Aqueous reactor

Abstract

A hydrogen generating battery includes a pair of input electrode plates, a pair of output electrode plates, an additional X-plate electrode positioned adjacent the pair of output electrode plates, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the pair of input electrode plates and the pair of output electrode plates. The plasma torch is spaced apart from and inductively coupled to the pair of input electrode plates. A pulsed DC voltage is applied to the plasma torch and the X-plate, while a lower pulsed DC voltage is applied to the pair of input and output electrode plates such that hydrogen gas is generated from the aqueous solution in which the battery is immersed.

Description

Inventor Robert Plaisted Chaslav Radovich CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63,448,194, filed on February 24, 2023, and entitled “Aqueous Reactor,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] The subject disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for generating hydrogen from aqueous solutions. Background Art

[0003] Devices for generating hydrogen from aqueous solutions have been proposed in the past. Summary of the Invention

[0004] According to an illustrative embodiment, a tank containing a liquid comprising water and an electrolyte is provided. A hydrogen generation cell is immersed in the liquid in the tank, the cell comprising an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, an additional "X" plate electrode positioned adjacent to the output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair. A plasma torch is spaced apart from and inductively coupled to the input electrode plate pair.

[0005] Further provided is drive circuitry for the electrodes, the drive circuitry including an AC power source. A transformer is connected to the AC power source, and a first three-phase rectifier is coupled to the transformer. A second three-phase rectifier is also coupled to the AC power source. The second three-phase rectifier is configured to apply a pulsed DC voltage to the plasma torch and the X-plate electrodes, while the transformer and the first three-phase rectifier are configured to apply a lower pulsed DC voltage to the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair, thereby generating hydrogen gas.

[0006] According to another embodiment, a hydrogen generation cell includes an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, an additional electrode plate positioned adjacent the output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair. A plasma torch is spaced apart from the input electrode plate pair and inductively coupled to the input electrode plate pair.

[0007] In various illustrative embodiments, the additional electrode plate may have a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, wherein the corresponding triangular area between the frame and the cross member is hollow and water-permeable. In illustrative embodiments, this structure facilitates low-current operation. In other embodiments, the additional electrode plate may have a different structure. Various illustrative embodiments may also employ a plasma torch that is a TIG plasma torch.

[0008] The present disclosure further contemplates a hydrogen generation apparatus comprising a plurality of electrode plates arranged in series and a plasma torch spaced apart from and inductively coupled to at least a first electrode plate of the electrode plates. In one such embodiment, the plurality of electrode plates may include an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair.

[0009] In various embodiments, an additional electrode plate may be included, spaced apart from the output electrode plate pair on a side of the output electrode plate pair opposite the side of the output electrode plate pair facing the one or more intermediate electrode plates. In such an embodiment, the additional electrode plate may include a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, and wherein the corresponding triangular area between the frame and the cross member is hollow and water-permeable, although the additional electrode may have a different structure in various embodiments.

[0010] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of constructing an apparatus for generating hydrogen, the method comprising: stacking a plurality of electrode plates sequentially adjacent and spaced apart from each other, and positioning a plasma torch spaced apart from a first electrode plate of the electrode plates such that, in one embodiment, the torch is spaced 1 and 2 from the first electrode plate. 3 / 4 inch, but in other embodiments, the torches may be positioned at other distances. Various embodiments of this method may further include configuring the plurality of electrodes to include an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair.

[0011] Various embodiments may further include constructing an additional electrode plate and positioning the additional electrode plate adjacent to and spaced apart from the pair of output electrode plates. Such embodiments may further include constructing the additional electrode plate to include a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, and wherein a triangular region between the frame and the cross member is hollow and water-permeable.

