Method for producing non-cylindrical sliding bearing, sliding bearing, holding tool, computer program product and data aggregate

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a sliding bearing, in particular a planetary gear for a planetary gear mechanism, comprising the following steps: providing a substantially cylindrical sleeve (10) in a substantially unstressed initial state, inserting at least two clamping jaws (16, 28) into an interior (18) of the sleeve (10), the sleeve (10) is supported by means of the clamping jaws (16, 28) from an initial state into an elastically deformed machining state different from a cylindrical shape, in particular by means of a machining method while the sleeve (10) is rotated relative to a tool (22), in particular about an axis of rotation (54) extending through a center of gravity (20) of a cross-sectional area of the sleeve (10). According to the invention, a cylindrical outer side (12) of the supported sleeve (10) is generated, and the clamping jaws (16, 28) are released to restore the sleeve (10) to a substantially stress-free final state for providing a rotating entity (26) for a non-cylindrical sliding bearing, in particular a planetary gear for a planetary gearbox. By means of the elastic deformation of the sleeve (10) during the production of the cylindrical outer side (12) by means of the clamping jaws (16, 28), non-cylindrical sliding bearings can be quickly, easily and cost-effectively produced from the sleeve (10) at high cutting rates.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method by means of which non-cylindrical plain bearings, in particular for planetary gears of planetary gearboxes, can be produced cost-effectively. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a plain bearing that can be produced using this method, a holding tool for carrying out the method, a computer program product for carrying out the method, and a data set for additive manufacturing and / or simulation of plain bearings and / or holding tools. Background Art

[0002] EP 3 670 967 B1 discloses a non-cylindrical planet shaft for a planetary gearbox, wherein the planet shaft forms a sliding bearing with positive lubrication properties due to its cross section which deviates from a circular shape. However, no cost-effective production method is specified.

[0003] Oval turning is known for producing oval eccentrics using a lathe. This involves attaching the disc-shaped workpiece to be machined eccentrically to the lathe's axis of rotation. However, the material input and the load on the turning tool, which is only subjected to intermittent loading at the beginning of the turning process, are very high. Furthermore, dimensional accuracy and surface quality are quite low, and production times are very long.

[0004] From DE 10 2012 100 503 A1, US Pat. No. 2,913,859 A1 and DE 4237 223 A1 it is known to produce oval bearing rings of rolling bearings, the oval running surfaces of which are provided for rolling elements thereon, by cylindrical grinding of a resiliently supported cylindrical blank in each case.

[0005] There is a need for a cost-effective production method for non-cylindrical plain bearings. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The object of the present invention is to demonstrate measures which enable the cost-effective production of non-cylindrical plain bearings.

[0007] The object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1, by a plain bearing having the features of claim 8, by a holding tool having the features of claim 9, by a computer program product having the features of claim 14, and by a data aggregate having the features of claim 15. Preferred design embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims and in the following description and may each represent an aspect of the invention individually or in combination. If a feature is presented in combination with another feature, this serves only to simplify the description of the invention and is in no way intended to indicate that this feature cannot also be a development of the invention without the other features. The scope of protection of the invention is defined by the independent claims.

[0008] One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing a plain bearing, comprising the following steps: providing a substantially cylindrical sleeve in a substantially stress-free initial state; inserting at least two clamping jaws into the interior of the sleeve; supporting the sleeve from the initial state to an elastically deformed working state, deviating from the cylindrical shape, by means of the clamping jaws; generating a cylindrical outer side of the supported sleeve while rotating the sleeve relative to a tool, in particular about an axis of rotation extending through the center of gravity of the sleeve's cross-sectional area, in particular by a subtractive machining method; and releasing the clamping jaws to return the sleeve to a substantially stress-free final state, thereby providing a rotating solid for a non-cylindrical plain bearing, in particular a planetary gear for a planetary gearbox. In particular, the method according to the present invention is a method for producing a non-cylindrical plain bearing. Preferably, the method according to the present invention is a method for producing a non-cylindrical plain bearing for a planetary gear of a planetary gearbox. Particularly preferably, the method according to the present invention is a method for producing a non-cylindrical plain bearing for a planetary gear of a planetary gearbox, the planetary gearbox being provided for a wind gearbox of an industrial wind turbine.

[0009] In the present invention, use has been made of the knowledge that, in the case of a solid of revolution that deviates only slightly from a cylindrical shape, elastic deformation capabilities can be exploited in the production of non-cylindrical shapes. The degree of non-circularity of the solid of revolution is determined in particular by the double yield strength R of the material selected for the solid of revolution. e Under the expansion ε, the minimum distance R from the outer side of the rotating solid to the center of its surface is i The maximum distance R from the outer side of the rotating solid to the center of its surface a The maximum radius difference ΔR between them can be applied ΔR=R a -R i , ΔR≤2ε(R e ), especially ΔR≤1.5ε(R e ), preferably ΔR≤ε(R e ), particularly preferably ΔR≤0.5ε(R e ). The slight deviation of this type of rotating body from the cylinder is already sufficient for positive lubrication of the plain bearing. In principle, negligible plastic deformation of the sleeve can also be allowed, for example by loading the sleeve above the yield strength R e Until the yield strength R p0.2 If necessary, in this case it may be advantageous to check whether the sleeve should be straightened after treatment and to provide an additional step for straightening the sleeve after recovery.

