Intelligent monitoring and self-power supply system for railroad bed in dangerous mountainous area based on piezoelectric energy harvesting

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of railroad beds, in particular to an intelligent monitoring and self-powered system for a railroad bed in a hard mountainous area based on piezoelectric energy harvesting. The system comprises a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit, a state monitoring unit and a control unit. The piezoelectric energy harvesting unit comprises a first-stage amplification mechanism, a second-stage amplification mechanism and a piezoelectric stacking structure which are sequentially connected from top to bottom; the state monitoring unit is arranged below a railroad bed sleeper and / or a railroad bed side slope so as to carry out state monitoring on the railroad bed and / or the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit; and the control unit is used for acquiring the electric energy data of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit and the state detection data of the state monitoring unit. According to the invention, the train on the railway can be continuously utilized to generate electric energy, self power supply can be realized even in remote mountainous areas or hard mountainous areas, early warning and risk assessment can be realized, potential accident risks are effectively prevented, and the overall level of railway safety management is ensured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of railway subgrade technology, and in particular, to an intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrades in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture. Background Art

[0002] Currently, most railway subgrade monitoring systems rely on external power grids, traditional batteries, or solar energy for power. Mountain railways, due to their remote locations and patchy grid coverage, often face difficulties in ensuring a continuous and stable power supply. Traditional batteries experience a sharp decline in performance in low temperatures, have limited capacity, and typically need to be replaced two to three times a year, resulting in high maintenance costs and susceptibility to human error. Solar power systems are even more susceptible to environmental influences at high altitudes. For example, winter snow cover can cause power generation efficiency to drop by over 40%, and even lead to data interruptions for weeks. For example, due to winter snow accumulation, solar panels were unable to collect energy properly, resulting in the entire monitoring system being unable to transmit data for three consecutive weeks. Furthermore, battery capacity degradation in low temperatures can reach 50%, severely impacting the stable operation of the monitoring system and data reliability.

[0003] For special geological materials such as red bed soft rock, they may quickly collapse or develop other complex diseases after coming into contact with water. It is difficult to fully assess the health status of the roadbed based on data from a single parameter. This not only limits the comprehensive understanding of structural changes, but also makes it difficult to achieve accurate and timely early warning and risk assessment, making it impossible to effectively prevent potential accident risks, thus affecting the overall level of railway safety management. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application provides an intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrades in dangerous mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture. It can provide a new power supply method based on railway application scenarios, and build an intelligent detection system based on this new power supply method, solving the technical problems existing in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0005] Other features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part by practice of the present application.

[0006] According to one aspect of the embodiments of the present application, there is provided an intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture, the device comprising: a piezoelectric energy capture unit, a state monitoring unit, and a control unit;

[0007] The piezoelectric energy harvesting unit comprises a primary amplification mechanism, a secondary amplification mechanism, and a piezoelectric stack structure connected in sequence from top to bottom, wherein the primary amplification mechanism is used to contact the wheels of a railway train to collect the pressure generated by the wheels to form a vertical load on the primary amplification mechanism, and the secondary amplification mechanism is used to amplify the vertical load transmitted by the primary amplification mechanism and form a lateral load to transmit to the piezoelectric stack structure, so that the piezoelectric stack structure generates electrical energy;

[0008] The condition monitoring unit is provided below the railway embankment sleeper and / or on the railway embankment slope to monitor the condition of the railway embankment and / or the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit;

[0009] The control unit is used to obtain the electric energy data of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit and the status detection data of the status monitoring unit.

[0010] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the first-stage amplification mechanism includes a top cover plate, a connecting ring, a lower cover plate and a connecting rod; the connecting ring is arranged between the top cover plate and the lower cover plate, the connecting rod passes through the lower cover plate and the connecting ring, one end of the connecting rod is connected to the top cover plate, and the other end of the connecting rod is in contact with the second-stage amplification mechanism; the top cover plate is used to contact the wheel.

