Actuator with retraction member

Abstract

The actuator may include an outer body. At least a portion of the outer body may be configured to be pivotable. The actuator may include a retraction member, such as a shape memory material member. The retraction member may retract when an activation input is provided to the retraction member. As a result, the actuator may be deformed to an activated configuration in which the size (e.g., height) of the actuator is increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The subject matter described herein relates generally to actuators and, more particularly, to actuators including retraction members. Background Art

[0002] When an activation input is applied to a shape memory alloy, the material undergoes a change in shape. When the activation input is discontinued, the material returns to its original shape. Shape memory alloys are used in some actuator designs. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include an outer body. At least a portion of the outer body may be configured to pivot. The actuator may include a contraction member. The contraction member may be operatively connected to opposing end portions of the actuator. When an activation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member may contract, causing the opposing end portions of the actuator to move toward each other. Thus, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator increases in size.

[0004] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include an outer body. The outer body may include a first outer body portion and a second outer body portion arranged in a scissor configuration. The actuator may include a contraction member. When an activation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member may contract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator height is increased.

[0005] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include an outer body. The outer body may include a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other. The actuator may include a retraction member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator may include a track. The first portion and the second portion may operatively engage the track. When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member may retract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator height is increased.

[0006] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include an outer body. The outer body may include a first portion, a second portion, and a transverse body member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator may include a retraction member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator may include a track. The first portion and the second portion may operatively engage the track. When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member may retract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator height is increased.

[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a system. The system may include an actuator. The actuator may include an external body. At least a portion of the external body may be configured to pivot. The actuator may include a contraction member. The system may include one or more processors operatively connected to selectively activate the contraction member. When an activation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member may contract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator increases in size.

[0008] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include a first outer body member comprising a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other via one or more hinges. The actuator may include one or more first biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member into an inactivated configuration of the actuator. The actuator may include a push plate operatively connected to the first outer body member. The actuator may include a second outer body member comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a base. The first portion and the second portion may be pivotally connected to the base. The actuator may include one or more second biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member into an inactivated configuration. The actuator may include one or more shape memory alloy wires. The actuator may include a first end cap and a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap. The one or more shape memory alloy wires may be operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end cap. When an activation input is provided to the one or more shape memory alloy wires, the one or more shape memory alloy wires may contract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the height of the actuator is increased.

[0009] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include a first outer body member and a second outer body member. The first outer body member may include a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other. The actuator may include one or more shape memory material members. When an activation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members may contract, thereby causing the actuator to move in a direction different from the contraction direction.

[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an actuator. The actuator may include a first body member. The first outer body member may include a first portion and a second portion, the first portion and the second portion being operatively connected to each other so that the first portion and the second portion can move relative to each other. The actuator may include a second body member. The actuator may include one or more shape memory material members. When an activation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members may contract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator height increases.

[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a system. The system may include an actuator. The actuator may include a first body member comprising a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other. The actuator may include a second body member. The actuator may include one or more shape memory material members. The system may include one or more processors operatively connected to selectively activate the one or more shape memory material members. When an activation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members may contract. As a result, the actuator may be deformed into an activated configuration in which the actuator height increases. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1 is a view of an example of an actuator.

[0014] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 View of the actuator showing the deactivated state.

[0015] Figure 3 yes Figure 1 A view of the actuator showing the activated state.

[0016] Figure 4 is included Figure 1 Example of an actuator system.

[0017] Figures 5A-5F Shown for Figure 1 Different views of an example of an end cap for an actuator.

[0018] Figure 6 yes Figure 1 Examples of the first portion or the second portion of the first outer body member of the actuator.

[0019] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 An example of a base of a second outer body member of an actuator.

[0020] Figure 8 is used for Figure 1 Example of a push plate of an actuator.

[0021] Figure 9 yes Figure 1 Examples of the first portion or the second portion of the second outer body member of the actuator.

[0022] Figure 10 is another example of an actuator.

[0023] Figures 11A-11E Shown for Figure 10 Different views of the end cap portion of the actuator.

[0024] Figure 12 is used for Figure 10 An example of an end cap of an actuator showing two interconnected end cap parts.

[0025] Figure 13 yes Figure 10-12 An exemplary arrangement of the shape memory material members on the end caps is shown.

[0026] Figure 14 is with Figure 1 or Figure 10 An example of a wire guide used with an actuator.

[0027] Figure 15 is another example of an actuator.

[0028] Figure 16 yes Figure 15 View of the actuator.

[0029] Figure 17A yes Figure 15 1 , which shows an example of an actuator in an unactivated configuration.

[0030] Figure 17B yes Figure 15 An example of an actuator showing an activated configuration.

[0031] Figures 18A-18C Shown for Figure 15 Different views of an example of a second outer body member of an actuator.

[0032] Figures 19A-19B Shown for Figure 15 Different views of an example of a first outer body member of an actuator.

[0033] Figure 20 is used for Figure 15 Example of the first part of the end cap of the actuator.

[0034] Figure 21 is used for Figure 15 Example of the second part of the end cap of the actuator.

[0035] Figure 22 is used for Figure 15 Another example of a second portion of an end cap of an actuator.

[0036] Figure 23 yes Figure 15 An example of a base of a second outer body member of an actuator.

[0037] Figure 24 is another example of an actuator shown in an unactivated configuration.

[0038] Figure 25 yes Figure 25 View of the actuator showing the activated configuration.

[0039] Figure 26 yes Figure 25 An example of multiple actuators, which are shown in an unactivated state.

[0040] Figure 27 yes Figure 26 A view of multiple actuators showing the activated state.

[0041] Figure 28 is another example of an actuator shown in an unactivated configuration.

[0042] Figure 29 yes Figure 25 View of the actuator showing the activated configuration.

[0043] Figure 30 yes Figure 15 Another example of an actuator showing a central biasing member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] Thus, the devices described herein relate, among other things, to an actuator. The actuator can include one or more retraction members. The actuator can include an outer body member. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can have various configurations.

[0045] When an activation input (e.g., energy, heat, electrical energy, current, etc.) is provided to the one or more contraction members, the one or more contraction members can contract. As a result, the actuator can be deformed into an activated configuration in which the size (e.g., height) of the actuator increases.

[0046] Detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments are intended to be exemplary only. Therefore, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein should not be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ various aspects of the present disclosure in virtually any appropriately detailed configuration in various ways. Furthermore, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather to provide an understandable description of possible implementations. Figures 1 to 30 Various embodiments are shown, but the embodiments are not limited to the structures or applications shown.

[0047] It should be understood that for simplicity and clarity of description, reference numerals are repeated in different figures to indicate corresponding or similar elements, where appropriate. In addition, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details.

[0048] The device described herein relates to an actuator. Generally, the actuator may include one or more shape memory material members. The actuator may have any suitable form. An example of an actuator will be described herein. However, it should be understood that this example is not intended to be limiting. In fact, there are a variety of actuator designs that include one or more shape memory material members that can operate according to the arrangements described herein.

[0049] refer to Figures 1 to 3 , shows an example of an actuator 100. The actuator 100 can have any suitable configuration. The actuator 100 can include a first outer body member 110, a second outer body member 130, a first end cap 160, a second end cap 170, and a shape memory material member 180. These components and other components will be described in turn below.

[0050] The first outer body member 110 may include a first portion 112 and a second portion 114. The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 may be substantially identical to each other, but they may be oriented in different directions. In other arrangements, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 may differ from each other in one or more aspects. Figure 6 One example of a first portion 112 and a second portion 114 is shown. The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 may be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0051] The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be operatively connected to each other so that the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to each other. For example, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more cylindrical hinges 122. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion 112 and the second portion 114. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion 112 and the second portion 114.

[0052] The first portion 112 may include a first butt joint end 116 and a second butt joint end 117. The second portion 114 may include a first butt joint end 118 and a second butt joint end 119. The first butt joint end 116 of the first portion 112 and the first butt joint end 118 of the second portion 114 may be configured to butt joint with each other. For example, the first butt joint end 116 of the first portion 112 may include a knuckle 120, and the first butt joint end 118 of the second portion 114 may include a knuckle 121. The knuckles 120, 121 may include openings that may be substantially aligned with each other to partially form a hinge. The pin 123 may extend through the aligned openings. In such an arrangement, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 may define the blades of the hinge.

[0053] The second docking end 117 of the first portion 112 can be configured to dock with the first end cap 160. For example, the second docking end 117 of the first portion 112 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 can be configured to reliably engage the second docking end 117 of the first portion 112 while allowing the first portion 112 to pivot therein. The second docking end 119 of the second portion 114 can be configured to dock with the second end cap 170. For example, the second docking end 119 of the second portion 114 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 170. The second end cap 170 can be configured to reliably engage the second docking end 119 of the second portion 114 while allowing the second portion 114 to pivot therein.

[0054] The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be angled relative to each other. Thus, the first outer body member 110 can have a generally V-shaped shape. The first outer body member 110 can have an outer side 124 and an inner side 126.

[0055] The actuator 100 can include a biasing member 128. The biasing member 128 can be associated with the first outer body member 110. The biasing member 128 can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member 110 into an inactivated configuration of the actuator 100. More specifically, the biasing member 128 can apply a force to the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 to bias them into the inactivated configuration.

[0056] The biasing member 128 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force to the first outer body member 110. In one or more arrangements, the biasing member 128 can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member 128 can be a torsion spring.

[0057] In some arrangements, the first outer body member 110 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 128. For example, the first portion 112 can include a retaining member 127, and the second portion 114 can include a retaining member 129. The retaining members 127, 129 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 127, 129 can be generally L-shaped (e.g., Figure 2 、 3 6 ), in a generally U-shape, a generally V-shape, or a generally J-shape, to name a few possibilities. Retaining members 127, 129 can be formed as an integral structure with a respective one of first portion 112 and second portion 114. In some arrangements, retaining members 127, 129 can be formed separately from first portion 112 and second portion 114 and then attached thereto.

[0058] The actuator 100 may include a push plate 171 . Figures 2 to 3 and Figure 8 An example of a push plate 171 is shown. The push plate 171 can be configured to engage other structures or objects. The push plate 171 can focus the force of the actuator 100 on the intended target object. The push plate 171 can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the push plate 171 can be generally T-shaped. In some arrangements, the push plate 171 can include a platform 172 and a rod 174. In some arrangements, the platform 172 can be generally rectangular, as shown. In other arrangements, the platform 172 can be generally circular, generally square, generally triangular, generally polygonal, generally hexagonal, generally octagonal, generally trapezoidal, to name just a few possibilities.

[0059] The platform 172 can have an engagement surface 173. The engagement surface 173 can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on a desired target. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 173 can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 173 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 173 can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator 100.

[0060] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 173 can be substantially parallel to the one or more shape memory material members 180 located within the cavity 158 and / or the first dimension 200 of the actuator 100. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 173 can be angled relative to the one or more shape memory material members 180 located within the cavity 158 and / or the first dimension 200 of the actuator 100. The engagement surface 173 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

[0061] Push plate 171 can be operatively connected to first outer body member 110. For example, a portion of rod 174 can be configured to include one or more openings 175 that can substantially align with openings 125 in knuckles 120, 121 of first and second portions 112, 114 to partially form a hinge. Pin 123 can pass through aligned openings 125, 175. While first and second portions 112, 114 can pivot relative to each other, push plate 171 can substantially maintain its orientation. In some arrangements, push plate 171 can be located substantially in the center of first outer body member 110.

[0062] The second outer body member 130 may include a first portion 132, a second portion 134, and a base 136. The first portion 132, the second portion 134, and the base 136 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may be substantially identical to each other, but they may be oriented in different directions. However, in other embodiments, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may differ from each other in one or more aspects.

[0063] Figure 9 An example of a first portion 132 and a second portion 134 is shown. The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). In some arrangements, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 of the second outer body member 130 can be substantially mirror images of the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 of the first outer body member 110. The first portion 132 can include a first butt end 140 and a second butt end 141. The second portion 134 can include a first butt end 142 and a second butt end 143.

[0064] The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be operatively connected to another element so that the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be operatively connected to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can each be operatively connected to another structure. For example, each of the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the other structure. In one or more arrangements, each of the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136. For example, the first portion 132 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 via one or more hinges, and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 132 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 via one or more cylindrical hinges 138, and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 via one or more cylindrical hinges 139. The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may be located on opposite sides of the base 136 .

[0065] In some arrangements, the one or more hinges may be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion 132 and the base 136, and the second portion 134 and the base 136. Alternatively, in some arrangements, the one or more hinges may be at least partially formed by the first portion 132, the second portion 134, and / or the base 136.

[0066] The base 136 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. Figure 7An example of a base 136 is shown. The base 136 may have a first docking end 148 and a second docking end 149. The base 136 may be configured to dock with the first portion 132 and the second portion 134. The first docking end 140 of the first portion 132 and the first docking end 142 of the second portion 134 may be configured to dock with the base 136. For example, the first docking end 140 of the first portion 132 may include one or more knuckles 145, and the first docking end 142 of the second portion 134 may include one or more knuckles 146. The knuckles 145 and 146 may define an opening 144. Furthermore, the first docking end 148 of the base 136 may include one or more knuckles 150, and the second docking end 149 of the base 136 may include one or more knuckles 151. The knuckles 150 and 151 may define an opening 159. The one or more openings 145 of the one or more knuckles 144 of the first portion 132 and the one or more openings 159 of the one or more knuckles 150 of the base 136 may be substantially aligned with each other. Pin 152 can be received in the aligned openings 144, 159. In such an arrangement, first portion 132 and base 136 can act like the blades of a hinge. One or more openings 144 of one or more knuckles 146 of second portion 134 and one or more openings 159 of one or more knuckles 151 of base 136 can be substantially aligned with each other. Pin 153 can be received in the aligned openings 144, 159. In such an arrangement, second portion 134 and base 136 can act like the blades of a hinge.

[0067] The second docking end 141 of the first portion 132 can be configured to dock with the first end cap 160. For example, the second docking end 141 of the first portion 132 can include a lip 168, a protrusion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 141 of the first portion 132 while allowing the first portion 132 to pivot therein. The second docking end 143 of the second portion 134 can be configured to dock with the second end cap 170. For example, the second docking end 143 of the second portion 134 can include a lip 168, a protrusion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 170. The second end cap 170 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 143 of the second portion 134 while allowing the second portion 134 to pivot therein.

[0068] The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be angled relative to each other.The second outer body member 130 can have an outer side 131 and an inner side 133.

[0069] One or more biasing members can be associated with the second outer body member 130. For example, biasing member 154 can be associated with the first portion 132 and the base 136, and biasing member 155 can be associated with the second portion 134 and the base 136. The biasing members 154, 155 can be operatively positioned to bias the second outer body member 130 into the deactivated configuration of the actuator 100. More specifically, biasing member 154 can apply a force to the first portion 132 and the base 136 to bias at least the first portion 132 into the deactivated configuration. Additionally, biasing member 155 can apply a force to the second portion 134 and the base 136 to bias at least the second portion 134 into the deactivated configuration.

[0070] The biasing members 154, 155 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force to the second outer body member 130. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members 154, 155 can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 154, 155 can be torsion springs.

[0071] In some arrangements, the biasing members 128, 154, 155 can be substantially identical to one another. In some arrangements, one or more of the biasing members 128, 154, 155 can differ from the other biasing members in one or more aspects, such as size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, to name just a few possibilities.

