Solid state battery with multilayer solid state electrolyte

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure include solid state batteries having multiple layers of solid state electrolytes. An example vehicle includes an electric motor and a battery pack electrically coupled to the electric motor. A battery pack includes a battery cell including an anode current collector and a composite anode layer having an anode active material embedded with a first low voltage solid state electrolyte. The battery pack includes a cathode current collector and a composite cathode layer having a cathode active material embedded with a first high voltage solid state electrolyte. And the multilayer solid electrolyte is positioned between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer. The multilayer solid state electrolyte includes a second low voltage solid state electrolyte, a second high voltage solid state electrolyte, and an interlayer solid state electrolyte directly between the second low voltage solid state electrolyte and the second high voltage solid state electrolyte.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to battery cell fabrication, and in particular to solid-state batteries (SSBs) having a multilayer solid-state electrolyte (SSE). Background Art

[0002] High voltage electrical systems are increasingly used to power onboard functions of mobile and stationary systems. For example, in motor vehicles, the demand for increased fuel economy and reduced emissions has led to the development of advanced electric vehicles (EVs). EVs rely on a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS), which typically includes one or more high voltage battery packs and an electric drive train for delivering power from the batteries to the wheels. The battery pack can include any number of interconnected battery modules, depending on the power requirements of a given application. Each battery module includes a collection of conductively coupled electrochemical cells. The battery pack is configured to provide a direct current (DC) output voltage at a level suitable for powering coupled electrical and / or mechanical loads (e.g., an electric motor).

[0003] Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become one of the most common battery chemistries used for these and other applications. A typical lithium-ion battery consists of three main components: an anode, typically made of graphite; a cathode, typically made of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4); and a liquid electrolyte, typically a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent such as ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The electrolyte facilitates the movement of lithium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging.

[0004] Recently, solid-state batteries have become a potential next-generation alternative to lithium-ion batteries. In solid-state batteries, conventional liquid electrolytes are replaced by solid-state materials (e.g., solid electrolytes, SE). Solid electrolytes can take various forms, including ceramics, polymers, or a combination of the two. Solid-state batteries offer various advantages over batteries based on liquid electrolytes, such as relatively higher energy density, longer cycle life, wider operating temperature range, and greater flexibility in design due to their inherently thinner and lighter architecture. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In one exemplary embodiment, a vehicle includes an electric motor and a battery pack electrically coupled to the electric motor. The battery pack includes a battery cell comprising an anode current collector and a composite anode layer having an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte. The battery pack includes a cathode current collector and a composite cathode layer having a cathode active material embedded with a first high-pressure solid-state electrolyte. A multilayer solid-state electrolyte is positioned between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer. The multilayer solid-state electrolyte includes a second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte, a second high-pressure solid-state electrolyte, and an interlayer solid-state electrolyte directly between the second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte and the second high-pressure solid-state electrolyte.

[0006] In addition to one or more features described herein, in some embodiments, the first low-voltage solid-state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0007] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte comprises one or more low-pressure stable solid-state electrolyte materials. Some examples of these materials include lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), and lithium germanium sulfide (LGS).

[0008] In some embodiments, the first high voltage solid state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage greater than 3.0 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first high-voltage solid-state electrolyte comprises one or more high-voltage stable solid-state electrolyte materials. Some examples of these materials include lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), and lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO).

[0010] In some embodiments, the content of the first low-pressure solid electrolyte in the anode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %.

[0011] In some embodiments, the content of the first high-voltage solid electrolyte in the cathode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %.

[0012] In another exemplary embodiment, a battery cell includes an anode current collector and a composite anode layer having an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid electrolyte. A battery pack includes a cathode current collector and a composite cathode layer having a cathode active material embedded with a first high-pressure solid electrolyte. A multilayer solid electrolyte is positioned between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer. The multilayer solid electrolyte includes a second low-pressure solid electrolyte, a second high-pressure solid electrolyte, and an interlayer solid electrolyte directly between the second low-pressure solid electrolyte and the second high-pressure solid electrolyte.

[0013] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0014] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte includes one or more low-pressure stable solid-state electrolytes, such as one or more of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), and lithium germanium sulfide (LGS), but other low-pressure stable solid-state electrolytes are also within the intended scope of the present disclosure.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first high voltage solid state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage greater than 3.0 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first high-pressure solid-state electrolyte includes one or more high-pressure stable solid-state electrolytes, such as one or more of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), and lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO), but other high-pressure stable solid-state electrolytes are also within the intended scope of the present disclosure.

