A method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of ecological restoration technology, and discloses a method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas, comprising the following steps: directly covering the mine slope with a double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net, the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net adopting a double-layer design, and the thickness of each layer is 10 cm; filling and covering the surface of the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net with mixed soil, the mixed soil being mixed with 5-10 cm long weeds or straw and soil conditioner; laying straw mats or pinhole non-woven degradable nets on the surface of the mixed soil; setting two groups of upper and lower interception nets above the straw mats or pinhole non-woven degradable nets, the two groups of interception nets being spaced 8 m apart, the interception nets comprising a fixed rod, an opening and closing structure, and a small-pore resin net. The present invention is applicable to stepped open-pit mines in meadow areas at an altitude of about 3,000 meters in Gannan. By covering the mine slope with soil, planting grass seeds, and setting an interception device, the purpose of repairing the slope surface of the open-pit mine is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, and in particular to an ecological restoration method for stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas. Background Art

[0002] The stepped slopes formed by open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas present ecological restoration challenges. Due to the high altitude (approximately 3,000 meters), severe cold climate, and concentrated rainfall in these areas, the native meadow ecosystem is extremely fragile. Traditional restoration methods are prone to severe soil erosion due to rainwater erosion after covering with soil, and grass seeds have difficulty establishing stable growth on the slopes. While existing technologies have attempted to use three-dimensional meshes to stabilize the soil, the single-layer structure lacks the ability to resist erosion. Interception facilities often use a single-plane design, which cannot effectively reduce the kinetic energy of runoff in a graded manner, resulting in slope fluctuations caused by short bursts of heavy rainfall.

[0003] An existing patent discloses an ecological restoration method and application for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas (publication number CN119801023A), specifically relating to the field of ecological environmental restoration technology. This ecological restoration method involves leveling the rocky mine slope in a high-altitude ecologically fragile area, then covering it with imported soil to restore the slope's topography. Furthermore, the slope is protected by a diamond-shaped mortar-laid stone lattice structure, within which native shrubs and grasses are planted. The technology disclosed in this patent lacks a means of dynamically monitoring the quality of the interception device, making it difficult to ensure the accuracy of the water-locking structure, and thus, the reliability of the ecological function. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In order to solve the existing technical problems, the present invention provides an ecological restoration method for stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas, which solves the problems in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0005] To solve the above technical problems, according to one aspect of the present invention, more specifically, a method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. The mine slope is directly covered with a double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional mesh. The double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional mesh adopts a double-layer design, and the thickness of each layer is 10 cm;

[0007] S2. Filling and covering the surface of the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional mesh with mixed soil, wherein the mixed soil is mixed with weeds or straw of 5 to 10 centimeters in length and a soil conditioner;

[0008] S3. Lay straw mats or pinhole non-woven biodegradable nets on the surface of the mixed soil;

[0009] S4. Two sets of interception nets are set above the straw mat or pinhole non-woven degradable net, with a spacing of m between the two sets of interception nets. The interception nets include a fixed rod, an opening and closing structure, and a small-pore resin net;

[0010] S5. Deploy a drone in the vertical direction of the mine slope to photograph the interception net to obtain an image of the interception net;

[0011] S6. Extract features from the image and generate an interception net inspection model, and use the interception net inspection model to analyze the quality of the interception net; rework and repair the interception net that does not meet the planting requirements.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S2, the mixed soil needs to fill the gaps of the 20 cm thick double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net, and then the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net is covered with 10 cm thick mixed soil.

[0013] Furthermore, the interception net adopts a high-position and low-position staggered design, the number of fixed rods and opening and closing structures at the high or low position of the interception net is 3, and adjacent fixed rods and opening and closing structures are connected by a small-pore resin net.

[0014] Furthermore, the longitudinal and lateral spacings between the upper and lower positions of the interception net are both 1m;

[0015] And when the interception net is in the high or low position, the maximum distance between the three fixed poles and the opening and closing structure is 2m.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S6, the specific steps of extracting features from the image and generating an interception network inspection model are as follows:

[0017] S601, after processing the image through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network, generate the outline a of the upper group of interception nets and the outline b of the lower group of interception nets;

[0018] S602, sampling the contour a or contour b of the interception net to generate a sampling contour m;

[0019] S603. After the sampling contour m passes through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network again, the contour c of the three fixed poles and the opening and closing structure at the high position of the interception net and the contour d of the three fixed poles and the opening and closing structure at the low position of the interception net are generated.