[0072] In some arrangements, the second outer body member 130 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing members 154, 155. For example, the first portion 132 can include a retaining member 156, and the second portion 134 can include a retaining member 157. The retaining members 156, 157 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 156, 157 can be generally L-shaped (e.g., Figure 2 、 3 9 ), in a generally U-shaped, generally V-shaped, or generally J-shaped, to name a few possibilities. Retaining members 156, 157 may be formed as an integral structure with a respective one of first portion 132 and second portion 134. In some arrangements, retaining members 156, 157 may be formed separately from first portion 132 and second portion 134 and subsequently attached thereto.

[0073] The first and second outer body members 110, 130 can be oriented such that their inner sides 126, 133 face each other. The first and second outer body members 110, 130 can define a cavity 158.

[0074] The base 136 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the base 136 can be generally rectangular. The base 136 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., metal or plastic). The base 136 can be made of the same material as the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130, or the base 136 can be made of a different material.

[0075] The base 136 can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base 136 can include an engagement surface 137. The engagement surface 137 can be configured to engage with a surface supporting the base 136 in a substantially mating manner. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 137 can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 137 can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some arrangements, the base 136 can be configured to be connected to another surface. For example, the base 136 can include one or more apertures 135 to accommodate fasteners for attachment to another surface or structure.

[0076] The actuator 100 may include a first end cap 160 and a second end cap 170. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be spaced apart. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be opposite to each other. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be substantially aligned with each other.

[0077] The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be substantially identical to each other. However, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can have different orientations. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can differ from each other in one or more aspects.

[0078] Figures 5A-5F One example of an end cap is shown. For convenience, the end cap will be referred to as the first end cap 160, but it should be understood that the description also applies to the second end cap 170.

[0079] The first end cap 160 can be configured to engage with the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130. For example, the first end cap 160 can include a first engagement cavity 161 and a second engagement cavity 162. The first engagement cavity 161 and the second engagement cavity 162 can form a certain angle relative to the plane 163 of the first end cap 160, such as Figure 5BFor example, in one or more arrangements, the first engagement cavity 161 and the second engagement cavity 162 may form an angle α of about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees relative to the plane 163 . The first end cap 160 may be substantially symmetrical about the plane 163 .

[0080] The first engaging cavity 161 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the first outer body member 110. More particularly, the first engaging cavity 161 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second docking end 117 of the first portion 112. Furthermore, the first engaging cavity 161 of the second end cap 170 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second docking end 119 of the second portion 114.

[0081] Any suitable form of operative connection can exist between the first outer body member 110 and the first engagement cavity 161. For example, the first outer body member 110 can be operatively connected to the first engagement cavity 161 by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazes or welds, to name just a few possibilities. As an example, the first outer body member 110 can include a lip 115, protrusion, or other feature that can engage with a corresponding end cap within the first engagement cavity 161 (e.g., by an interlocking engagement). The first outer body member 110 can be retainably engaged by the first engagement cavity 161. The first engagement cavity 161 can provide end accommodation for the first portion 112 or the second portion 114 to pivot therein when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated.

[0082] The second engagement cavity 162 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second outer body member 130. More specifically, the second engagement cavity 162 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second abutting end 119 of the first portion 132. Additionally, the second engagement cavity 162 of the second end cap 170 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second abutting end 119 of the second portion 134. The above discussion regarding the operative coupling between the first outer body member 110 and the first engagement cavity 161 also applies to the coupling between the second outer body member 130 and the second engagement cavity 162. The first portion 132 and / or the second portion 134 of the second outer body member 130 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other features that can engage with a corresponding end cap within the second engagement cavity 162, such as through an interlocking engagement. The second outer body member 130 can be retainably coupled by the second engagement cavity 162. The second engagement cavity 162 can provide an end reception for the first portion 132 or the second portion 134 when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated to allow the first portion or the second portion to pivot therein.

[0083] The first end cap 160 can include a number of features to allow for engagement with one or more shape memory material members 180. For example, the first end cap 160 can include one or more features to enable one or more shape memory material members 180 to turn and extend toward the opposite end cap. For example, each of the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can include a first slot 164, a second slot 165, and a post 166. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member 180 can wrap around the post 166. In some arrangements, the shape memory material member 180 can extend along the first slot 164 and / or the second slot 165.

[0084] First groove 164 and second groove 165 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, first groove 164 and second groove 165 can be substantially identical to each other. In other arrangements, first groove 164 and second groove 165 can differ from each other in one or more aspects. In one or more arrangements, first groove 164 and second groove 165 can be generally U-shaped. Post 166 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. For example, post 166 can be generally semi-cylindrical.

[0085] The first end cap 160 can include one or more inlet / outlet channels 177 extending between the first slot 164 and the exterior of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 can include one or more inlet / outlet channels 178 extending between the second slot 165 and the exterior of the first end cap 160. The inlet / outlet channels 177, 178 can provide an entry or exit point for one or more shape memory material members 180 to enter or exit from the first end cap 160 or the second end cap 170.

[0086] In some arrangements, at least a portion of one or more shape memory material members 180 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, portions of one or more shape memory material members 180 that interact with first slots 164, second slots 165, and posts 166 can be coated or covered with insulating material 167. In some arrangements, insulating material 167 can be a sleeve or wrap.

[0087] One or more shape-memory material members 180 can extend between the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 in any suitable manner. A non-limiting example of the placement of the one or more shape-memory material members 180 will now be described. From the exterior of the first end cap 160, the shape-memory material member 180 can enter the inlet / outlet channel 177 and extend substantially straight into a portion of the first slot 164. The shape-memory material member 180 can extend substantially straight out of the first slot 164 and into the cavity 158. The shape-memory material member 180 can extend through the cavity 158 and into the first slot 164 of the second end cap 170. The shape-memory material member 180 can turn in the first slot 164 of the second end cap 170. From there, the shape-memory material member 180 can extend rearward through the cavity 158 and wrap around the post 166 of the first end cap 160. The shape-memory material member 180 can then extend rearward through the cavity 158 and wrap around the post 166 of the second end cap 170. The shape memory material member 180 may extend through the cavity 158 and into the second slot 165 of the first end cap 160. The shape memory material member 180 may extend within the second slot 165 and extend rearwardly through the cavity 158 and into the second slot 165 of the second end cap 170. The shape memory material member 180 may exit the second slot 165 via one of the inlet / outlet channels 178 of the second end cap 170.

[0088] It should be understood that other arrangements of the shape-memory material member 180 are possible. For example, the shape-memory material member 180 may extend between the post 166 of the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. As another example, the shape-memory material member 180 may extend between the first slot 164 of the first end cap 160 and the first slot 164 of the second end cap 170. As yet another example, the shape-memory material member 180 may extend between the second slot 165 of the first end cap 160 and the second slot 165 of the second end cap 170. Further, the shape-memory material member 180 may extend between the first slot 164 of the first end cap 160 and the second slot 165 of the second end cap 170. As another possibility, the shape-memory material member 180 may extend between the second slot 165 of the first end cap 160 and the first slot 164 of the second end cap 170. Of course, it should be understood that one or more shape-memory material members 180 may be arranged according to any combination of the above and other examples.

[0089] It should be noted that when extending through the cavity 158, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can extend substantially straight from one end cap to the other end cap. Alternatively, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can extend from one side of one end cap to the opposite side of the other end cap. Thus, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can extend substantially diagonally across the cavity 158. In some arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can wrap around the post 166 multiple times. For example, in one or more arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can wrap around the post 166 twice.

[0090] The first end cap 160 may include a flange 169. The flange 169 may provide a connection point for the ends of one or more shape memory material members 180. At this location, the one or more shape memory material members 180 may be operatively connected to another conductor or to other components connected to the power source. In some cases, the one or more shape memory material members 180 may be operatively connected to the flange 169, for example, by one or more fasteners 179 ( Figure 1 ), one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical bonding, one or more other forms of connection and / or any combination thereof.

[0091] The actuator 100 may include one or more shape memory material members 180. The shape memory material members 180 may be operatively connected to the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. Any suitable operative connection may be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, or any combination thereof. The one or more shape memory material members 180 may extend through the cavity 158 from one end cap to the other.

[0092] In some arrangements, there may be a single shape memory material member 180. In this case, the shape memory material member 180 may extend straight through the cavity, for example, from the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. In another example, the shape memory material member 180 may extend in a serpentine pattern between the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. In some arrangements, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be configured to allow the shape memory material member 180 to turn and extend in opposite directions, as described above.

[0093] In some arrangements, there may be multiple shape memory material members 180. In such cases, the multiple shape memory material members 180 may be distributed, arranged, and / or oriented in any suitable manner. For example, the shape memory material members 180 may extend substantially parallel to one another. In other arrangements, one or more of the shape memory material members 180 may not extend parallel to the other shape memory material members 180. In some cases, some of the multiple shape memory material members 180 may intersect one another. When activated, one or more of the shape memory material members 180 may be configured to overcome the biasing force applied by the biasing members 128, 154, 155.

[0094] The phrase "shape memory material" includes materials that change shape when an activation input is provided to the shape memory material, and when the activation input is discontinued, the material substantially returns to its original shape. Examples of shape memory materials include shape memory alloys (SMAs) and shape memory polymers (SMPs).

[0095] In one or more arrangements, the shape memory material component 180 can be a shape memory material wire. For example, the shape memory material component 180 can be a shape memory alloy wire. Therefore, when an activation input (i.e., heat) is provided to one or more shape memory alloy wires, the one or more wires can shrink. The one or more shape memory alloy wires can be heated in any suitable manner, whether now known or later developed. For example, the shape memory alloy wire can be heated by utilizing the Joule effect by passing an electric current through the shape memory alloy wire. In some cases, if necessary, cooling can be provided to one or more shape memory alloy wires in some arrangements so that the wires return to an unactivated configuration.

[0096] One or more wire rods can have any suitable characteristics.For example, one or more wire rods can be a high temperature wire rod with an austenite finishing temperature of about 80 degrees Celsius to about 110 degrees Celsius.One or more wire rods can have any suitable diameter.For example, the diameter of one or more wire rods can be between about 0.2mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.5mm or about 0.375mm to about 0.5mm.In some arrangements, the rigidity of one or more wire rods can be up to about 70 gigapascals (gigapascal).The pulling force of one or more SMA wire rods is about 150 MPa (MPa) to 400 MPa.One or more wire rods can be configured to provide about 300N mm to 600N mm, or greater than the initial torque of about 500N mm, wherein Newton millimeter (N mm) is the unit of torque (also referred to as moment) in the international system of units. One Newton-meter is equal to the torque generated by a force of one Newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a one-meter-long lever arm. In various aspects, one or more wires can be configured to transform in phase such that shape memory material member 180 moves from an unactivated position to an activated position in about 3 seconds or less, about 2 seconds or less, about 1 second or less, or about 0.5 seconds or less.

[0097] One or more wires can be made of any suitable shape memory material, whether now known or later developed. Different materials can be used to achieve various balances, characteristics, properties and / or qualities. For example, the SMA wire can include a nickel titanium alloy (Ni-Ti or Nitinol). An example of a nickel titanium shape memory alloy is FLEXINOL, which is available from Dynaolloy, Inc. of Irvine, California. As further examples, the SMA wire can be made of Cu-Al-Ni, Fe-Mn-Si, or Cu-Zn-Al.

[0098] The SMA wire can be configured to change phase when it changes phase (e.g., by being heated to a phase change temperature T SMA ) increase or decrease in length. Utilization of the inherent properties of the SMA wire can be achieved by using heat, such as by passing an electric current through the SMA wire, to change the phase or crystal structure transformation (i.e., twinned martensite, non-twinned martensite, and austenite) in order to provide heat generated by electrical resistance, thereby causing the SMA wire to extend or shorten. In some embodiments, during the phase transformation, when the wire is changed from below T SMA Heated to a temperature higher than T SMA The length of the SMA wire may decrease by about 2% to about 8%, or about 3% to about 6%, and in some aspects, about 3.5% when the temperature is lower than 40°C.

[0099] Other active materials may be used in conjunction with the arrangements described herein. For example, other shape memory materials may be employed. Shape memory materials are a class of active materials, sometimes also referred to as smart materials, that include materials or compositions that are capable of remembering their original shape and subsequently returning to their original shape upon application of an external stimulus (e.g., an activation signal).

[0100] Although in some embodiments, the one or more shape memory material members 180 are described as wires, it should be understood that the one or more shape memory material members 180 are not limited to wires. In fact, it is contemplated that suitable shape memory materials may be employed in a variety of other forms, such as sheets, plates, panels, strips, cables, tubing, or combinations thereof. In some arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 180 may include an insulating coating or sleeve covering at least a portion of their length.

[0101] It should be noted that the one or more shape memory material members 180 can be substantially entirely within the entire housing of the actuator 100. A substantial portion of the one or more shape memory material members 180 can be located within the cavity 158. By "substantially," this means about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more. A portion of the one or more shape memory material members 180 can be disposed within the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. A portion of the one or more shape memory material members 180 can extend outside of a respective one of the end caps 160 and 170 for connection to the flange 169 and / or another conductor and / or a power source. Thus, the actuator 100 can be a self-contained unit.

[0102] The actuator 100 may include a first dimension 200 and a second dimension 210. The first dimension 200 may describe the width of the actuator 100, and the second dimension 210 may describe the height of the actuator 100. The first dimension 200 and the second dimension 210 may be substantially perpendicular to each other.

[0103] Figure 2 An example of the actuator 100 is shown in an unactivated configuration. At this point, the one or more shape memory material members 180 are unactivated. Figure 3An example of the actuator 100 is shown in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy) is provided to one or more shape memory material members 180, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can contract. This contraction causes the one or more shape memory material members 180 to pull the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 200. As a result, the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130 can extend outward and away from each other in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 210. It should be understood that when changing from an unactivated state to an activated state, the first dimension 200 (i.e., width) of the actuator 100 can decrease and / or the second dimension 210 (i.e., height) of the actuator 100 can increase. Furthermore, it should be understood that the actuator 100 can deliver force in a non-planar or different direction than the contraction direction of the one or more shape memory material members 180.

[0104] When the actuator 100 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the push plate 171 can be located at a higher height. In addition, when the actuator 100 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 of the first outer body member 110 can decrease. Similarly, when the actuator 100 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 of the second outer body member 130 can decrease. It will be appreciated that the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be configured to accommodate movement of the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130 while maintaining an operative connection therebetween.

[0105] It should be noted that in some arrangements, push plate 171 can deliver the actuation force symmetrically, i.e., substantially aligned with the force direction of actuator 100 (e.g., in the direction of second dimension 210). However, in other arrangements, actuator 100 can be configured to deliver an asymmetrical actuation force, i.e., not aligned with the force direction of actuator 100. Asymmetric actuation force delivery can be achieved in various ways. For example, first portion 112 and second portion 114 of first outer body member 110 can have different lengths. Thus, one portion is longer than the other. As a result, push plate 171 may no longer be located in a substantially central position. Alternatively or additionally, first portion 132 and second portion 134 of second outer body member 130 can have different lengths. As another example, push plate 171 can be configured such that engagement surface 173 or other portion of push plate 171 is angled relative to first dimension 200. As another example, push plate 171 can be operatively connected to first outer body member 110 such that push plate 171 extends from first outer body member 110 at an acute angle. As another example, the biasing forces of the biasing members 154, 155 can be different from each other.Of course, it should be understood that the delivery of asymmetric actuation forces can be achieved by any combination of the above-described and other arrangements.

