Apparatus for producing plurality of filaments

Abstract

The invention relates to a device and a method for producing a plurality of filaments (13) for forming a thread (7), having: a spinning assembly (21) positioned in a spinning beam (2) for extruding a plurality of filaments (13) from a capillary tube (22); a cooling duct (1) through which the thread (13) can be guided; and a counter-flow device (20) which interacts with the cooling duct (1) such that a counter-flow (30) can be generated in the cooling duct (1) in the opposite direction to the direction of filament travel (F). The counter flow (30) is generated by a counter flow device (20) using a volume suction process in a direction opposite to the direction of filament travel (f).

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus as described in the preamble of claim 1 for producing a plurality of filaments to form a thread, and a related method as described in the preamble of claim 15 for producing a plurality of filaments to form a thread.

[0002] In the manufacture of synthetic threads, it is generally known that a plurality of slender filament strands are extruded from a polymer melt through a plurality of capillaries of a spin pack. These filament strands form a bundle, which converges after cooling to form a single thread. To prevent the filament strands from connecting to each other during filament formation, the filament strands must be cooled after extrusion to solidify. The filament strands are typically cooled by a cooling stream acting on the filament strands. However, as many filament strands as possible within the filament bundle must be cooled uniformly in order to homogenize the physical properties ideally.

[0003] A variety of apparatuses for cooling newly extruded filament strands are known in the prior art, and these apparatuses can be roughly divided into several groups for generating cooling airflows.

[0004] One group involves cross-flow blowing. Here, DE 4404258 A1 can be cited as an example. According to this document, a transverse cooling stream is directed to the extruded filament strands.

[0005] This cooling has a relatively good cooling effect, but fundamentally has the disadvantage of impinging on the filament bundle with the cooling stream only on one side.

[0006] Another type of cooling is also known as radial blowing. US5219582A describes this radial blowing, in which the filament bundle is guided within a cylindrical cooling duct that has a permeable wall and is disposed inside a blowing chamber. The cooling air guided in the blowing chamber enters the cooling duct from the outside to the inside via the permeable wall to cool the filament strands.

[0007] The disadvantage of this radial blowing unit is that the cooling stream is discharged in the same direction as the filament strands, that is, along the thread travel direction. During radial blowing, the cooling effect is particularly reduced because a sheath current is formed on the filament strands, which insulates the filament strands from the cooling air or can impede the contact between the filament strands and the cooling air.

[0008] Another cooling variant known in the prior art is to generate a cooling stream formed in the direction opposite to the thread travel direction.

[0009] For example, a vacuum suction device is used here. For example, a device of this type is known from DE 11 19456B. A so-called cooling cylinder is disclosed therein, which has a suction acting in the region of the spinning nozzle and the cooling cylinder.

[0010] However, this suction generates undesirable air turbulence, which may have a negative impact on the uniformity of filament strand cooling.

[0011] To counteract these air turbulences, so-called suction chambers are known which are connected to the vacuum chamber and concentrically surround the cooling cylinder, as known for example from DE 10 2021 000 436 A1. Here too, a large vacuum is required, which must be generated by the suction chamber in order to be able to cool the filaments in the cooling ducts. Such cooling devices have also not proven to be reliable.

[0012] The object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method by means of which the above-mentioned disadvantages in the cooling of multiple filaments can be reduced or avoided.

[0013] In terms of the device, this object is achieved according to the invention by a device having the features as claimed in claim 1.

[0014] In terms of the method, this object is achieved according to the invention by a method having the features as claimed in claim 15.

[0015] Advantageous refinements of the invention are defined by the features and combinations of features of the respective dependent claims.

[0016] According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for producing multiple filaments to form a thread, the device having: a spinning assembly arranged in a spinning beam for extruding multiple filaments from capillaries, a cooling duct through which the filaments can be guided, and a volume countercurrent device which interacts with the cooling duct such that a volume countercurrent in a direction opposite to the direction of filament travel can be generated in the cooling duct. This volume countercurrent is generated by the volume countercurrent device by volume suction in a direction opposite to the direction of filament travel.

[0017] Volume suction has the advantage that it is independent of external air pressure fluctuations, since the volume countercurrent device for volume suction can be regarded as a closed system.