[0012] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a circuit system for supplying power to an aqueous hydrogen-generating reactor, the circuit system comprising a transformer configured to be connected to an AC power source and a first three-phase rectifier coupled to an output of the transformer. A second three-phase rectifier is further configured to be connected to the AC power source. In such an embodiment, the second three-phase rectifier can be configured to generate a first voltage having a first amplitude, while the transformer and the first three-phase rectifier can be configured to generate a second voltage having a second amplitude that is less than the first amplitude. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1 is a schematic side view of an illustrative embodiment of an aqueous reactor for hydrogen production;

[0014] Figure 2 is used for Figure 1 A circuit diagram of the reactor power supply circuit system;

[0015] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a staggered plate structure according to an illustrative embodiment;

[0016] Figure 4 is a perspective view of an electrode plate according to an illustrative embodiment;

[0017] Figure 5 are in an interconnected relationship Figure 4 Perspective view of the three panels;

[0018] Figure 6 is a front view of two electrode plates in an interconnected relationship;

[0019] Figure 7 is a front view of an X-plate according to an illustrative embodiment;

[0020] Figure 8 is a waveform diagram of an illustrative voltage output of a first three-phase rectifier;

[0021] Figure 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating an alternating transformer structure according to an illustrative embodiment; and

[0022] Figure 10 is a waveform diagram of an illustrative voltage output of the second three-phase rectifier. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] exist Figure 1 An illustrative embodiment of an aqueous reactor 11 is shown in FIG. Figure 2 The circuit system for powering the reactor 11 is shown in FIG. Figure 2The circuit system includes an input AC power source 47, a transformer 49, and a first three-phase rectifier 51 and a second three-phase rectifier 53. The output voltage of the first three-phase rectifier (nominal 50 volts DC) appears across a positive output terminal labeled "B" and a negative output terminal labeled "C." The output voltage of the second three-phase rectifier 53 appears across a negative output terminal labeled "A" and a positive output terminal 56.

[0024] The transformer 49 includes three primary windings L1, L2, L3 which transfer power to respective secondary windings S1, S2, S3. These secondary windings are in turn connected to the junctions between the cathodes and anodes of respective diode pairs 48, 53, 54 of the three-phase rectifier 51.

[0025] Figure 1 The illustrated aqueous reactor 11 includes two horizontal arrays 13, 15 of parallel conductive electrode plates immersed in a liquid bath 14 contained in a vessel or tank 16. The first plate array 13 includes a pair of input plates 17, 19 connected in series, a plate stack 21, and first and second output plates 23, 25, also connected in series. The second plate array 15 includes a pair of input plates 27, 29 connected in series, a plate stack 30, and first and second output plates 31, 33, also connected in series. First and second "X" plates 35, 37 are positioned between the outermost output plates 25 and 31. In the illustrated embodiment, the tank 16 may have rectangular side and end walls 32, 34 and a closed and sealed top 22.

[0026] In the illustrated embodiment, the negative voltage at terminal A of the three-phase rectifier 53 is inductively coupled to the input plate pairs 19, 17 and 27, 29 through respective tungsten plasma torches 38, 39. In the illustrated embodiment, these torches 38, 39 are sealably mounted to and extend through the end walls 32, 34 of the vessel 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the torches 38, 39 may be TIG plasma torches rated for 150 amps.

[0027] In the illustrated embodiment, the tip of each torch 38, 39 may be positioned 1 / 4" from its corresponding input plate 19, 29. inches, but may be positioned at other distances in other embodiments. Figure 1 , torches 38, 39 are shown extending through watertight seals in respective end walls 32, 34 of vessel 16 and into liquid bath 14. In other embodiments, such torches may be positioned integrally within vessel 16 and liquid bath 14.

[0028] like Figure 1As further shown, the top of the X-plate 37 and the bottom of the X-plate 35 are each electrically connected to the positive voltage terminal 56 of the second three-phase rectifier 53. The input plate pairs 17, 19; 27, 29 are connected to the negative output terminal "C" of the first three-phase rectifier 51, while the output terminal pairs 23, 25; 31, 33 are connected to the positive output terminal "B" of the rectifier 51.

[0029] In an illustrative embodiment, liquid bath 14 may include an aqueous solution containing 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH) to increase conductivity to allow electron flow while maintaining a high impedance (eg, one megohm per inch). Other embodiments may use electrolytes other than potassium hydroxide.

[0030] In one embodiment, the tank 16 can hold 75 gallons of water at a pressure of six inches of mercury. The system can also operate at atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, a vacuum pump is used to apply pressure and also to pump the generated hydrogen gas out of the tank 16. Electrical leads to the first three-phase rectifier 51 and the second three-phase rectifier 53 can pass through the top 22 of the tank 16 and be sealed to the top 22 to maintain vacuum and watertightness.