[0106] refer to Figure 10 , shows another example of an actuator 100 ′. For convenience, Figure 1-3 Reference numerals associated with the actuator 100 will be used herein in conjunction with Figure 14 The reference numerals associated with the actuator 100' are repeated. The actuator 100' may include a first outer body member 110, a second outer body member 130 and one or more shape memory material members 180. Figure 1-3 The description of the actuator 100 shown with respect to the first outer body member 110, the second outer body member 130, and the one or more shape memory material members 180 is equally applicable in conjunction with the Figure 14 The actuator 100' has the same components as described herein.

[0107] The actuator 100 ′ includes a first end cap 160 ′ and a second end cap 170 ′. Figure 14 The first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' are shown with Figures 5A-5F The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 are shown to be different. The actuator 100' can include the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be spaced apart. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can face each other. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be substantially aligned with each other.

[0108] The first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' can be substantially identical. However, the first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' can have different orientations. The first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' can differ from each other in one or more aspects.

[0109] In some arrangements, the first end cap 160' and / or the second end cap 170' can be a one-piece structure. In other arrangements, the first end cap 160' and / or the second end cap 170' can be made from multiple parts. Figures 11A-11E , an example of an end cap portion 1100 of the first end cap 160 ′ and / or the second end cap 170 ′ is shown.

[0110] The end cap portion 1100 can be configured to engage the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include an engagement surface 1104. The engagement surface 1104 can be substantially planar. The end cap portion 1100 can include an engagement cavity 1102. The engagement cavity 1102 can be angled relative to the engagement surface 1104. Alternatively or additionally, the engagement cavity 1102 can be angled relative to a planar surface 1106 of the first end cap 160' or the second end cap 170', such as Figure 10 For example, in one or more arrangements, the engagement cavity 1102 can be angled from about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees relative to the plane 1106 and / or the docking surface 1104 .

[0111] The engagement cavity 1102 of the end cap portion 1100 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130. More particularly, the engagement cavity 1102 of the end cap portion 1100 can be configured to be operatively coupled to the second butt end 117 of the first portion 112, the second butt end 119 of the second portion 114, the second butt end 119 of the first portion 132, and / or the second butt end 119 of the second portion 134.

[0112] Any suitable form of operative connection can exist between the engagement cavity 1102 and the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130. For example, the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130 can be operatively connected to the engagement cavity 1102 via mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazes or welds, to name just a few possibilities. As an example, the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other features that can engage with a corresponding end cap within the engagement cavity 1102 (e.g., via an interlocking engagement). The first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130 can be retainably engaged by the engagement cavity 1102. The coupling cavity 1102 can provide end accommodation for the first part 112, the second part 114, the first part 132 and / or the second part 134 when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated so that the first part 112, the second part 114, the first part 132 and / or the second part 134 can pivot therein.

[0113] The end cap portion 1100 can include a plurality of features to allow for engagement with one or more shape memory material members 180. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include one or more features to enable one or more shape memory material members 180 to turn and extend toward the opposite end cap to enter the end cap portion 1100 and / or exit the end cap portion 1100. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include a plurality of posts (e.g., a first post 1110, a second post 1112, and a third post 1114) and a plurality of slots (e.g., a first slot 1120, a second slot 1122). The end cap portion 1100 can include one or more inlet / outlet notches 1130. In addition, the end cover portion 1100 may include various structures that may define multiple channels (e.g., a first channel 1141, a second channel 1142, a third channel 1143, a fourth channel 1144, a fifth channel 1145, a sixth channel 1146, a seventh channel 1147, an eighth channel 1148 and a ninth channel 1149).

[0114] In some arrangements, one or more shape memory material members 180 may extend along one or more grooves. The first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 may be substantially identical to each other. In other arrangements, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 may differ from each other in one or more aspects. In one or more arrangements, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 may be generally U-shaped.

[0115] In some arrangements, one or more shape-memory material members 180 may wrap around one or more posts. The one or more posts may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the one or more posts may be substantially identical to one another. In other arrangements, the one or more posts may differ from one another in one or more aspects. In one or more arrangements, the one or more posts may include a shaft 1115 and a cap 1117. The cap 1117 may be larger than the shaft 1115. In some arrangements, the shaft 1115 may be generally cylindrical. The cap 1117 may be configured to help retain the one or more shape-memory material members 180 on the shaft 1115. The cap 1117 may physically prevent the one or more shape-memory material members 180 from slipping off the end of the shaft 1115. Each of the one or more posts may define an aperture 1118. The aperture 1118 may extend through the end cap portion 1100, thereby defining an opening in the cap 1117 and the docking surface 1104.

[0116] The one or more grooves and the one or more posts can have any suitable arrangement. For example, the one or more posts and the one or more grooves can alternate with each other. In some arrangements, the one or more grooves and the one or more posts can be substantially equidistant from each other. In other arrangements, the one or more grooves and the one or more posts can be non-equidistantly spaced in at least one or more regions. In some arrangements, the one or more posts can be located closer to the outer end 1111 of the end cap portion 1100 than the one or more grooves.

[0117] The end cap portion 1100 may include one or more inlet / outlet notches 1130. The one or more inlet / outlet notches 1130 may be positioned at any suitable location on the end cap portion 1100. For example, the one or more inlet / outlet notches 1130 may be located outside of one or more slots and one or more posts. The one or more inlet / outlet notches 1130 may provide a point of entry or exit for the one or more shape memory material members 180 from the end cap portion 1100. Upon exiting the end cap portion 1100, the one or more shape memory material members 180 may extend to another end cap portion 1100, a portion of the exterior of the end caps 160', 170', or some other structure.

[0118] A plurality of end cap portions 1100 can be joined to form an end cap (e.g., end cap 160' or end cap 170'). For example, a first end cap portion 1100' and a second end cap portion 1100" can be joined together to form end caps 160', 170'. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap portion 1100' and the second end cap portion 1100" can be substantially identical to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap portion 1100' and the second end cap portion 1100" can be substantially mirror images of each other. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap portion 1100' and the second end cap portion 1100" can differ from each other in one or more aspects. Although this example shows two end cap portions, it should be understood that there can be more than two end cap portions.

[0119] When the first and second end cap portions 1100', 1100" are joined, the mating surface 1104 of the first end cap portion 1100' and the mating surface 1104 of the second end cap portion 1100" may directly contact each other. The first and second end cap portions 1100', 1100" may be joined in any suitable manner now known or later developed. For example, the first and second end cap portions 1100', 1100" may be joined by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and / or any combination thereof. Figure 12 In the example shown, the first and second end cap portions 1100', 1100" can be connected by a plurality of bolts 1119, which can extend through the end cap portion 1100. In one or more arrangements, the heads of the bolts 1119 can engage with the covers 1117 of the corresponding columns. The bolts 1119 can extend through apertures 1118 in the first end cap portion 1100'. The bolts 1119 can extend through apertures 1118 in the second end cap portion 1100". The distal ends of the bolts can pass through the outside of the cover 1117 of the second end cap portion 1100". The distal ends of the bolts 1119 can engage a retaining member (e.g., a nut or other retaining structure). It should be understood that in some arrangements, the end caps 160' and / or 170' can be a unitary structure made from a single piece, such as by 3D printing or injection molding.

[0120] One or more shape memory material members 180 may extend between the first end cap 160' and the second end cap 170' in any suitable manner. Figure 13 One non-limiting example of the placement of one or more shape memory material members 180 is described with reference to one of the end cap portions 1100 in FIG.

[0121] from Figure 131142. The shape memory material member 180 may be held on the first post 1110 by the cap 1117.

[0122] The shape memory material member 180 may extend along the second channel 1142. The shape memory material member 180 may extend rearward through the cavity 158 and engage the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 may turn in the opposite end cap, extend rearward through the cavity 158, and enter the third channel 1143. The shape memory material member 180 may extend along the third channel 1143 to the first slot 1120. The shape memory material member 180 may turn around the first slot 1120 to turn and enter the fourth channel 1144. The shape memory material member 180 may extend rearward through the cavity 158 and engage the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 may turn in the opposite end cap and extend rearward through the cavity 158. The arrangement of the shape memory material member 180 may continue in the same manner with respect to the fifth channel 1145, the second post 1112, and the sixth channel 1146. The shape memory material member 180 can extend rearward through the cavity 158 and engage the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 can turn in the opposite end cap and extend rearward through the cavity 158. The arrangement of the shape memory material member 180 can continue in the same manner with respect to the seventh slot 1147, the second slot 1122, and the eighth slot 1148.

[0123] The shape memory material member 180 may extend rearward through the cavity 158 and engage the opposing end cap. The shape memory material member 180 may turn in the opposing end cap and extend rearward through the cavity 158. The shape memory material member 180 may enter the ninth channel 1149. The shape memory material member 180 may extend along the ninth channel. The shape memory material member 180 may exit the end cap portion 1100 through the inlet / outlet notch 1130. From there, the shape memory material member 180 may extend to a point on the exterior of the end cap, an attachment point on the end cap, and Figure 13 1100 (e.g., by entering inlet / outlet notch 1130 on the other end cap portion). In some arrangements, shape memory material member 180 can wrap around third post 1114 before exiting end cap portion 1100 through inlet / outlet notch 1130.

[0124] It should be understood that other arrangements of the shape memory material member 180 are possible, and Figure 13 The illustrated arrangement is merely an example. It should be noted that when extending through cavity 158, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can extend substantially straight from one end cap to the other. In this case, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can extend substantially parallel to plane 1106. Alternatively, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can extend from the upper or lower side of one end cap to the opposite side of the upper or lower side of the other end cap. Thus, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can extend substantially diagonally across cavity 158. In some arrangements, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can wrap around one or more of the one or more posts multiple times. For example, in one or more arrangements, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can wrap around one or more of the one or more posts twice. In some arrangements, one or more shape-memory material members 180 can wrap around one or more of the one or more slots multiple times. This wrapping of one or more shape-memory material members 180 can increase the actuation force imparted by one or more shape-memory material members 180 when activated.

[0125] In some arrangements, the end caps 160', 170', or the end cap portion 1100 can be configured to provide a connection point for the ends of the one or more shape memory material members 180. For example, in one or more arrangements, the end caps 160', 170', or the end cap portion 1100 can include a flange. The flange provides a connection point for the ends of the one or more shape memory material members 180. At this location, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can be operatively connected to another conductor or to other elements of the power source. In some cases, the one or more shape memory material members 180 can be operatively connected to the flange, for example, by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and / or any combination thereof.

[0126] In some arrangements, one or more of the shape memory material members 180 are bare, that is, they are not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, at least a portion of one or more of the shape memory material members 180 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, the portion of one or more of the shape memory material members 180 that interacts with one or more slots and / or one or more posts can be coated or covered with insulating material 167. In some arrangements, the insulating material can be a sleeve or wrap.

[0127] It should be noted that in at least some arrangements, the actuators described above may utilize wire guides to assist in the placement of one or more shape memory material members 180 . Figure 14is an example of a wire guide 1400. Wire guide 1400 may include a plurality of panels 1410. A plurality of apertures 1420 may be defined in each of panels 1410. Apertures 1420 are sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow one or more shape memory material members 180 to pass between end caps 160, 170, 160', 170' during deployment. Multiple panels 1410 may be spaced apart from one another. In some arrangements, panels 1410 may be substantially equidistant from one another. In other arrangements, panels 1410 may be unequally spaced from one another. Panels 1410 may be connected to one or more frame members 1430. Wire guide 1400 may be made of any suitable material, such as a material that does not interact with one or more shape memory material members 180.

[0128] refer to Figure 15 to Figure 1 7 , shows another example of an actuator 1500 . The actuator 1500 may include a first outer body member 1510 , a second outer body member 1530 , a first end cap 1560 , a second end cap 1570 , and one or more retraction members 1580 .

[0129] First outer body member 1510 may include a first portion 1512 and a second portion 1514. Second outer body member 1530 may include a first portion 1532, a second portion 1534, and a base 1536.

[0130] First outer body member 1510 and second outer body member 1530 can be arranged in a scissor configuration. In one or more arrangements, a portion of first outer body member 1510 can intersect a portion of second outer body member 1530. More specifically, first portion 1512 of first outer body member 1510 and first portion 1532 of second outer body member 1530 can intersect with each other. Alternatively or additionally, second portion 1514 of first outer body member 1510 and second portion 1534 of second outer body member 1530 can intersect with each other. In one or more arrangements, first portion 1512 of first outer body member 1510 can pass through first portion 1532 of second outer body member 1530 and / or second portion 1514 of first outer body member 1510 can pass through second portion 1534 of second outer body member 1530. Examples of such arrangements are described herein. Of course, it should be understood that in other arrangements, the first portion 1532 of the second outer body member 1530 can pass through the first portion 1512 of the first outer body member 1510, and / or the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can pass through the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510.

[0131] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be oriented in different directions. In other arrangements, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can differ from each other in one or more aspects. Figure 19A and 19B One example of a first portion 1512 and a second portion 1514 is shown. The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0132] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be operatively connected to each other so that the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to each other. For example, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more cylindrical hinges 1522. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514.

[0133] First portion 1512 may include a first butt joint end 1516 and a second butt joint end 1517. Second portion 1514 may include a first butt joint end 1518 and a second butt joint end 1519. First butt joint end 1516 of first portion 1512 and first butt joint end 1518 of second portion 1514 may be configured to butt joint with each other. For example, first butt joint end 1516 of first portion 1512 may include knuckle 1520, and first butt joint end 1518 of second portion 1514 may include knuckle 1521. Knuckles 1520 and 1521 may include openings 1625, which may be substantially aligned with each other to partially form a hinge. Pin 1523 may extend through the aligned openings. In such an arrangement, first portion 1512 and second portion 1514 may define the blades of the hinge.

[0134] The second docking end 1517 of the first portion 1512 can be configured to dock with the first end cap 1560. For example, the second docking end 1517 of the first portion 1512 can include a lip 1515, a hook, a protrusion, a tooth / teeth, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 1560. The first end cap 1560 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 1517 of the first portion 1512 while allowing the first portion 1512 to pivot therein. The second docking end 1519 of the second portion 1514 can be configured to dock with the second end cap 1570. For example, the second docking end 1519 of the second portion 1514 can include a lip 1515, a protrusion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 1570. The second end cap 1570 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 1519 of the second portion 1514 while allowing the second portion 1514 to pivot therein.

[0135] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be angled relative to each other. Thus, the first outer body member 1510 can have a generally V-shape.

[0136] The actuator 1500 can include a biasing member 1528. The biasing member 1528 can be associated with the first outer body member 1510. The biasing member 1528 can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member 1510 into an inactivated configuration of the actuator 1500. More specifically, the biasing member 1528 can apply a force to the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 to bias them into the inactivated configuration.

[0137] The biasing member 1528 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force to the first outer body member 1510. In one or more arrangements, the biasing member 1528 can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member 1528 can be a torsion spring.