[0017] In some embodiments, the content of the first low-pressure solid electrolyte in the anode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %.

[0018] In some embodiments, the content of the first high-voltage solid electrolyte in the cathode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %.

[0019] In yet another exemplary embodiment, a method may include forming an anode current collector, forming a composite anode layer having an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte, forming a cathode current collector, forming a composite cathode layer having a cathode active material embedded with a first high-pressure solid-state electrolyte, and forming a multi-layer solid-state electrolyte between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer. The multi-layer solid-state electrolyte includes a second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte, a second high-pressure solid-state electrolyte, and an interlayer solid-state electrolyte directly between the second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte and the second high-pressure solid-state electrolyte.

[0020] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0021] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte includes one or more of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), and lithium germanium sulfide (LGS).

[0022] In some embodiments, the first high voltage solid state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage greater than 3.0 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

[0023] In some embodiments, the first high-voltage solid-state electrolyte includes one or more of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), and lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO).

[0024] In some embodiments, the method includes forming an anode-side intermediate layer directly between the composite anode layer and the second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte.

[0025] The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present disclosure are readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Additional features, advantages, and details appear, by way of example only, in the following detailed description, which refers to the accompanying drawings.

[0027] Figure 1 is a vehicle configured according to one or more embodiments;

[0028] Figure 2A is an example battery cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0029] Figure 2B According to one or more embodiments Figure 2A Detailed view of the battery cell shown in ;

[0030] Figure 2C According to one or more embodiments Figure 2B Detailed view of the battery cell shown in ;

[0031] Figure 3 is an alternative battery configuration according to one or more embodiments; and

[0032] Figure 4 is a flow chart according to one or more embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present disclosure, its application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.

[0034] As demand for energy storage systems that provide higher energy density, faster charging, and extended operating life increases, driven in part by the surge in electric vehicles, significant challenges are imposed on the materials used in battery cell components. Research and development efforts continue to be devoted to identifying new materials and manufacturing technologies that can meet the growing demand for battery cells and other energy storage systems. For example, solid-state batteries have been increasingly investigated as a potential next-generation alternative to conventional batteries (e.g., lithium-ion based batteries, such as LFP batteries). In solid-state batteries, a solid electrolyte is used instead of a liquid electrolyte, and the anode is typically made of an alkali metal, typically lithium metal, although other alkali metals are also possible (e.g., Na, K, Zn, and Mg).

[0035] However, challenges remain in designing and manufacturing solid-state batteries with solid electrolytes. In particular, while solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) can provide relatively high ionic conductivity values, SSEs can suffer from poor electrochemical and chemical stability. For example, many SSEs can be prone to decomposition at high / low potentials (i.e., potentials above 5 V and below 2 V, respectively), which means that these electrolytes themselves are limited to a somewhat narrow operating voltage window. In addition, SSEs are largely incompatible with lithium metal, which is highly desirable for next-generation batteries.

[0036] The present disclosure introduces a new solid-state battery and its manufacturing method. Instead of relying on a single solid electrolyte, a multilayer solid electrolyte is used to achieve a naturally wider operating voltage window. In some embodiments, different solid electrolyte materials are directly incorporated into the anode and cathode, respectively, to provide an ion conductive path in the resulting composite electrode. An additional anode-compatible SSE (e.g., a low voltage SSE) and a cathode-compatible SSE (e.g., a high voltage SSE) are then laminated onto the composite anode and composite cathode, respectively. The interlayer SSE is sandwiched between the coated composite electrodes to promote the transfer of ions (e.g., Li + Notably, the combined use of multiple SSE layers leads to an increased battery operating voltage window and provides an additional option for selecting electrolytes with high ionic conductivity.

[0037] Solid-state batteries made with multilayer solid-state electrolytes according to one or more embodiments provide several technical advantages over existing solid-state batteries. Notably, the solid-state batteries described herein are inherently compatible over a relatively wider operating voltage range than can be obtained using a single SSE chemistry, and in particular enable high voltage applications (i.e., voltages exceeding 5V). Other advantages are possible. For example, the solid-state batteries described herein are able to use lithium metal anodes with conventionally incompatible SSEs because only the embedded SSEs within the anode need to be compatible with the lithium metal. In other words, the material selection of the additional anode-compatible SSE laminated to the composite anode is greatly relaxed.

