Open hard mine ecological slope structure and mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method

Abstract

The invention discloses an ecological slope structure of an open hard mine and a mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method. A vegetation structure is arranged on a halfpace of the side slope and comprises a drainage ditch and a hard platform, the drainage ditch is arranged on the hard platform, a downhill restoration layer and an uphill restoration layer are arranged above the hard platform, the top face of the uphill restoration layer intersects with the outer slope face of the uphill restoration layer, and part of the downhill restoration layer is embedded into the drainage ditch. And planting bags are laid on the hard platform, a downhill restoration layer and an uphill restoration layer are sequentially constructed, a planting bag stacking structure is constructed on the outer side of the uphill restoration layer, and the ecological soil conservation ridge is formed. According to the method, the industrial problems of repeated restoration, continuous investment and long treatment period of the hard rock slope are effectively solved, the problem that a soil layer in a slope platform area can subside, move outwards and even slide down in a slice area is solved, and long-acting stability and complete-period low-cost controllability of the ecological function of a mining disturbance area and mining disturbance cooperative control are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration of open-pit hard mines, and in particular relates to an ecological slope structure of an open-pit hard mine and an ecological restoration method for a slope integrating mining and treatment. Background Art

[0002] Currently, production mines are transitioning toward refined, full-cycle management. Open-pit hard limestone mines (classified as open-pit hard mines) face systemic technical bottlenecks in implementing a "mining and restoration" model. Existing solutions primarily focus on end-of-life slope ecological restoration (such as the mine slope restoration system and method in ecologically fragile areas disclosed in CN114960699A). These solutions fail to effectively address the challenges of synergizing blasting damage control, rock mass reconstruction, and ecological restoration during the mining process. This results in high restoration costs and unsustainable ecological restoration results.

[0003] More importantly, during the implementation of the "mining and repairing" process in open-pit hard mines, the mine slopes will be subjected to frequent vibration conditions, which seriously affect the stability and repair effect of the plant planting area. In particular, the soil layer in the slope platform area will sink, move outward, or even slide in large areas (areas with an area of ​​not less than 0.4 m2 are defined as areas in this document). Summary of the Invention

[0004] At least in response to the technical problems mentioned in the background technology, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure and an integrated mining and treatment slope ecological restoration method.

[0005] The present invention adopts the following technical solutions.

[0006] An open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure includes a terrace arranged on the slope, a vegetation structure for planting plants arranged on the terrace, the vegetation structure includes a drainage ditch and a hard platform close to the slope side, the drainage ditch is arranged on the hard platform, and a downslope repair layer and an upslope repair layer are arranged above the hard platform, the top surface of the slope repair layer intersects with the outer slope surface of the slope repair layer, and part of the downslope repair layer is embedded in the drainage ditch.

[0007] In order to better solve the problem of soil layer settlement, outward migration or even sliding in the slope platform area, several blind holes are arranged at intervals on the hard platform and outside the drainage ditch. Two adjacent blind holes share the same vegetation bag, and the two ends of the vegetation bag extend into the corresponding blind holes respectively. The middle part of the vegetation bag is located on the top surface of the hard platform between the two adjacent blind holes. The blind holes and multiple vegetation bags together constitute a grip structure on the hard platform.

[0008] Preferably, the blind hole is cylindrical, and the planting bag is made of PP material.

[0009] Preferably, the downslope repair layer uses a soil-rock mixture with a thickness of not less than 50 cm, and the upslope repair layer uses cultivated soil with a thickness of not less than 50 cm.

[0010] In order to further improve the stability of the ecological slope structure of the open-pit hard mine, a vegetation bag masonry structure is set on the hard platform and outside the slope repair layer. The vegetation bag masonry structure is no higher than 80cm and its top is higher than the final settlement line of the middle area of ​​the outer slope surface.

[0011] Preferably, the vegetation bag stacking structure comprises vegetation bags stacked on the gripping structure.

[0012] Furthermore, two neck portions are evenly arranged on the vegetation bag.

[0013] A mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method using the aforementioned open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure comprises the following steps: Step 1: During the mining phase, a step-by-step blasting process is used to form a stepped rock mass in the restoration area. Step 2: trimming the obtained stepped rock mass and its top to obtain a slope base with a hard platform and a diversion groove; Step 3: construct drainage ditches and blind holes on the hard platform; Step 4: Lay vegetation bags on the hard platform and apply downslope restoration layer and upslope restoration layer in sequence; Step 5: construct a plant bag masonry structure outside the slope restoration layer to form an ecological soil embankment; Step 6: construct the steel reinforcement mesh; Step 7: Planting and maintenance of plants.