[0010] Despite the more refined design of the sleeve and rotating solid provided for plain bearings compared to the oval bearing rings of rolling bearings, surprisingly, damage to the sleeve due to the relatively aggressive subtractive machining is not expected. On the contrary, high machining accuracy with low tolerances is even expected. Given that, despite the smaller radial material thickness and the relatively ductile material of the sleeve, the non-cylindrical shape advantageous for plain bearings requires significantly less deviation from the cylindrical shape than the oval bearing rings of rolling bearings, this deviation is so small that elastic deformation of the thin, ductile sleeve during support can be kept very low. For example, only a small amount of material is expected to be removed during subtractive machining, resulting in only minimal heating of the sleeve despite its low material thickness. This prevents shape deviations of the resulting rotating solid due to thermal expansion effects during machining. The rotating solid obtained by this method is particularly preferably used directly as a plain bearing shell for a plain bearing, in particular for mounting a planetary gear in a planetary gearbox, particularly one that forms part of a drive train for a wind turbine generating energy for a power grid.

[0011] In contrast to oval turning, in this method the sleeve can be clamped indirectly or directly so as to be centered in the machine tool (in particular a lathe or milling machine) so that during the relative rotation of the sleeve, the axis of rotation of the sleeve extends through its center of gravity in the circumferential direction of the sleeve relative to the tool (in particular a turning tool or an end mill). Therefore, it is not necessary to eccentrically fasten the sleeve to a precisely defined spacing from the axis of rotation of the machine tool. In addition, compared to oval turning at the beginning of the sleeve's machining, the tool (in particular a cutting tool) can be in contact with a significantly larger circumference of the sleeve during the production of the sleeve's cylindrical outer side in the machining state, which in particular can significantly increase the cutting rate and reduce the load on the tool due to sudden impacts. As a result, wear on the tool can be reduced and the achievable surface quality can be significantly improved. It is even possible that the jaws initially perform only a minor elastic deformation of the sleeve and, alternatively and / or simultaneously with the formation of the sleeve's cylindrical outer side in the machined state, increase the degree of support in the machined state, for example by increasing the contact pressure of the jaws incrementally, particularly suddenly, and / or continuously, particularly along a predefined load profile. This enables the tool to engage the sleeve material substantially permanently during relative movement in the axial direction, which can result in particularly high cutting rates. In particular, this produces, in the machined state and in the stress-free final state, a single phantom line on the sleeve's outer side, preferably extending helically from one axial side of the sleeve to the other. Due to the elastic deformation of the sleeve by the jaws during the formation of the cylindrical outer side, non-cylindrical plain bearings can be produced quickly, easily, and cost-effectively from the sleeve at high cutting rates.

[0012] The center of gravity of a sleeve having a substantially circular cross-section coincides with the longitudinal and central axes of the sleeve and the center of the sleeve. Preferably, the center of gravity of the sleeve remains unchanged in the processed state. However, in case of doubt regarding the sleeve's axis of rotation, the center of gravity of the sleeve's cross-sectional area, as it would appear in the initial state, should be considered.

[0013] In particular, the sleeve has a circular cross-section. The sleeve's axial extent is preferably greater than its outer radius in the unstressed initial state. The sleeve's material thickness in the initial state is specifically selected to be large enough to allow subtractive machining over the entire axial length and circumference of the sleeve during the production of the sleeve's cylindrical outer surface in the supported machining state. The sleeve can be made of a metallic material, in particular steel. In particular, the sleeve is made of a material that is more ductile than steel or hardened steel. The sleeve is preferably made of a plain bearing material, so that the rotating solid produced according to this method can be used directly in a plain bearing, in particular as an inner ring.

[0014] The sliding bearing material can preferably be selected from the group consisting of aluminum-based alloys, bismuth-based alloys, silver-based alloys, and copper-based alloys. However, other alloys, such as indium-based alloys, can also be used. Lead-free alloys are preferably used. Lead-free alloys are alloys that contain lead in a maximum proportion corresponding to the proportion of common impurities in such alloys. The sliding bearing material can also include or consist of tin-based alloys, AlSn-based alloys, AlZn-, AlSi-, AlSnSi-, CuAl-, CuSn-, CuZn-, CuSnZn-, CuZnSn-, CuBi-, and AlBi-based alloys, and pure metal layers of Al, Ni, Co, Sn, etc.

[0015] It is also possible that the sliding bearing material contains hard particles and / or soft phase particles. The hard particles can be selected from the group consisting of metal oxides (such as MgO, TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3), metal nitrides, metal carbides (such as SiC, WC, B4C metal borides), and metal silicides. The soft phase particles can be selected from the group consisting of graphite, hexagonal BN, and metal sulfides. The hard particles have a greater hardness than the matrix in the sliding bearing material in which the hard particles are embedded. On the other hand, the soft phase particles have a lower hardness than the matrix in the sliding bearing material in which they are embedded. The proportion of hard particles and / or soft phase particles in the sliding bearing material can be selected from the range of 3% by weight to 25% by weight, in particular 5% by weight to 20% by weight. In particular, the average particle size of the soft phase particles and / or hard phase particles can be 1 μm to 100 μm, preferably 5 μm to 20 μm.

[0016] In the final state, the inlet layer can be provided over the entire outer surface of the sleeve or over a portion thereof. For example, the inlet layer can be a pure metal layer, such as tin. However, the inlet layer is preferably a polymer-based inlet layer. Polyimide or polyamide-imide are particularly suitable polymers. Furthermore, the inlet layer may contain a certain proportion of a solid lubricant, such as MoS2 and / or graphite. The proportion of polymer in the inlet layer can be between 40% and 80% by weight. The solid lubricant can constitute the remainder of up to 100% by weight.