[0038] According to an exemplary embodiment, the vehicle Figure 1 100. Vehicle 100 is shown in the form of an automobile having a body 102. Body 102 includes a passenger compartment 104 within which a steering wheel, front seats, and rear passenger seats (not separately shown) are located. Within body 102 are located a number of components, including, for example, an electric motor 106 (shown as a projection beneath the front hood). Electric motor 106 is shown for ease of illustration and discussion only. It should be understood that the configuration, location, size, arrangement, etc., of electric motor 106 are not intended to be particularly limited, and that all such configurations (including multi-motor configurations) are contemplated within the present disclosure.

[0039] The electric motor 106 is powered via a battery pack 108 (shown as a projection near the rear of the vehicle 100). The battery pack 108 is shown for ease of illustration and discussion only. It should be understood that the configuration, location, size, arrangement, etc. of the battery pack 108 are not meant to be particularly limited, and all such configurations (including separate configurations) are within the intended scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, while the present disclosure is primarily discussed in the context of a battery pack 108 configured for use with the electric motor 106 of the vehicle 100, the aspects described herein may be similarly incorporated within any system (vehicle, building, or other) having an energy storage system (e.g., one or more battery packs or modules), and all such configurations and applications are within the intended scope of the present disclosure.

[0040] As will be described in detail herein, battery pack 108 includes one or more battery cells and / or battery pouches having a new solid-state battery design that includes a multi-layer solid-state electrolyte. Figure 2A An example battery cell is shown in . Figure 2B Shown in Figure 2A Detailed view of the electrode stack within a battery cell. Figure 2C Shown in Figure 2B Detailed view of the multilayer solid-state electrolyte of the electrode stack. Figure 3 An alternative solid-state electrolyte is shown in .

[0041] Figure 2A An example battery cell 202 is shown according to one or more embodiments. The battery cells 202 may be combined into a battery pack (e.g., Figure 1 One of multiple battery cells in the battery pack 108). Figure 2B shows a method according to one or more embodiments Figure 2A Detailed view 204 of battery cell 202 is shown in FIG. Figure 2C The present invention illustrates a method according to one or more embodiments. Figure 2BDetailed view 206 of battery cell 202 is shown in FIG.

[0042] like Figure 2B As shown, the battery cell 202 includes, from top to bottom, an anode current collector 208, a composite anode layer 210, a multi-layer solid electrolyte 212, a composite cathode layer 214, and a cathode current collector 216. Figure 2C The multilayer solid electrolyte 212 is discussed in more detail.

[0043] Anode current collector 208 and cathode current collector 216 can be made of conductive metal sheets or foils. For example, cathode current collector 216 can be made of aluminum foil, stainless steel, and / or titanium foil. Other materials are possible, such as semi-metals (e.g., tin, graphite) and alloys of metals and / or their semi-metals. In some embodiments, cathode current collector 216 is made of aluminum foil. Anode current collector 208 can include, for example, copper foil and / or one or more graphene layers.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composite anode layer 210 includes an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid electrolyte 218. As used herein, a "low-voltage" solid electrolyte refers to an electrolyte that has a stable structure (electrochemically stable) at a voltage below 2.5 V (e.g., 0.1 V to 0.8 V) measured relative to a lithium electrode reference. Exemplary materials for low-pressure solid electrolytes include lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li7La3Zr2O 12 , LLZO), lithium phosphine oxynitride (Li3PO4, LiPON), lithium superion conductor (LISICON) and lithium germanium sulfide (Li4GeS4, LGS), but other low-pressure solid electrolytes are also within the intended scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the content of the first low-pressure solid electrolyte 218 in the anode active material (together defining the composite anode layer 210) is 10 wt% to 40 wt%. The anode active material is not meant to be particularly limited, but can include, for example, lithium metal, activated carbon powder, graphite, silicon, silicon-graphite composite, tin, tin oxide (SnO2), lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O 12 In some embodiments, the composite anode layer 210 includes lithium metal and at least one of LLZO, LiPON, LISICON, and LGS.

