adjust the output waveform.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Locally generating a waveform envelope includes: Receiving first data from a host computer, performing interpolation processing on it to generate a waveform envelope for storage; or receiving second data from a host computer and locally generating a waveform envelope based on it.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The setting or adjustment of the waveform frequency or phase includes setting or adjusting the phase or frequency according to a preset rule and storing it; or additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Introducing background microwave to adjust the output waveform.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes waiting for a specific signal to be valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal is valid to externally provide the output waveform.

6. A generating device for generating waveforms for quantum computing, characterized in that, Configured to execute the method according to any one of claims 1 - 5.

7. A storage medium, characterized in that, Stored thereon is an instruction set readable by a processor, and when the instructions in the instruction set are executed, the method according to any one of claims 1 - 5 is executed.

8. The storage medium according to claim 7, characterized in that, The instructions for storing the received waveform envelope at least include an envelope start address and an envelope length.

9. The storage medium according to claim 7, characterized in that, The instructions for setting the phase and frequency of the waveform at least include a frame identifier and data, where the data includes frequency, phase, timestamp, or delay.

10. The storage medium according to claim 7, wherein One or more instructions for performing a sampling operation on an external waveform include a channel identifier, a sampling frequency, a length of the waveform to be sampled, and / or sampling mode information.

11. The storage medium according to claim 7, characterized in that The instructions for receiving amplitude information from a host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope, and additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency include an envelope start address, an envelope length, amplitude information, additional phase, and additional frequency.

12. The storage medium according to claim 11, characterized in that, The instructions for receiving amplitude information from a host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope, and additionally adjusting the phase or frequency for synthesizing the output waveform without changing the stored phase or frequency are the same instruction.

13. The storage medium according to claim 7, characterized in that The instructions for locally generating a waveform envelope, receiving amplitude information from a host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope, and waiting for a specific signal to be valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal is valid to externally provide the output waveform include a trigger type representing the specific signal, a time interval representing the preset time length, an envelope length, an envelope shape recognition code, amplitude, additional frequency, and additional phase.

14. The storage medium according to claim 13, wherein The instructions for locally generating a waveform envelope, receiving amplitude information from a host computer and multiplying it with the stored envelope, and waiting for a specific signal to be valid or after a preset time length after the specific signal is valid to externally provide the output waveform are one instruction.

15. A generating device for generating waveforms for quantum computing, characterized in that, Electrically connected between a host computer and a quantum device, configured to execute the instructions in the instruction set stored in the storage medium according to any one of claims 7 - 14.

16. A waveform generator for quantum computing, characterized in that, Including: An instruction processing module, configured to receive, parse, and store instructions; An envelope module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to store the received waveform envelope according to instructions or generate and store a waveform envelope locally; A frequency and phase module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to set, adjust, and store the frequency and phase of a waveform according to instructions; A synthesis module, electrically connected between the envelope module and the frequency and phase module, configured to integrate the outputs of the two to generate a first waveform; And, A feedback module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the synthesis module, configured to obtain a second waveform by external sampling, and receive the first waveform from the synthesis module, and configured to compare the first waveform or its deformation with the second waveform or its deformation, and provide feedback to the instruction processing module based on the comparison result; wherein the instruction processing module is configured to select corresponding instructions based on the feedback and execute them by corresponding modules among the above modules.

17. The waveform generator according to claim 16, characterized in that, The envelope module further includes an interpolation processing sub-module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to adjust the sampling rate of a waveform based on instructions and data and generate a waveform envelope.

18. The waveform generator according to claim 16, characterized in that The envelope module further includes a waveform envelope generation sub-module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to generate a waveform envelope based on data and instructions.

19. The waveform generator according to any one of claims 16-18, characterized in that, The envelope module includes a waveform envelope cache sub-module, configured to store the envelope.

20. The waveform generator according to claim 19, wherein The envelope module includes a first adjustment sub-module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the waveform envelope cache sub-module, configured to adjust the amplitude of the output of the waveform envelope cache sub-module based on instructions and data.

21. The waveform generator according to claim 16, wherein, The frequency and phase module includes a frame register electrically connected to the instruction processing module, configured to store frequency, phase, timestamp, and / or delay data, and output the frequency and phase for forming a waveform based on instructions and the content stored in the frame register.

22. The waveform generator according to claim 21, wherein, The frequency and phase module further includes a digital oscillator electrically connected to the frame register, configured to generate an oscillation waveform with an amplitude of one based on the frequency and phase.

23. The waveform generator according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that, The frequency and phase module further includes a second adjustment sub-module, electrically connected to the instruction processing module and the frame register, configured to adjust the output of the frame register based on instructions and data.

24. The waveform generator according to claim 22, wherein, The synthesis module includes one or more multiplication sub-modules, configured to multiply the output of the envelope module and the output of the frequency and phase module.

25. The waveform generator according to claim 24, characterized in that, The synthesis module further includes an addition sub-module, configured to add the outputs of the multiple multiplication sub-modules, or, the waveform generator further includes a background microwave module electrically connected to the addition sub-module, and the addition sub-module is configured to add the received background microwave information to the output of the multiplication sub-module.

26. The waveform generator according to claim 16, wherein The feedback module includes a digital demodulator and a discrimination and operation sub-module that are electrically connected to each other. The digital demodulator is electrically connected to the output end of the synthesis module, configured to receive the first waveform, and sample the second waveform from the outside. The digital demodulator includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the second waveform. The digital demodulator is further configured to compare the converted result with the first waveform. The discrimination and operation sub-module is configured to receive a discrimination threshold value from the instruction processing module, discriminate the comparison result based on and by using the threshold value, and feed back the discrimination result to the instruction processing module.

27. The waveform generator according to claim 16, wherein, It further includes a waveform cache module electrically connected to the synthesis module, configured to cache and output the first waveform.

28. The waveform generator according to claim 16, wherein The waveform envelope shape includes a constant wave, a single Hanning window, an amplitude rectangular window, a Hanning step, a rising edge, a falling edge, and a Hanning window platform.

29. A quantum computing measurement and control waveform generation system, characterized in that, It includes a host computer and a waveform generator as described in any one of claims 16-28 that is electrically connected thereto.

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