[0020] Furthermore, the interception net inspection model analyzes the quality of the interception net according to the length ratio of contour a to contour b, and the height variance between contour c and contour d, as follows:

[0021] ;

[0022] Where, Indicates the quality coefficient of the two sets of interception nets 4 set up; It represents the length ratio of contour a to contour b; It represents the variance of the height between contour c and contour d in contour a or contour b.

[0023] A fixed rod and opening and closing structure used in a step-type open-pit mining ecological restoration method in a high-altitude meadow area comprises a stainless steel pipe, an inner rod, a lifting ring, a spring, and an opening and closing rod.

[0024] Furthermore, the opening and closing rod is located below the stainless steel tube, wherein the opening and closing rod includes two left and right movable petals, the two movable petals are connected by an axis, and the bottom end of the spring is connected to the axis between the two movable petals;

[0025] The inner rod is inside the stainless steel tube, and the bottom end of the inner rod is fixedly connected to the spring, and the top end of the inner rod passes through the top of the stainless steel tube and is connected to the lifting ring.

[0026] Furthermore, a sliding pin groove is provided on the inner side of the two movable flaps, and a connecting pin is provided at the bottom end of the stainless steel tube near the sliding pin groove, and the connecting pin is inserted into the sliding pin groove.

[0027] The present invention provides a method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas. Compared with existing technologies, this method has the following effects:

[0028] 1. The present invention is applicable to the step-type open-pit mines in the meadow area at an altitude of about 3,000 meters in Gannan. By covering with soil, planting grass seeds (mixed sowing of multiple grass seeds), and setting up interception devices, the purpose of repairing the slope surface of the open-pit mine is achieved.

[0029] 2. The interception net set up in the present invention can intercept humus and soil washed down from the slope; reduce the scouring of the slope surface by runoff formed by rainwater; reduce the runoff velocity on the slope surface and reduce soil erosion; gradually reduce the kinetic energy of water to avoid slope surface movement caused by short-term heavy rainfall; provide habitat space for organisms and enhance biodiversity; and have a long-term interception effect to form a natural water barrier.

[0030] 3. The present invention deploys drones in the vertical direction of the slope to capture images of the interception net, extracts contour features through a convolutional neural network, and calculates the quality coefficient k. When k ≤ 67.3%, it automatically determines that the net is unqualified and triggers repairs, ensuring the accuracy of the interception net (such as fixed pole position deviation control) and guaranteeing the reliability of the ecological function.

[0031] 4. The fixing rod and the opening and closing structure of the present invention adopt a spring-driven design. When closed, they are pointed to facilitate insertion into deep soil. After being pulled, the movable petals of the opening and closing rod unfold, and a barbed anchor is formed through the mechanical interlocking of the connecting pin and the sliding pin groove. This structure can adapt to complex slope terrain and has strong pull-out resistance, preventing the interception net from shifting or falling off due to water and soil pressure, and providing hardware guarantee for the long-term ecological function of high-altitude areas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 It is a cross-sectional view of the mine slope in the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 is a plan view of a double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional network in the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the planar layout of the interception net in the present invention;

[0035] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the closed state of the fixing rod and the opening and closing structure of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the fixed rod and the opening and closing structure of the present invention in an expanded state;

[0037] Figure 6 For the present invention Figure 5 Enlarged view of area A in the middle;

[0038] Figure 7 is a flow chart of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 8 is a relationship diagram between the quality coefficient k and the length ratio a in the present invention;

[0040] Figure 9 The quality coefficient k and variance in the present invention are relationship diagram;

[0041] Figure 10 The quality coefficient k and length ratio a, variance relationship diagram.