[0011] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the secondary amplification mechanism includes a longitudinal force transmission device and a transverse force transmission device, the top of the longitudinal force transmission device is in contact with the connecting rod, the longitudinal force transmission device is connected to the transverse force transmission device, and the transverse force transmission device is connected to the piezoelectric stack structure.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the longitudinal force transmission device includes a spherical force transmission mechanism, a connecting cover plate and a force transmission rod, the spherical force transmission mechanism is in contact with the connecting rod and is fixedly connected to the connecting cover plate; the force transmission rod is respectively connected to the connecting cover plate and the transverse force transmission device.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned solution, the longitudinal force transmission device further includes a center rod, the top of the center rod is connected to the connecting cover plate, and the bottom of the center rod is in contact with the transverse force transmission device.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the lateral force transmission device includes a prestressed spring and a pressure plate, the prestressed spring is in contact with the center rod and the pressure plate, and the pressure plate is respectively connected to the force transmission rod and the piezoelectric stack structure; wherein the vertical load borne by the spherical force transmission mechanism is evenly transmitted to the pressure plate through the connecting cover plate and the force transmission rod to form a lateral load, so that the pressure plate transfers the lateral load borne by it to the piezoelectric stack structure.

[0015] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the piezoelectric stack structure is composed of one or more piezoelectric vibrators, and the piezoelectric vibrator includes a brass metal end cap, a ceramic protective layer, an electrode layer and a piezoelectric ceramic; the brass metal end cap, the ceramic protective layer, the electrode layer and the piezoelectric ceramic are connected in sequence, and the electrode layer is used to connect to the electric energy receiving device.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned solution, the state monitoring unit includes a pressure sensor, a capacitive humidity sensor, an optical fiber temperature sensor, and an inclinometer.

[0017] In one embodiment of the present application, based on the aforementioned scheme, the control unit includes a data receiving unit, a decision unit and an early warning unit. The decision unit is used to make a decision based on the electric energy data and the status detection data received by the data receiving unit, and the early warning unit is used to determine whether to issue an early warning based on the status detection data.

[0018] Beneficial effects of the present application: The present application collects the pressure generated by the wheels of a railway train through the first-stage amplification mechanism in the piezoelectric energy capture unit. The vertical load it is subjected to will be amplified by the second-stage amplification mechanism and formed into a lateral load which is transmitted to the piezoelectric stack structure, so that the piezoelectric stack structure can generate electrical energy under the action of the lateral load.

[0019] Due to the careful design of the structure of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit, trains on the railway can be continuously used to generate electricity, and self-power supply can be achieved even in remote or dangerous mountainous areas.

[0020] Furthermore, in remote mountainous areas or dangerous mountainous areas, it is difficult to detect railway subgrade data or train data on the track. The present application collects data through a status monitoring unit located under the railway subgrade sleepers and / or on the railway subgrade slopes, and the control unit makes decisions and early warnings, thereby realizing status monitoring of the railway subgrade and / or the piezoelectric energy capture unit, achieving early warning and risk assessment in a timely manner, effectively preventing potential accident risks, and ensuring the overall level of railway safety management.

[0021] It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The accompanying drawings are incorporated into and constitute a part of the specification, illustrating embodiments consistent with the present application and, together with the specification, explaining the principles of the present application. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and those skilled in the art can derive other drawings based on these drawings without inventive effort. In the drawings:

[0023] Figure 1 The figure is an overall block diagram of an intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0024] Figure 2 Detailed structural diagram of a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0025] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of a first-stage amplification mechanism according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0026] Figure 4 1 is a top view of a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0027] Figure 5 is a structural diagram of a piezoelectric stack structure according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0028] Figure 6 4 is a specific structural diagram of a secondary amplification unit according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0029] Reference numerals

[0030] Top cover plate 1, connecting ring 2, lower cover plate 3, connecting rod 4, spherical force transmission mechanism 5, connecting cover plate 6, force transmission rod 7, pressure plate 8, support frame 9, prestressed spring 10, center rod 11, piezoelectric stack structure 12. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, example embodiments can be implemented in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this application will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the concepts of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art.

[0032] In addition, described feature, structure or characteristic can be combined in one or more embodiments in any suitable manner.In the following description, many specific details are provided so as to provide a full understanding of the embodiments of the present application. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the technical scheme of the present application can be put into practice without one or more of the specific details, or other methods, components, devices, steps etc. can be adopted. In other cases, known methods, devices, implementations or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid blurring the various aspects of the application.