[0014] Preferably, step 4 specifically includes: Step 41: Place the long strip of vegetation bag flat on the top surface of the hard platform between adjacent blind holes; Step 42: Adjust the end positions of the long strip vegetation bag so that both ends of the vegetation bag extend into two adjacent blind holes respectively; Step 43, referring to steps 41 and 42, until all blind holes are inserted into the vegetation bags; Step 44: laying a soil-rock mixture on top of the long strip vegetation bags. In this process, the first part of the soil-rock mixture is filled into the blind holes and drainage ditches, and the second part of the soil-rock mixture is covered on top of the long strip vegetation bags and compacted to obtain a downslope repair layer. Step 45: laying cooked soil on the downslope repair layer and compacting it to obtain an upslope repair layer.

[0015] Preferably, a single diversion trough on the slope has a length of 1-1.5 m, a width of 0.08-0.12 m, a depth of 0.05-0.08 m, a spacing of 0.8-1.2 m, and a trough direction of the diversion trough at an angle of 40-50° to the dominant rainfall direction.

[0016] Beneficial effects: Compared with the existing solutions that focus on the ecological restoration of the final slope, the present invention can reduce the ecological restoration cost of open-pit hard mine slopes by more than 40%. It not only effectively solves the industry problems of "repeated repairs, continuous investment, and long governance cycles" of hard rock slopes, but also solves the problem that the soil layer in the slope platform area will sink, move outward, or even slide in large areas, and realizes the long-term stability of the ecological functions of the mining disturbance area and the low-cost controllability throughout the whole cycle, as well as the coordinated control of mining disturbances; the open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure in the present invention can drain water in the flood season and store water in the dry season, the water storage efficiency can be increased by more than 2 times, and the vegetation coverage period can be shortened to 18 months; the construction process of the present invention is simple, especially suitable for the ecological restoration of hard rock mine slopes, and provides a mining and repair technology that is easy to use local materials, low cost, and has good repair effects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 This is a lateral schematic diagram of the ecological slope structure of an open-pit hard mine in Example 1; Figure 2 This is a top view schematic diagram of the ecological slope structure of an open-pit hard mine in Example 1; Figure 3 for Figure 1 A magnified view of part A in the middle; Figure 4 This is a partial lateral schematic diagram of the open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure in Example 2; Figure 5 This is a partial schematic diagram of the ecological slope structure of an open-pit hard mine in Example 2; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the vegetation bag in Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1

[0019] Combine Figure 1 、 Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, an open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure includes a terrace 2 arranged on the slope 1, and a vegetation structure for planting plants is arranged on the terrace 2. The vegetation structure includes a drainage ditch 3 and a hard platform 4 close to the side of the slope. The drainage ditch 3 is arranged on the hard platform 4. A downslope repair layer 5 and an upslope repair layer 6 are arranged above the hard platform 4. The top surface of the slope repair layer intersects with the outer slope surface of the slope repair layer, and part of the downslope repair layer 5 is embedded in the drainage ditch 3. The downslope repair layer 5 uses a soil-rock mixture with a thickness of not less than 50 cm, and the upslope repair layer 6 uses cultivated soil with a thickness of not less than 50 cm. A vegetation bag masonry structure 9 is arranged on the hard platform 4 and outside the slope repair layer. The vegetation bag masonry structure 9 is not higher than 80 cm and its top is higher than the final settlement line of the middle area of ​​the outer slope surface. Several obliquely arranged diversion grooves 11 are provided on the slope surface of the slope 1. The length of a single diversion groove 11 is 1-1.5m, the width is 0.08-0.12m, the depth is 0.05-0.08m, and the spacing is 0.8-1.2m. The trough direction of the diversion groove 11 forms an angle of 40-50° with the dominant rainfall direction. Example 2

