Superconducting quantum control and measurement microcontroller based on extended instruction set and control and measurement system

Abstract

The application discloses a superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller and a measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set, relates to the technical field of quantum computing, and comprises a state machine, which is used for controlling system operation, managing the execution sequence of instructions and state switching; a pipeline, which is a four-step two-stage pipeline structure, and a current instruction sequentially passes through a fetch stage, a decoding stage, an execution stage and a write-back stage, and fetch of a next instruction is started in the write-back stage, and each instruction is completed within 3 clock periods; a code word emission instruction, which is used for generating a control pulse signal of a superconducting quantum bit; a timing control instruction cooperating with a delay module, which is used for controlling time intervals in quantum bit operation; and a feedback emission instruction, which is used for adjusting the state of a quantum bit in real time according to a feedback signal and supporting quantum error correction; the superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller and the measurement and control system realize efficient, low-delay quantum bit control and real-time feedback.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of quantum computing technology, and in particular to a superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller and a measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set. Background Art

[0002] Superconducting quantum computing is a highly promising quantum computing implementation method. Its core is the manipulation and measurement of quantum states through superconducting qubits. Superconducting quantum measurement and control systems require high-precision, low-latency control signal generation and data acquisition capabilities, placing extremely high demands on the timing accuracy of microcontrollers. Traditional general-purpose microcontrollers, due to limitations in their instruction sets and architectures, struggle to meet the real-time and high-efficiency requirements of superconducting quantum measurement and control systems. In scenarios involving the parallel control of multiple qubits and the execution of complex quantum algorithms, traditional microcontrollers suffer from insufficient timing control precision, leading to quantum state manipulation errors and compromising the accuracy of computational results.

[0003] RISC-V is an open-source instruction set architecture that is modular, scalable, and suitable for customized design. However, existing RISC-V processors lack dedicated instruction support for superconducting quantum measurement and control systems, and are unable to fully realize their potential. For example, existing RISC-V processors have shortcomings in generating high-precision control pulses, processing real-time measurement data, and coordinating multi-qubit operations, making it difficult to meet the strict timing accuracy and computational efficiency requirements of superconducting quantum measurement and control systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a customized microcontroller based on the RISC-V architecture to address the performance bottlenecks of existing processors by expanding the instruction set and optimizing the hardware design.

[0004] Furthermore, as the scale of quantum computing continues to expand, superconducting quantum measurement and control systems are placing higher demands on the flexibility and scalability of microcontrollers. Existing fixed-architecture processors are unable to adapt to quantum measurement and control tasks of varying scales and complexities. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the technical challenges presented by the prior art, the present invention proposes a superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller and system based on an extended instruction set, enabling efficient, low-latency qubit control and real-time feedback. This invention leverages the scalability of the RISC-V instruction set, combines it with the practical needs of the aforementioned superconducting quantum computing measurement and control system, and integrates the advantages of pipelines and state machines to design a superconducting quantum computing measurement and control microcontroller capable of precise timing control, parallel multi-bit operations, feedback support, and easy scalability.

[0006] The superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller based on an extended instruction set proposed in the present invention includes:

[0007] The state machine is used to control the operation of the system, manage the execution order of instructions and state switching;

[0008] The pipeline is a four-step, two-stage pipeline structure. The current instruction goes through the instruction fetch, decode, execute, and write-back stages in sequence. The instruction fetch of the next instruction begins in the write-back stage. Each instruction is completed within 3 clock cycles.

[0009] Extended instruction set, including codeword transmission instructions, timing control instructions and feedback transmission instructions;

[0010] The codeword transmission instruction is used to generate a control pulse signal for a superconducting quantum bit;

[0011] The timing control instructions cooperate with the delay module to control the time interval in the quantum bit operation;

[0012] The feedback transmission instruction is used to adjust the state of the quantum bit in real time according to the feedback signal to support quantum error correction.

[0013] Furthermore, the delay module is a counter used in conjunction with the timing control instruction in the microcontroller. During the execution phase of the timing control instruction, the delay module delays the set time interval to control the time sequence of the quantum operation.

[0014] Furthermore, the extended instruction set also includes an exit instruction;

[0015] The exit instruction is used to control the microprocessor to enter an idle state and no longer send waveforms.