[0031] Figure 2 The illustrated AC power source 47 may comprise, for example, a gasoline, diesel, or solar-powered generator providing a 350 amp, 200 volt, 60 Hz output signal. Power from the power source 47 is supplied to a transformer 47, the secondary of which is connected, as described above, to a first three-phase rectifier 51, which in one embodiment may be an MD 5500A 1600V. A second three-phase rectifier 53 may also be an MD 5500A 1600V and is configured to generate a 260 volt pulsed DC waveform across its terminals 54 and 56. In the illustrated embodiment, the first three-phase rectifier 51 is configured to generate a 50 volt pulsed DC waveform.

[0032] In the illustrative embodiment, the waveform at the negative terminal (torch) and the waveform at the positive terminal (X-plate) each have a 60% duty cycle, but are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The frequency of each waveform is 180 Hz, resulting in one hundred and eighty 60% duty cycle pulses generated per second. Other duty cycles may be used in other embodiments.

[0033] In one illustrative embodiment, Figure 3 As shown, Figure 1The illustrated arrays 13, 15 of parallel electrode plates can each include seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates, with each array including three groups 61, 63, 65 of twenty-five plates. In the illustrative embodiment, the plates in these groups, except for the end plate pairs 17, 19; 23, 25, are formed into groups of three electrically connected plates that are interleaved with adjacent groups of three plates. Except for the end plate pairs, the plates in all groups are electrically isolated from each other except for the electrical connections 67, 69 between the end plates of one group of twenty-five plates and the first plate of the next group of twenty-five plates. In different embodiments, the number and organization of the electrode plates in the electrode arrays 13, 15 can vary.

[0034] like Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the first leg 18 of the first group of three plates and the last leg 28 of the last group of three plates are positioned between the two plates of the end plate pairs 17, 19; 23, 25, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, the electrically coupled end plate pairs 17, 19; 23, 25 are nickel or titanium, and the remaining plates are stainless steel, but in other embodiments the remaining plates may be formed of other suitable metals (such as titanium). In various embodiments, the number of plates and their groupings may also vary.

[0035] Figure 4 An illustrative electrode plate 101 is shown in FIG. In the illustrative embodiment, the plate 101 has a width W and a height H, each of which may be 4 inches, and may have a thickness T of 0.125 inches. In the illustrative embodiment, Figure 3 The gap between each adjacent plate in is also 0.125 inches. Of course, in various embodiments, these dimensions can vary.

[0036] In the illustrated embodiment, each plate 101 is further perforated across its entire surface, for example, with a diameter of 1 / 4 inch holes 107, these holes are spaced 1 1 / 4 inch. A hole 109, for example 3 / 8 inch in diameter, is located at each corner of each plate 101 to accommodate a nylon rod that passes through the hole 109 to hold the assembly together. In the illustrated embodiment, these rods, along with nylon spacers between each plate 101, hold the plate assembly together.

[0037] Figure 5 Shown through 1 again 1 1 / 2 inch wide tabs 103 that allow the plates 101 to be bent and interconnected to form groups of three parallel plates, such as Figure 3 What is shown. Figure 6 Similarly, it shows 11. The two metal plates 101 are interconnected by a 1 / 2 inch wide tab 105 that allows the two plates 101 to be bent to form, for example, an input plate pair 17, 19 and an output plate pair 23, 25. In some embodiments, these plates 17, 19, 23, 25 can be bent in a manner similar to that of the plates 101. Figure 5 The plates are perforated in the same way.

[0038] Figure 7 The structure of the X-plates 35, 37 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the X-plates can have the same outer dimensions and thickness as the plate 101. As shown, the X-plates have a rectangular frame 71 with an "X" shaped cross member 73 formed therein. Thus, the triangular area 111 between the frame 71 and the cross member 73 is hollow and water-permeable. Figure 5 In contrast to the illustrated plates, the X-plate shape results in a lower plate density and smaller surface area, and therefore limits the amount of current that can be drawn, thereby facilitating low current operation.