[0033] The block diagrams shown in the accompanying drawings are merely functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically separate entities. That is, these functional entities may be implemented in software, in one or more hardware modules or integrated circuits, or in different networks and / or processor devices and / or micro-controller node devices.

[0034] The flowcharts shown in the accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and do not necessarily include all contents and operations / steps, nor must they be executed in the order described. For example, some operations / steps may be decomposed, while others may be combined or partially combined. Therefore, the actual execution order may vary depending on the actual situation.

[0035] It should be noted that the term "plurality" used in this document refers to two or more. "And / or" describes a relationship between associated objects, indicating that three possible relationships exist. For example, "A and / or B" can represent: A alone, A and B together, or B alone. The character " / " generally indicates an "or" relationship between the associated objects.

[0036] The following is a detailed introduction to the technical background of the embodiments of this application:

[0037] 1. Currently, most railway subgrade monitoring systems rely on external power grids, traditional batteries, or solar energy for power. Mountain railways, due to their remote locations and patchy grid coverage, often face difficulties in ensuring a continuous and stable power supply. Traditional batteries experience a sharp decline in performance in low temperatures, have limited capacity, and typically need to be replaced two to three times a year, resulting in high maintenance costs and susceptibility to human error. Solar power systems are even more susceptible to environmental impacts at high altitudes. For example, winter snow cover can cause power generation efficiency to drop by over 40%, and even lead to data interruptions for weeks. For example, due to winter snow accumulation, solar panels were unable to collect energy properly, resulting in the entire monitoring system being unable to transmit data for three consecutive weeks. Furthermore, battery capacity degradation reaches 50% in low temperatures, severely impacting the stable operation of the monitoring system and data reliability.

[0038] 2. Currently, some piezoelectric energy harvesting devices have deficiencies in their sealing design. The device housing or sealing structure is prone to aging or damage when exposed to harsh environments such as wind, rain, ice and snow for long periods of time. Rainwater seeping in can cause short circuits between piezoelectric ceramic layers, directly leading to reduced power output. At the same time, in extreme temperature environments ranging from -20°C to 50°C, traditional adhesives easily lose their adhesion, causing the piezoelectric stack structure to delaminate, thereby reducing the overall durability and service life of the device. This not only increases maintenance frequency and costs, but may also prevent the equipment from performing its due monitoring role at critical moments, posing a potential risk to railway safety.

[0039] 3. Many monitoring systems currently on the market focus primarily on single-parameter monitoring, such as soil pressure or displacement, while neglecting comprehensive monitoring of humidity, temperature, and other environmental variables. For special geological materials like red-bed soft rock, which can rapidly disintegrate or develop other complex diseases upon contact with water, relying solely on data from a single parameter makes it difficult to comprehensively assess the health of the roadbed. The lack of coordinated multi-parameter monitoring not only limits a comprehensive understanding of structural changes but also hinders accurate and timely early warning and risk assessment, making it impossible to effectively prevent potential accident risks and impacting the overall level of railway safety management.

[0040] 4. Current monitoring systems mostly rely on 4G networks for data transmission. However, mountainous railways, due to complex terrain and numerous signal blind spots, have insufficient signal coverage, with blind spots exceeding 60% in some areas. Data transmission delays can reach hours, making real-time monitoring and prompt response to emergencies or abnormal conditions impossible. This lag not only reduces the effectiveness of early warning systems but also makes it difficult for operators to implement timely emergency measures, increasing the risk of accidents and the cost of response.

[0041] The following is a detailed description of the implementation details of the technical solution of the embodiment of the present application:

[0042] According to one aspect of the present application, a system for intelligent monitoring and self-powering railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture is provided. Figure 1 The figure is an overall block diagram of an intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to an embodiment of the present application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit according to an embodiment of the present application, which is described in detail as follows:

[0043] The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy harvesting proposed in the embodiment of the present application includes: a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit, a state monitoring unit and a control unit;

[0044] The piezoelectric energy harvesting unit includes a primary amplification mechanism, a secondary amplification mechanism, and a piezoelectric stack structure 12 connected in sequence from top to bottom. The primary amplification mechanism is used to contact the wheels of the railway train to collect the pressure generated by the wheels to form a vertical load on the primary amplification mechanism. The secondary amplification mechanism is used to amplify the vertical load transmitted by the primary amplification mechanism and form a lateral load to transmit to the piezoelectric stack structure 12, so that the piezoelectric stack structure 12 generates electrical energy.