[0138] In some arrangements, the first outer body member 1510 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 1528. For example, the first portion 1512 can include a retaining member 1527, and the second portion 1514 can include a retaining member 1529. The retaining members 1527, 1529 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can define a channel in which a portion of the biasing member 1528 can be received. Alternatively, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be generally L-shaped, generally U-shaped, generally V-shaped, or generally J-shaped, to name just a few possibilities. For example, in some arrangements, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be similar to Figures 1 to 3The retaining members 127, 129 in the embodiment of the present invention. The retaining members 1527, 1529 can be formed as an integral structure with a corresponding one of the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514. In some arrangements, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be formed separately from the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0139] In some arrangements, the actuator 1500 may include a pushing structure 1571 . Figure 15 to Figure 1 FIG7 shows an example of a propulsion structure 1571. The propulsion structure 1571 can be configured to engage with other structures or objects. The propulsion structure 1571 can focus the force of the actuator 1500 on the intended target object. The propulsion structure 1571 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the propulsion structure 1571 can be generally T-shaped. In some arrangements, the propulsion structure 1571 can include a platform 1572 and a rod 1574.

[0140] The platform 1572 can have an engagement surface 1573. The engagement surface 1573 can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on a desired target. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 1573 can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator 1500.

[0141] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can be generally rectangular, as shown. In other arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can be generally circular, generally square, generally triangular, generally polygonal, generally hexagonal, generally octagonal, generally trapezoidal, to name just a few possibilities.

[0142] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially parallel to the one or more retraction members 1580 and / or the first dimension 1501 of the actuator 1500. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1573 can be angled relative to the first dimension 1501 of the actuator 1500. The engagement surface 1573 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

[0143] The pushing structure 1571 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 1510 and / or the second outer body member 1530. For example, a portion of the rod can be configured to include one or more openings (e.g., Figure 81530 ). The push structure 1571 can be positioned substantially aligned with openings in the knuckles 1520, 1521 of the first and second outer body members 1510, 1530 to partially form a hinge. A pin 1523 can extend through the aligned openings. While the first and second outer body members 1510, 1530 can pivot relative to each other, the push structure 1571 can substantially maintain its orientation. In some arrangements, the push structure 1571 can be substantially centered relative to the first and second outer body members 1510, 1530.

[0144] The second outer body member 1530 may include a first portion 1532, a second portion 1534, and a base 1536. The first portion 1532, the second portion 1534, and the base 1536 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 134 may be substantially identical to each other, but they may be oriented in different directions. However, in other embodiments, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 may differ from each other in one or more aspects.

[0145] Figures 18A-18C One example of a first portion 1532 and a second portion 1534 is shown. The first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0146] In some arrangements, the second outer body member 1530 can be configured to allow the first outer body member 1510 to pass through it. For example, the second outer body member 1530 can have a fork-shaped configuration including a first leg 1511 and a second leg 1513. The aperture 1508 can be defined between the first leg 1511 and the second leg 1513. The aperture 1508 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow the first outer body member 1510 to pass therethrough. The aperture 1508 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 to move when the actuator 1500 is activated or deactivated.

[0147] The first portion 1532 may include a first butt joint end 1540 and a second butt joint end 1541. In the forked configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the second butt joint end 1541 may have a first portion 1541' and a second portion 1541". The second portion 1534 may include a first butt joint end 1542 and a second butt joint end 1543. In the forked configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the second butt joint end 1543 may have a first portion 1543' and a second portion 1543".

[0148] The first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be operatively connected to another element such that the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be operatively connected to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can each be operatively connected to another structure. For example, each of the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to another structure. In one or more arrangements, each of the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536. For example, the first portion 1532 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 via one or more hinges, and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first portion 1532 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more barrel hinges 1538, and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more barrel hinges 1533. The first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be located on opposite sides of the base 1536.

[0149] In some arrangements, the one or more hinges may be separate structures operatively connected to the first portion 1532 and the base 1536, and the second portion 1534 and the base 1536. Alternatively, in some arrangements, the one or more hinges may be at least partially formed by the first portion 1532, the second portion 1534, and / or the base 1536.

[0150] Base 1536 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. Figure 23An example of a base 1536 is shown. Base 1536 may have a first docking end 1548 and a second docking end 1549. Base 1536 may be configured to dock with first portion 1532 and second portion 1534. First docking end 1540 of first portion 1532 and first docking end 1542 of second portion 1534 may be configured to dock with base 1536. For example, first docking end 1540 of first portion 1532 may include one or more knuckles 1545, and first docking end 1542 of second portion 1534 may include one or more knuckles 1546. Knuckles 1545 and 1546 may define an opening 1544. Furthermore, first docking end 1548 of base 1536 may include one or more knuckles 1550, and second docking end 1549 of base 1536 may include one or more knuckles 1551. Knuckles 1550 and 1551 may define an opening 1559. The one or more openings 1544 of the one or more knuckles 1545 of the first portion 1532 and the one or more openings 1559 of the one or more knuckles 1550 of the base 1536 can be substantially aligned with each other. The pin 1552 can be received in the aligned openings 1544, 1559. In this arrangement, the first portion 1532 and the base 1536 can function as the blades of a hinge. The one or more openings 1544 of the one or more knuckles 1546 of the second portion 1534 and the one or more openings 1559 of the one or more knuckles 1551 of the base 1536 can be substantially aligned with each other. The pin 1553 can be received in the aligned openings 1544, 1559. In this arrangement, the second portion 1534 and the base 1536 can function as the blades of a hinge.

[0151] The second docking end 1541 of the first portion 1532 can be configured to dock with the first end cap 1560. For example, the second docking end 1541 of the first portion 1532 can include a lip 1515, a hook, a protrusion, a tooth / teeth, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 1560. The first end cap 1560 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 1541 of the first portion 1532 while allowing the first portion 1532 to pivot therein. The second docking end 1543 of the second portion 1534 can be configured to dock with the second end cap 1570. For example, the second docking end 1543 of the second portion 1534 can include a lip 1525, a hook, a tooth / teeth, a protrusion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 1570. The second end cap 1570 can be configured to retainably engage the second docking end 143 of the second portion 134 while allowing the second portion 134 to pivot therein.

[0152] One or more biasing members can be associated with the second outer body member 1530. For example, a biasing member 1554 can be associated with the first portion 1532 and the base 1536, and a biasing member 1555 can be associated with the second portion 1534 and the base 1536. The biasing members 1554, 1555 can be operatively positioned to bias the second outer body member 1530 into the deactivated configuration of the actuator 1500. More specifically, the biasing member 1554 can exert a force on the first portion 1532 and the base 1536 to bias at least the first portion 1532 into the deactivated configuration. Additionally, the biasing member 1555 can exert a force on the second portion 1534 and the base 1536 to bias at least the second portion 1534 into the deactivated configuration.

[0153] The biasing members 1554, 1555 can be any suitable element for exerting a biasing force on the second outer body member 1530. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members 1554, 1555 can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 1554, 1555 can be torsion springs.

[0154] In some arrangements, biasing members 1528, 1554, 1555 can be substantially identical to one another. In some arrangements, one or more of biasing members 1528, 1554, 1555 can differ from the other biasing members in one or more aspects, such as size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, to name a few possibilities.

[0155] In some arrangements, the second outer body member 1530 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing members 1554, 1555. For example, the first portion 1532 can include a retaining member 1556, and the second portion 1534 can include a retaining member 1557. The retaining members 1556, 1557 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 1556, 1557 can be generally L-shaped (e.g., Figures 18A-18C ), generally U-shaped, generally V-shaped, or generally J-shaped, to name a few possibilities. Retaining members 1556, 1557 can be formed as an integral structure with a respective one of first portion 1532 and second portion 1534. In some arrangements, retaining members 1556, 1557 can be formed separately from first portion 1532 and second portion 1534 and subsequently attached thereto.

[0156] The base 1536 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the base 1536 can be generally rectangular. The base 1536 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., metal or plastic). The base 1536 can be made of the same material as the first outer body member 1510 and / or the second outer body member 1530, or the base 1536 can be made of a different material.

[0157] The base 1536 can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base 1536 can include an engagement surface 1547. The engagement surface 1547 can be configured to engage with a surface supporting the base 1536 in a substantially mating manner. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1547 can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 1547 can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some arrangements, the base 1536 can be configured to be connected to another surface. For example, the base 1536 can include one or more apertures 1535 to accommodate fasteners for attachment to another surface or structure.

[0158] Actuator 1500 may include a first end cap 1560 and a second end cap 1570. First end cap 1560 and second end cap 1570 may be spaced apart, for example, along a direction corresponding to first dimension 1501 of actuator 1500. First end cap 1560 and second end cap 1570 may face each other. First end cap 1560 and second end cap 1570 may be substantially aligned with each other.

[0159] The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be substantially identical to each other. However, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be in different orientations. The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). In one or more arrangements, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can differ from each other in one or more aspects.

[0160] In certain arrangements, first and second end caps 1560, 1570 can be configured to engage first and second outer body members 1510, 1530. Additionally, first and second end caps 1560, 1570 can be configured to engage one or more shape contracting members 1580.

[0161] Figure 15-1 7 and 20-22 show an example of an end cap. For convenience, the end cap will be referred to as the first end cap 1560, but it will be understood that the description also applies to the second end cap 1570.

[0162] The first end cap 1560 may have any suitable configuration. In some arrangements, the first end cap 1560 may include a first portion 1565 ( Figure 20 ) and Part II 1566( Figure 21 ). First portion 1565 and second portion 1566 can be operatively connected to collectively form first end cap 1560, such as by one or more fasteners (e.g., bolts 1505), one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical joining, one or more other forms of connection, or any combination thereof.

[0163] First end cap 1560 can be configured to engage first outer body member 1510 and second outer body member 1530. For example, first end cap 1560 can include one or more first engagement cavities 1561 and one or more second engagement cavities 1562. First engagement cavities 1561 and second engagement cavities 1562 can be angled relative to a central plane 1563 of first end cap 1560. For example, in one or more arrangements, first engagement cavities 1561 and second engagement cavities 1562 can be angled relative to central plane 1563 from about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees. First end cap 1560 can be substantially symmetrical about central plane 1563.

[0164] The first engagement cavity 1561 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second outer body member 1530. More particularly, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second docking end 1537 of the first portion 1532. In the example of the fork-shaped configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the first engagement cavity 1561 can be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the first portion 1537' and the second portion 1537" of the second docking end 1537.

[0165] Additionally, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second outer body member 1530. More particularly, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second docking end 1539 of the second portion 1534. In the example fork-shaped configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the first engagement cavity 1561 can be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the first portion 1539' and the second portion 1539" of the second docking end 1539.

[0166] Any suitable form of operative connection can exist between the second outer body member 1530 and the first engagement cavity 1561. For example, the second outer body member 1530 can be operatively connected to the first engagement cavity 1561 by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazes or welds, to name just a few possibilities. As an example, the second outer body member 1530 can include a lip 1525, a hook, a tooth / teeth, a protrusion, or one or more other features that can engage with a corresponding end cap within the first engagement cavity 1561 (e.g., by interlocking engagement). The second outer body member 1530 can be retainably engaged by the first engagement cavity 1561. The first engagement cavity 1561 can provide an end accommodation for the first portion 1532 or the second portion 1534 when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated, so that the first portion and the second portion can pivot therein.

[0167] The second engagement cavity 1562 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to be operatively connected to the first outer body member 1510. More specifically, the second engagement cavity 1562 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second abutting end 1517 of the first portion 1512. Additionally, the second engagement cavity 1562 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to be operatively connected to the second abutting end 1519 of the second portion 1514. The above discussion regarding the operative connection between the second outer body member 1530 and the first engagement cavity 1561 also applies to the connection between the first outer body member 1510 and the second engagement cavity 1562. The first portion 1512 and / or the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can include a lip 1515, a hook, a tooth / teeth, a protrusion, or other features that can engage with a corresponding end cap within the second engagement cavity 1562 (e.g., through an interlocking engagement). The first outer body member 1510 can be retainably engaged by the second engagement cavity 1562. The second engagement cavity 1562 can provide an end reception for the first portion 1512 or the second portion 1514 when the actuator 1500 is activated or deactivated so that the first portion and the second portion can pivot therein.

[0168] First end cap 1560, first engagement cavity 1561, second engagement cavity 1562, and second butt ends 1517, 1519, 1537, 1539 may be configured to allow second butt ends 1517, 1519, 1537, 1539 to be inserted substantially horizontally into their respective engagement cavities, thereby facilitating assembly of actuator 1500.

[0169] Furthermore, it should be noted that due to the scissor-like arrangement of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530, at least Figures 17A-17BIn the orientation of the actuator 1500 shown, the second docking ends 1517 , 1519 of the first outer body member 1510 can be located at a lower position than the second docking ends 1537 , 1539 of the second outer body member 1530 .

[0170] The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 may include one or more features for engaging the one or more retraction members 1580. For example, the first end cap 1560 may include one or more features to enable the one or more retraction members 1580 to turn and extend toward the second end cap 1570. For example, the first end cap 1560 and / or the second end cap 1570 may include one or more posts 1576. In some arrangements, the one or more retraction members 1580 may wrap around the posts 1576. The first end cap 1560 and / or the second end cap 1570 may include one or more guides 1564. The one or more guides 1564 may be any structure that can orient, constrain, influence, or guide the position of the one or more retraction members 1580. In some arrangements, the one or more retraction members 1580 may be deployed in part with the aid of the one or more guides 1564.

[0171] There may be any number of posts 1576, guides 1564, and / or other features for engaging one or more retraction members 1580. Furthermore, the one or more features for engaging one or more retraction members 1580 may be provided on one or more sides of the first and second end caps 1560, 1570. For example, the one or more features for engaging one or more retraction members 1580 may be provided on opposing sides of the first and second end caps 1560, 1570.

[0172] Now refer to Figure 20-22 Some examples of first end cap 1560 are described. It should be understood that the discussion also applies to second end cap 1570. Furthermore, it should be understood that the features and structures shown are merely examples, and the arrangements described herein are not limited to the examples shown.

[0173] The first end cap 1560 may be a single piece. Alternatively, the first end cap 1560 may be made of multiple pieces. Figure 20 and Figure 21First end cap 1560 may be formed from a first portion 1565 and a second portion 1566. First portion 1565 may include a body 1569. Body 1569 may define one or more engagement cavities. For example, body 1569 may define a first engagement cavity 1561 and a second engagement cavity 1562. In some arrangements, first engagement cavity 1561 and second engagement cavity 1562 may extend across the entire width of first portion 1565. In such cases, first engagement cavity 1561 and second engagement cavity 1562 may open to lateral sides 1567 and 1568 of first portion 1565. Alternatively, first engagement cavity 1561 and second engagement cavity 1562 may extend partially across the width of first portion 1565. In such cases, first engagement cavity 1561 and second engagement cavity 1562 may open only to one of lateral sides 1567 and 1568, or may not open to either of lateral sides 1567 and 1568. In the forked configuration example of second outer body member 1530 described above, first engagement cavity 1561 may be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate first portion 1537 ′ and second portion 1537 ″ of second docking end 1537 .

[0174] First portion 1565 can include one or more guides 1564 located on lateral sides 1567 and / or 1568. In some cases, two or more of guides 1564 can cooperate to define the placement of one or more retraction members 1580. First portion 1565 can include one or more apertures 1578 to facilitate assembly of first end cap 1560.