[0045] In some embodiments, the composite cathode layer 214 includes a cathode active material embedded with a first high voltage solid electrolyte 220. As used herein, a "high voltage" solid electrolyte refers to an electrolyte that has a stable structure (electrochemically stable) at a voltage greater than 3.0 V (e.g., 4.0 V to 10.0 V) measured relative to a lithium electrode reference. Exemplary materials for high voltage solid electrolytes include lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Li1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO4)3, LATP), lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO4)3, LAGP) and lithium lanthanum titanate (Li x La (2-x) / 3 TiO3, where x is 0.2 to 0.3, LLTO), but other high-pressure solid electrolytes are also within the intended scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the content of high-pressure solid electrolyte 220 in the cathode active material (together defining the composite cathode layer 214) is between 10 wt% and 40 wt%. The cathode active material is not meant to be particularly limited, but may include, for example, nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), nickel cobalt manganese aluminum oxide (NCMA), lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP), lithium rich manganese (LMR) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO).

[0046] like Figure 2C As shown, the multi-layer solid electrolyte 212 includes, from top to bottom, a second low-voltage solid electrolyte 222 , an interlayer solid electrolyte 224 , and a second high-voltage solid electrolyte 226 configured and arranged as shown.

[0047] In some embodiments, a second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 is applied to the composite anode layer 210. The second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 can be made of the same or different material as the first low-pressure solid electrolyte 218. It is worth noting that the material selection of the second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 is relaxed compared to the first low-pressure solid electrolyte 218 because the first low-pressure solid electrolyte 218 ensures compatibility with the anode active material. The second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 may include, for example, LLZO, LiPON, LISICON, and LGS, as well as generally incompatible materials such as lithium germanium phosphosulfide (LGPS), lithium thiophosphate (Li3PS4), lithium silver oxide (Li6PS5Cl), and low-temperature phase glass-ceramic electrolyte Li7P2S8I. In some embodiments, the second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 is a composite SSE that includes polymer materials such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).

[0048] In some embodiments, the interlayer solid electrolyte 224 is laminated between the second low voltage solid electrolyte 222 and the second high voltage solid electrolyte 226. In some embodiments, the interlayer solid electrolyte 224 is selected to improve the interfacial contact and promote the ion (e.g., Li +Exemplary materials include polymers and gels such as PEO, PVDF, polyethylene carbonate (PEC), and (polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer (PVDF-HFP), but other intermediate layer materials are also within the contemplated scope of the present disclosure.

[0049] In some embodiments, a second high voltage solid electrolyte 226 is applied to the composite cathode layer 214. The second high voltage solid electrolyte 226 can be made of the same or different material as the first high voltage solid electrolyte 220. It is worth noting that the material selection of the second high voltage solid electrolyte 226 is wider than that of the first high voltage solid electrolyte 220 because the first high voltage solid electrolyte 220 ensures compatibility with the cathode active material. The second high voltage solid electrolyte 226 can include, for example, LATP, LAGP, and LLTO, as well as generally incompatible materials such as LLZO, LISICON, LiPON, etc. In some embodiments, the second high voltage solid electrolyte 226 is a composite SSE that includes polymer materials such as PEO, PAN, and PVDF.

[0050] Figure 3 An alternative cell configuration 300 is shown according to one or more embodiments. The cell configuration 300 is similar to the previously described cell configuration 300 except that the cell configuration 300 incorporates an anode side intermediate layer 302. Figure 2A 、 Figure 2B and Figure 2C In a similar manner to that discussed previously with respect to Figure 2A 、 Figure 2B and Figure 2C The material in question is similar to the material construction.

[0051] In some embodiments, the anode side intermediate layer 302 is directly located between the composite anode layer 210 and the second low-pressure solid electrolyte 222 (as shown in the figure). The anode side intermediate layer 302 can be applied to either layer (or two layers), or can be fixed by pressure and / or thermal lamination. In some embodiments, the anode side intermediate layer 302 is made of a material selected to improve lithium cycle performance. This configuration is useful in embodiments using a lithium metal anode. The anode side intermediate layer 302 can include, for example, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and lithium fluoride (LiF), but other lithium metal anode compatible materials are also within the expected scope of the present disclosure.

[0052] Now refer to Figure 4 , generally shows a flow chart 400 for manufacturing a solid-state battery having a multi-layer solid-state electrolyte, according to one embodiment. Figure 1-3 Flowchart 400 is described and may include Figure 4 Additional steps not depicted in the . Although depicted in a specific order, Figure 4The blocks depicted in the drawings may be rearranged, subdivided, and / or combined.

[0053] At block 402 , the method includes forming an anode current collector.

[0054] At block 404, the method includes forming a composite anode layer having an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte. In some embodiments, the composite anode layer is in direct contact with an anode current collector.