[0018] A major advantage is that an almost unlimited volume flow rate can be suctioned, whereby this can be done independently of external conditions.

[0019] Depending on the volume flow rate applied, a flow with no or low turbulence is formed. In addition, countercurrent cooling has a higher utilization rate of the cooling air, which is in particular free of or has low turbulence, since the air is suctioned not by vacuum suction but by volume flow inhalation.

[0020] Any volumetric displacement device can be used for volumetric flow suction. In addition, the air used for cooling or for countercurrent does not need to be specifically cooled because the cooling is based on the countercurrent principle. For example, the air used for countercurrent can be directly taken from the surrounding environment where the device is located. In addition, countercurrent cooling provides additional air conditioning for the workshop, which can also save additional costs.

[0021] The volumetric suction herein should in particular be understood as generating a volumetric flow at a very low pressure, which can be carried out in a low-turbulence and almost completely turbulence-free manner.

[0022] In addition, the volumetric suction can also be carried out independently of the ambient pressure because the conveyance takes place in a closed system, in which the displacement member undergoes periodic volumetric changes in a workspace provided therefor, and this workspace can be delimited relative to the inlet and outlet by separating elements; thus, the volumetric suction is also not affected by the existing ambient pressure because the system itself is closed and can generate a flow independently of the ambient pressure.

[0023] According to a design embodiment of the device, the volumetric countercurrent device is located between the spinning assembly and the cooling duct. This provides the advantage that the volumetric countercurrent can be directed directly to the capillary of the spinning assembly, so that the countercurrent can also be used to cool directly at the spinning assembly and at the multiple filaments produced by the latter.

[0024] According to a design embodiment of the device, the cooling duct has a filament inlet disposed adjacent to the spinning beam and a filament outlet disposed adjacent to the gathering point at which multiple filaments are gathered to form a thread.

[0025] This has the advantage that the countercurrent can act over the entire length of the cooling duct, and the cooling of the filaments takes place in the countercurrent direction, and no sheath flow relative to the filaments occurs here.

[0026] Therefore, the countercurrent can be carried out at a much lower speed and with a smaller volume, which also requires a lower complexity in terms of suction.

[0027] The gathering point herein should be understood as the point at which multiple filaments are gathered to form a thread. This can be carried out, for example, by a dedicated device having a filament guide with an additional spin finish device.

[0028] The spin finish device and the filament guide can be spaced apart from each other. The spin finish device is used to apply a finish oil to the extruded filaments.

[0029] According to another design embodiment of the device, the cooling duct has a breathable wall portion for guiding the volumetric countercurrent parallel to the filament travel direction.

[0030] This has the advantage that the cooling effect of the volume countercurrent is enhanced by additionally guiding it in the cooling duct in a direction opposite to the filament travel direction, and thus a more gentle and at the same time improved cooling of a large number of filaments can be achieved.

[0031] According to a further design embodiment of the device, the cooling duct has a venting channel section for guiding the volume countercurrent transversely to the filament direction.

[0032] The channel section herein should in particular be understood as an additional or complete wall section of the cooling duct, which allows the supply of ambient air not only in the filament guiding direction but also transversely to this direction, wherein the countercurrent is sucked into the interior of the cooling duct through the channel section or the venting wall section of the cooling duct and thus flows as a countercurrent towards the spinning assembly. This also occurs in a direction opposite to or transverse to the filament travel direction, which in turn prevents the formation of a sheath flow on the multiple filaments, thus enabling a better and more gentle cooling.

[0033] According to a further design embodiment of the device, the cross-section of the cooling duct is formed as substantially circular and / or substantially rectangular. This has the advantage that depending on the environment, countercurrent paths can be achieved both radially and transversely to the travel direction of the multiple filaments.

[0034] Furthermore, a circular or rectangular cross-section of the cooling duct may be advantageous in certain environments and applications.

[0035] According to a further design embodiment of the device, the cross-section of the cooling duct at the filament inlet is larger than the cross-section of the cooling duct at the filament outlet, and / or the cross-section of the cooling duct at the filament inlet is smaller than the cross-section of the cooling duct at the filament outlet.