[0016] Furthermore, it also includes a synchronization trigger interface, a feedback indication interface and a codeword transmission interface;

[0017] The synchronization trigger interface is used to receive external synchronization signals, coordinate the synchronous parallel operation of multiple quantum bits, and ensure the timing consistency of the system;

[0018] The feedback indication interface works in conjunction with the feedback emission instruction to receive feedback signals from the readout system, adjust the state of the quantum bit in real time, and support quantum error correction;

[0019] The codeword transmission interface cooperates with the codeword transmission instruction to send control codewords to the subsequent circuit modules of the chip.

[0020] Furthermore, the codeword transmission interface is divided into three cases:

[0021] For measurement and control channels, control codewords are used to control different waveform outputs;

[0022] For the readout channel, the control codeword is used to control different data processing modes;

[0023] For the Pump channel, the control codeword can be used to trigger a microwave pulse of a specific length.

[0024] Further, the instruction fetching is to fetch the cached instructions from the instruction memory outside the microcontroller and directly distribute to the decoding;

[0025] The decoding is to process the instructions sent by the instruction fetching, split and interpret the instructions through the decoder according to the predetermined instruction format, translate into control signals, and read the data in the general register, and send the control signals and the data to the execution part;

[0026] The execution is to execute the calculation or memory access operation according to the control signals and the data obtained by the decoding, and send the calculation result to the write back;

[0027] The write back is to write the calculation result back to the general register of the microcontroller or the external memory according to the control signals sent by the execution part.

[0028] The superconducting quantum measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set comprises a feedback control center and a plurality of cases, each case feeds back the state of a corresponding quantum bit to the feedback control center and obtains quantum bit error correction instructions issued by the control center through a feedback indication interface to realize global feedback.

[0029] Each case is provided with an XY modulation chip, a Z modulation chip and a readout chip, and each chip is loaded with a microcontroller as described above.

[0030] Further, the control waveform output by the microcontroller in the XY modulation chip or the Z modulation chip is delivered to the quantum processor after preprocessing to adjust the state of the quantum bit.

[0031] The readout excitation signal output by the microcontroller in the readout chip is delivered to the quantum processor after digital-to-analog conversion, and when the readout excitation signal and the resonant cavity coupled with the quantum bit resonate, the echo signal of the quantum processor is read, the current state of the quantum bit is obtained through a readout algorithm, and the current state of the quantum bit is fed back to the microcontroller in the XY modulation chip or the Z modulation chip through the feedback indication interface to realize local feedback.

[0032] Further, all microcontrollers receive a synchronization trigger signal through a synchronization trigger interface to ensure that the microcontrollers in all cases work simultaneously.

[0033] Further, the local feedback is a synchronous parallel processing.

[0034] The superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller and the measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set have the advantages that the traditional 5-stage pipeline architecture is optimized to a four-step two-stage pipeline structure, like Figure 2As shown, each instruction is executed within three clock cycles. Since the writeback result of the current instruction is only used when the next instruction is executed, problems such as branch prediction failures and read-write conflicts are completely avoided, ensuring the correct execution of each instruction. By expanding the instruction set and optimizing the hardware architecture, dynamic adjustment of the qubit state is achieved. This means that control pulse parameters (such as amplitude, frequency, and phase) are optimized in real time based on feedback data to correct errors in qubit state manipulation. The delay module, in conjunction with timing control instructions, achieves nanosecond-level timing control, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of qubit operations. These timing control instructions directly support precise timing operations through the hardware-based delay module, avoiding the uncertainty and additional overhead of traditional software delay methods. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the microcontroller structure of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the pipeline;

[0037] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the external synchronization trigger signal SYNC working

[0038] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the feedback indication signal operation using an XY modulation chip and a reading chip as an example;

[0039] Figure 5 The following diagrams show the waveforms sent by the XY modulation chip in this example. (a) shows the waveform corresponding to 21 cycles, and (b) is an enlarged view of the waveform output of the first cycle in (a), which is a modulation waveform with a rectangular envelope.

[0040] Figure 6 This is the waveform output by the AWG microcontroller 2 multiple times. It is a waveform with fixed frequency and phase variation.