[0017] In particular, the clamping jaws can have a greater hardness than the material of the sleeve. For example, the clamping jaws can be made of hardened or tempered steel, particularly alloy steel. The clamping jaws can have a sufficiently large extent in the circumferential direction of the sleeve so that they do not imprint themselves into the relatively more ductile material of the sleeve and plastically deform the sleeve. Preferably, the extent of the clamping jaws in the circumferential direction of the sleeve is sufficiently small to elastically force the sleeve into an oval shape with or without an axis of symmetry in the supported working state. Preferably, the clamping jaws can elastically deform the sleeve into an elliptical or oval outer contour, at least in a subregion extending in the axial direction. Particularly preferably, in the initial state, the force direction of the respective clamping jaws is directed essentially only in the radial direction of the sleeve. The respective clamping jaws can have a radially outwardly facing contact pressure surface, which can be embodied as rounded and / or angled in the circumferential direction of the sleeve and / or composed of different subsurfaces connected by edges or radii. Preferably, the contact pressure surface of the clamping jaws can be formed to correspond to the radially inward-pointing inner side of the sleeve in the initial state and / or in the processing state. In particular, the contact pressure surface is concave on its end piece, circumferentially pointing toward the inner side of the sleeve, thereby preventing the jaw edges from imprinting themselves into the sleeve material. The corresponding clamping jaws can be designed to be substantially flat and / or inclined in the axial direction of the sleeve, at least in their axial end regions. Due to the inclined profile of the clamping jaws in the axial direction, the clamping jaws can have different radially outward extensions in different axial regions, allowing the sleeve to expand conically. In particular, the clamping jaws can be concave on their axial end sides, thereby preventing the jaw edges from imprinting themselves into the sleeve material. The axial extension of the corresponding clamping jaws can be adapted to the subregions through which the clamping jaws are elastically deformed. The material thickness of the clamping jaws in the radial direction is specifically selected to be large enough that the clamping jaws act as a rigid body compared to the sleeve and are substantially less elastically deformable under load than the sleeve. The three-dimensional design of the corresponding clamping jaws can be used to predefine the elastic deformation of the sleeve in the processing state. This makes it possible, in particular for the profile of the outside of the sleeve in the restored final state, to provide a profile of the outside in the axial direction which is designed at least in sections to be linear and / or polygonal and / or logarithmic and / or with rounded heights and / or depressions, wherein preferably different shape profiles are provided in different axial regions of the sleeve.

[0018] In the initial state, the sleeve is essentially an annular cylinder. In the supported processing state, the sleeve is elastically deformed by the clamping jaws into a shape that deviates from the cylindrical shape, in particular an oval and / or elliptical shape. In the supported processing state, the sleeve is converted into a shape with a cylindrical outer side, so that after the sleeve returns to the relaxed final state, the sleeve has the non-cylindrical shape of the rotating solid to be obtained. In the final state of the sleeve, the rotating solid can already form the non-cylindrical sliding bearing to be produced without the need for any further processing steps. Optionally, further processing steps can be performed on the rotating solid to obtain the desired properties of the sliding bearing, such as heat treatment, coating and / or connection with additional components. Preferably, even after the further processing steps, the shape of the rotating solid remains essentially unchanged in the final state of the sleeve.

[0019] The rotating bodies are designed for use as plain bearings. Therefore, compared to the bearing rings of rolling bearings, the rotating bodies and sleeves can have significantly thinner material thicknesses in the radial direction, higher ductility, and / or higher surface roughness. Rotating bodies provided for plain bearings also do not need to be designed for subsequent hardening, such as through-hardening, induction hardening, or case hardening, as is required for the bearing rings of rolling bearings.

[0020] Industrial wind turbines are primarily designed to generate energy from wind power, whereby the electrical energy derived from the wind can be fed into a public power grid, in particular to enable the supply of regenerative energy to energy consumers. Wind turbine gearboxes designed for industrial wind turbines are particularly designed for outputs greater than 1.0 MW, preferably greater than 5.0 MW, and particularly preferably greater than 7.5 MW, and are designed to be correspondingly robust and large in size.

[0021] In particular, the axial end regions of the sleeve in the machined state widen substantially conically toward the axial end faces. To this end, the jaws engaging in the end regions can be extended so as to be inclined in the axial direction of the sleeve. Due to the conical widening of the sleeve in the end regions, more material can be removed toward the sleeve's end faces than toward its center region when producing the cylindrical outer surface of the support sleeve. In the sleeve's relaxed final state, the sleeve's average diameter can decrease toward the end faces in the end regions. When the non-cylindrical rotating body based on the sleeve in the relaxed final state is used as a plain bearing with an axial extent greater than the mating plain bearing surface sliding on the rotating body, stress peaks caused by edge pressure at the transition from the axially extending mating plain bearing surface to the radially extending end faces can be compensated. Consequently, the loads on components of the plain bearing with the rotating body produced using this method can be evened out and kept low. This type of plain bearing can absorb relatively high loads while requiring minimal installation space, making it particularly suitable for mounting relatively rotatable planetary gears on fixed planetary shafts.

[0022] Preferably, in the processed state, both the central region and the end regions of the sleeve are elastically deformed by the clamping jaws, wherein the deformation of the central region deviates from the deformation of the end regions, wherein, in particular, the central region is deformed substantially in an oval manner and the end regions are deformed at least substantially in a conical manner. Due to the different elastic deformations of the sleeve in the central region and at least one end region in the relaxed end state of the sleeve, a lubrication recess, in particular for receiving lubricating oil, can be formed in the central region, which is delimited in the axial direction by the respective end region, so that at most only a small amount of lubricating oil can escape from the lubrication recess through the end regions.