[0042] In the figure: 1. Double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net; 2. Mixed soil; 3. Straw mat; 4. Interception net; 5. Fixed rod and opening and closing structure; 51. Stainless steel pipe; 52. Inner rod; 53. Pull ring; 54. Spring; 55. Opening and closing rod; 56. Sliding pin slot; 57. Connecting pin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] In order to make the technical solution of the present invention clearer, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0044] Example 1

[0045] like Figure 1 - As shown in Figure 3, according to one aspect of the present invention, a method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas is provided, comprising the following steps:

[0046] The mine slope is directly covered with a double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net 1, which adopts a double-layer design and the thickness of each layer is 10 cm. The double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (each layer is 10 cm thick) is directly laid on the mine slope. The tensile strength is enhanced by the double-layer staggered structure (more than 40% higher than that of a single-layer net), effectively dispersing the scouring force of rainwater.

[0047] The surface of the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional mesh 1 is filled and covered with a mixed soil 2 containing 5-10 cm long weeds or straw and soil conditioners. This mixed soil 2 must completely fill the gaps within the 20 cm thick double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional mesh 1. A 10 cm thick layer of mixed soil 2 is then placed on top of the mesh. The mixed soil is first filled to the brim (ensuring the 20 cm thick mesh is completely filled), followed by a 10 cm layer of topsoil. The mixed soil contains 5-10 cm of weeds / straw (increasing porosity by 15-20%) and soil conditioners (such as organic fertilizer and water-retaining agents) to improve soil water retention and nutrient content.

[0048] A straw mat 3 or a pinhole non-woven degradable net is laid on the surface of the mixed soil 2; the straw mat or degradable pinhole non-woven fabric is laid on the surface to form a physical protective layer, reduce wind erosion and seed loss, and become an organic matter supplement after degradation.

[0049] Example 2

[0050] like Figure 3 As shown, two groups of interception nets 4 are set above the straw mat 3 or the pinhole non-woven degradable net. The spacing between the two groups of interception nets is 8m. The interception net 4 includes fixed rods, opening and closing structures 5, and a small-pore resin net. The interception net 4 adopts a high-low staggered design. The number of fixed rods and opening and closing structures 5 at the high or low position of the interception net 4 is 3, and the adjacent fixed rods and opening and closing structures 5 are connected by a small-pore resin net (each high / low position is provided with 3 fixed rods (maximum spacing 2m), connected by the small-pore resin net to form a stable unit). The longitudinal and transverse spacing between the high and low positions of the interception net 4 is 1m; and in the high or low position of the interception net 4, the maximum spacing between the three fixed rods and the opening and closing structure 5 is 2m. The longitudinal spacing between the upper and lower groups of interception nets is 8m, and a high-low staggered design is adopted within a single group (the longitudinal and transverse spacing are both 1m), forming a stepped guide trough. The high-level net intercepts large particles of sediment (efficiency >85%), and the low-level net slows down the runoff velocity (the flow rate is reduced by 40-60%), achieving a step-by-step reduction in kinetic energy.

[0051] Example 3

[0052] like Figure 3 、 8 -10 Based on the vertical direction of the mine slope, a drone is deployed to photograph the interception net 4 to obtain an image of the interception net 4; and based on the image, feature extraction is performed to generate an interception net inspection model, and the interception net inspection model is used to analyze the installation quality of the interception net 4; interception nets 4 that do not meet the planting requirements are reworked and repaired. The specific steps of extracting features from the image and generating the interception net inspection model are as follows:

[0053] S601, after processing the image through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network, generate the outline a of the upper group of interception nets 4 and the outline b of the lower group of interception nets 4;

[0054] S602, sampling the contour a or contour b of the interception net 4 to generate a sampling contour m;

[0055] S603. After the sampling contour m passes through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network again, the contour c of the three fixed rods and the opening and closing structure 5 at the high position of the interception net 4 and the contour d of the three fixed rods and the opening and closing structure 5 at the low position of the interception net 4 are generated.

[0056] Then, the interception net inspection model analyzes the quality of the interception net 4 based on the length ratio of contour a to contour b, and the variance of the height between contour c and contour d, which is:

[0057] ;

[0058] Where, Indicates the quality coefficient of the two sets of interception nets 4 set up; It represents the length ratio of contour a to contour b; It represents the variance of the height between contour c and contour d in contour a or contour b.

[0059] 1. The derivation process of the above formula is:

[0060] The above formula is an analysis conducted to solve practical business problems, which is an empirical analysis. The data obtained in turn and the characteristic relationships between the data are the external manifestations of the empirical formula. The reasoning process is as follows:

[0061] 1) Fit the formula of the quality coefficient k of the two sets of interception nets 4.