[0036] This has the advantage that a tapered cooling duct is defined herein, which in a first design embodiment contracts the countercurrent towards the spinning assembly when viewed in the filament travel direction, whereby improved cooling can occur and at the same time more air can be sucked in at the lower end of the cooling duct, the speed of which air increases by contracting towards the spinning assembly.

[0037] In another design embodiment, where the cooling duct requires a larger cross-section towards the spinning nozzle, this results in a deceleration of the volume flow, which can lead to a more gentle cooling and in particular prevent the formation of turbulence and sheath flow on the multiple filaments.

[0038] According to a design embodiment of the device, the volume countercurrent device has a conveyor housing, in which a volume flow suction device is provided.

[0039] This provides the advantage that a closed system can be formed by means of appropriate closing and separating devices, which can be isolated from environmental influences.

[0040] According to another design embodiment of the device, the conveyor housing and the spinning beam are fluid-tightly connected to a flow pipe for supplying a countercurrent. The advantage provided hereby is that the conveyor housing can be arranged relative to the spinning beam in a position without the heat from the spinning beam impairing the formation of the volumetric countercurrent.

[0041] According to another design embodiment of the device, the flow pipe is connected to a heat exchanger for cooling the volumetric countercurrent. In this way, the heat radiation from the spinning beam and the hot plastic melt can additionally be dissipated directly without imposing a temperature load on the volumetric countercurrent and the associated components.

[0042] According to another design embodiment of the device, the conveyor housing has an air outlet connected to a suction device. The advantage hereof is that the countercurrent collected in the conveyor housing can be discharged at the air outlet, where the air outlet is fluid-tightly connected to the suction device, so that the incoming air flow can be conveyed away from the environment of the cooling pipe and the spinning nozzles without causing an undesired temperature increase during filament cooling. According to a specific refinement of the device, the volumetric flow rate suction device is a displacement pump.

[0043] According to another design embodiment of the device, the volumetric countercurrent device has a volumetric flow rate suction device for conveying the volumetric countercurrent in a closed volume. As described above, the advantage hereof is that the system is closed and thus protected from external environmental influences.

[0044] According to another design embodiment of the device, the volumetric flow rate suction device is configured to convey a countercurrent in the range of 1 m 3 / kg to 15 m 3 / kg relative to the mass of the filaments to be cooled. Depending on the mass of the filaments to be cooled, a larger or smaller countercurrent is required. For a small filament mass, a small countercurrent may be sufficient, while for a large filament mass, a larger countercurrent is required.

[0045] According to another design embodiment of the device, the number of volumetric flow rate suction devices corresponds to the number of spinning components. The advantage hereof is that in the case of multiple spinning components, the volumetric flow rate can be adjusted individually for each spinning component, so that optimal cooling of the multiple filaments of each spinning component can possibly be achieved.

[0046] Advantageously, the volumetric flow rate suction device is constructed in such a way that it can be supplemented according to the number of existing spinning components.

[0047] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for producing multiple filaments to form a thread, wherein the multiple filaments are extruded from a plastic melt and cooled in a cooling duct, and a volumetric countercurrent that flows in a direction opposite to the thread travel direction of the filaments is generated. The reverse air flow is generated by means of volumetric suction.

[0048] As described above, this provides the advantage that the volumetric suction can be designed independently of the given ambient conditions.

[0049] According to another design embodiment of the method, the volumetric countercurrent is formed to be opposite to the thread guiding direction, so as to be parallel to and / or transverse to the latter.

[0050] Due to the formation and guiding direction of the volumetric countercurrent being opposite to or transverse to the thread guiding direction, it is possible to easily prevent the sheath flow that insulates the filaments from cooling.

[0051] According to another design embodiment of the method, the flow rate of the countercurrent can be adjusted according to the discharge speed of the filaments, the thread quality of the extruded filaments, the specific heat capacity of the melt, the specific heat capacity of the overall volume, the ambient temperature, the melt temperature, the filament temperature, and / or the linear density of the filaments.

[0052] This has the advantage that the method used in the equipment can be optimally adjusted for cooling the corresponding filaments. The overall volume used for cooling the filaments is taken from the surrounding environment where the equipment or the method is applied.