[0041] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the IQ amplitude and phase values ​​obtained by the readout algorithm of the waveform output by the AWG microcontroller 2, that is, the quantum bit IQ constellation diagram;

[0042] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the cumulative values ​​of quantum bit states obtained by measuring different quantum bits in multiple cycles;

[0043] Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the final values ​​of the two-word bit states measured for different quantum bits;

[0044] Figure 10 This is the instruction execution flow chart in Example 1;

[0045] Figure 11This is the instruction execution flow chart in Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] The technical solutions of the present invention are described in detail below through specific embodiments. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention can be implemented in many other ways than those described herein, and those skilled in the art may make similar modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0047] like Figures 1 to 11 As shown, the superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller based on the extended instruction set proposed by the present invention includes:

[0048] The state machine is used to control the operation of the system, manage the execution order of instructions and state switching;

[0049] The pipeline is a four-step, two-stage pipeline structure. The current instruction goes through the instruction fetch, decode, execute, and write-back stages in sequence. The instruction fetch of the next instruction begins in the write-back stage. Each instruction is completed within 3 clock cycles.

[0050] Extended instruction set, including codeword transmission instructions, timing control instructions and feedback transmission instructions;

[0051] The codeword transmission instruction is used to generate a control pulse signal for a superconducting quantum bit;

[0052] The timing control instructions cooperate with the delay module to control the time interval in the quantum bit operation;

[0053] The feedback transmission instruction is used to adjust the quantum bit state and quantum error correction in real time according to the feedback signal.

[0054] This embodiment optimizes the traditional 5-stage pipeline architecture into a four-step two-stage pipeline structure. Figure 2 As shown, this ensures that each instruction completes execution within three clock cycles. Because the writeback result of the current instruction is only used when the next instruction is executed, problems such as branch prediction failures and read-write conflicts are completely avoided, ensuring the correct execution of each instruction. This design not only balances instruction execution efficiency but also ensures reliability and timing accuracy, providing strong support for the high real-time performance, stability, and precise control of superconducting quantum computing measurement and control systems.

[0055] This embodiment aims to achieve efficient, low-latency quantum bit control and real-time feedback; among them, the setting of the extended instruction set improves the efficiency of quantum bit control and data acquisition, and the four-step, two-stage pipeline structure improves the efficiency of instruction execution, ensuring high throughput, low latency and precise execution timing. Through the hardware architecture optimization of the state machine plus pipeline combination, efficient, low-latency quantum bit control and data acquisition are achieved.

[0056] The extended instruction set is specifically (a1) to (a4):

[0057] (a1) Codeword transmission instructions, used to generate control pulse signals for superconducting quantum bits;

[0058] Examples of codeword transmission instructions are shown in Tables 1 and 2:

[0059] Table 1 Codeword transmission instructions

[0060]

[0061] SEND Rs imm is an I-type instruction, imm means immediate value, rs1 is the source register, and rd is the destination register.

[0062] Table 2 Specific codeword transmission instruction examples

[0063]

[0064] Codeword transmission instructions drive peripheral circuits to perform specific operations. Different chips have different definitions of codeword functionality. For the measurement and control channel, codewords can be used to control different waveform outputs. In this case, the codeword corresponds to the waveform's sequence number. The codeword indexes the corresponding waveform's storage address and length in the memory space. The waveform is then modulated, interpolated, and mixed. Finally, it passes through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to output the specified waveform. Similar to the measurement and control channel, the readout channel uses the codeword to index the corresponding waveform's storage address and length in the memory space. The waveform is then modulated, mixed, and finally passed through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to output the specified waveform. In DAQ, codewords can be used to control different data processing methods. For the pump channel (the pump signal is used to control the on / off of the quantum parametric amplifier), the code value can be used to trigger a microwave pulse of a specific length. This increases the flexibility and facilitates expansion of the microcontroller.

[0065] (a2) Timing control instructions work with delay modules to control the time intervals in qubit operations;

[0066] Examples of timing control instructions are shown in Tables 3 and 4:

[0067] Table 3 Timing control instructions

[0068]

[0069] Table 4 Specific examples of timing control instructions

[0070]

[0071] The WAIT Rs imm instruction is defined as the value of the RS register plus the imm value plus three clock cycles compared to the previous instruction. Three clock cycles means that each instruction will be completed within three clock cycles. When the WAIT instruction is used, the number of WAIT clock cycles, RS, is stored in a general register.