[0023] Particularly preferably, during support of the end regions, the first clamping jaw supporting the central region is driven radially outward by means of a second clamping jaw. The first clamping jaw supporting the central region may be axially spaced from the end sides of the sleeve. Preferably, the first clamping jaw is primarily, or even entirely, located in the central region. The second clamping jaw may be located on the end side facing away from the central region and axially delimiting the respective end region, and may in particular protrude from the sleeve beyond the plane of the end side. This enables the second clamping jaw to be manipulated from outside the sleeve to elastically deform the respective end region, in particular to press them axially into the sleeve and / or radially outward. This movement of the second clamping jaw can be used to drive the first clamping jaw radially outward via a direct or indirect kinematic coupling, thereby elastically deforming and supporting the central region. While the first clamping jaw is rarely or not directly accessible from outside the sleeve, the first clamping jaw supporting the central region of the sleeve can be controlled at least indirectly via a kinematic coupling with at least one second clamping jaw and driven radially outward along a defined path. The kinematic coupling of the second clamping jaw to the first clamping jaw can, for example, be implemented via inclined planes that are displaceable relative to each other. Preferably, the first clamping jaw is centered directly or indirectly on the second clamping jaw, for example via an inclined plane and / or a tapered surface.

[0024] In principle, the multiple clamping jaws arranged in a common axial region of the sleeve can be evenly distributed in the circumferential direction, so that the elliptical outer contour can lead to a supported working state of the sleeve in this axial region. In particular, the multiple clamping jaws arranged in the common axial region of the sleeve can be unevenly distributed in the circumferential direction. This can lead to uneven deformation of the sleeve, with the outer contour deviating from the ellipse, such as an egg-shaped or oval contour with or without an axis of symmetry. Thus, the non-cylindrical outer contour of the sleeve can be adapted to different desired profiles in the final state, such as an uneven distribution of lubrication pockets around the circumference of the sleeve in the final state.

[0025] Preferably, at least one of the jaws is pressed so as to self-lock with the sleeve when supporting the sleeve, and the jaw has an axial stop protruding axially from the sleeve. When releasing the jaw, the axial stop is used to overcome the axial force of the self-locking mechanism. For example, the corresponding jaw can be driven radially outward by an axial force via an inclined surface and / or can itself have an inclined surface so that the jaw can wedge itself into the sleeve in the supported position. However, the protruding axial stop allows an axial force to be applied to the axial stop, which overcomes the self-locking mechanism and allows the jaw to be released from the sleeve again. As a result of the self-locking mechanism, the corresponding jaw can be pressed tightly against the sleeve, preventing release even if the sleeve is moved, in particular rotated. The protruding axial stop makes it easy to release and remove the jaw after the cylindrical outer side of the sleeve has been exposed. The clamping jaw can, for example, have a recess between the axial stop and the remaining jaws, which recess is open radially outward or radially inward, so that the axial stop can be enclosed from the radial outside or radial inside in order to withdraw the clamping jaw from the sleeve. Additionally or alternatively, the axial stop can extend only partially in the circumferential direction and have a recess pointing in the tangential direction, so that the axial stop can be enclosed from the tangential direction and / or from the circumferential direction, for example by a groove nut, in order to remove the clamping jaw from the sleeve.

[0026] Particularly preferably, the generation of the cylindrical outer side of the sleeve is performed by a subtractive process, in particular turning, milling or grinding, wherein the outer side present in the processing state and / or final state of the sleeve after the subtractive processing is generated by a single tool contact of the cutting tool with the sleeve over the entire axial extent of the sleeve. The sleeve elastically deformed to the non-cylindrical processing state can be embodied as cylindrical on the outer side by standard subtractive processing methods, wherein the desired non-cylindrical final state is obtained only by elastic recovery. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide different subtractive processing steps in different axial sub-areas. Instead, at least in the final processing step, the entire outer side of the sleeve can be subtractively processed over the entire circumference from one axial end to the other. This results in a good and uniform surface with only a single ghost line.

[0027] In particular, the sleeve, in its final state, is attached to a core, in particular a two-part core, in particular pressed onto it, wherein the core's outer contour corresponds completely or partially to the sleeve's inner contour. Preferably, the sleeve's inner contour is substantially cylindrical. The core allows the sleeve to be reinforced and hardened in the radial direction. The core prevents the sleeve from elastically yielding radially inward under load. Preferably, the core has a greater hardness than the sleeve, so that, for example, the sleeve can be made of a relatively soft and / or ductile plain bearing material, while the core can be made of a relatively hard and rigid steel, in particular hardened or tempered steel. For example, the core can be a two-part core, so that the first part of the core can be inserted onto one axial side of the sleeve, and the second part of the core can be inserted onto the other axial side of the sleeve, in particular by introducing a ramp or otherwise using a press fit. The two parts of the core can be pulled toward each other, for example by means of a threaded connection, preferably until the two parts of the core meet within the sleeve. The core can in particular protrude from the sleeve in the axial direction, for example in order to fasten the core as a fixed planetary pin at one axial end or at both axial ends with a planetary carrier of a planetary gearbox.