[0053] The device according to the present invention and the method for producing multiple filaments to form a thread according to the present invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings by means of some exemplary embodiments.

[0054] In the drawings:

[0055] Figure 1 A cross-sectional view schematically showing a first exemplary embodiment of the volumetric countercurrent device according to the present invention on the cooling duct of an apparatus for producing multiple filaments;

[0056] Figure 2 Shows Figure 1 A top view of the volumetric countercurrent device for a predetermined number of spinning assemblies shown in; and

[0057] Figure 3 Shows a schematic block diagram of the method steps of the method for producing multiple filaments to form a thread according to the present invention.

[0058] In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the corresponding views, a reference coordinate system with X - Y - Z directions is provided, which extends in the respective main extension directions of the corresponding apparatuses shown.

[0059] In Figure 1 , the reference coordinate system XYZ indicates the longitudinal extension of the device for producing multiple filaments 13 in the X direction, where the Y direction indicates the depth extension of the device, and the Z direction indicates the vertical extension of the device.

[0060] In Figure 2 , the reference coordinate system XYZ is shown in a top view of the device according to the invention having a spinning beam and a volume countercurrent device 20, where the reference coordinate system indicates the longitudinal extension direction of the volume countercurrent device in the X direction, the depth extension of the volume countercurrent device in the Y direction, and the vertical direction of the volume countercurrent device in the Z direction.

[0061] Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view shows an embodiment of a device for producing multiple filaments to form a thread 17. The device has a spinning beam 2, in which a spinning assembly 21 having a plurality of capillaries 22 is provided, through which a plastic melt is extruded to form multiple filaments 13, and the filaments converge at a convergence point 18 to form a thread 17.

[0062] To sufficiently cool the multiple filaments 13, a cooling duct 1 is provided adjacent to the spinning beam 2.

[0063] The cooling duct 1 has a filament inlet 6 and a filament outlet 3. The filaments 13 are supplied from the spinning beam 2 to the cooling duct through the filament inlet 6 and leave the cooling duct 1 through the filament outlet 3. The cooling duct preferably has a substantially rectangular cross-section, but may also have a substantially circular cross-section.

[0064] The cooling duct 1 also has a wall portion 5. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the cooling duct 1 is both breathable and airtight. The wall portion 5 is designed to be airtight. Adjacent to the wall portion 5 is an airtight channel portion 4, such that ambient air from a volume flow suction device 12 for cooling the multiple filaments 13 can also be sucked through the channel portion 4.

[0065] The advantage of the airtight wall portion 5 is that the volume countercurrent 30 sucked by the volume countercurrent device 20 travels substantially parallel to the filament travel direction F. As Figure 1 shown, the direction of the volume countercurrent 30 is opposite to the filament travel direction F, which additionally contributes to the cooling of the multiple filaments 13.

[0066] The volume countercurrent device 20 is configured such that the ambient pressure P1 is equal to the internal pressure P2 in the cooling duct. This has the advantage that the countercurrent travels in a low-turbulence or almost non-turbulent manner against the filaments 13.

[0067] This supports the curing of the filaments towards the collection point 18, where multiple filaments 13 are collected to form a thread 17. At the collection point 18, a so-called sizing can also be applied, which is a liquid formed by an emulsion of water and oil and has the functions of facilitating sliding, reducing friction, and preventing static electricity.

[0068] The internal pressure P2 in the cooling pipe is lower than the suction pressure P3 generated by the volume countercurrent device 20.

[0069] The volume countercurrent device 20 has a conveyor housing 10 in which a volume flow suction device 12 is accommodated. The volume flow suction device 12 is connected to the spinning beam 2 through a flow pipe 11.

[0070] To reduce or avoid heat transfer from the spinning beam to the volume countercurrent device 20, the flow pipe 11 can be provided with a heat dissipation part 7, which is connected to a heat exchanger 9 through a heat exchange pipeline 8 to discharge or reduce the generated heat input.

[0071] The conveyor housing 10 of the volume flow suction device 12 also has an air outlet 14. Connected to the air outlet 14 can be a suction device 16, which sucks the countercurrent 30 sucked by the volume countercurrent device 20 through the air outlet pipeline 15 and discharges the countercurrent 30 separately from the volume countercurrent device 20, where the separation herein should be understood as the suction device 60 not affecting the conveying capacity of the volume countercurrent device 20.