[0055] In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference. In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid electrolyte comprises one or more of LLZO, LiPON, LISICON, and LGS. In some embodiments, the first low-pressure solid electrolyte is present in an amount of 10 wt % to 40 wt % in the anode active material.

[0056] At block 406 , the method includes forming a cathode current collector.

[0057] At block 408, the method includes forming a composite cathode layer having a cathode active material embedded with a first high voltage solid state electrolyte. In some embodiments, the composite cathode layer is in direct contact with a cathode current collector.

[0058] In some embodiments, the first high-voltage solid electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage greater than 3.0 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference. In some embodiments, the first high-voltage solid electrolyte comprises one or more of LATP, LAGP, and LLTO. In some embodiments, the first high-voltage solid electrolyte is present in an amount of 10% to 40% by weight of the cathode active material.

[0059] At block 410, the method includes forming a multilayer solid electrolyte between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer. In some embodiments, the multilayer solid electrolyte includes a second low-pressure solid electrolyte, a second high-pressure solid electrolyte, and an interlayer solid electrolyte directly between the second low-pressure solid electrolyte and the second high-pressure solid electrolyte.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further includes forming an anode-side intermediate layer directly between the composite anode layer and the second low-pressure solid-state electrolyte.

[0061] The term "a" or "an" does not indicate a limitation of quantity, but rather indicates the presence of at least one of the referenced item. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term "or" means "and / or". References to "aspects" throughout this specification mean that a particular element (e.g., a feature, structure, step, or characteristic) described in conjunction with that aspect is included in at least one aspect described herein and may or may not be present in other aspects. In addition, it should be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in each aspect.

[0062] When an element such as a layer, film, region, or substrate is referred to as being "on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another element, there are no intervening elements present.

[0063] Unless otherwise indicated herein, all test standards are the most current standards in effect as of the filing date of this application, or, if priority is claimed, the filing date of the earliest priority application in which the test standards appear.

[0064] Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0065] Although the above disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope thereof. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the basic scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to include all embodiments falling within its scope.

Claims

1. A vehicle comprising: electric motor; as well as a battery pack electrically coupled to the electric motor, the battery pack comprising battery cells, the battery cells comprising: anode current collector; a composite anode layer comprising an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid electrolyte, the composite anode layer being in direct contact with the anode current collector; cathode current collector; a composite cathode layer comprising a cathode active material embedded with a first high voltage solid electrolyte, the composite cathode layer being in direct contact with the cathode current collector; and A multilayer solid electrolyte, between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer, the multilayer solid electrolyte comprising: the second low-pressure solid electrolyte; a second high-voltage solid-state electrolyte; and An interlayer solid electrolyte is located directly between the second low-voltage solid electrolyte and the second high-voltage solid electrolyte. 2 . The vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the first low-voltage solid-state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

3. The vehicle according to claim 2, wherein: The first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte includes one or more of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), lithium phosphide oxynitride (LiPON), lithium superion conductor (LISICON), and lithium germanium sulfide (LGS). 4 . The vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the first high voltage solid state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at voltages greater than 3.0 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference. 5 . The vehicle of claim 4 , wherein the first high-voltage solid-state electrolyte comprises one or more of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), and lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO). 6 . The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the first low-pressure solid electrolyte in the anode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %. 7 . The vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the first high-voltage solid electrolyte in the cathode active material is 10 wt % to 40 wt %.

8. A battery cell comprising: anode current collector; a composite anode layer comprising an anode active material embedded with a first low-pressure solid electrolyte, the composite anode layer being in direct contact with the anode current collector; cathode current collector; a composite cathode layer comprising a cathode active material embedded with a first high voltage solid electrolyte, the composite cathode layer being in direct contact with the cathode current collector; and A multilayer solid electrolyte, between the composite anode layer and the composite cathode layer, the multilayer solid electrolyte comprising: the second low-pressure solid electrolyte; a second high-voltage solid-state electrolyte; and An interlayer solid electrolyte is located directly between the second low-voltage solid electrolyte and the second high-voltage solid electrolyte.

9. The battery cell of claim 8, wherein the first low-voltage solid-state electrolyte comprises a material that is electrochemically stable at a voltage less than 2.5 V measured relative to a lithium electrode reference.

10. The battery cell according to claim 9, wherein: The first low-pressure solid-state electrolyte includes one or more of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), lithium phosphide oxynitride (LiPON), lithium superion conductor (LISICON), and lithium germanium sulfide (LGS).

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