[0175] refer to Figure 21 , an example of a second portion 1566 is shown. The second portion 1566 may include one or more features for engaging one or more retraction members 1580. For example, the second portion 1566 may include a post 1576 and a guide 1564. An aperture 1579 may be defined in the post 1576. When the first portion 1565 and the second portion 1566 are assembled, the apertures 1578, 1579 may be substantially aligned. A fastener (e.g., a bolt 1505) may be received in the aligned apertures 1578, 1571 to operatively connect the first portion 1565 and the second portion 1566. Alternatively or additionally,

[0176] When assembled, the second portion 1566 can cover at least a portion of the first engagement cavity 1561 and / or the second engagement cavity 1562. Therefore, the second portion 1566 can prevent the second docking ends 1517, 1519, 1537, 1539 from escaping from the lateral sides 1567, 1568 of the first portion 1565.

[0177] Figure 21 The second portion 1566 is just an example. Figure 22 An alternative example of a second portion 1566 is shown. In this example, there can be a plurality of posts 1576 on one or both of the lateral sides 1567, 1568 of the second portion 1566. In this case, there can be an aperture 1578 associated with at least one of the posts 1576. Alternatively or additionally, the guide 1564 can be provided with a plurality of posts 1576. Figure 21 The difference shown in .

[0178] Again, it should be understood that the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 shown are merely examples. In practice, the actuator 1500 may include Figure 1-3 , 5 and any of the various end caps shown in 10, 13 or any other suitable type of end cap.

[0179] One or more retraction members 180 may extend between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 in any suitable manner. Figure 17A One non-limiting example of placement of one or more retraction members 180 is described.

[0180] Starting from the lower left region of the actuator 1500, the contraction member 1580 can be operatively connected to the first end cap 1560, such as by fasteners 1710 and / or in any other suitable manner. At this location, one or more shape memory material members 180 can be operatively connected to another conductor or other element connected to the power source.

[0181] Retraction member 1580 can extend from first end cap 1560 to second end cap 1570, passing through wire guide 1600 along the way. Retraction member 1580 can be routed with the aid of guide structure 1564a on second end cap 1570. Retraction member 1580 can wrap around post 1576a and extend rearward toward first end cap 1560, guided by guide structure 1564b, wire guide 1600, and guide structure 1564c. Retraction member 1580 can wrap around post 1576b and turn rearward toward second end cap 1570. Retraction member 1580 can be routed with the aid of guide structure 1564d, wire guide 1600, and guide structure 1564c. Retraction member 1580 can wrap around post 1576c and turn rearward toward first end cap 1560. Retraction member 1580 may be routed with the aid of guide structure 1564d and wire guide 1600 .

[0182] In some arrangements, the pinch member 1580 may end there, or it may be operatively connected to another structure (e.g., the first end cap 1560) or a power source. In this case, there is another pinch member 1580 that may extend between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 on the other side of the actuator 1500. In such an arrangement, the arrangement of the pinch member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may be substantially the same as the arrangement on the other side of the actuator 1500. Alternatively, the arrangement of the pinch member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may differ from the arrangement on the other side of the actuator 1500 in one or more aspects.

[0183] Alternatively, the retraction member 1580 can extend around the rear side 1650 of the first end cap 1560 and then continue to be arranged on the opposite side of the actuator 1500 between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570. Thus, a single retraction member 1580 can be used on both sides of the actuator 1500. In such an arrangement, the arrangement of the retraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 can be substantially the same as the arrangement on the other side of the actuator 1500. Alternatively, the arrangement of the retraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 can differ from the arrangement on the other side of the actuator 1500 in one or more aspects.

[0184] It will be appreciated that other arrangements of the retraction member 1580 are possible, and Figure 17A The arrangement shown is only an example. Figure 17A The example arrangement of the one or more contraction members 1580 shown shows the one or more contraction members 1580 arranged on the outside of the actuator 1500. However, it should be understood that the arrangement is not limited in this respect. In fact, the one or more contraction members 1580 can be arranged within the entire package of the actuator 1500. For example, the one or more contraction members 1580 can be arranged in the space between the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. In this case, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 of the actuator 1500 can be any suitable end cap, including a combination of Figure 1-3 , 5 and 10, 13 shown and described end caps.

[0185] 17 shows that the contraction members 1580 extend substantially straight from one end cap to the other. In this case, the one or more contraction members 180 can extend substantially parallel to the direction corresponding to the first dimension 1501. In other arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 180 may not extend parallel to the direction corresponding to the first dimension 1501. For example, the one or more contraction members 180 can extend from the upper side or lower side of one of the end caps to the opposite side of the upper side or lower side of the other end cap. Thus, the one or more contraction members 180 can extend substantially diagonally. In some arrangements, the one or more contraction members 180 can wrap around one or more posts 1576 multiple times. This wrapping of the one or more contraction members 180 can increase the actuation force applied by the one or more contraction members 180 when activated.

[0186] In some arrangements, one or more of the retraction members 1580 can be bare, that is, they are not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, at least a portion of one or more of the retraction members 1580 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, the portion of one or more of the retraction members 1580 that interacts with one or more of the posts 1576 and / or one or more of the guides 1564 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. In some arrangements, the insulating material can be a sleeve or wrap.

[0187] It should be noted that in at least some arrangements, the actuators described above may utilize one or more wire guides 1600 to assist in the deployment of one or more retraction members 1580 . Figure 15-1 7 shows an example of one or more wire guides 1600. The one or more wire guides 1600 can include one or more panels 1610. The one or more panels 1610 can define a plurality of apertures 1620 therein. The apertures 1620 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow one or more constriction members 1580 (e.g., one or more shape memory material members 1581) to pass between the end caps 1560, 1570 when they are deployed. The wire guide 1600 can be made of any suitable material, such as a material that does not interact with or otherwise affect the performance of the one or more constriction members 1580.

[0188] Figure 17A An example of the actuator 1500 is shown in an unactivated configuration. Here, the one or more retraction members 1580 have not been activated. Figure 17BAn example of the actuator 100 is shown in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to one or more contraction members 1580, the one or more contraction members 1580 can contract. This contraction causes the one or more contraction members 1580 to pull the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first direction 1501. Consequently, the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 can extend outward and away from each other in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 1502. It should be understood that when moving from an unactivated state to an activated state, the first dimension 1501 (i.e., width) of the actuator 1500 can decrease and / or the second dimension 1502 (i.e., height) of the actuator 1500 can increase. Furthermore, it should be understood that the actuator 1500 can deliver force in a direction that is not coplanar or different from the direction of contraction of the one or more contraction members 1580.

[0189] When the actuator 1500 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the pushing structure 1571 can be located at a higher height. In addition, when the actuator 1500 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can decrease. Similarly, when the actuator 1500 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can decrease. It should be understood that the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 while maintaining operational connection thereto.

[0190] It should be noted that in some arrangements, the pushing structure 1571 can deliver the actuation force symmetrically, i.e., substantially in the same direction as the force of the actuator 1500 (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 1502). However, in other arrangements, the actuator 1500 can be configured to deliver an asymmetric actuation force, i.e., not in the same direction as the force of the actuator 1500. The delivery of an asymmetric actuation force can be achieved in various ways. As an example, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can have different lengths. Thus, one portion is longer than the other. As a result, the pushing structure 1571 may no longer be substantially centered. Alternatively or additionally, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can have different lengths. As another example, the pushing structure 1571 can be configured so that the engagement surface 1573 or other portion of the pushing structure 1571 is angled relative to the first dimension 1501. As yet another example, the push structure 1571 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 110 such that the push structure 1571 extends from the first outer body member 1510 at an acute angle. As another example, the biasing forces of the biasing members 1554, 1555 can be different from each other. Of course, it should be understood that the delivery of asymmetric actuation forces can be achieved through any combination of the above and other arrangements.

[0191] Figure 30 is an alternative arrangement of the actuator 1500. In this arrangement, the actuator 1500 can have a central biasing member 3000. In some arrangements, the central biasing member 3000 can be a spring, more particularly a compression spring. However, it should be understood that the central biasing member 3000 can be any suitable biasing member now known or later developed.

[0192] In one or more arrangements, the central biasing member 3000 can be operatively connected to one or more portions of the actuator 1500. For example, the central biasing member 3000 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. More specifically, the central biasing member 3000 can be operatively connected to the portion of the first outer body member 1510 where the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 thereof meet. Additionally, the central biasing member 3000 can be operatively connected to the base 1536 of the second outer body member 1530. Any suitable form of operative connection can exist between the central biasing member 3000 and one or more portions of the actuator 1500, including, for example, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, or any combination thereof.

[0193] The central biasing member 3000 can provide improved comfort. The central biasing member 3000 can slow down the drop in the force curve over a longer stroke. The central biasing member can be configured to bias the actuator 1500 to an unactivated configuration. It should be understood that the central biasing member 3000 can be used in conjunction with any actuator described herein.

[0194] It will be appreciated that the actuator 1500 can provide a number of advantages. For example, the actuator 1500 can provide a more compact design relative to the other actuators 100, 100'. The actuator 1500 can provide a lower height profile compared to the other actuators 100, 100'. In an arrangement where the actuator 1500 is used in conjunction with a vehicle seat, it will be appreciated that the slim profile of the actuator 1500 can facilitate integration of the actuator 1500 into the vehicle seat. The actuator 1500 can minimize or avoid enlarging the vehicle seat, which in turn can minimize or avoid encroaching on the space behind the vehicle seat (e.g., second row legroom). Thus, there is no need to increase the length of the vehicle to accommodate the actuator 1500, and therefore the weight of the vehicle does not need to be significantly increased.

[0195] refer to Figures 24 to 25 , shows another example of an actuator 2400. The actuator 2400 can have any suitable configuration. The actuator 2400 can include a first outer body member 2410, a second outer body member 2420, and one or more retraction members 2480. These and other components will be described in turn below.

[0196] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can differ from each other in one or more aspects. In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be similar to Figure 6 14. An example of a first portion 112 and a second portion 114 is shown. Although the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 are shown as being generally rectangular, it should be understood that the arrangements herein are not limited to any particular shape. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal).

[0197] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be operatively connected to each other so that the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can move relative to each other. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to each other. For example, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to each other via one or more cylindrical hinges 2430. In one or more arrangements, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420.

[0198] The first outer body member 2410 may include a first butt joint end portion 2416 and a second butt joint end portion 2418. The second outer body member 2420 may include a first butt joint end portion 2426 and a second butt joint end portion 2428. The first butt joint end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 and the first butt joint end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 may be configured to butt joint with each other. For example, the first butt joint end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 may include a knuckle 2417, and the first butt joint end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 may include a knuckle 2427. The knuckle 2417 may define the opening 2415, and the knuckle 2427 may define the opening (at Figure 24 (not visible in the figure). The opening of knuckle 2417 and the opening of knuckle 2427 can be substantially aligned with each other to partially form a hinge. Pin 2432 can pass through the aligned openings. In such an arrangement, first outer body member 2410 and second outer body member 2420 can define the blades of the hinge.

[0199] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be angled relative to each other. Thus, the actuator 2400 can generally form an inverted V-shape or an A-shape.

[0200] The actuator 2400 may include a track 2450. The track 2450 may be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). The track 2450 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The track 2450 may include an upper side 2451, a lower side 2452, a first lateral side 2453, and a second lateral side 2454. It should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," and "lateral" are used for convenience of discussion. Figure 24 and Figure 25 Thus, it should be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

[0201] The first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 can be configured to interface with the track 2450. The first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 can be configured to slide within the track 2450. The track 2450 can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track 2450 can include a channel 2455 in which a portion of the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 can be received. More specifically, the second interfaced end portion 2418 of the first and second outer body members 2410, 2428 can be received in the channel 2455.

[0202] The channel 2455 can open to the upper side 2451 of the track 2450. Thus, the channel 2455 can define an opening 2460 in the track 2450. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can extend through the opening 2460.

[0203] The channel 2455 may include a first lateral end 2456 and a second lateral end 2457. In some arrangements, the first lateral end 2456 and the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may be closed to prevent portions of the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 from disengaging from the open end of the channel 2455. To this end, the first lateral end 2456 and / or the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may include a closure element or blocking structure to physically prevent lateral outward movement of the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420. In some arrangements, the first lateral end 2456 and / or the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may be closed due to the configuration of the track 2450. For example, the track may be made from a machined block of material in which at least one of the first lateral end 2456 and the second lateral end 2457 is closed.

[0204] The track 2450, the channel 2455, the second abutting end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second abutting end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 can be configured so that the second abutting end portions 2418, 2428 can be retentively received within the channel 2455. For example, the second abutting end portions 2418, 2428 can include a lip, a protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the channel 2455. In some arrangements, the second abutting end portions 2418, 2428 and the channel 2455 can be configured to interlock. Thus, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 cannot be separated from the channel 2455 through the opening 2460 in the upper side 2451 of the track 2450.

[0205] The track 2450, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 within the channel 2455. For example, in some arrangements, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can include one or more anti-friction coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and / or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low-shear materials.

[0206] In some arrangements, the track 2450, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to limit the range of motion of both the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 within the channel 2455. As an example, the track 2450 can include a first slot 2461 and a second slot 2462. The first slot 2461 and the second slot 2462 can be substantially identical to each other. Alternatively, the first slot 2461 and the second slot 2462 can differ from each other in one or more aspects, including size, shape, length, width, and / or configuration. The first outer body member 2410 can include a protrusion 2411, and the second outer body member 2420 can include a protrusion 2421. The protrusion 2411 can be received within the first slot 2461, and the second protrusion 2412 can be received within the second slot 2462. Thus, it can be appreciated that the range of motion of the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be defined by the range of motion of the protrusions 2411, 2421 within the slots 2461, 2462. However, in other arrangements, the range of motion of the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be defined by the channel 2455.

[0207] It should be noted that in some arrangements, the slots 2461, 2462 and protrusions 2411, 2421 can be provided on only one side of the track 2450 and the outer body members 2410, 2420. However, in other arrangements, the slots 2461, 2462 and protrusions 2411, 2421 can be provided on opposite sides of the track 2450 and the outer body members 2410, 2420.

[0208] The actuator 2400 can include one or more biasing members 2470. The one or more biasing members 2470 can be associated with the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. The one or more biasing members 2470 can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420 into an inactivated configuration of the actuator 2400. More specifically, the one or more biasing members 2470 can apply a force to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 to bias them into an inactivated configuration.

[0209] The one or more biasing members 2470 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force on the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. In one or more arrangements, the one or more biasing members 2470 can be a spring. More particularly, the one or more biasing members 2470 can be a torsion spring.

[0210] In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 2470. For example, the first outer body member 2410 can include a retaining member 2419, and the second outer body member 2420 can include a retaining member 2429. The retaining members 2419, 2429 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 2419, 2429 can be generally L-shaped (e.g., Figures 24-25 ), generally U-shaped, generally V-shaped, or generally J-shaped, to name a few possibilities. Retention members 2419, 2429 can be formed as an integral structure with a respective one of first and second outer body members 2410, 2420. In some arrangements, retention members 2419, 2429 can be formed separately from first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 and subsequently attached thereto. Retention members 2419, 2429 can be substantially identical to one another, or they can differ from one another in one or more aspects.

[0211] The actuator 2400 may include a pushing structure 2471 . Figures 24-25An example of a propulsion structure 2471 is shown. The propulsion structure 2471 can be configured to engage with other structures or objects. The propulsion structure 2471 can focus the force of the actuator 2400 on the intended target object. The propulsion structure 2471 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the propulsion structure 2471 can be generally T-shaped. In some arrangements, the propulsion structure 2471 can include a platform 2472 and a rod 2474.