[0028] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a plain bearing, which can be produced using this method and designed and modified as described above, having a non-cylindrical outer side in a central region and conically extending end regions, wherein the outer side has only a single subtractive ghost line. Although the rotating solid body of the plain bearing based on the sleeve in its final state has a non-cylindrical outer side, transitions between axial sub-regions of different shapes, which can impair surface quality and, for example, result from tool changes or machining method changes, are avoided. Consequently, the plain bearing produced using the above-described method can exhibit a high surface quality that would not be achieved in sequential processing using different tools and / or different methods. Due to the elastic deformation of the sleeve by the clamping jaws during the production of the cylindrical outer side, the non-cylindrical plain bearing can be produced quickly, easily, and cost-effectively from the sleeve at a high cutting rate.

[0029] One aspect of the invention may relate to the use of a rotating body, which may be designed and modified as described above, as an inner ring of a sliding bearing, preferably for mounting planetary gears on fixed planet shafts of a planetary carrier of a planetary gearbox, preferably for a wind power plant.

[0030] Another aspect of the present invention may relate to a planet carrier in which a planet shaft, which may be designed and improved as described above, is provided as the core of a rotating solid, the planet shaft being fastened so as to be fixed with at least one planet carrier plate of the planet carrier, and the rotating solid being pressed onto the planet shaft to form an inner ring of a sliding bearing, wherein planet gears are attached to the planet shaft and the rotating solid.

[0031] Another aspect of the present invention may relate to a wind power gearbox for a wind power plant, wherein at least one planetary gearbox is provided for converting the rotational speed between a rotor of the wind power plant and a generator of the wind power plant, wherein the planetary gearbox has a planet carrier designed and improved as described above.

[0032] Another aspect of the present invention may involve the use of the method according to the present invention, which may be designed and improved as described above, for producing a plain bearing, in particular an inner ring of a plain bearing. Preferably, one aspect of the present invention involves the use of the method according to the present invention, which may be designed and improved as described above, for producing a plain bearing for a planetary gear of a planetary gearbox. Particularly preferably, one aspect of the present invention involves the use of the method according to the present invention, which may be designed and improved as described above, for producing a plain bearing for a planetary gear of a planetary gearbox, the planetary gearbox being provided for a wind turbine gearbox of an industrial wind turbine.

[0033] One aspect of the present invention also relates to a holding tool for performing the method, which can be designed and improved as described above, comprising: a first jaw for elastically deforming a central region of a sleeve; a second jaw for elastically deforming an end region of the sleeve adjacent the central region; and two holding members, which engage the first jaw via bevels on different axial sides thereof for radially pressing the first jaw apart, wherein the holding members are axially displaceable relative to one another, and wherein the corresponding second jaws are coupled for movement relative to the corresponding holding members. While the first jaw is largely inaccessible from the exterior of the sleeve, pressing the second jaws into the sleeve in the axial direction allows the holding members to be moved axially. This allows the holding members to engage the first jaw via the bevels, such as those formed as inclined planes and / or as portions of a cone, and to drive the first jaw radially outward. The coupling movement of the second jaws with the corresponding holding members can be performed, for example, by a releasable actuator of the holding members, which axially entrains the second jaws as the holding members are displaced relative to one another. The drive can in particular be formed by a groove nut which is screwed onto the retaining member. Due to the elastic deformation of the sleeve during the generation of the cylindrical outer side by means of the jaws (i.e. the first jaw and / or the second jaw), non-cylindrical plain bearings can be produced quickly, easily and cost-effectively from the sleeve at a high cutting rate.

[0034] The end stop is preferably secured by the retaining member, wherein the end stop is particularly formed by a grooved nut screwed onto the retaining member, the end stop being configured to press against the associated second clamping jaw and being movable relative to the retaining member with a displacement component in the axial direction. The end stop is particularly preferably part of a driver for striking an axial stop of the second clamping jaw protruding from the sleeve. In particular, the driver can release the second clamping jaw from the sleeve together with the associated retaining member through axial relative movement relative to the sleeve. The end stop can particularly be formed by the axial side of the driver pointing toward the sleeve. Preferably, the rear stop for withdrawing the second clamping jaw is formed by the axial side of the driver pointing away from the sleeve. The driver can be formed by a grooved nut that can surround a portion of the second clamping jaw, particularly the axial stop of the second clamping jaw, in a subregion pointing toward the sleeve, so as to exert an axial force on the second clamping jaw, particularly in both axial directions. The second jaw can be hooked into a groove nut screwed onto the associated retaining member so that the second jaw, and indirectly through the coupling of the second jaw to the first jaw by means of the retaining member, moves and the first jaw can also be operated, in particular supported and released, from outside the sleeve by means of the groove nut.

[0035] In particular, the two retaining members are threadedly connected to each other so as to be axially displaceable relative to one another. As a result, the various components of the holding tool can be held together and cannot be separated, either when released from the sleeve and / or when supported by the sleeve. This makes it easier to replace an already machined sleeve with a new one to be machined, which can increase production cycle times for producing non-cylindrical rotating bodies. Furthermore, by tightening the threaded connection between the two retaining members, the sleeve can be quickly and easily supported by the first jaw while simultaneously supported by the second jaw.

[0036] Preferably, at least one of the retaining members has an assembly region facing away from the sleeve for securing the retaining member in a machine tool, in particular a lathe and / or milling and / or grinding machine. In particular, each of the two retaining members has an assembly region, allowing the retaining tool to be clamped on both sides in the machine tool. This bilateral securing of the retaining tool in the machine tool prevents elastic yielding of the retaining tool and sleeve under the forces acting on them during subtractive machining. Furthermore, when the retaining tool rotates rapidly, elastic deformation under the influence of centrifugal forces is avoided, resulting in a good surface quality with a suitable roughness.