[0039] In operation, the X-plates 35, 37 act as anodes that provide bias, which causes electrons to flow through the plate stacks 13, 15. At startup, the intense heat generated by the plasma torches 38, 39 decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen at the torch locations. Applying the pulsed 50 volt DC output of the first three-phase rectifier 51 to the input and output plate pairs (e.g., 17, 19; 23, 25) provides an increased electric field that periodically builds up and then decays, resulting in plasma electrolysis and the generation of hydrogen gas throughout the plates located between each torch 38, 39 and its corresponding X-plate 37, 35.

[0040] Figures 1 to 7 The cell is high impedance / low current and scalable to achieve a variety of hydrogen outputs. In this regard, embodiments can be configured to produce hydrogen at a rate of 30 kilograms per hour or more.

[0041] The second illustrative embodiment adopts Figure 1 and Figure 3 , except that the electrode plates are 22 inches wide by 24 inches high. These plates may also have a thickness T of 0.125 inches, with each plate in each array 13, 15 being equally spaced apart, with the distance from one plate to the next being 0.125 inches. Again, these dimensions may vary in different embodiments.

[0042] In this second embodiment, if Figure 8 As shown, the voltage applied across the input plate pair and the output plate pair from the first three-phase rectifier 51 is a positive (+) and negative (-) pulsed DC voltage. Figure 8The voltage waveform shown in FIG has a 50% duty cycle at 180 Hz and an amplitude range of 50 volts, but in various embodiments, the amplitude can range from 50 volts to 70 volts. In the illustrative second embodiment, the input voltage from the power supply 47 to the system can range from 208 volts to 220 volts at 50 amps.

[0043] like Figure 9 As shown, an alternative configuration of the secondary of the transformer 49 may be employed in which the center tap of each of the secondary windings S1, S2, S3 is connected to the junction of a corresponding diode pair of the three-phase rectifier 51. In this embodiment, the voltage across each winding is 120 volts, so that the center taps each provide 60 volts to the diode array of the first three-phase rectifier 51.

[0044] Furthermore, in the second illustrative embodiment, as Figure 10 As schematically shown in FIG, the voltage output from the second three-phase rectifier 53 applied across the plasma torch and the X-plate is a positive (+) and negative (-) pulsed DC voltage. In the illustrative embodiment, the waveform has a 50% duty cycle at 180 Hz and an amplitude range of 260 volts, but in various embodiments, the amplitude can range from 260 volts to 290 volts. In other embodiments, Figure 8 and Figure 10 The duty cycle of the two waveforms shown can be varied.

[0045] In such an embodiment, the current to the plasma torches 38, 39 may be in the range of from 3 amps to 5 amps. In one embodiment, 15 kilowatts of input power may produce 30 kilograms of hydrogen (H2).

[0046] The sealed reaction vessel or "tank" 16 employed in the second embodiment may contain 120 gallons of a deionized water solution containing 1% potassium hydroxide at a temperature in the range of 120 to 160 degrees Celsius and at a pressure of six inches of mercury. In the second embodiment, the tank 16 may be constructed of polypropylene and may be 50 inches long, 24 inches wide, and 48 inches high, with a 14-gauge stainless steel frame constructed around the exterior of the tank.

[0047] In a second illustrative embodiment, the plate array (e.g., 13, 15) can be positioned two inches above the bottom of the tank 16, and when the tank is filled to 120 gallons, the top of the array can be located one inch below the water level. A constant flow water system can be employed in various embodiments to maintain the water level in the tank while hydrogen is being produced.

[0048] In an illustrative embodiment, oxygen in the output of the system can be separated from hydrogen using a centrifugal process to produce 99% pure hydrogen, which can be further purified using, for example, a carbon nanotube membrane.

[0049] In various embodiments, hydrogen production can be further enhanced by employing a screen press layer on one side of the plate and a fine layer or fewer layers on the opposite side where hydrogen is formed. Nickel plates, in particular, can be formed in this manner. Additionally, ultrasonic energy can be applied to vibrate the electrode plates to "shed" hydrogen molecules from the plates. Higher frequencies, up to 10 MHz, can also be used for this purpose.

[0050] In a third embodiment, the plate arrays may be connected in series and only one plasma torch 38 may be employed without the second plasma torch 39. In this case, the output voltage of the three-phase rectifier 53 is applied to the torch 38 and the two X plates 35, 37, as in the first two embodiments. Terminal B of the first three-phase rectifier 51 is disconnected from the end plate pairs 23, 25; 31, 33 and instead connected to the input pairs 27, 29. Terminal C of the three-phase rectifier 51 is disconnected from the output plate pairs 27, 29. In this embodiment, a 120 volt voltage across each of the secondary transformer coils S1, S2, S3 is applied to the three-phase rectifier 51, as in Figure 2 What is shown.