[0212] The platform 2472 can have an engagement surface 2473. The engagement surface 2473 can be configured to provide the desired actuation effect on the intended target. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can be generally planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 2473 can be configured to create a focus point for the actuation force of the actuator 2400.

[0213] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially rectangular, as shown. In other arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, substantially trapezoidal, to name just a few possibilities.

[0214] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially parallel to the one or more retraction members 2480 and / or the first dimension 2401 of the actuator 2400. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2473 can be angled relative to the one or more retraction members 2480 and / or the first dimension 2401 of the actuator 2400. The engagement surface 2473 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

[0215] The push structure 2471 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. For example, a portion of the rod 2474 can be configured to include one or more openings (e.g., see Figure 8 2420). The push structure 2471 can be positioned substantially aligned with the openings in the knuckles 2417, 2427 of the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 to partially form a hinge. A pin 2432 can extend through the aligned openings. The push structure 2471 can substantially maintain its orientation as the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420 can pivot relative to each other. In some arrangements, the push structure 2471 can be substantially centered relative to the first and second outer body members 2410, 2420.

[0216] As noted above, the actuator 2400 can have one or more contraction members 2480. The one or more contraction members 2480 can be any member or material that can contract when an activation input is provided to the contraction member.

[0217] The actuator 2400 can include one or more shape memory material members 2481. The one or more shape memory material members 2481 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. More particularly, the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can be operatively connected to the second abutting end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second abutting end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420. Any suitable operative connection can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical bonding, or any combination thereof.

[0218] In extending from one outer body member to the other, one or more shape memory material members 2481 can extend within the channel 2455. In some arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can extend within the opening 2460. In some arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can extend outside the track 2450. In some arrangements, the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can extend substantially parallel to the channel 2455.

[0219] In some arrangements, there may be a single shape memory material member 2481. In this case, the shape memory material member 2481 may extend straight between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420, for example. In another example, the shape memory material member 2481 may extend in a serpentine or zigzag pattern between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 may be configured to allow the shape memory material member 2481 to turn and extend in opposite directions, for example by providing one or more posts, slots, holes, or other features that can achieve such turning. When activated, the one or more shape memory material members 2481 may be configured to overcome the biasing force applied by the one or more biasing members 2470.

[0220] In some arrangements, there may be multiple shape memory material members 2481. In such cases, the multiple shape memory material members 2481 may be distributed, arranged, and / or oriented in any suitable manner. For example, the shape memory material members 2481 may extend substantially parallel to one another. In other arrangements, one or more of the shape memory material members 2481 may not extend parallel to the other shape memory material members 2481. In some cases, some of the multiple shape memory material members 2481 may intersect one another. When activated, one or more of the shape memory material members 2481 may be configured to overcome the biasing force applied by the biasing member 2470.

[0221] Combine Figure 1-3 The general discussion of the contraction member and the one or more shape memory material members 181 also applies to Figures 24-25 Actuator 2400 is shown.

[0222] It should be noted that the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can be substantially entirely within the entire package of the actuator 2400. "Substantially" means about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more. In some arrangements, a portion of the one or more shape memory material members 2481 can extend outside the overall package of the actuator 2400 to allow for operative connection to a conductor and / or power source.

[0223] Actuator 2400 may include a first dimension 2401 and a second dimension 2402. First dimension 2401 may describe the width of actuator 2400, and second dimension 2402 may describe the height of actuator 2400. First dimension 2401 and second dimension 2402 may be substantially perpendicular to each other.

[0224] Figure 24 An example of the actuator 2400 is shown in an inactivated configuration. At this point, the retraction member 2480 is not activated. Figure 25 An example of actuator 2400 is shown in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to one or more contraction members 2480, the one or more contraction members 2480 can contract. This contraction causes the one or more contraction members 2480 to pull the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 toward each other along a first direction 2403 corresponding to the first dimension 2401. More specifically, the second abutting end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second abutting end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 can be pulled toward each other in the direction 2403 corresponding to the first dimension 2401.

[0225] Thus, first outer body member 2410 and second outer body member 2420 can extend outwardly along second direction 2404 corresponding to second dimension 2402. More specifically, first abutting end portion 2416 of first outer body member 2410 and first abutting end portion 2426 of second outer body member 2420 can extend outwardly along direction 2404 corresponding to second dimension 2402 and away from track 2450.

[0226] It should be understood that when changing from an unactivated state to an activated state, the first dimension 2401 (i.e., width) of the actuator 2400 can decrease and / or the second dimension 2402 (i.e., height) of the actuator 2400 can increase. Furthermore, it should be understood that the actuator 2400 can deliver force in a non-planar or different direction than the direction of contraction of the one or more contraction members 2480.

[0227] When the actuator 2400 is changed from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the position of the pushing structure 2471 can change. Figure 24 and Figure 25 In the orientation of the actuator 2400, the push structure 2471 can be located at a higher height when the actuator 2400 is activated. In addition, when the actuator 2400 moves from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can decrease. It should be understood that the track 2450 can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 while maintaining an operative connection therewith.

[0228] It should be noted that in some arrangements, the pushing structure 2471 can deliver the actuation force symmetrically, i.e., substantially aligned with the force direction of the actuator 2400 (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 2402). However, in other arrangements, the actuator 2400 can be configured to deliver an asymmetric actuation force, i.e., not aligned with the force direction of the actuator 2400. Asymmetric actuation force delivery can be achieved in a variety of ways. For example, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can have different lengths. As a result, the pushing structure 2471 may no longer be substantially centered. As another example, the pushing structure 2471 can be configured such that the engagement surface 2473 or other portion of the pushing structure 2471 is angled relative to the first dimension 2401. As another example, the pushing structure 2471 can be operatively connected so as to extend from the first outer body member 2410 or the second outer body member 2420 at an acute angle. Of course, it should be understood that asymmetric actuation force delivery can be achieved by any combination of the above and other arrangements.

[0229] Figures 26 to 27An arrangement with multiple actuators 2400 is shown. Figures 24-25 The above discussion of actuator 2400 also applies to Figures 26-27 Each individual actuator 2400 of the device is shown.

[0230] In some arrangements, the plurality of actuators 2400 can be individually activated and / or deactivated. In this case, each of the plurality of actuators 2400 can include one or more retraction members 2480. Thus, when an activation input is provided to one or more retraction members 2480 of a single actuator in the plurality of actuators 2400, only that particular actuator will be activated.

[0231] In other arrangements, multiple actuators 2400 can be collectively activated and / or deactivated. An example of such collective activation will now be described.

[0232] refer to Figure 26 , the plurality of actuators 2400 may include three actuators: a first actuator 2400 ′, a second actuator 2400 ″, and a third actuator 2400 ″′. Although Figure 26 An example with three actuators is shown, but it should be understood that any number of actuators may be used. Plurality of actuators 2400 may be substantially identical to one another. Alternatively, one or more of plurality of actuators 2400 may differ from the other actuators in one or more aspects, including, for example, size, shape, configuration, activation force, activation time, height, width, structure, or any other manner.

[0233] In some arrangements, there can be one or more constriction members 2480 associated with the plurality of actuators 2400. In this particular example, there can be a single constriction member 2480 that is operatively connected to the plurality of actuators 2400. The single constriction member 2480 can be arranged between the plurality of actuators 2400 in any suitable manner. In some arrangements, the single constriction member 2480 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each of the plurality of actuators 2400. In some arrangements, the single constriction member 2480 can extend through an aperture in one or more of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of the plurality of actuators 2400.

[0234] It should be noted that Figure 26 and Figure 27Each individual actuator 2400 is shown as having its own first slot 2461 and second slot 2462, but it will be understood that the arrangement is not limited in this respect. Indeed, in some arrangements, two or more of the actuators 2400, or portions thereof, may share a single slot. In other arrangements, all of the actuators 2400 may share a single slot. In further arrangements, the track 2450 may not include slots, and the first and second butting end portions 2418, 2428 of the actuators 2400', 2400", 2400'" may be positioned within the channel 2455.

[0235] Figure 26 An example of the plurality of actuators 2400 is shown in an unactivated configuration. At this point, the retraction member 2480 is unactivated. Figure 27 An example of an actuator 2400 is shown in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to one or more contraction members 2480, the one or more contraction members 2480 can contract. This contraction causes the one or more contraction members 2480 to pull the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each individual actuator 2400 toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 2401. More specifically, the second abutting end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second abutting end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can be pulled toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 2401.

[0236] Thus, first outer body member 2410 and second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can extend outward in a direction corresponding to second dimension 2402. More specifically, first abutting end portion 2416 of first outer body member 2410 and first abutting end portion 2426 of second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can extend outward and away from track 2450 in a direction corresponding to second dimension 2402.

[0237] It should be understood that when changing from an unactivated state to an activated state, the first dimension 2401 (i.e., width) of the plurality of actuators 2400 may decrease and / or the second dimension 2402 (i.e., height) of the plurality of actuators 2400 may increase. Furthermore, it should be understood that the plurality of actuators 2400 may deliver force in a non-planar or different direction than the contraction direction of the one or more contraction spaces 2480.

[0238] When the plurality of actuators 2400 is changed from an unactivated configuration to an activated configuration, the position of the push structure 2471 can change. Figure 26 and Figure 27In the embodiment of the present invention, when the actuator 2400 is activated, the pushing structure 2471 can be located at a higher height. In addition, when the plurality of actuators 2400 are moved from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be reduced. It should be understood that the track 2450 can be configured to accommodate the movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 while maintaining an operative connection therewith.

[0239] In some arrangements, multiple actuators 2400 can be selectively activated individually and / or collectively.

[0240] refer to Figures 28 to 29 , shows another example of an actuator 2800. Actuator 2800 can have any suitable configuration. Actuator 2800 can include a first outer body member 2810, a second outer body member 2820, a transverse body member 2890, and one or more constriction members 2880. First outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 can be angled relative to transverse body member 2890. Thus, actuator 2400 can generally form a trapezoidal shape.

[0241] Actuator 2800 may include a first dimension 2801 and a second dimension 2802. First dimension 2801 may describe the width of actuator 2800, and second dimension 2802 may describe the height of actuator 2800. First dimension 2801 and second dimension 2802 may be substantially perpendicular to each other.

[0242] The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can have any suitable size, shape and / or configuration. In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be substantially identical to each other, but they can be in different orientations. In other arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can differ from each other in one or more aspects. In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be similar to Figure 6 The examples of the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 are shown, or they may be similar to those in combination with Figure 9 Examples of first portion 132 and second portion 134 are shown.

[0243] Although first outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 are shown as generally rectangular, it should be understood that the arrangements herein are not limited to any particular shape. First outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal).

[0244] The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be operatively connected to the transverse body member 2890. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 are movably connected to the transverse body member 2890. More particularly, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 are pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890. In one or more arrangements, each of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 is pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890. For example, the first outer body member 2810 can be pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890 via one or more hinges, and the second outer body member 2820 can be pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890 via one or more hinges. In one or more arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 can be pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890 by one or more barrel hinges 138, and the second outer body member 2820 can be pivotally connected to the transverse body member 2890 by one or more barrel hinges 139. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be located on opposite sides of the transverse body member 2890.

[0245] In some arrangements, one or more hinges can be separate structures operatively connected to the first outer body member 2810 and the transverse body member 2890 and to the second outer body member 2820 and the transverse body member 2890. Alternatively, in some arrangements, one or more hinges can be at least partially formed by the first outer body member 2810, the second outer body member 2820, and / or the transverse body member 2890.

[0246] The first outer body member 2810 may include a first abutting end portion 2816 and a second abutting end portion 2818. In some arrangements, the first abutting end portion 2816 of the first outer body member 2810 may include one or more knuckles 2814 defining an opening 2815. The second outer body member 2820 may include a first abutting end portion 2826 and a second abutting end portion 2828. In some arrangements, the first abutting end portion 2826 of the second outer body member 2820 may include one or more knuckles 2824 defining an opening 2825.

[0247] The transverse body member 2890 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The transverse body member 2890 can include a main body portion 2898. In some arrangements, the main body portion 2898 can be generally rectangular. The main body portion 2898 can define a surface 2899. In some arrangements, the surface 2899 can extend substantially parallel to the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800.

[0248] The transverse body member 2890 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., metal or plastic). The transverse body member 2890 can be made of the same material as the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820, or the transverse body member 2890 can be made of a different material.

[0249] In one or more arrangements, the transverse body member 2890 can have a first abutting end portion 2891 and a second abutting end portion 2892. The first abutting end portion 2891 of the transverse body member 2890 can include one or more knuckles 2894 defining an opening 2895, and the second abutting end portion 2892 of the transverse body member 2890 can include one or more knuckles 2896 defining an opening 2897.

[0250] Transverse body member 2890 can be configured to interface with first outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820. More specifically, first interface end portion 2816 of first outer body member 2810 and first interface end portion 2826 of second outer body member 2820 can be configured to interface with transverse body member 2890. One or more openings 2815 of one or more knuckles 2814 of first interface end portion 2816 and one or more openings 2895 of one or more knuckles 2894 of first interface end portion 2891 of transverse body member 2890 can be substantially aligned with one another. Pin 2900 can be received in the aligned openings 2815, 2895. One or more openings 2825 of one or more knuckles 2824 of second outer body member 2820 and one or more openings 2897 of one or more knuckles 2896 of second interface end portion 2892 of transverse body member 2890 can be substantially aligned with one another. Pin 2902 can be received in the aligned openings 2825, 2897.

[0251] One or more biasing members 2910 can be associated with the first outer body member 2810 and the transverse body member 2890. One or more biasing members 2915 can be associated with the second outer body member 2820 and the transverse body member 2890. The biasing members 2910, 2915 can be operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 into the deactivated configuration of the actuator 2800. More specifically, the one or more biasing members 2910 can apply a force to the first outer body member 2810 and the transverse body member 2890 to bias at least the first outer body member 2810 into the deactivated configuration. Additionally, the one or more biasing members 2915 can apply a force to the second outer body member 2820 and the transverse body member 2890 to bias at least the second outer body member 2820 into the deactivated configuration.

[0252] The biasing members 2910, 2915 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force on the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820. In one or more arrangements, the biasing members 2910, 2915 can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 2910, 2915 can be torsion springs.

[0253] In some arrangements, the biasing members 2910, 2915 can be substantially identical to one another. In some arrangements, one or more of the biasing members 2910, 2915 can differ from the other biasing members in one or more aspects, such as size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, to name just a few possibilities.

[0254] In some arrangements, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of one or more biasing members 2910, 2915, respectively. For example, the first outer body member 2810 can include a retaining member 2812, and the second outer body member 2820 can include a retaining member 2822. The retaining members 2812, 2822 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the retaining members 2812, 2822 can be generally L-shaped (e.g., Figures 28-29 ), generally U-shaped, generally V-shaped, or generally J-shaped, to name a few possibilities. Retaining members 2812, 2822 can be formed as an integral structure with a respective one of first outer body member 2810 and / or second outer body member 2820. In some arrangements, retaining members 2812, 2822 can be formed separately from first outer body member 2810 and / or second outer body member 2820 and subsequently coupled thereto.