[0037] On the other hand, a computer program product includes a command that, when executed by a data processing device of a machine tool, causes the command to execute a method that can be designed and improved as described above. This enables the machine tool to optionally attach a sleeve to be processed to a holding tool with a clamping jaw and / or detect the sleeve attached to the holding tool, which can be designed and improved as described above. Subsequently, the machine tool can automatically support the sleeve to a processing state with the help of the clamping jaws and process the outside of the sleeve. After processing the outside of the sleeve, the machine tool can complete the processing and release the clamping jaws so that the sleeve can be restored to a final state. Alternatively, the machined sleeve from the machine tool can be automatically extracted from the holding tool, thereby restoring the original machine tool initial state for machining a new sleeve, and allowing the method to be automatically repeated. Due to the elastic deformation of the sleeve by means of the clamping jaws during the production of the cylindrical outside, non-cylindrical sliding bearings can be produced quickly, easily and cost-effectively from the sleeve at a high cutting rate.

[0038] One aspect also relates to a data aggregate having data packages, combined in a common file or distributed across different files, for representing the three-dimensional design and / or interaction of all components provided in a plain bearing that can be designed and developed as described above, or a retaining tool that can be designed and developed as described above, wherein the data packages are configured to, when processed by a data processing device for operating a machine tool for additive manufacturing of the device, perform additive manufacturing of the components of the plain bearing and / or retaining tool, in particular by 3D printing, and / or, when processed by the data processing device for performing a technical simulation, simulate the functioning of the rotating solid and / or retaining tool, and output the simulation results generated in the process for further use, in particular for providing fatigue strength verification as a function of variable load and / or variable temperature loading, and optionally for comparison with measurement data determined on a device actually produced according to the invention and / or on a prototype of the device according to the invention. The data packages of the data aggregate are particularly suitable for the configuration according to the invention of the respective aforementioned device according to the invention, so that the interactions according to the invention of the components of the device according to the invention can be fully represented during processing in the data processing device. The data packets can be stored in a spatially distributed manner, but can be adapted to one another in such a way that, when all data packets are brought together in a common data processing device, the data aggregate thus assembled provides all the necessary data for additive manufacturing and / or technology simulation by means of the data processing device of the device according to the invention. For example, the data packets are each a separate part of a database, which are combined to form a data aggregate and are adapted to one another with respect to their dimensions relative to one another and / or absolute dimensions and / or material properties corresponding to the respective device according to the invention. The data aggregate can represent a virtual embodiment of the respective device according to the invention in a so-called "digital twin", which allows virtual investigation of the device by means of an additive manufacturing process in the form of a simulation or a real materialization. Such a digital twin is shown, for example, in US 2017 / 286572 A1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated into the present invention.

[0039] When the data processing device of the machine tool processes the data aggregate, the device according to the invention is produced so that after the data aggregate is processed in the data processing device, the device according to the invention is obtained at least in the form of a prototype. In particular, in each case, the data packet can represent the components of the respective associated device according to the invention for separate execution, and the individual components can thus easily be assembled physically and / or virtually in their relative positions and / or relative movability to realize the interaction according to the invention. In particular, with the help of the corresponding data packets, the different components of the respective device can be produced individually and optionally from different materials by additive manufacturing and subsequently assembled to form a prototype of the respective device. Thus, dividing the data of the data aggregate into different data packets makes it possible to additively manufacture the components of the device in question in a simple manner, which components are movable relative to each other, the device being in the form of a set of components prepared for the interaction according to the invention of the components of the prototype assembled only as a stopgap measure to solve the problem on which the invention is based.

[0040] Additionally or alternatively, data sets from the data aggregate can be used in a virtual environment during a technical simulation to calculate and / or predict the physical states and / or temporal changes of the physical parameters of the associated device according to the invention, depending on various boundary conditions and / or the impact of these parameters on the device according to the invention. These data sets can then be used to verify the suitability of the device according to the invention for its intended use, based on a hypothetical configuration and taking into account hypothetical simulated influences. When the data aggregate is processed by a data processing device representing the simulation environment, the behavior of the device according to the invention can be investigated, taking into account (particularly changing) boundary conditions. This allows, for example, the effects of centrifugal forces on the various components of the device according to the invention under varying static and / or dynamic loads and / or operating temperatures, and the simulation results can be incorporated into the preparation of fatigue strength tests. Simulation results obtained after processing the data aggregate in the data processing device used for the simulation environment are preferably stored for comparison with measurement data determined on a device according to the invention that is actually produced and / or on a prototype of the device according to the invention. This allows the quality of the simulation results obtained using the data aggregate and / or, in particular, in the case of particularly strong deviations, to be assessed to identify measurement errors and / or erroneous measurements. This simplifies and improves non-destructive quality control of the device according to the invention.