[0062] The quality coefficient k of the two groups of interception nets 4 can be represented by the number of qualified or unqualified interception nets 4 in the sample interception nets 4 .

[0063] For example, sample data of 100 interception nets 4 are collected. If the laying quality of a certain interception net 4 exceeds the data of the other 50 samples through manual evaluation, then it means that the quality coefficient k of the set interception net 4 is 50%.

[0064] Other data are calculated and fitted using data from drone images.

[0065] 2) Establish a mathematical model for the relationship between the mass coefficient k and the length ratio a (such as Figure 8 As shown in the figure, the red dots are the distribution of the 100 samples collected), then:

[0066] (Formula 1);

[0067] In the above formula 1, h represents an empirical constant for adjusting the sensitivity of the above model.

[0068] 3) Quality coefficient k and variance Establish a mathematical model of the relationship between Figure 9 As shown in the figure, the blue dots are the distribution of the 100 samples collected), then:

[0069] (Formula 2);

[0070] In the above formula 2, h represents an empirical constant for adjusting the sensitivity of the above model.

[0071] 4) For the quality coefficient k and length ratio a, variance Establish a mathematical model of the relationship between Figure 10 As shown), and combined with the characteristic relationship of the above formula 1 and formula 2, we have:

[0072] g=(Formula 1)×(Formula 2);

[0073] According to the above derivation, we can know that the quality coefficient k of the two sets of interception nets 4 is:

[0074] .

[0075] 2. Examples of the above formula are:

[0076] When the length of contour a in any set of images is extracted to be 32.6 (m) and the length of contour b is 30.5 (m), then the length ratio of contour a to contour b is a=1.068. In addition, in contour a, the height sampling value between contour c and contour d is:

[0077] Table 1 shows the sample height between contour c and contour d in contour a

[0078]

[0079] Then, the sample variance formula for the 10 groups of data in Table 1 above is:

[0080] ;

[0081] In the above formula, represents the average value of the above 10 groups of data; n represents the number of samples; represents the i-th group of data. Then the average value of the above data is:

[0082] ;

[0083] Then, the calculation of variance is:

[0084] ;

[0085] Based on the above calculations, we know that in profile a, the variance of the height between profile c and profile d is 0.024. Then we have:

[0086] ;

[0087] According to the calculation of the above formula, we can know that the quality coefficient of the two sets of interception nets 4 is . And compare multiple groups of data:

[0088] Table 2 Partial implementation data and actual manual inspection of the quality of the interception network

[0089]

[0090] Based on the above implementation data, it can be known that when the sample data tends to be infinite, the quality coefficient k will be used as a dividing line to determine whether the quality of the interception network 4 is qualified. For example, when the quality coefficient , it means that the laying quality of the interception net 4 in the captured picture is unqualified.

[0091] Example 4

[0092] like Figure 4-6As shown, a fixed rod and opening and closing structure in a method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas includes: a stainless steel tube 51, an inner rod 52, a lifting ring 53, a spring 54, and an opening and closing rod 55. The opening and closing rod 55 is located below the stainless steel tube 51, wherein the opening and closing rod 55 includes two movable petals on the left and right, the two movable petals are connected by an axis, and the bottom end of the spring 54 is connected to the axis between the two movable petals; the inner rod 52 is inside the stainless steel tube 51, and the bottom end of the inner rod 52 is fixedly connected to the spring 54, and the top end of the inner rod 52 passes through the top of the stainless steel tube 51 and is connected to the lifting ring 53. After the movable petals are deployed, the connecting pin is stuck at the end of the sliding pin groove, providing pull-out resistance. After deployment, the contact area increases by 300%, and the pull-out resistance is increased by 80% compared to traditional straight rods, ensuring that the interception net does not loosen under freeze-thaw cycles.

[0093] The inner sides of the two movable flaps are provided with a sliding pin groove 56 , and the bottom end of the stainless steel tube 51 and a position close to the sliding pin groove 56 are provided with a connecting pin 57 , which is inserted into the sliding pin groove 56 .

[0094] The working principle of the above-mentioned fixing rod and opening and closing structure is: when the opening and closing structure is in the closed state (such as Figure 4 As shown), at this time, the opening and closing rod 55 is pointed, which can be more conveniently penetrated deep into the soil to reinforce the interception net 4 structure.