[0255] In some arrangements, the actuator 2800 may include a pushing structure 2920 . Figures 28-29 An example of a propulsion structure 2920 is shown. The propulsion structure 2920 can be configured to engage with another structure or object. The propulsion structure 2920 can focus the force of the actuator 2800 on the intended target object. The propulsion structure 2920 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more arrangements, the propulsion structure 2920 can be generally T-shaped. In some arrangements, the propulsion structure 2920 can include a platform 2922 and a rod 2924.

[0256] The platform 2922 can have an engagement surface 2923. The engagement surface 2923 can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on a desired target. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially planar. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 2923 can be configured to create a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator 2800.

[0257] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can be generally rectangular, as shown. In other arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can be generally circular, generally square, generally triangular, generally polygonal, generally hexagonal, generally octagonal, or generally trapezoidal, to name only a few possibilities.

[0258] In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially parallel to the one or more retraction members 2880, the surface 2899, and / or the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800. In some arrangements, the engagement surface 2923 can be angled relative to the one or more retraction members 2880, the surface 2899, and / or the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800. The engagement surface 2923 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired actuation force effect.

[0259] The push structure 2920 can be operatively connected to the transverse body member 2890. For example, the rod 2924 can be configured to be operatively connected to the surface 2899 of the transverse body member 2890. Any suitable form of operative connection can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical bonding, one or more adhesives, one or more other forms of operative connection, or any combination thereof. In some arrangements, the push structure 2920 can be substantially centrally located relative to the transverse body member 2890.

[0260] However, it should be understood that in at least some arrangements, the actuator 2800 may not have the pushing structure 2920. Instead, the pushing force of the actuator 2800 may be delivered by the transverse body member 2890.

[0261] The actuator 2800 can include a track 2850. The track 2850 can be made of any suitable material (e.g., plastic or metal). The track 2850 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The track 2850 can include an upper side 2851, a lower side 2852, a first lateral side 2853, and a second lateral side 2854. It should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," and "lateral" are used for convenience of discussion. Figure 28 and 29 Thus, it should be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

[0262] The first and second outer body members 2810, 2820 can be configured to interface with the track 2850. The first and second outer body members 2810, 2820 can be configured to slide within the track 2850. The track 2850 can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track 2850 can include a channel 2855 in which a portion of the first and second outer body members 2810, 2820 can be received. More specifically, the second interfaced end portion 2818 of the first and second outer body members 2810, 2820 can be received in the channel 2855.

[0263] The channel 2855 can open to an upper side 2851 of the track 2850. Thus, the channel 2855 can define an opening 2860 in the track 2850. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can extend through the opening 2860.

[0264] The channel 2855 may include a first lateral end 2856 and a second lateral end 2857. In some arrangements, the first lateral end 2856 and the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may be closed to prevent portions of both the first and second outer body members 2810, 2820 from disengaging from the channel 2855 at the open end. To this end, the first lateral end 2856 and / or the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may include a closure element or a blocking structure to physically prevent lateral outward movement of the first and second outer body members 2810, 2820. In some arrangements, the first lateral end 2856 and / or the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may be closed due to the configuration of the track 2850. For example, the track may be made from a machined block of material in which at least one of the first lateral end 2856 and the second lateral end 2857 is closed.

[0265] The track 2850, the channel 2855, the second abutting end portion 2818 of the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second abutting end portion 2828 of the second outer body member 2820 can be configured so that the second abutting end portions 2818, 2828 can be retentively received within the channel 2855. For example, the second abutting end portions 2818, 2828 can include a lip, a protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other features for mechanically engaging a portion of the channel 2855. In some arrangements, the second abutting end portions 2818, 2828 and the channel 2855 can be configured to interlock. Thus, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 cannot be separated from the channel 2855 through the opening 2860 in the upper side 2851 of the track 2850.

[0266] The track 2850, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 within the channel 2855. For example, in some arrangements, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can include one or more friction-reducing coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and / or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low-shear materials.

[0267] In some arrangements, the track 2850, channel 2855, first outer body member 2810, and / or second outer body member 2820 can be configured to limit the range of motion of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 within the channel 2855. As an example, the track 2850 can include a first slot 2861 and a second slot 2862. The first slot 2861 and the second slot 2862 can be substantially identical to each other. Alternatively, the first slot 2861 and the second slot 2862 can differ from each other in one or more aspects, including size, shape, length, width, and / or configuration. The first outer body member 2810 can include a protrusion 2811, and the second outer body member 2820 can include a protrusion 2821. The protrusion 2811 can be received within the first slot 2861, and the second protrusion 2862 can be received within the second slot 2862. Thus, it will be appreciated that the range of motion of the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820 can be defined by the range of motion of the protrusions 2811, 2821 within the slots 2861, 2862. However, in other arrangements, the range of motion of the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820 can be defined by the channel 2855.

[0268] It should be noted that in some arrangements, the slots 2861, 2862 and protrusions 2811, 2821 can be provided on only one side of the track 2850 and the outer body members 2810, 2820. However, in other arrangements, the slots 2861, 2862 and protrusions 2811, 2821 can be provided on opposite sides of the track 2850 and the outer body members 2810, 2820.

[0269] As noted above, the actuator 2800 can have one or more contraction members 2880. The one or more contraction members 2880 can be any member or material that can contract when an activation input is provided to the contraction member.

[0270] The actuator 2800 can include one or more shape memory material members 2881. The one or more shape memory material members 2881 can be operatively connected to the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820.

[0271] Combination of the above Figures 24-25 The discussion of the one or more contraction members 2480 and the one or more shape memory material members 2481 (including their interaction with the first outer body member 2410, the second outer body member 2420 and the track 2450) is equally applicable to the combination of Figures 28-29 Discussion of the one or more contraction members 2880 and the one or more shape memory material members 2881 (including their interaction with the first outer body member 2810, the second outer body member 2820 and the track 2850). Figure 1-3 The general discussion regarding the contraction member and the one or more shape memory material members 181 also applies here.

[0272] Figure 28 An example of the actuator 2800 is shown in an inactivated configuration. At this point, the retraction member 2880 is not activated. Figure 29 An example of actuator 2800 is shown in an activated configuration. When an activation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to one or more contraction members 2880, one or more contraction members 2880 can contract. This contraction causes one or more contraction members 2880 to pull first outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 toward each other in a direction corresponding to first dimension 2801. More specifically, second abutting end portion 2818 of first outer body member 2820 and second abutting end portion 2828 of second outer body member 2820 can be pulled toward each other in a direction corresponding to first dimension 2801.

[0273] Thus, first outer body member 2810, second outer body member 2820, and transverse body member 2890 can extend outwardly in a direction corresponding to second dimension 2802. More specifically, first abutting end portion 2816 of first outer body member 2820, first abutting end portion 2826 of second outer body member 2820, and transverse body member 2890 can extend outwardly and away from rail 2850 in a direction corresponding to second dimension 2802.

[0274] It should be understood that in the process of changing from the unactivated state to the activated state, the first dimension 2801 (i.e., width) of the actuator 2800 can decrease and / or the second dimension 2802 (i.e., height) of the actuator 2800 can increase. Furthermore, it should be understood that the actuator 2800 can deliver force in a non-planar or different direction than the direction of contraction of the one or more contraction members 2880.

[0275] When the actuator 2800 is changed from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the position of the transverse body member 2890 and the push structure 2871 can change. Figure 28 and Figure 29 In the embodiment of the present invention, when actuator 2800 is activated, transverse body member 2890 and push structure 2871 can be located at a higher height. In addition, when actuator 2800 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between first outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 can decrease. In addition, when actuator 2800 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between first outer body member 2810 and transverse body member 2890 can decrease. Further, when actuator 2800 changes from the unactivated configuration to the activated configuration, the angle between second outer body member 2820 and transverse body member 2890 can decrease.

[0276] It should be understood that the track 2850 can be configured to accommodate movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 while maintaining an operative connection therewith.

[0277] It should be noted that in some arrangements, the transverse body member 2890 and / or the push structure 2871 can deliver the actuation force symmetrically, i.e., substantially aligned with the force direction of the actuator 2800 (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 2802). However, in other arrangements, the actuator 2800 can be configured to deliver an asymmetrical actuation force, i.e., not aligned with the force direction of the actuator 2800.

[0278] It should be noted that although Figures 28-29 A single actuator 2800 is shown, but there may be multiple actuators 2800. Figures 26-27The discussion of multiple actuators 2400 may also apply to multiple actuators 2800.

[0279] Figure 4 An example of a system 400 is shown. The system 400 may include various elements. Figure 4 Some possible elements of system 400 are shown and will now be described. It should be understood that system 400 need not have Figure 4 All elements shown or described herein. System 400 may have Figure 4 Any combination of the various elements shown. In addition, the system 400 may have Figure 4 In some arrangements, system 400 may not include Figure 4 Furthermore, in some arrangements, various elements may be located on or within the chair, although it will be appreciated that one or more of these elements may be located external to the chair. Furthermore, the elements shown may be physically separated by significant distances.

[0280] The system 400 may include one or more of the actuators 100 described above. The actuator 100 may be operatively connected to one or more of the elements of the system 400.

[0281] The system 400 may include one or more processors 410, one or more data stores 420, one or more sensors 430, one or more power sources 440, one or more input interfaces 450, one or more output interfaces 460, one or more actuators 100, and one or more control modules 470. Each of these elements will be described in turn below.

[0282] As described above, system 400 may include one or more processors 410. "Processor" refers to any component or component group configured to perform any process described herein or to perform such process or to cause the execution of any form of instruction for such process. One or more processors 410 may be implemented by one or more general-purpose processors and / or one or more special-purpose processors. Examples of suitable processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuits that can execute software. Further examples of suitable processors include, but are not limited to, central processing units (CPUs), array processors, vector processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic circuits, and controllers. One or more processors 410 may include at least one hardware circuit (e.g., integrated circuits) configured to execute the instructions contained in the program code. In an arrangement with multiple processors 410, these processors may work independently of one another, or one or more processors may work in combination with one another.

[0283] The system 400 may include one or more data stores 420 for storing one or more types of data. The one or more data stores 420 may include volatile memory and / or non-volatile memory. Examples of suitable data stores 420 include RAM (random access memory), flash memory, ROM (read only memory), PROM (programmable read only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, or any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The one or more data stores 420 may be components of the one or more processors 410, or the one or more data stores 420 may be operatively connected to the one or more processors 410 for use thereby. As used throughout, the term "operative connection" may include direct or indirect connection, including connection without direct physical contact.

[0284] System 400 may include one or more sensors 430. A "sensor" is any device, component, and / or system capable of detecting, determining, evaluating, monitoring, measuring, quantifying, acquiring, and / or sensing something. The one or more sensors may detect, determine, evaluate, monitor, measure, quantify, acquire, and / or sense in real time. As used herein, the term "real time" refers to a level of processing responsiveness perceived by a user or system that is sufficiently immediate for a particular process or determination to be made, or to enable a processor to keep up with some external process.

[0285] In an arrangement where the system 400 includes multiple sensors 430, the sensors may operate independently of each other. Alternatively, two or more of the sensors may operate in combination with each other. In this case, the two or more sensors may form a sensor network. The one or more sensors 430 may be operatively connected to the one or more processors 410, the one or more data stores 420, and / or other elements of the system 400 (including Figure 1 any element shown in ).

[0286] As described above, the system 400 may include one or more power sources 440. The one or more power sources 440 may be any energy source capable of and / or configured to power the one or more shape memory material members 180 of the actuator 100. For example, the one or more power sources 440 may include one or more batteries, one or more fuel cells, one or more generators, one or more alternators, one or more solar cells, and combinations thereof.

[0287] System 400 may include one or more input interfaces 450. An "input interface" includes any device, component, system, element, arrangement, or group thereof that is capable of inputting information / data into a machine. One or more input interfaces 450 may receive input from a user (e.g., a chair occupant). Any suitable input interface 450 may be used, including, for example, a keyboard, display, touch screen, multi-touch screen, buttons, joystick, mouse, trackball, microphone, and / or combinations thereof.

[0288] System 400 may include one or more output interfaces 460. An "output interface" includes any device, component, system, element, arrangement, or group thereof that is capable of presenting information / data to a user (e.g., a chair occupant). One or more output interfaces 460 may present information / data to a user (e.g., a chair occupant). One or more output interfaces 460 may include a display, headphones, and / or speakers. Some components of system 400 may function as both components of one or more input interfaces 450 and components of one or more output interfaces 460.

[0289] System 400 may include one or more modules, at least some of which will be described herein. These modules may be implemented as computer-readable program code that, when executed by a processor, implements one or more of the various processes described herein. One or more of the modules may be components of one or more processors 410, or one or more of the modules may be executed on other processing systems to which one or more processors 410 are operatively connected and / or distributed between these processing systems. A module may include instructions (e.g., program logic) that may be executed by one or more processors 410. Alternatively or additionally, one or more data memories 420 may include such instructions.

[0290] In one or more arrangements, the modules described herein may include artificial intelligence or computational intelligence components, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, or other machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, in one or more arrangements, the modules may be distributed across multiple modules. In one or more arrangements, two or more of the modules described herein may be combined into a single module.

[0291] The system 400 may include one or more control modules 470. The one or more control modules 470 may be configured to receive signals, data, information, and / or other inputs from one or more components of the system 400. The one or more control modules 470 may be configured to analyze these signals, data, information, and / or other inputs. The one or more control modules 470 may be configured to select one or more of the one or more actuators 100 to be activated or deactivated to achieve a desired effect. In some arrangements, the one or more control modules 470 may be configured to select a predetermined actuation curve from one or more data stores 420 to achieve a desired drive. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more control modules 470 may be configured to detect user input (e.g., a command) provided on one or more input interfaces 450. The one or more control modules 470 may be configured to send control signals or commands to one or more components of the system 400 (including one or more actuators 100, one or more shape memory material members 180, and / or any portion thereof) via the communication network 490.

[0292] The one or more control modules 470 can be configured to activate or deactivate selected one or more of the one or more actuators 100 by activating or deactivating one or more corresponding shape memory material members 180 associated with the one or more selected actuators 100. As used herein, "cause" or "induce" means to cause, compel, force, direct, command, instruct, and / or cause an event or action to occur, or at least to place such an event or action in a state where it is likely to occur, either directly or indirectly. The one or more control modules 470 can selectively provide activation inputs to the one or more actuators 100, or more specifically, to the one or more shape memory material members 180 associated with the one or more selected actuators 100. The one or more control modules 470 can selectively allow or prevent the flow of electrical energy from the power source 440.

[0293] The various components of system 400 can be linked to each other or to one or more other components in a communicative manner via one or more communication networks 490. As used herein, the term "communication link" can include a direct or indirect connection via a communication channel, bus, path, or another component or system. A "communication network" refers to one or more components designed to transmit and / or receive information from one source to another. One or more data stores 420 and / or one or more other components of system 400 can include and / or execute suitable communication software, which enables the various components to communicate with each other via the communication network and perform the functions disclosed herein.