[0041] The data aggregate enables the cost-effective production of prototypes and / or computer-based simulations to study the functioning of the rotating body and / or the holding tool, identify problems in specific applications and find improvements. The solution to the problem on which the present invention is based can be easily and cost-effectively examined using the data aggregate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] The present invention will be explained below by way of example based on preferred exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the features presented below may in each case represent one aspect of the invention individually or in combination. If a feature is presented in combination with another feature in a specific exemplary embodiment, this is merely used to simplify the description of the invention using the exemplary embodiment and is in no way intended to indicate that this feature cannot also be a development of the invention without the other features. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the independent claims. In the drawings:

[0043] Figure 1 : shows a schematic cross-sectional view in the axial direction of the sleeve in an initial state at the beginning of the method according to the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 : shows the processing state at a later point in time according to the method of the invention Figure 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of the sleeve in the axial direction;

[0045] Figure 3 : shows the final state at the end of the method according to the invention Figure 2 A schematic cross-sectional view of the sleeve in the axial direction;

[0046] Figure 4 : Shows Figure 2 A schematic cross-sectional view of the sleeve in the radial direction;

[0047] Figure 5 : Shows the invention with Figure 4 A schematic cross-sectional view of the holding tool of the sleeve in the radial direction; and

[0048] Figure 6 : Shows the Figure 5 Schematic cross-section along the section line AA in the axial direction of the holding tool. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] Figure 1 The sleeve 10 shown has a substantially circular cross-section in its unstressed initial state and a cylindrical extension in the axial direction, so that the outer side 12 of the sleeve 10 and the inner side 14 of the sleeve 10 have a cylindrical contour. The inner side 14 defines an interior 18 of the sleeve 10. A first clamping jaw 16 can be inserted into the interior 18 of the sleeve 10. In the exemplary embodiment shown, two first clamping jaws 16 are shown, but one, three, four, or even more first clamping jaws 16 can also be provided. The first clamping jaw 16 can be pressed against the inner side 14 of the sleeve 10 from the radial inside.

[0050] like Figure 2As shown, the first clamping jaw 16 can elastically deform the sleeve 10 into the processing state. If the two first clamping jaws 16 are positioned relative to each other in a radial plane extending through the center of gravity 20 of the sleeve 10, the sleeve 10 can assume an elliptical shape. In the case of multiple first clamping jaws 16 and / or the first clamping jaws 16 are unevenly distributed in the circumferential direction, the elastically deformable sleeve can assume an oval shape in the processing state, which may or may not have a plane of symmetry. In addition, the first clamping jaws 16 can be struck with contact pressures of different sizes, so that, for example, the oval shape of the sleeve 10 can be set in the processing state. In the supported processing state, the outer side 12 of the sleeve can be processed by a tool 22, such as a grinding wheel or a turning tool, in particular in a subtractive manner. Due to the subtractive processing, in particular by turning, milling or grinding, a cylindrical outer side 12 of the sleeve 12 is obtained, the sleeve still being in the supported processing state.

[0051] like Figure 3 As shown, if the first jaw 16 is released and removed from the sleeve 10 from the interior 18, the sleeve 10 can return to its stress-free final state. Since the region 24 is removed in the processed state of the sleeve 10, a non-cylindrical outer side 12 is obtained in the final state of the sleeve 10, in particular an outer side 12 that is elliptical and / or oval at least in the circumferential direction, thereby forming a non-cylindrical rotational entity 26 to be produced, which can be used, in particular directly without further processing steps, as an inner ring of a plain bearing, preferably for mounting a planetary gear on a fixed planet shaft of a planetary carrier of a planetary gearbox, preferably for use in a wind turbine.

[0052] like Figure 4 As shown, by means of the second jaw 28, the second jaw 28 can be inserted in each case into an end region 30 of the sleeve 10. The end regions 30 are arranged on both sides of the central region 32 (ie the location where the first jaw 16 engages). Figure 2 The first clamping jaw 16 shown in FIG. Figure 4 14 , is no longer shown. When viewed in cross section, the second jaw 28 has a bevel that engages in an end region 30 on the inner side 14 of the sleeve 10. A respective second jaw 28, which extends only partially in the circumferential direction, can have a contact pressure surface 34 that has a conical shape at least in some regions. Due to the conical contact pressure surface 34 of the second jaw 28, the sleeve 10 can expand conically in the end region toward its end side, so that more material of the sleeve 10 can be removed toward the end side by the tool 22. Preferably, the tool 22 can engage in a subtractive manner, at least in the final machining step, over the entire circumference of the outer side 12 of the sleeve, from one axial end side of the sleeve 10 to the other axial end side of the sleeve 10 in a single subtractive machining operation, so that, in particular, only a single helical ghost line is produced.

[0053] like Figure 5 As shown, the second jaw 28 in the respective end region 30 can be attached to the respectively assigned holding member 36 and, in particular, captively held by a groove nut 38 screwed onto the assigned holding member 36. The groove nut 38 has a driver 40 which, by means of an end stop pointing towards the sleeve 10, can be pressed against the second jaw 28 in the axial direction and, by means of a rear stop pointing away from the sleeve 10, can strike an axial stop 42 engaging behind the driver 40, which is formed by the second jaw 28 and can protrude from the sleeve 10. When the sleeve 10 is supported from the initial state into the processing state, the driver 40, by means of its end stop, can be pressed against the second jaw 28 and press the second jaw 28 axially into the sleeve, whereby the end region 30 of the sleeve expands. When the second jaw 28 is released, the driver can press, via its rear stop, against the axial stop 42 of the second clamping sleeve 28 , thereby canceling the self-locking mechanism between the second clamping sleeve 28 and the inner side 14 of the sleeve.

[0054] Furthermore, the second jaw 28 is coupled to the first jaw 16 for movement via an associated retaining member 36. If the second jaw 28 is pressed axially into the sleeve 10, the retaining member 36 can be axially entrained. For this purpose, for example, the threaded connection 44 between the two retaining members 36 can be tightened so that the two retaining members 36 are displaced toward each other and the corresponding groove nut 38 screwed thereon and the second jaw 28 are entrained. The respective retaining member 36 in particular has a conical appendage 46 which can engage on a corresponding conical surface 48 of the first jaw 16, as shown in FIG. Figure 6 As shown, the first jaw 16 is driven radially outward.