[0051] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various adaptations and modifications of the illustrative embodiments just described may be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It should therefore be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced in ways other than those specifically described herein.

Claims

1. A device comprising: Can; a hydrogen generating cell capable of being immersed in the liquid in the tank, the cell comprising an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, an additional electrode plate positioned adjacent the output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair; a plasma torch spaced apart from and inductively coupled to the pair of input electrode plates; as well as A drive circuit system comprising: a transformer configured to be coupled to an output of an AC power source; a first three-phase rectifier coupled to the output of the transformer; a second three-phase rectifier configured to be coupled to the AC power source, the second three-phase rectifier configured to apply a first voltage to the plasma torch and the additional electrode plate, the transformer and the first three-phase rectifier configured to apply a second voltage to the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein The additional electrode plate has a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, and wherein a plurality of triangular areas between the frame and the cross member are hollow and water-permeable.

3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The first voltage is a positive and negative pulsed DC voltage having a first amplitude range, and the second voltage is a positive and negative pulsed DC voltage having a second amplitude range that is smaller than the first range.

4. The device according to claim 3, wherein The amplitude range of the first voltage is 260 volts, and the amplitude range of the second voltage is 50 volts.

5. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein The plasma torch is a TIG plasma torch.

6. A hydrogen generating device comprising an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, an additional electrode plate positioned adjacent to the output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair; and A plasma torch is spaced apart from and inductively coupled to the pair of input electrode plates.

7. The device according to claim 6, wherein The additional electrode plate has a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, and wherein corresponding triangular areas between the frame and the cross member are hollow and water-permeable.

8. The device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein The plasma torch is a TIG plasma torch.

9. A hydrogen generation device comprising: a plurality of electrode plates arranged in series; as well as A plasma torch is spaced apart from and inductively coupled to at least a first of the plates.

10. The device according to claim 9, wherein The plurality of electrode plates include an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair.

11. The device according to claim 9 or 10, wherein The plurality of electrode plates arranged in series, and the plasma torch spaced apart from and inductively coupled to at least a first electrode plate of the electrode plates arranged in series, constitute part of a hydrogen generation cell that is submersible in water.

12. The device of any one of claims 10 to 11, further comprising an additional electrode plate positioned adjacent to the output electrode plate pair on a side of the output electrode plate pair opposite to a side of the output plate electrode pair facing the intermediate electrode plate and spaced apart from the output electrode plate pair.

13. The device of claim 12, wherein: The additional electrode includes a rectangular frame with an "X" shaped cross member formed within the rectangular frame, and wherein a triangular area between the frame and the cross member is hollow and water permeable.

14. The device according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein The plasma torch is a TIG plasma torch.

15. A method of constructing an apparatus for generating hydrogen, the method comprising: positioning a plurality of electrode plates in serial proximity and spaced apart from one another; as well as A plasma torch is positioned a selected distance from a first one of the electrode plates. 16 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising configuring the plurality of electrode plates to include an input electrode plate pair, an output electrode plate pair, and a plurality of intermediate electrode plates disposed between the input electrode plate pair and the output electrode plate pair.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising constructing an additional electrode plate and positioning the additional electrode plate adjacent to and spaced apart from the pair of output electrode plates.

18. The method of claim 17, comprising configuring the additional electrode plate to include a rectangular frame with an "X" shaped cross member formed therein, and wherein, A plurality of triangular areas between the frame and the cross members are hollow and water permeable.

19. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 18, further comprising using a TIG plasma torch as the plasma torch.

20. An apparatus for supplying power to a hydrogen-generating aqueous reactor, the apparatus comprising: a transformer configured to be connected to an AC power source; a first three-phase rectifier coupled to the transformer; a second three-phase rectifier configured to be connected to the AC power source; The second three-phase rectifier is configured to generate a first voltage having a first amplitude range; and The transformer and the first three-phase rectifier are configured to generate a second voltage having a second amplitude range that is smaller than the first amplitude range.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein: The first voltage is a positive and negative pulse DC voltage, and the second voltage is a positive and negative pulse DC voltage.