[0095] Then, pull the lifting ring 53 upward to drive the connection between the two movable petals of the opening and closing rod 55 to move upward through the inner rod 52 and the spring 54. During this process, the opening angle of the two movable petals of the opening and closing rod 55 will expand, which can ensure that the structure can be firmly stuck in the soil and will not fall off from the soil.

[0096] The above-described embodiments merely illustrate several implementations of the present invention, and while their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art would be able to make numerous variations and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present invention, all of which fall within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention shall be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. The mine slope is directly covered with a double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (1). The double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (1) adopts a double-layer design, and the thickness of each layer is 10 cm; S2, filling and covering the surface of the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (1) with mixed soil (2), wherein the mixed soil (2) is mixed with weeds or straw of 5 to 10 centimeters in length and a soil conditioner; S3, laying straw mats (3) or pinhole non-woven biodegradable nets on the surface of the mixed soil (2); S4, setting two groups of interception nets (4) above the straw mat (3) or the pinhole non-woven degradable net, with the distance between the two groups of interception nets being 8m, and the interception nets (4) comprising a fixed rod and an opening and closing structure (5), and a small-pore resin net; S5, deploying a drone in the vertical direction of the mine slope to photograph the interception net (4) to obtain a picture of the interception net (4); S6, extracting features from the image and generating an interception net inspection model, using the interception net inspection model to analyze the quality of the interception net (4); reworking and repairing the interception net (4) that does not meet the planting requirements; The interception net (4) adopts a high-position and low-position staggered design, and the number of fixed rods and opening and closing structures (5) at the high or low position of the interception net (4) is 3, and adjacent fixed rods and opening and closing structures (5) are connected by a small-pore resin net; In step S6, the specific steps of extracting features from the image and generating an interception network inspection model are as follows: S601, after processing the image through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network, generate the outline a of the upper group of interception nets (4) and the outline b of the lower group of interception nets (4); S602, sampling the contour a or contour b of the interception net (4) to generate a sampling contour m; S603, after passing the sampled contour m through the convolution layer of the convolutional neural network again, the contour c of the three fixed rods and the opening and closing structure (5) at the upper position of the interception net (4) and the contour d of the three fixed rods and the opening and closing structure (5) at the lower position of the interception net (4) are generated; The interception net inspection model analyzes the quality of the interception net (4) based on the length ratio of contour a to contour b and the height variance between contour c and contour d, which is: ； Where, It represents the quality coefficient of the two sets of interception nets (4); It represents the length ratio of contour a to contour b; It represents the variance of the height between contour c and contour d in contour a or contour b.

2. The method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the mixed soil (2) needs to fill the gaps of the 20 cm thick double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (1), and then the double-layer diamond-shaped three-dimensional net (1) is covered with the mixed soil (2) with a thickness of 10 cm.

3. The method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The longitudinal and lateral spacings between the upper and lower positions of the interception net (4) are both 1m; Furthermore, when the interception net (4) is in the high position or the low position, the maximum distance between the three fixing rods and the opening and closing structure (5) is 2m.

4. The method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixing rod and opening and closing structure (5) comprises a stainless steel tube (51), an inner rod (52), a lifting ring (53), a spring (54) and an opening and closing rod (55).

5. The method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas according to claim 4, characterized in that: The opening and closing rod (55) is located below the stainless steel tube (51), wherein the opening and closing rod (55) includes two left and right movable petals, the two movable petals are connected by an axis, and the bottom end of the spring (54) is connected to the axis between the two movable petals; The inner rod (52) is arranged inside the stainless steel tube (51), and the bottom end of the inner rod (52) is fixedly connected to the spring (54), and the top end of the inner rod (52) passes through the top of the stainless steel tube (51) and is connected to the lifting ring (53).

6. The method for ecological restoration of stepped open-pit mining in high-altitude meadow areas according to claim 5, characterized in that: The inner sides of the two movable flaps are both provided with a sliding pin groove (56), and a connecting pin (57) is provided at the bottom end of the stainless steel tube (51) near the sliding pin groove (56), and the connecting pin (57) is inserted into the sliding pin groove (56).

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