[0055] The holding members 36 connected to one another by a threaded connection 44, the groove nut 42 screwed thereon, and the received first and second clamping jaws 16 and 28 form a holding tool 50, by means of which the sleeve 10 can be received, supported, processed, and retrieved again in the final state of processing. The holding tool 50 can be clamped in particular in a machine tool, such as a lathe. To this end, at least one holding member 36 of the holding tool 50 can have a correspondingly formed assembly area 52, by which the holding tool 50 can be clamped in the machine tool, in particular so that it can be rotated by the machine tool about an axis of rotation 54 extending through the center of gravity 20 of the sleeve 10.

Claims

1. A method for producing a sliding bearing, comprising the following steps: providing a substantially cylindrical sleeve (10) in a substantially stress-free initial state, Inserting at least two jaws (16, 28) into the interior (18) of the sleeve (10), The sleeve (10) is supported from an initial state to an elastically deformed state different from a cylindrical shape by means of the clamping jaws (16, 28), Generating the cylindrical outer side (12) of the supported sleeve (10), in particular by a subtractive machining method, while the sleeve (10) is rotated relative to a tool (22), in particular about an axis of rotation (54) extending through the center of gravity (20) of the cross-sectional area of ​​the sleeve (10), and The jaws (16, 28) are released to return the sleeve (10) to a substantially stress-free final state for providing a rotating body (26) for a non-cylindrical plain bearing, in particular a planet gear for a planetary gearbox.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The axial end region (30) of the sleeve (10) in the processed state widens substantially conically toward the axial end face.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: In the processing state, both the central region (32) of the sleeve (10) and the end regions (30) of the sleeve (10) are elastically deformed by the clamping jaws (16, 28), wherein the deformation of the central region (32) is different from the deformation of the end regions (30), in particular, the central region (32) is deformed in a substantially oval manner and the end regions (30) are deformed in an at least substantially conical manner.

4. Method according to claim 3, wherein during the supporting of the end regions (30), the first jaw (16) is driven radially outwards by means of the second jaw (28) to support the central region (32).

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein when the sleeve ( 10 ) is supported, at least one jaw ( 16 , 28 ) is pressed so as to self-lock with the sleeve ( 10 ), wherein the jaw ( 16 , 28 ) has an axial stop ( 42 ) protruding axially from the sleeve ( 10 ), and when the jaw ( 16 , 28 ) is released, an axial force for overcoming the self-locking mechanism is applied to the axial stop ( 42 ).

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The production of the cylindrical outer side (12) of the sleeve (10) is performed by a subtractive method, in particular turning, milling or grinding, wherein the outer side (12) present in the processed state and / or the final state of the sleeve (10) after subtractive processing is produced by a single tool contact of the cutting tool (22) with the sleeve (10) over the entire axial extension of the sleeve (10).

7. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the sleeve (10) in the final state is attached to a core, in particular a two-part core, in particular pressed thereon, whereby the outer contour of the core corresponds completely or partially to the inner contour of the sleeve (10).

8. A plain bearing producible by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, having a non-cylindrical outer side (12) in a central region (32) and a conically extending end region (30), wherein the outer side (12) has only a single ghost line from subtractive machining.

9. A holding tool (50) for carrying out the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising a first clamping jaw (16) for elastically deforming a central region (32) of the sleeve (10), a second jaw (28) for elastically deforming an end region (30) of the sleeve (10) adjacent to the central region (32), two retaining members (36) which engage at different axial sides of the first clamping jaw (16) via beveled surfaces to press the first clamping jaw (16) apart in the radial direction, wherein the retaining members (36) are mutually displaceable in the axial direction, The correspondingly assigned second clamping jaw (28) is coupled to the corresponding holding member (36) for movement.

10. The holding tool (50) according to claim 9, wherein An end stop is fastened by the retaining member (36), wherein the end stop is movable relative to the retaining member (36) with a movement component in the axial direction for pressing on the assigned second clamping jaw (28), wherein in particular the end stop is formed by a groove nut (38) screwed to the retaining member (36).

11. The holding tool (50) according to claim 10, wherein the end stop is part of a driver (40) for striking an axial stop (42) of the second jaw (28) protruding from the sleeve (10).

12. Holding tool (50) according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein The two retaining members (36) are threadedly connected to each other so as to be axially displaceable relative to each other.

13. The holding tool (50) according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein At least one holding element (36) has an assembly region (52) directed away from the sleeve (10) for fastening the holding element (36) in a machine tool, in particular a lathe and / or milling machine and / or grinding machine. 14 . A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a data processing device of a machine tool, prompt the data processing device to carry out the method according to claim 1 .

15. A data aggregate having data packages combined in a common file or distributed in different files for representing the three-dimensional design and / or interaction of all components provided in a rotating solid (26) according to claim 8 and / or a holding tool (50) according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the data packages are configured to: When processed by a data processing device for operating a machine tool for additive manufacturing of a device, additive manufacturing of a rotating solid (26) and / or a component of a holding tool (50) is performed, in particular by 3D printing, and / or When processed by a data processing device for performing a technical simulation, a simulation of the functioning of the rotating body (26) and / or the holding tool (50) is performed and the simulation results generated in the process are output for further use, in particular in order to provide fatigue strength verification as a function of variable load and / or variable temperature loading.

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