[0072] (a3) Feedback emission instructions, used to adjust the quantum bit state in real time according to the feedback signal to support quantum error correction;

[0073] Examples of feedback transmission instructions are shown in Tables 5 and 6:

[0074] Table 5 Feedback transmission instructions

[0075]

[0076] Table 6 Specific feedback transmission instruction example

[0077]

[0078] The feedback transmission instruction is used to drive the peripheral circuit to perform specific operations, and its function is consistent with the codeword transmission instruction.

[0079] (a4) Exit instruction, used to control the microprocessor to enter the idle state and no longer send waveforms.

[0080] This embodiment achieves dynamic adjustment of the quantum bit state by extending the instruction set and optimizing the hardware architecture. That is, according to the feedback data, the parameters of the control pulse (such as amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.) are optimized in real time to correct the quantum bit state manipulation error.

[0081] In this embodiment, the delay module is a counter in the microcontroller (MCU) that is used in conjunction with the timing control instructions. During the execution phase of the timing control instructions, the time interval set by the delay is used to control the time sequence of the quantum operation. The delay module is set to a programmable timing mode, which supports dynamic adjustment of timing parameters to adapt to the time interval requirements of different quantum bit operations. In addition, the timing function of the time interval is realized by the coordinated use of the delay module and the timing control instructions, reducing the dependence on software resources and improving the real-time performance and reliability of the system. Finally, each channel of the XY modulation chip and the Z modulation chip is controlled by a microcontroller (MCU), and each MCU operates independently. Therefore, the delay module also supports multi-channel independent timing control to ensure the timing coordination and synchronization of multi-qubit operations.

[0082] Therefore, the delay module cooperates with the timing control instructions to achieve nanosecond-level timing control, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of quantum bit operations. These timing control instructions directly support precise timing operations through the delay module as hardware, avoiding the uncertainty and additional overhead of traditional software delay methods.

[0083] In order to cooperate with the extended instruction set, interfaces are set on the microcontroller, specifically: synchronization trigger interface, feedback indication interface and codeword transmission interface;

[0084] (b1) The synchronization trigger interface is used to receive external synchronization signals to ensure the synchronous and parallel operation of multiple quantum bits, thereby ensuring the timing consistency of the system. The synchronization trigger interface supports the collaborative operation of multiple devices, ensuring that the operation of each subsystem in the distributed measurement and control system is strictly synchronized to meet the needs of large-scale quantum computing.

[0085] (b2) The feedback indication interface cooperates with the feedback emission instruction to receive feedback signals from the readout system and adjust the state of the quantum bit in real time;

[0086] (b3) The codeword transmission interface cooperates with the codeword transmission instruction to send control codewords to other control modules.

[0087] This embodiment supports parallel feedback and error correction of multiple quantum bits through the coordination of the above interfaces and instructions, significantly improving the real-time performance, flexibility, and reliability of the system, ensuring the reliability and stability of large-scale quantum computing, while reducing dependence on software resources, and providing key support for the efficient operation and precise control of superconducting quantum computing measurement and control systems.

[0088] In this embodiment, if Figure 1As shown, the microcontroller consists of a state machine, a pipeline, and a delay module. The state machine coordinates and controls the system's overall operational flow, managing the execution order of instructions and state transitions. The pipeline, through a two-stage pipeline structure, improves instruction execution efficiency, ensuring high throughput, low latency, and precise execution timing. The delay module precisely controls the timing of quantum operations, ensuring the timing accuracy and stability of measurement and control signals. This design ensures efficient instruction execution while reliably ensuring the high real-time performance and precise control of superconducting quantum computing measurement and control systems. The microcontroller also features two input interfaces (synchronous trigger and feedback indication) and one output interface (codeword transmission).

[0089] This embodiment proposes a superconducting quantum measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set, such as Figure 3 As shown, it includes a feedback control center and multiple chassis. Each chassis feeds back the status of the corresponding quantum bit to the feedback control center and obtains the quantum bit error correction instructions issued by the control center through the feedback indication interface to achieve global feedback; each chassis is equipped with an XY modulation chip, a Z modulation chip and a readout chip, and each chip is equipped with the above-mentioned microcontroller.