[0020] Combine Figure 4 、 Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, an open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure includes a terrace 2 provided on the slope 1, a vegetation structure for planting plants provided on the terrace 2, and a vegetation structure including a drainage ditch 3 and a hard platform 4 close to the slope side. The drainage ditch 3 is provided on the hard platform 4, and a downslope repair layer 5 and an upslope repair layer 6 are provided above the hard platform 4. The top surface of the slope repair layer intersects with the outer slope surface of the slope repair layer, and part of the downslope repair layer 5 is embedded in the drainage ditch 3. A number of blind holes 7 are provided on the hard platform 4 and outside the drainage ditch 3 at intervals. Two adjacent blind holes 7 share the same vegetation bag 8, and the two ends of the vegetation bag 8 extend into the corresponding blind holes 7 respectively. The middle part of the vegetation bag 8 is located on the top surface of the hard platform 4 between the two adjacent blind holes 7. The blind holes 7 and the plurality of vegetation bags 8 together constitute a gripping structure 14 (such as Figure 5As shown). The blind hole 7 is cylindrical, and the vegetation bag 8 is made of PP material. The downslope repair layer 5 uses a soil-rock mixture with a thickness of 50-55 cm, and the upslope repair layer 6 uses cultivated soil with a thickness of 52-55 cm. A vegetation bag stacking structure 9 is provided on the hard platform 4 and outside the slope repair layer. The vegetation bag stacking structure 9 is not higher than 80 cm and its top is higher than the final settlement line 12 in the middle area of ​​the outer slope surface. The vegetation bag stacking structure 9 includes vegetation bags stacked on the gripping structure. Two necking parts 10 are evenly arranged on the vegetation bag 8. A number of obliquely arranged diversion grooves 11 are provided on the slope surface of the slope 1. The length of a single diversion groove 11 is 1.1 m, the width is 0.1 m, the depth is 0.06 m, and the spacing is 1.1 m. The trough direction of the diversion groove 11 is at an angle of 45° to the dominant rainfall direction.

[0021] The mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method for an open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure in this embodiment includes the following steps: Step 1: During the mining phase, a row-by-row descending blasting process was used to form a stepped rock mass in the repair area. Specifically, the pre-crack hole diameter was set at 90 mm, the hole spacing was 1.2 m, the linear charge density was 350 g / m, the filling coefficient was 0.8, the buffer hole spacing was 2.5 m, the charge amount was decreased by 15% per row (the amount of explosives was determined based on the blasting area), and the detonation sequence was such that the pre-crack hole detonated 150 milliseconds ahead of the main blast hole. The main blast hole had a V-shaped sequence with a delay interval of 25 milliseconds. The resulting stepped rock mass had a damage rate of only about 12%; Step 2: trimming the obtained stepped rock mass and its top to obtain a slope base having a hard platform 4 and a guide groove 11; In this step: an excavator or hydraulic breaker is used to trim the top of the slope to an uneven surface of ±10 cm, and 3-5 bionic tooth-shaped interfaces (tooth depth 10-20 cm) are reserved every 2 meters at the corners of the top of the slope to form an irregular "gear" boundary, simulating natural erosion landforms; a mechanical grooving process is implemented on the final slope to form an irregular groove network diversion channel 11 (the diversion channel 11 is 1.1 m long, 0.1 m wide, 0.06 m deep, and 1.1 m apart. The trough direction of the diversion channel 11 is at a 45° angle to the dominant rainfall direction) to disperse the slope water flow while reducing direct erosion of rainwater, thereby better improving the water collection and storage efficiency of the micro-topography; Step 3: construct drainage ditches 3 and blind holes 7 on the hard platform 4; On the inner side of the hard platform 4, close to the side slope, a drainage ditch 3 with a width of 20-30 cm and a depth of 20 cm is excavated, and the slope is set at 3%-5% according to the length of the platform; each blind hole 7 has a diameter of 50 cm and a depth of 20 cm, and the center distance between adjacent blind holes 7 is 90 cm; Step 4: laying vegetation bags 8 on the hard platform 4, and applying the downslope repair layer 5 and the upslope repair layer 6 in sequence; specifically: Step 41: Place the long strips of vegetation bags 8 (each vegetation bag 8 is 60 cm long, has a maximum diameter of 20 cm, has a constricted neck 10 with a diameter of 15 cm, and the length between two constricted necks 10 on the vegetation bag 8 is 40 cm) flat on the top surface of the hard platform 4 between adjacent blind holes 7. Step 42: Adjust the end positions of the long strip vegetation bag 8 so that both ends of the vegetation bag 8 extend into two adjacent blind holes 7, and the neck portion 10 of the vegetation bag 8 is just located at the top edge of the blind hole 7. Step 43, referring to steps 41 and 42, until all blind holes 7 are inserted into the vegetation bags 8; Step 44: Lay a soil-rock mixture on top of the long strip vegetation bags 8. In this process, the first part of the soil-rock mixture is filled into the blind holes 7 and the drainage ditch 3. The second part of the soil-rock mixture is covered on top of the long strip vegetation bags 8 and compacted with a shovel to obtain a downslope repair layer 5. Local materials are used to backfill the original soil-rock mixture from the mine into the lower layer and cover it with 8-10 cm thick mountain soil and mud-soil to obtain a downslope repair layer 5. Step 45: Lay cooked soil on the downslope repair layer 5 and compact it to obtain the upslope repair layer 6; backfill the cultivated soil to 0.8m according to the mine's topsoil stripping conditions and compact it with a shovel; During the implementation process, the angle between the top surface of the downslope repair layer 5 and the upslope repair layer 6 (i.e., the inner slope surface of the slope repair layer) and the top surface of the hard platform 4 is controlled to be 5°, and the angle between the outer side surface of the downslope repair layer 5 and the upslope repair layer 6 (i.e., the outer slope surface) and the top surface of the hard platform 4 is controlled to be 45-50°; Step 5: construct a vegetation bag masonry structure 9 outside the slope repair layer. The number of layers of the vegetation bag masonry structure 9 is 4 and the height is controlled within 80 cm to form an ecological soil ridge. Step 6: Install a steel tie net with a diameter of 10 (20 cm x 20 cm mesh) on the outermost side of the ecological soil protection embankment. Step 7, plant and manage plants 13. According to the mine altitude, platform width, backfill covering soil and other conditions, select a combination of deciduous + evergreen, shrub and grass, and build a positive succession vegetation community of pioneer layer-community layer-ground cover layer. Especially in the first season, focus on the sowing of perennial herbs, select plants that grow well and do not form vicious competition, quickly form humus and improve soil organic matter; according to conventional maintenance methods, retain moisture in the rainy season, irrigate in the dry season, and apply organic fertilizer in winter.