[0045] The condition monitoring unit is provided below the railway embankment sleeper and / or on the railway embankment slope to monitor the condition of the railway embankment and / or the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit;

[0046] The control unit is used to obtain the electric energy data of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit and the status detection data of the status monitoring unit.

[0047] Specifically, the pressure generated by the wheels of the railway train is collected through the first-stage amplification mechanism in the piezoelectric energy capture unit, and the vertical load it is subjected to is amplified by the second-stage amplification mechanism and formed into a lateral load and transmitted to the piezoelectric stack structure 12, so that the piezoelectric stack structure 12 can generate electrical energy under the action of the lateral load.

[0048] Due to the careful design of the structure of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit, trains on the railway can be continuously used to generate electricity, and self-power supply can be achieved even in remote or dangerous mountainous areas.

[0049] Furthermore, in remote mountainous areas or dangerous mountainous areas, it is difficult to detect railway subgrade data or train data on the track. The present application collects data through a status monitoring unit located under the railway subgrade sleepers and / or on the railway subgrade slopes, and the control unit makes decisions and early warnings, thereby realizing status monitoring of the railway subgrade and / or the piezoelectric energy capture unit, achieving early warning and risk assessment in a timely manner, effectively preventing potential accident risks, and ensuring the overall level of railway safety management.

[0050] Furthermore, the first-stage amplification mechanism includes a top cover plate 1, a connecting ring 2, a lower cover plate 3 and a connecting rod 4; the connecting ring 2 is arranged between the top cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 3, the connecting rod 4 passes through the lower cover plate 3 and the connecting ring 2, one end of the connecting rod 4 is connected to the top cover plate 1, and the other end of the connecting rod 4 is in contact with the second-stage amplification mechanism; the top cover plate 1 is used to contact the wheel.

[0051] Ke Ru Figure 3 As shown, Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the first-stage amplification mechanism, which includes a top cover plate 1, a connecting ring 2, a lower cover plate 3, and a connecting rod 4. The top cover plate 1 can be specifically a pancake-shaped load-bearing steel shell made of steel. After a train passes through, the impact load within the roadbed is relatively dispersed. The first-stage amplification mechanism generates greater force by expanding the collection area. The generated force is transmitted to the second-stage amplification structure through the bottom end of the connecting rod 4.

[0052] Furthermore, the secondary amplification mechanism includes a longitudinal force transmission device and a transverse force transmission device, the top of the longitudinal force transmission device contacts the connecting rod 4, the longitudinal force transmission device is connected to the transverse force transmission device, and the transverse force transmission device is connected to the piezoelectric stack structure 12.

[0053] Specifically, the collected force is formed into a vertical load through the longitudinal force transmission device, and then a lateral load is formed through the lateral force transmission device under the action of the vertical load, so that the piezoelectric stack structure 12 generates electrical energy under the action of the lateral load.

[0054] Furthermore, the longitudinal force transmission device includes a spherical force transmission mechanism 5, a connecting cover plate 6 and a force transmission rod 7, the spherical force transmission mechanism 5 is in contact with the connecting rod 4 and is fixedly connected to the connecting cover plate 6; the force transmission rod 7 is respectively connected to the connecting cover plate 6 and the transverse force transmission device; the longitudinal force transmission device also includes a center rod 11, the top of the center rod 11 is connected to the connecting cover plate 6, and the bottom of the center rod 11 is in contact with the transverse force transmission device.

[0055] Specifically, the structural diagram of the longitudinal force transmission device and the transverse force transmission device can be as follows: Figure 2 and Figure 6 As shown, the spherical force transmission mechanism 5 of the secondary amplification mechanism is used to contact the connecting rod 4, thereby receiving and amplifying the force collected by the connecting rod 4. The spherical force transmission mechanism 5 collects and amplifies the force transmitted from the primary amplification mechanism, and then evenly transmits this force to the lateral force transmission device through the connecting cover plate 6 and the force transmission rod 7.