[0090] (c1) Based on the synchronization trigger signal SYNC, all chips in the superconducting quantum measurement and control system are synchronized, specifically:

[0091] like Figure 3 As shown, the superconducting quantum measurement and control system controls hundreds of quantum bits simultaneously. The boards that control the quantum bits are installed in several chassis. Each chassis contains multiple XY control boards, Z control boards, and readout boards. The corresponding boards are equipped with corresponding XY modulation chips, Z modulation chips, and readout chips. The startup of the entire system depends on the external SYNC synchronization trigger signal. When the synchronization trigger signal triggers the microcontrollers in all chassis through the synchronization trigger interface, all microcontrollers work simultaneously, ensuring the synchronization of quantum bits receiving signals from different chassis, different boards, and different channels. The system has strong scalability and can meet the needs of large-scale superconducting quantum computing.

[0092] (c2) Implement global and local feedback of the superconducting quantum measurement and control system based on the feedback indication interface and feedback emission instructions, specifically:

[0093] Local feedback: e.g. Figure 4As shown, the XY modulation chip transmits a control waveform, which is output to the quantum processor via a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to adjust the state of the qubit. To retrieve the qubit's state, the readout chip sends a readout excitation signal, which is transmitted via the DAC to the quantum processor and coupled to the qubit. When the readout excitation signal resonates with the resonator coupled to the qubit, an echo signal is generated. This echo signal is sampled by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A readout algorithm determines the current qubit state: 0, 1, or 2. The qubit state is then directly output to the feedback indication interface of the XY modulation chip's microcontroller. The microcontroller determines the next control waveform type and adjusts parameters such as amplitude, frequency, and phase to achieve real-time error correction of the qubit state. Local feedback information is output to multiple XY modulation chips, and this feedback is processed synchronously and in parallel.

[0094] It should be noted that the data interaction process between the Z modulation chip and the readout chip is similar to the data interaction process between the XY modulation chip and the readout chip, and will not be described in detail here.

[0095] Global feedback: The states of all qubits are uploaded to the control center. After synchronously collecting all qubit states, the control center outputs N qubits of feedback information for the N bits that require error correction, feeding it back to the XY modulation chip and Z modulation chip for the specified N qubits. Each qubit's XY and Z channels are pre-configured with corresponding feedback instructions and branch waveforms. After the feedback instructions are parsed, the corresponding branch waveforms are output to adjust the qubit's state.

[0096] The following examples 1 and 2 respectively describe in detail how the XY modulation chip sends the control waveform, the readout chip sends the read excitation signal, and processes the echo signal.

[0097] The usage process of the microcontroller in Example 1 and Example 2 is as follows: the instruction memory is used to store the experimental task process to be performed during the experiment. The process is described in assembly language and converted into instructions understood by the microcontroller by the assembler. The data required for the same instruction is configured to the corresponding instruction memory through the chip's external bus interface. After the external synchronization signal SYNC arrives, the microcontroller starts working and executes the instructions stored in the instruction memory in sequence.

[0098] Example 1: Take the XY modulation chip sending a LongRectangle waveform (modulation waveform with a rectangular envelope) as an example to illustrate:

[0099] The microcontroller controls the XY modulation chip to output a rectangular modulation waveform (LongRectangle waveform), such as Figure 5As shown in (a), the initial amplitude of the waveform is -1. The waveform output is maintained for a certain time each time, and the increase amplitude (step size) is 0.1, and a total of 21 cycles are performed. Figure 5 As shown in (b), the waveform outputted in each cycle is a modulated waveform with a rectangular envelope.

[0100] The following describes the instructions in Example 1 in detail. The lui instruction configures a general-purpose register, the sw instruction loads the value configured in the general-purpose register onto the bus, the addi instruction performs immediate addition, the send instruction sends codeword data, which is defined differently in different chips and controls chip functions and behaviors. The wait instruction controls the delay between the execution of the next instruction and the execution of the previous instruction, and the bne instruction is used for branching.