22. The apparatus of claim 20 or 21, wherein: The amplitude range of the first voltage is 260 volts, and the amplitude range of the second voltage is 50 volts.

23. The circuit system of any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein: The duty cycle of the first voltage is 50%.

24. The circuit system of any one of claims 20 to 23, wherein: The duty cycle of the second voltage is 50%.

25. The circuit system of any one of claims 20 to 25, wherein: The second voltage is applied across input and output plates of the hydrogen-generating aqueous reactor.

26. The circuit system of any one of claims 20 to 26, wherein: The output terminals of the second three-phase rectifier are connected to a plasma torch, which constitutes a part of the hydrogen-generating aqueous reactor.

27. A hydrogen generation device comprising: a first horizontal array of parallel electrode plates and a second horizontal array of parallel electrode plates; The first plate array includes a pair of input plates connected in series, a plate stack, and a first output plate and a second output plate connected in series; The second plate array includes a pair of input plates connected in series, a plate stack, and a first output plate and a second output plate connected in series; as well as A first plasma torch and a second plasma torch, the first torch inductively coupled to the input plate of the first plate array, and the second torch inductively coupled to the input plate of the second plate array.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a first additional plate and a second additional plate positioned between an outermost output plate of the first array and an outermost output plate of the second array.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein Each of the first additional electrode plate and the second additional electrode plate includes a rectangular frame with an "X"-shaped cross member formed therein, and wherein a corresponding triangular area between the frame and the cross member is hollow and water permeable.

30. The device of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein Each of the first and second arrays of parallel electrode plates includes seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein: The seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates of each of the first array and the second array include three groups of twenty-five plates, wherein the three groups are electrically isolated from each other except for an electrical connection between an end plate of the first group and a first plate of the second group, and an electrical connection between an end plate of the second group and a first plate of the third group.

32. The apparatus of any one of claims 27 to 31, wherein Each of the plasma torches is a TIG plasma torch.

33. The device of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein: Each of the plurality of electrode plates is perforated on a plate surface thereof.

34. The device of any one of claims 1 to 8, 10 to 14, 16 to 19 and 27 to 33, wherein Each electrode plate of the pair of input and output electrode plates includes a nickel mesh press layer on one side and fewer layers on an opposite side.

35. The device of any one of claims 1 to 8 and 16 to 19, wherein The plurality of intermediate electrode plates includes seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates.

36. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein: The seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates of each of the first array and the second array include three groups of twenty-five plates, wherein the three groups are electrically isolated from each other except for an electrical connection between an end plate of the first group and a first plate of the second group, and an electrical connection between an end plate of the second group and a first plate of the third group.

37. The device of any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein The plurality of serially arranged electrode plates includes seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein: The seventy-five horizontally positioned adjacent parallel plates of each of the first array and the second array include three groups of twenty-five plates, wherein the three groups are electrically isolated from each other except for an electrical connection between an end plate of the first group and a first plate of the second group, and an electrical connection between an end plate of the second group and a first plate of the third group.

39. An apparatus for supplying power to an aqueous hydrogen-generating reactor, the apparatus comprising: AC power supply; Circuitry is coupled to the AC power source and configured to generate a first voltage having a first amplitude range and a second voltage having a second amplitude range that is smaller than the first amplitude range.

40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein The first voltage is a positive and negative pulse DC voltage, and the second voltage is a positive and negative pulse DC voltage.

41. The apparatus of claim 39 or 40, wherein The amplitude range of the first voltage is 260 volts, and the amplitude range of the second voltage is 50 volts.

42. The circuit system of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein: The duty cycle of the first voltage is 50%.

43. The circuit system of any one of claims 39 to 42, wherein: The duty cycle of the second voltage is 50%.

44. The circuit system of any one of claims 39 to 43, wherein: The second voltage is applied across input and output plates of the hydrogen-generating aqueous reactor.

45. The circuit system of any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein: The output terminals of the second three-phase rectifier are connected to a plasma torch, which constitutes a part of the hydrogen-generating aqueous reactor.

46. ​​The method of any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein The selected distance is inch.

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