[0072] Figure 2 Is shown in a schematic top view Figure 1 the spinning beam with multiple spinning components 21. In the shown embodiment, each spinning component 21 is assigned a volume flow suction device 12 accommodated in the conveyor housing 10.

[0073] In addition, each flow pipe 11 is assigned a separate heat conduction part 7, which is connected to a heat exchanger 9 through a heat exchange pipeline 8.

[0074] In an exemplary embodiment not shown, the heat exchanger part can also be formed in a common flow pipe 11.

[0075] The volume countercurrent device 20 can also have a single volume flow suction device for multiple spinning components 21. In this case, individual control of the countercurrent for each spinning component in the cooling pipe 1 is only possible to a limited extent. For this purpose, appropriate baffles not shown here can be provided. Through the baffles, the countercurrent 30 can be guided to a suitable position accordingly without generating a large pressure difference in the cooling pipe 1, compared with the bypass pressure P1, the latter having the cooling pipe pressure P2.

[0076] It can also be seen that the volumetric flow rate suction device 12 is driven by a common driver 110, thereby generating a corresponding countercurrent 30.

[0077] The volumetric flow rate suction device 12 can have a corresponding gear unit through which the respective delivery rates can be adjusted individually. In an embodiment not shown, each volumetric flow rate suction device 12 can also have its own driver 110.

[0078] The countercurrent 12 volumetrically suctioned by the volumetric flow rate suction device 12 is conveyed to the air outlet 14. The air outlet 14 can be connected to an air outlet line 15, which, however, does not affect the flow rate of the volumetric flow rate suction device 12.

[0079] For simplicity, the volumetric flow rate suction device 12 is shown as an external gear pump. In a preferred embodiment not shown, the delivery wheels or delivery vanes of the volumetric flow rate suction device 12 are aerodynamically designed, respectively, so that a turbulence-free conveyance of the countercurrent 30 is possible.

[0080] Figure 3 A schematic block diagram is shown, which shows the individual method steps of a method for producing a thread 17 from a plurality of filaments 13.

[0081] In a first step S1, a plurality of filaments 13 are extruded from a plastic melt by means of a spinning assembly 21 provided in a spinning beam 2 and having a plurality of capillaries 22.

[0082] In another step S2, the plurality of filaments 13 are guided through a cooling duct 1 by means of a gathering point 18 of a winding device not shown, where the cooling and solidification of the filaments 13 take place in the cooling duct 1.

[0083] In step S3, before step S2, a countercurrent 30 is generated by means of a volumetric countercurrent device 20. The countercurrent 30 is volumetrically generated such that the ambient pressure P1 does not change compared to the internal pressure P2 of the cooling duct, but rather P1 is substantially equal to P2.

[0084] The volumetric generation of the countercurrent 30 results in a countercurrent 30 that is turbulence-free or has low turbulence, which acts against the thread travel direction F and thus ensures better cooling of the filaments 13.

[0085] In step S4, the plurality of filaments 13 are led out of and away from the filament outlet 3 of the cooling duct 1.

[0086] In step S5, the heat generated is dissipated through a heat exchanger 9 on the volumetric countercurrent device 20.

[0087] In step S6, an additional suction of the resulting countercurrent 30 is carried out by means of the suction device 16, and in step S7, the exhaust gas is collected by means of the suction device or by means of a corresponding device which conveys the volume of the resulting countercurrent 30 away from the surroundings of the spinning beam 2 or the volume countercurrent device 20.