[0294] One or more communication networks 490 can be implemented as or include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN), a wireless network, a mobile network, a virtual private network (VPN), the Internet, a hardwired communication bus, and / or one or more intranets. The communication network can also be implemented as or include one or more wireless networks, whether short-range (e.g., a local wireless network built using one of Bluetooth or IEEE802 wireless communication protocols, such as 802.11a / b / g / i, 802.15, 802.16, 802.20, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), or WPA2) or long-range (e.g., mobile, cellular, and / or satellite-based wireless networks; GSM, TDMA, CDMA, WCDMA networks, etc.). The communication network can include wired communication links and / or wireless communication links. The communication network can include any combination of the above networks and / or other types of networks.

[0295] Although the system 400 is described above in conjunction with the actuator 100, it should be understood that the actuators 100', 1500, 2400, 2800 may be combined with Figure 4 The illustrated system 400 utilizes Thus, the above description of system 400 applies equally to each of these actuators, a plurality of these actuators, or any combination of these actuators (including actuator 100).

[0296] The various actuators 100, 100', 1500, 2400, 2800 described herein can have one or more shape memory material members or contraction members. The one or more contraction members can be any member or material that can contract when an activation input is provided to the contraction member. The activation input can be energy, heat, or electrical energy, to name a few examples.

[0297] It should be noted that the various actuators 100, 100', 1500, 2400, 2800 described herein can remain in an activated configuration when an activation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to one or more contraction members. However, in some arrangements, the actuator can be configured to maintain the activated configuration without providing an activation input to one or more contraction members. For example, any actuator can include one or more locking elements that can engage when the actuator is deformed into the activated state. These locking elements can engage and / or disengage automatically or in response to user input. These locking elements can be mechanical, electrostatic (e.g., an electrostatic clutch), magnetic, or electromagnetic in nature. It should be understood that by providing one or more locking elements, it is not necessary to continue to provide an activation input to the actuator to maintain the activated state. As a result, energy consumption can be reduced.

[0298] It should be understood that the arrangement described herein can provide numerous benefits, including one or more of those mentioned herein. For example, the device described herein can provide an actuator that can provide sufficient actuation force for a variety of applications. Compared to other actuator designs, the arrangement described herein can utilize fewer shape memory material components. Compared to at least some other actuator designs based on shape memory alloys, the arrangement described herein can reduce the actuator's footprint. The arrangement described herein can require less power to activate because the shape memory material components do not have to contend with thick, heavy actuator body components, as in previous actuator designs. The arrangement described herein can result in a lower-cost actuator. The arrangement described herein can decouple the strength of the first and second body components from the tension in these body components. The arrangement described herein can concentrate actuation force by providing push plates of different sizes, shapes, and / or configurations. The arrangement described herein avoids the need for numerous shape memory material components external to the actuator, which can create an unsightly appearance and be difficult to integrate into different components.

[0299] The arrangements described herein can be used in various applications for applying force to another structure or person. In some arrangements, the arrangements described herein can be used in conjunction with a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, a ship, an aircraft, a hovercraft, a spacecraft, any other form of transportation (including motorized or powered transportation)). For example, the actuator can be located within a vehicle seat or operatively positioned relative to a vehicle seat. For example, the arrangements described herein can be used in conjunction with a vehicle seat to provide tactile, massage, and / or other effects to an occupant of the vehicle seat. As another example, the arrangements described herein can be used to adjust the position of a vehicle component. Furthermore, it should be understood that the arrangements described herein can be used in conjunction with various non-vehicle applications, such as chairs, office chairs, massage chairs, beds, etc. Furthermore, the arrangements described herein can be used in conjunction with a massage device.

[0300] The flow chart and block diagram in the figure illustrate the possible architecture, function and operation of the system, method and computer program product according to various embodiments. In this respect, each block in the flow chart or block diagram can represent a module, segment or partial code, which includes one or more executable instructions for realizing the logical function of one or more specifications. It should also be noted that in some alternative embodiments, the functions pointed out in the block may not occur in the order shown in the figure. For example, two blocks shown in succession may actually be performed substantially simultaneously, or may sometimes be performed in reverse order, depending on the functions involved.

[0301] The above-mentioned systems, components and / or processes can be implemented with hardware or a combination of hardware and software, and can be implemented in a centralized manner in a processing system, or implemented in a distributed manner with different components distributed in several interconnected processing systems. Any type of processing system or other device suitable for executing the methods described herein is applicable. A typical combination of hardware and software can be a processing system with a computer-usable program code, which, when loaded and executed, controls the processing system so that it executes the methods described herein. Systems, components and / or processes can also be embedded in a computer-readable memory (e.g., a computer program product or other data program storage device), which can be read by a machine, tangibly embodies an instruction program that can be executed by a machine, to implement the methods and processes described herein. These elements can also be embedded in an application product, which includes all the features that implement the methods described herein, and when loaded into a processing system, can execute these methods.

[0302] Furthermore, the arrangements described herein may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer-readable media having computer-readable program code embodied (e.g., stored) thereon. Any combination of one or more computer-readable media may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. The phrase "computer-readable storage medium" refers to a non-transitory storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, device, or apparatus, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable storage media would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer floppy disk, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid-state drive (SSD), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0303] As used herein, the terms "one" and "an" are defined as one or more than one. As used herein, the term "plurality" is defined as two or more. As used herein, the term "another" is defined as at least a second or more. As used herein, the terms "include" and / or "have" are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". As used herein, the phrase "at least one of ... and ... " refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the relevant listed items. For example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" includes only A, only B, only C, or any combination thereof (e.g., AB, AC, BC, or ABC). As used herein, the term "substantially" or "approximately" includes the term it modifies as well as slight variations therefrom. Therefore, the term "substantially parallel" means completely parallel as well as slightly different parallels therefrom. “Slightly different from…” may include within 15 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 14 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 13 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 12 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 11 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 10 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 9 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 8 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 7 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 6 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 5 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 4 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 3 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 2 degrees / percent / unit or less, or within 1 degree / percent / unit or less. In some cases, “substantially” may include being within normal manufacturing tolerances.

[0304] The various aspects of the present invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from its spirit or essential attributes. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing description, as indicating the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. An actuator, comprising: an outer body, at least a portion of the outer body being configured to pivot; as well as a retraction member operatively connected to opposite end portions of said actuator, When an activation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts, causing the opposing end portions of the actuator to move toward each other, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration in which the actuator increases in size.

2. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The direction of the dimension is different from the contraction direction of the contraction member.

3. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The contraction member is a shape memory material member.

4. The actuator according to claim 3, wherein: The shape memory material component is a shape memory alloy.

5. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The contraction member is a wire.

6. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The contraction members are arranged in a serpentine or non-linear manner.

7. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The retraction member extends in a space defined by the outer body.

8. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The dimension corresponds to the height of the actuator.

9. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein: The actuator further includes one or more locking elements configured to maintain the actuator in the activated configuration in the absence of an activation input provided to the retraction member.

10. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The outer body includes a first portion and a second portion pivotably connected to each other.

11. The actuator according to claim 10, wherein: The first part and the second part are pivotably connected to each other via a hinge.

12. The actuator of claim 10, further comprising one or more biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first and second portions into an inactivated configuration of the actuator.

13. The actuator according to claim 10, wherein: The first portion and the second portion are part of a first outer body member, and wherein the outer body includes a second outer body member.

14. The actuator according to claim 13, wherein: The second outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion, and wherein each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member is pivotably connected to a base structure.

15. The actuator according to claim 14, wherein The base structure is located between the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member.

16. The actuator of claim 14, further comprising a biasing member operatively positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member into an unactivated configuration.

17. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The outer body includes a first outer body member and a second outer body member, and wherein the first outer body member and the second outer body member are arranged in a scissors configuration.

18. The actuator according to claim 1, wherein The end portion is defined by a first end cap and a second end cap, wherein the retraction member is operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, and wherein when an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member retracts and draws the first end cap and the second end cap toward each other.

19. The actuator according to claim 18, wherein The contraction member is arranged outside the first end cover and the second end cover.

20. The actuator according to claim 18, wherein The contraction member is arranged inside the first end cover and the second end cover.

21. The actuator according to claim 18, wherein The constriction member extends between the first end cap and the second end cap in a serpentine or non-linear manner.

22. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising a track, wherein The outer body includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is pivotally connected to the second portion, and wherein the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

23. The actuator according to claim 22, wherein: The first portion and the second portion are retainably engaged by the track.

24. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising a track, wherein: The outer body includes a first portion and a second portion, and wherein the outer body includes a transverse body member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion.

25. The actuator according to claim 24, wherein The first portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member, and wherein the second portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member.

26. The actuator of claim 24, further comprising a track, and wherein: The first portion and the second portion are slidably connected to the track.

27. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising a push structure operatively connected to the outer body, and wherein: When the actuator is deformed into the activated configuration, the position of the pushing structure changes.

28. The actuator according to claim 27, wherein The pushing structure includes an engagement surface, and wherein the engagement surface has a generally polygonal shape.

29. An actuator, comprising: an outer body comprising first and second outer body members arranged in a scissor configuration; as well as Contraction member, When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member retracts, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration in which the height of the actuator is increased.

30. The actuator of claim 29, wherein: The contraction member is a shape memory material member.

31. The actuator according to claim 30, wherein The shape memory material component is a shape memory alloy.

32. The actuator of claim 29, wherein: The first outer body member is configured to pivot, and wherein the second outer body member is configured to pivot.

33. The actuator of claim 32, wherein: The first outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other.

34. The actuator of claim 33, further comprising one or more biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first and second portions into an inactivated configuration of the actuator.

35. The actuator of claim 29, wherein: The second outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion, and wherein each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member is pivotally connected to a base structure located between the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member.

36. The actuator of claim 29, further comprising a first end cap and a second end cap, wherein: The retraction member is operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, and wherein, when an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member retracts and draws the first end cap and the second end cap toward each other.

37. The actuator of claim 36, wherein: The contraction member is arranged outside the first end cover and the second end cover.

38. The actuator of claim 37, wherein: The retraction member is disposed outside opposite sides of the first end cap and the second end cap.

39. The actuator of claim 36, wherein: The constriction member extends between the first end cap and the second end cap in a serpentine or non-linear manner.

40. The actuator of claim 36, wherein: At least one of the first end cap and the second end cap comprises one or more posts or one or more guide structures, whereby the retraction member is arranged by means of the one or more posts or the one or more guide structures.

41. The actuator of claim 29, wherein: The first outer body member passes through the second outer body member.

42. The actuator of claim 29, further comprising a central biasing member operatively positioned between the first and second outer body members.

43. The actuator of claim 42, wherein: The central biasing member is a compression spring.

44. An actuator, comprising: an outer body comprising a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other; a constriction member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion; as well as a track, said first portion and said second portion operatively engaging said track, When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member retracts, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration in which the height of the actuator is increased.

45. The actuator of claim 44, wherein: The contraction member is a shape memory material member.

46. ​​The actuator of claim 45, wherein: The shape memory material component is a shape memory alloy.

47. The actuator of claim 44, wherein: The first part and the second part are pivotably connected to each other via a hinge.

48. The actuator of claim 44, further comprising one or more biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion into an unactivated configuration of the actuator.

49. The actuator of claim 44, wherein: The first portion includes a first docking end and a second docking end, and wherein the second portion includes a first docking end and a second docking end, and wherein the first docking end of the first portion is pivotally connected to the first docking end of the second portion.

50. The actuator of claim 49, wherein: The second butt end of the first portion and the second butt end of the second portion engage the track.

51. The actuator of claim 50, wherein: The second abutment end of the first portion and the second abutment end of the second portion are retainably received within the track.

52. The actuator of claim 44, wherein: The first portion and the second portion are slidably engaged with the track.

53. An actuator, comprising: an outer body comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a transverse body member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion; a constriction member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion; as well as a track, said first portion and said second portion operatively engaging said track, When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member retracts, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration in which the height of the actuator is increased.

54. The actuator of claim 53, wherein: The first portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member, and wherein the second portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member.

55. The actuator of claim 54, wherein: The first portion and the transverse body member are pivotably connected to each other via a hinge.

56. The actuator of claim 53, wherein: The first portion and the second portion are slidably engaged with the track.

57. The actuator of claim 53, wherein: The contraction member is a shape memory material member.

58. A system comprising: An actuator, comprising: an outer body, at least a portion of which is configured to pivot; and a retraction member; and one or more processors operatively connected to selectively activate the retraction member, When an activation input is provided to the retraction member, the retraction member contracts, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration in which the size of the actuator is increased.

59. The system of claim 58, further comprising: An energy source operatively connected to supply energy to the constriction member, wherein the one or more processors are operatively connected to the energy source, wherein the one or more processors are configured to selectively control the supply of energy to the constriction member.

60. The system of claim 58, wherein: The one or more processors are configured to: Activating the contraction member causes the contraction member to contract, thereby deforming the actuator into the activated configuration.

61. The system of claim 58, wherein: The outer body includes first and second outer body members arranged in a scissors configuration.

62. The system of claim 58, wherein: The actuator further includes a track, wherein the outer body includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is pivotally connected to the second portion, and wherein the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

63. The system of claim 62, wherein: The actuator is a plurality of actuators, and wherein the plurality of actuators share a same retraction member.

64. The system of claim 58, wherein: The outer body includes a first portion and a second portion, and wherein the outer body includes a transverse body member operatively connected to the first portion and the second portion.

65. The system of claim 64, wherein: The first portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member, and wherein the second portion is pivotally connected to the transverse body member.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein: The actuator further includes a track, and wherein the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

67. The system of claim 58, further comprising a push structure operatively connected to the outer body, and wherein: When the actuator is deformed into the activated configuration, the position of the pushing structure changes.

68. The system of claim 67, wherein: The pushing structure includes an engagement surface, and wherein the engagement surface has a generally polygonal shape.

69. The system of claim 58, wherein: The contraction member is a shape memory material member.

70. The system of claim 69, wherein: The shape memory material component includes a shape memory alloy wire.

71. The system of claim 58, wherein: The outer body includes a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other by a hinge.

72. The system of claim 71, wherein The actuator also includes a biasing member operatively positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion into a non-activated configuration of the actuator.

73. The system of claim 71, wherein: The outer body includes a first outer body member, the first outer body member includes the first part and the second part, wherein the outer body includes a second outer body member, wherein the second outer body member includes the first part and the second part, and wherein each of the first part and the second part of the second outer body member is capable of being pivotally connected to a base structure.

74. The system of claim 73, further comprising a biasing member operatively positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member into an inactivated configuration.

75. The system of claim 58, wherein: The outer body comprises a first outer body member comprising a first portion and a second portion operatively connected to each other, wherein the outer body comprises a second outer body member, and wherein the actuator further comprises: a first end cap; and a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap, wherein the retraction member is operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, wherein the first outer body member includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end is operatively connected to the second end cap, wherein the second outer body member includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end of the second outer body member is operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end of the second outer body member is operatively connected to the second end cap.

76. An actuator, comprising: a first outer body member comprising a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other by one or more hinges; one or more first biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first outer body member into an unactivated configuration of the actuator; a push plate operatively connected to the first outer body member; a second outer body member comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a base, each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member being pivotally connected to the base; one or more second biasing members operatively positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member into the deactivated configuration; one or more shape memory alloy wires; a first end cap; as well as a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap, the one or more shape memory alloy wires being operatively connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, wherein when an activation input is provided to the one or more shape memory alloy wires, the one or more shape memory alloy wires contract, thereby deforming the actuator into an activated configuration having an increased height of the actuator.

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