[0101] like Figure 10 As shown, the lui instruction first sets the address of the data memory, waveform output amplitude, waveform output amplitude change, and carrier frequency value in the general register. The waveform output amplitude set in this experiment gradually increases from -1 to +1, with a step size of 0.1, and a total of 21 cycles. The sw instruction configures the carrier frequency in x6 (x6 represents the general register x6 in the MCU, and the same applies below) to the corresponding register, and defines the number of cycles as 21 (amplitude scan times) in x1. Each time the loop is executed, the current amplitude value needs to be loaded and the phase of the waveform is cleared. The codeword is loaded into x9 and sent through the send instruction. The DSP module is controlled to output a rectangular waveform with the same frequency as the configured frequency x6. The wait instruction is used to maintain the waveform output for a period of time. After the waveform is maintained, the amplitude value is updated. The bne instruction is used to determine whether to end the loop. At the end of the loop, the exit instruction is executed to end this experiment. The exit instruction is the instruction that terminates program execution.

[0102] Example 2: Take the readout chip collecting echo signals and judging the state of quantum bits as an example;

[0103] This example simulates the echo signal collected by the ADC by reading the output of the AWG microcontroller 2 in the chip. In this example, the waveform output by the AWG microcontroller 2 is a waveform with constant frequency and variable phase. After the signal is processed by the readout algorithm, the state information of 16 quantum bits is obtained. In multiple cycles, the state information of these quantum bits will be counted.

[0104] The following details the execution process of the instruction: Figure 11As shown, the base address of the data memory is first loaded via the lui instruction, and then the data in the data memory is loaded into the register via the lw instruction. The data in the data memory is configured via the bus interface before the experiment begins, and includes the inner loop count1, outer loop count2, inner loop time interval period1, outer loop time interval period2, codeword data codeword, amplitude, frequency, phase, amplitude change, frequency change, and phase change. In each outer loop, the amplitude, frequency, and phase changes are calculated and configured into the corresponding registers via the sw instruction. After waiting for a period of time, the inner loop is entered. Codewords are sent every fixed clock cycle. This period is used for waveform output and data processing. The next codeword is sent only after waveform output and data processing are completed. When both the inner and outer loops are completed, the experiment process is exited via the exit instruction. In this example, the outer loop count is 8, the inner loop count is 1, the amplitude, frequency, and phase are the default values, the frequency and amplitude changes are 0, and the phase change is 32'h2000_0000. This can achieve the phase sweep effect.

[0105] It should be noted that the quantum bit state information obtained in each cycle will be sent to the feedback indication interface of the XY modulation chip when feedback operation is required.

[0106] Figure 6 In the above example, the AWG microcontroller 2 controls the DSP module to continuously output a waveform to simulate the echo signal of the quantum bit. In this example, it is a waveform with a fixed frequency and a changing phase. The figure shows that the waveform is output continuously 8 times. All this data is collected and plotted in a graph, and each line of a different color represents one echo signal.

[0107] Figure 7 Indicates the mode of processing data through the DAQ microcontroller configuration to obtain the state information in the echo signal. In this example, the waveform output by the AWG microcontroller 2 is read out by the algorithm to obtain the amplitude and phase values. A read channel can connect up to 16 quantum bits (specifically Figure 7 The echo signal carries the state information of all qubits, and each time the echo signal is processed, the IQ amplitude and phase information of 16 qubits are obtained simultaneously. The symbols of different colors in the figure represent different qubits, and a total of 8 processings are performed in the figure.

[0108] Figure 8It represents the cumulative value of the bit states (0, 1, 2, and 3) obtained by measuring different quantum bits in multiple cycles. In each cycle, the states of all quantum bits are obtained at the same time. Their states are different. The bit states of each cycle are accumulated and counted to obtain Figure 9 The three colors in the figure represent the three possible states of the quantum bit (0, 1, and 2). State 3 means that the state of a quantum bit has not been measured.

[0109] It can be understood that the three microcontrollers (AWG microcontroller 1, AWG microcontroller 2, and DAQ microcontroller) provided in the measurement and control system of this embodiment are structurally the same microcontrollers as described above in this embodiment, except that the uses of AWG microcontroller 1 and AWG microcontroller 2 and the output signal frequencies of the XY chip and the readout chip are different. The XY chip is used to output different waveforms to adjust the state of the quantum bit, and the frequency range is 4-6GHz, while the output waveform of the readout chip is to achieve resonance with the resonant cavity of the quantum bit, and the output frequency is 6-7GHz. The DAQ microcontroller is used to control the data processing method and obtain the state information in the echo signal.