[0088] List of reference numerals

[0089] 1 Cooling pipe

[0090] 2 Spinning beam

[0091] 3 Filament outlet

[0092] 4 Channel section

[0093] 5 Wall section

[0094] 6 Filament inlet

[0095] 7 Heat dissipation section

[0096] 8 Heat exchange pipeline

[0097] 9 Heat exchanger

[0098] 10 Conveyor housing

[0099] 11 Flow pipe

[0100] 12 Volume flow suction device

[0101] 13 Filament

[0102] 14 Air outlet

[0103] 15 Air outlet pipeline

[0104] 16 Suction device

[0105] 17 Thread

[0106] 18 Collection point

[0107] 20 Volume countercurrent device

[0108] 21 Spinning pack

[0109] 22 Capillary

[0110] 30 Volume countercurrent

[0111] 110 Drive

[0112] p1 First pressure

[0113] p2 Second pressure

[0114] p3 Third pressure

[0115] F Direction of filament travel

[0116] m Linear density of the extruded filaments

[0117] cp Specific heat capacity of the plastic melt

[0118] cg Specific heat capacity of the total volume

[0119] Tt Yarn count / linear density

[0120] Tu Ambient temperature

[0121] Ts Melt temperature

[0122] Tf Filament temperature

Claims

1. An apparatus for producing a plurality of filaments (13) to form a thread (7), the apparatus having: a spinning assembly (21) positioned in a spinning beam (2) for extruding a plurality of filaments (13) from a capillary (22); and a cooling duct (1) through which the filaments (13) can be guided; and a bulk countercurrent device (20) that interacts with the cooling duct (1) such that a bulk countercurrent (30) in a direction opposite to the filament travel direction (F) can be generated in the cooling duct (1), characterized in that, The volume countercurrent (30) is generated by volume suction in a direction opposite to the filament travel direction (f) by means of a volume countercurrent device (20).

2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The volume countercurrent device (20) is positioned between the spinning assembly (21) and the cooling duct (1).

3. The device according to at least one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that, The cooling duct (1) has a filament inlet (6) positioned adjacent to the spinning beam (2) and a filament outlet (3) positioned adjacent to the collection point (18), where multiple filaments (13) are gathered to form a thread (17).

4. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The cooling duct (1) has an airtight wall portion (5) for guiding the volume countercurrent (30) parallel to the filament travel direction (F).

5. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The cooling duct (1) has a breathable channel portion (5) for guiding the volume countercurrent (30) transversely to the filament travel direction (F).

6. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The cross-section of the cooling duct (1) is substantially circular and / or substantially rectangular.

7. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The cross-section of the cooling duct (1) at the filament inlet (6) is larger than the cross-section of the cooling duct (1) at the filament outlet (3), and / or the cross-section of the cooling duct (1) at the filament inlet (6) is smaller than the cross-section of the cooling duct (1) at the filament outlet (3).

8. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The volume countercurrent device (20) has a conveyor housing (10) in which a volume flow suction device (12) is provided.

9. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The conveyor housing (10) and the spinning beam (2) are fluid-tightly connected to a flow duct (11) for supplying the volume countercurrent (30).

10. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The flow duct (11) is connected to a heat exchanger (9) for cooling the volume countercurrent (30).

11. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The conveyor housing has an air outlet (14) connected to a suction device (16).

12. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The volume countercurrent device (20) has a volume flow suction device (12) that conveys the volume countercurrent (30) in a closed volume.

13. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The volumetric flow rate suction device (12) is configured to convey a countercurrent within a range of 1 m 3 / kg to 15 m 3 / kg relative to the mass of the filament to be cooled.

14. The device according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The number of the volume flow suction devices (12) corresponds to the number of the spinning assemblies (21).

15. A method for producing a plurality of filaments (13) to form a yarn (7), wherein, The multiple filaments are extruded from a plastic melt and cooled in the cooling duct (1), wherein a volume countercurrent (30) for cooling the filaments is generated, and the volume countercurrent (30) flows in a direction opposite to the filament travel direction (F) of the filaments (13), characterized in that the reverse air flow (30) is generated by volume suction.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein The volume countercurrent (30) is formed to be opposite to the filament guiding direction (F) so as to be parallel to and / or transverse to the filament guiding direction (F).

17. The method according to at least one of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that, The flow rate of the countercurrent (30) can be adjusted according to the discharge speed (v) of the filaments (13), the thread mass (m) of the extruded filaments, the specific heat capacity (cp) of the plastic melt, the heat capacity (cg) of the total volume (V), the ambient temperature (Tu), the melt temperature (Ts), the filament temperature (Tf), and / or the linear density (Tt) of the filaments (13).

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