[0056] Furthermore, the lateral force transmission device includes a prestressed spring 10 and a pressure plate 8, the prestressed spring 10 is in contact with the center rod 11 and the pressure plate 8, and the pressure plate 8 is respectively connected to the force transmission rod 7 and the piezoelectric stack structure 12; wherein, the vertical load borne by the spherical force transmission mechanism 5 is evenly transmitted to the pressure plate 8 through the connecting cover plate 6 and the force transmission rod 7 to form a lateral load, so that the pressure plate 8 transfers the lateral load borne by it to the piezoelectric stack structure 12.

[0057] Specifically, if there is no train passing by to press down the first-stage amplification mechanism, it is in the original state. Since the piezoelectric stack structure 12 is not subject to the squeezing pressure of the pressure plate 8, its internal structure may fall off. Therefore, the center rod 11 and the prestressed spring 10 provide the initial pushing force in the original state. That is to say, the center rod 11 and the entire piezoelectric energy capture unit connected to the center rod 11 will squeeze the prestressed spring 10 under the action of their own gravity, so that the prestressed spring 10 in contact with the pressure plate 8 will push toward the pressure plate 8, thereby generating a certain pushing force on the piezoelectric stack structure 12 to prevent the internal structure of the piezoelectric stack structure 12 from falling off.

[0058] Furthermore, the piezoelectric stack structure 12 is composed of one or more piezoelectric vibrators, for example, Figure 4 As shown, Figure 4 The top view of the entire piezoelectric energy harvesting unit is shown in FIG. The entire large circle is a support frame 9, which is used to support the piezoelectric stack structure 12 evenly distributed around it. Figure 4 4 positions for placing piezoelectric vibrators can be seen in FIG. A sealing member 17 is placed between the upper cover plate and the support frame 9, and the sealing member 17 can be specifically epoxy resin.

[0059] The structure diagram of a single piezoelectric vibrator can be shown as Figure 5 As shown, it consists of two brass metal end caps (13), two ceramic protective layers (14), five electrode layers (15), and four piezoelectric ceramics (16). The layers of different materials are bonded together by a strong adhesive. The four electrode layer coatings (15) are connected to the two ends of the collection circuit (i.e., the electric energy collection device described in this application) through wires.

[0060] The entire energy harvesting device incorporates a rectifier circuit that converts the AC power generated by the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit into DC power, which is then transferred via low-loss wires to a supercapacitor (rated at 125F / 16V) for energy storage. This structure not only improves energy capture efficiency but also ensures compactness and long-term stability.

[0061] Furthermore, the state monitoring unit includes a pressure sensor, a capacitive humidity sensor, an optical fiber temperature sensor and an inclinometer.

[0062] Specifically, to achieve holographic monitoring of railway subgrades, this application designs a multi-level, three-dimensional distributed sensor network:

[0063] ①Deployment strategy

[0064] A master node (condition monitoring unit) is deployed every 50 meters along the longitudinal direction of the track. The master node integrates a MEMS soil pressure sensor (range 0–500 kPa), a capacitive humidity sensor (accuracy ±2% RH), a fiber optic temperature sensor (resolution 0.1°C), and an inclinometer (accuracy 0.01°) to comprehensively collect roadbed condition data.

[0065] Auxiliary nodes (mainly responsible for humidity and displacement monitoring) are arranged horizontally on the roadbed slopes and under the sleepers to form a three-dimensional monitoring network with wide coverage and rich monitoring data dimensions.

[0066] ②Anti-interference design

[0067] All sensor signal lines adopt double-layer shielding structure (inner layer aluminum foil, outer layer copper mesh) to effectively prevent electromagnetic interference.

[0068] Furthermore, the control unit includes a data receiving unit, a decision unit and an early warning unit. The decision unit is used to make a decision based on the electric energy data and the status detection data received by the data receiving unit, and the early warning unit is used to determine whether to issue an early warning based on the status detection data.