[0110] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A superconducting quantum measurement and control microcontroller based on an extended instruction set, characterized in that: include: The state machine is used to control the operation of the system, manage the execution order of instructions and state switching; The pipeline is a four-step, two-stage pipeline structure. The current instruction goes through the instruction fetch, decode, execute, and write-back stages in sequence. The instruction fetch of the next instruction begins in the write-back stage. Each instruction is completed within 3 clock cycles. Extended instruction set, including codeword transmission instructions, timing control instructions and feedback transmission instructions; The codeword transmission instruction is used to generate a control pulse signal for a superconducting quantum bit; The timing control instructions cooperate with the delay module to control the time interval in the quantum bit operation; The feedback transmission instruction is used to adjust the state of the quantum bit in real time according to the feedback signal to support quantum error correction; The delay module is a counter used in conjunction with the timing control instructions in the microcontroller. During the execution phase of the timing control instructions, the delay module delays the set time interval to control the time sequence of quantum operations.

2. The microcontroller according to claim 1, wherein: The extended instruction set also includes an exit instruction; The exit instruction is used to control the microprocessor to enter an idle state and no longer send waveforms.

3. The microcontroller according to claim 1, wherein: It also includes a synchronization trigger interface, a feedback indication interface and a codeword transmission interface; The synchronization trigger interface is used to receive external synchronization signals, coordinate the synchronous parallel operation of multiple quantum bits, and ensure the timing consistency of the system; The feedback indication interface works in conjunction with the feedback emission instruction to receive feedback signals from the readout system, adjust the state of the quantum bit in real time, and support quantum error correction; The codeword transmission interface cooperates with the codeword transmission instruction to send control codewords to the subsequent circuit modules of the chip.

4. The microcontroller according to claim 3, wherein: The codeword transmission interface is divided into three cases: For measurement and control channels, control codewords are used to control different waveform outputs; For the readout channel, the control codeword is used to control different data processing modes; For the Pump channel, the control codeword can be used to trigger a microwave pulse of a specific length.

5. The microcontroller according to claim 1, wherein: The instruction fetch is to obtain the cached instruction from the instruction memory outside the microcontroller and directly distribute it to the decoder; The decoder is used to process the instructions sent by the instruction fetcher, split and interpret the instructions according to a predetermined instruction format through the decoder, translate them into control signals, read the data in the general register, and send the control signals and the data to the execution part; The execution performs calculation or memory access operations according to the control signal and data obtained by decoding, and sends the calculation result to write back; The write-back writes the calculation result back to the general register of the microcontroller or the external memory according to the control signal sent by the execution part.

6. A superconducting quantum measurement and control system based on an extended instruction set, characterized in that: It includes a feedback control center and multiple chassis. Each chassis feeds back the status of the corresponding quantum bit to the feedback control center and obtains the quantum bit error correction instructions issued by the control center through the feedback indication interface to achieve global feedback. Each chassis is provided with an XY modulation chip, a Z modulation chip and a readout chip, and each chip is equipped with a microcontroller as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. The measurement and control system according to claim 6, characterized in that: The control waveform output by the microcontroller in the XY modulation chip or the Z modulation chip is pre-processed and then transmitted to the quantum processor to adjust the state of the quantum bit; The read excitation signal output by the microcontroller in the readout chip passes through a digital-to-analog converter and is then transmitted to the quantum processor. When the read excitation signal resonates with the resonant cavity coupled to the quantum bit, the echo signal of the quantum processor is read, and the current state of the quantum bit is obtained through the readout algorithm. The current state of the quantum bit is then fed back to the microcontroller in the XY modulation chip or the Z modulation chip through a feedback indication interface to achieve local feedback.

8. The measurement and control system according to claim 6, characterized in that: All microcontrollers receive a synchronous trigger signal through a synchronous trigger interface to ensure that the microcontrollers in all chassis operate simultaneously.

9. The measurement and control system according to claim 7, characterized in that: The local feedback is processed synchronously and in parallel.

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