[0022] One of the key technical points in this embodiment is that the blind hole 7 and a plurality of vegetation bags 8 are used to form a grip structure 14 that cooperates with the hard platform 4, which cleverly separates the lower part of the downslope repair layer 5 into several independent parts, and breaks the lower part of the downslope repair layer 5 into small parts, effectively preventing the lateral displacement of the downslope repair layer 5 and the upslope repair layer 6 during the ecological restoration process, and realizing the directional (vertical) and slight settlement (settlement height not more than 3 cm) of a small local area of ​​the slope repair layer (the area of ​​a single settlement area is much less than 0.2 m2), thereby solving the problem of the soil layer in the slope platform area settling in a large area, moving outward or even sliding. In addition, this specific structure has the advantage of guiding rainwater to penetrate smoothly into the blind hole 7 and store it, while preventing the stored water from volatilizing quickly.

[0023] The comparative solution, referring to Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that the bottom of the drainage ditch 3 is higher than the top surface of the hard platform 4 .

[0024] This embodiment was used to carry out ecological restoration of a cement limestone mine in Chongqing. The results showed that in this embodiment, slope terrace 2 can achieve an annual runoff interception rate of ≥78%, and the soil moisture content during the drought season (measured in April, 12-18 days after rainwater was artificially prevented from entering terrace 2, with the measurement sample taken from the middle of terrace 2 at the junction of the downslope restoration layer 5 and the upslope restoration layer 6) is stably maintained at 20%-23%; in Example 1, slope terrace 2 can achieve an annual runoff interception rate of approximately 65%, and the soil moisture content during the drought season is approximately 12%; in the comparative scheme, slope terrace 2 can achieve an annual runoff interception rate of approximately 30%, and the soil moisture content during the drought season is 6-8%.