[0069] Specifically, the control unit can be a cloud platform that provides decision support for railway operations and maintenance through efficient data interaction and intelligent analysis: 1. The train passage time window is determined by the single power generation duration of the HRS-PEH; the train traffic density is calculated by the number of power generation times to optimize the inspection cycle. 2. A real-time evaluation model for the piezoelectric energy supply status is established through instantaneous voltage, daily cumulative power supply, etc., to intelligently determine regional energy saturation, trigger a cross-node dynamic power allocation protocol, and realize intelligent allocation of power surplus areas to energy-deficient areas. 3. Integrate soil pressure mutation alarms, critical water content fluctuations, deep displacement trend analysis, and temperature gradient spectrum characteristics to construct a comprehensive track overload analysis matrix and generate graded maintenance recommendations. At the same time, overloaded trains can be tracked based on soil pressure.

[0070] Data visualization dashboard

[0071] The platform uses an intuitive graphical interface to display data collected by each monitoring node in real time, including multi-dimensional parameters such as soil pressure, humidity, temperature, and displacement. It also calculates the roadbed health score (range 0-100) and warning level (yellow / orange / red) based on a preset algorithm, allowing managers to instantly understand the roadbed status.

[0072] The specific plan is as follows:

[0073] The basic score adopts parameter weighting method (total score 100 points):

[0074]

[0075] The soil pressure is derived from the real-time conversion of voltage data monitored by the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit. The mathematical relationship between soil pressure and voltage is as follows. The equivalent dielectric constant, equivalent piezoelectric constant, and external resistance can all be determined, allowing dynamic monitoring of soil pressure by measuring the real-time voltage across the device.

[0076] Warning level classification:

[0077]

[0078] For example, if the soil pressure on a certain road section reaches 490 kPa (8% above the limit), 1.5 x 8 = 12 points will be deducted. If the moisture content reaches 12% (4% above the baseline), 4 x 3 = 12 points will be deducted. If the horizontal displacement increases by 0.15 mm per day, 2 x 1.5 = 3 points will be deducted. If the horizontal displacement increases by 0.15 mm per day, 2 x 1.5 = 3 points will be deducted. If the temperature gradient and vibration energy are normal, the total score = 100 - (12 + 12 + 3) = 73 points, switching to a yellow warning and the system automatically switching to high-frequency monitoring mode.

[0079] ②Decision support and intelligent early warning

[0080] Embedded with the standard threshold library of the Railway Roadbed Design Code (TB 10001), the system automatically sends warning messages when monitoring data (such as excessive soil pressure or abnormal humidity changes) triggers an alert condition. Furthermore, the platform supports an AI-powered prediction model based on historical data, forecasting roadbed settlement trends over the next seven days and providing a scientific basis for railway safety management.

[0081] When a train passes, track loads are transferred to the piezoelectric stack via primary and secondary amplification mechanisms. The generated electrical energy is rectified and stored in supercapacitors, which then supply energy to sensors and communication modules, ensuring real-time data collection and transmission. The multi-parameter data collected by the sensor array is pre-processed within the nodes and transmitted to a cloud platform via low-power wireless communication (such as LoRa or NB-IoT). The cloud platform integrates, analyzes, and visualizes the data, and automatically generates warnings and maintenance recommendations based on the monitoring data and preset thresholds, achieving a closed-loop management system from energy collection, data monitoring, and decision support. The self-sustaining sensing network constructed using piezoelectric energy harvesting units not only continuously captures track vibration energy without external power supply but also deeply explores the operational and maintenance value behind the data, bringing multi-dimensional innovation to roadbed health management. While providing real-time feedback on raw physical parameters such as track load frequency and vibration amplitude, the module uses machine learning algorithms to further derive implicit state parameters such as soil stress relaxation trends and ballast structure creep rates. This upgrades discrete monitoring methods that previously relied on manual spot checks to a full-time, digital vital sign map. When the system detects a sharp decrease in amplitude or intermittent interruption of the piezoelectric pulse waveform in a specific section, it can not only directly warn of the risk of loose track fasteners or empty sleeper suspension, but also accurately locate secondary damage caused by drainage system blockage through correlation analysis of moisture content and displacement data. The regional power supply balance model established based on energy recovery efficiency can also guide the dynamic dormancy strategy of sensor networks in low-vibration energy zones, extending the life of equipment in remote sections while ensuring data integrity. This closed-loop logic of "data flow driving decision flow" transforms the traditional "post-fault repair" model into "pre-risk intervention," truly realizing the precision and low-carbon management of railway infrastructure throughout its entire life cycle.