[0025] Compared with the existing solutions that focus on the ecological restoration of the final slope, the present invention can reduce the cost of ecological restoration of open-pit hard mine slopes by more than 40%. It not only effectively solves the industry problems of "repeated repairs, continuous investment, and long governance cycles" of hard rock slopes, but especially the solution in Example 2 effectively solves the problem that the soil layer in the slope platform area will sink, move outward, or even slide in large areas, and realizes the long-term stability of the ecological functions of the mining disturbance area and the low-cost controllability throughout the whole cycle, as well as the coordinated control of mining disturbances; the open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure in the present invention can drain water in the flood season and store water in the dry season, the water storage efficiency can be increased by more than 2 times, and the vegetation coverage period can be shortened to 18 months; the construction process of the present invention is simple, and is particularly suitable for the ecological restoration of hard rock mine slopes, providing a mining and repair technology that is easy to use local materials, low cost, and has good repair effects.

Claims

1. An open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure, comprising a terrace (2) provided on the slope (1), a vegetation structure for planting plants provided on the terrace (2), and characterized in that: The vegetation structure comprises a drainage ditch (3) and a hard platform (4) close to the slope side. The drainage ditch (3) is arranged on the hard platform (4). A downslope repair layer (5) and an upslope repair layer (6) are arranged above the hard platform (4). The top surface of the slope repair layer intersects with the outer slope surface of the slope repair layer, and a part of the downslope repair layer (5) is embedded in the drainage ditch (3).

2. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: A plurality of blind holes (7) are arranged at intervals on the hard platform (4) and outside the drainage ditch (3). Two adjacent blind holes (7) share the same vegetation bag (8). Two ends of the vegetation bag (8) extend into the corresponding blind holes (7) respectively. The middle part of the vegetation bag (8) is located on the top surface of the hard platform (4) between the two adjacent blind holes (7). The blind holes (7) and the plurality of vegetation bags (8) together constitute a gripping structure (14) that cooperates with the hard platform (4).

3. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The blind hole (7) is cylindrical, and the planting bag (8) is made of PP material.

4. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 3, characterized in that: The downslope repair layer (5) uses a soil-rock mixture with a thickness of not less than 50 cm, and the upslope repair layer (6) uses mellow soil with a thickness of not less than 50 cm.

5. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: A vegetation bag masonry structure (9) is provided on the hard platform (4) and outside the slope repair layer. The vegetation bag masonry structure (9) is no higher than 80 cm and its top is higher than the final settlement line of the middle area of ​​the outer slope surface.

6. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The vegetation bag stacking structure (9) comprises vegetation bags stacked on the gripping structure.

7. The open-pit hard mine ecological slope structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: Two neck portions (10) are evenly arranged on the vegetation bag (8).

8. A method for ecological restoration of an open-pit hard mine slope using the mining and treatment integrated ecological slope structure of any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the steps include: Step 1: During the mining phase, a step-by-step blasting process is used to form a stepped rock mass in the restoration area. Step 2: trimming the obtained stepped rock mass and its slope top to obtain a slope base having a hard platform (4) and a diversion groove (11); Step 3, constructing drainage ditches (3) and blind holes (7) on the hard platform (4); Step 4, laying vegetation bags (8) on the hard platform (4), and applying a downslope repair layer (5) and an upslope repair layer (6) in sequence; Step 5: construct a vegetation bag masonry structure (9) on the outside of the slope restoration layer to form an ecological soil ridge; Step 6: construct the steel reinforcement mesh; Step 7: Planting and maintenance of plants.

9. The mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method according to claim 8, characterized in that: Step 4 specifically includes: Step 41, placing the long strip of vegetation bag (8) flat on the top surface of the hard platform (4) between adjacent blind holes (7); Step 42, adjusting the end position of the long strip vegetation bag (8) so that both ends of the vegetation bag (8) extend into two adjacent blind holes (7); Step 43, referring to steps 41 and 42, until all blind holes (7) are inserted into the vegetation bags (8); Step 44, laying a soil-rock mixture on top of the long strip vegetation bag (8), wherein the first part of the soil-rock mixture is filled into the blind hole (7) and the drainage ditch (3), and the second part of the soil-rock mixture is covered on top of the long strip vegetation bag (8) and compacted to obtain a downslope repair layer (5); Step 45: laying cooked soil on the downslope repair layer (5) and compacting it to obtain an upslope repair layer (6).

10. The mining and treatment integrated slope ecological restoration method according to claim 9, characterized in that: The length of a single diversion trough (11) on the slope is 1-1.5 m, the width is 0.08-0.12 m, the depth is 0.05-0.08 m, and the spacing is 0.8-1.2 m. The trough direction of the diversion trough (11) is at an angle of 40-50 degrees to the dominant rainfall direction.

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