[0082] Furthermore, the above-mentioned figures are merely illustrative of the processes included in the methods according to exemplary embodiments of the present application and are not intended to be limiting. It is readily understood that the processes illustrated in the above-mentioned figures do not indicate or limit the temporal order of these processes. Furthermore, it is readily understood that these processes may be executed synchronously or asynchronously, for example, in multiple modules.

[0083] It should be understood that the present application is not limited to the exact structures that have been described above and shown in the drawings, and that various modifications and changes can be performed without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the present application is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture, characterized by: The system comprises: a piezoelectric energy harvesting unit, a state monitoring unit and a control unit; The piezoelectric energy harvesting unit comprises a primary amplification mechanism, a secondary amplification mechanism, and a piezoelectric stack structure connected in sequence from top to bottom, wherein the primary amplification mechanism is used to contact the wheels of a railway train to collect the pressure generated by the wheels to form a vertical load on the primary amplification mechanism, and the secondary amplification mechanism is used to amplify the vertical load transmitted by the primary amplification mechanism and form a lateral load to transmit to the piezoelectric stack structure, so that the piezoelectric stack structure generates electrical energy; The condition monitoring unit is provided below the railway embankment sleeper and / or on the railway embankment slope to monitor the condition of the railway embankment and / or the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit; The control unit is used to obtain the electric energy data of the piezoelectric energy harvesting unit and the status detection data of the status monitoring unit.

2. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The first-stage amplification mechanism includes a top cover plate, a connecting ring, a lower cover plate and a connecting rod; the connecting ring is arranged between the top cover plate and the lower cover plate, the connecting rod passes through the lower cover plate and the connecting ring, one end of the connecting rod is connected to the top cover plate, and the other end of the connecting rod is in contact with the second-stage amplification mechanism; the top cover plate is used to contact the wheel.

3. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The secondary amplification mechanism includes a longitudinal force transmission device and a transverse force transmission device. The top of the longitudinal force transmission device contacts the connecting rod. The longitudinal force transmission device is connected to the transverse force transmission device. The transverse force transmission device is connected to the piezoelectric stack structure.

4. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The longitudinal force transmission device includes a spherical force transmission mechanism, a connecting cover plate and a force transmission rod. The spherical force transmission mechanism contacts the connecting rod and is fixedly connected to the connecting cover plate; the force transmission rod is respectively connected to the connecting cover plate and the transverse force transmission device.

5. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The longitudinal force transmission device further includes a center rod, the top of the center rod is connected to the connecting cover plate, and the bottom of the center rod is in contact with the transverse force transmission device.

6. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The lateral force transmission device includes a prestressed spring and a pressure plate, the prestressed spring is in contact with the center rod and the pressure plate, and the pressure plate is respectively connected to the force transmission rod and the piezoelectric stack structure; wherein the vertical load borne by the spherical force transmission mechanism is evenly transmitted to the pressure plate through the connecting cover plate and the force transmission rod to form a lateral load, so that the pressure plate transfers the lateral load borne by it to the piezoelectric stack structure.

7. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The piezoelectric stack structure is composed of one or more piezoelectric vibrators, which include a brass metal end cap, a ceramic protective layer, an electrode layer and a piezoelectric ceramic; the brass metal end cap, the ceramic protective layer, the electrode layer and the piezoelectric ceramic are connected in sequence, and the electrode layer is used to connect to the electric energy receiving device.

8. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The state monitoring unit includes a pressure sensor, a capacitive humidity sensor, an optical fiber temperature sensor and an inclinometer.

9. The intelligent monitoring and self-powering system for railway subgrade in difficult mountainous areas based on piezoelectric energy capture according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The control unit includes a data receiving unit, a decision unit and an early warning unit. The decision unit is used to make a decision based on the electric energy data and the status detection data received by the data receiving unit. The early warning unit is used to determine whether to issue an early warning based on the status detection data.

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