Grape and mushroom three-dimensional cultivation and management method

Abstract

The invention provides a three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and mushrooms, which comprises the following steps: arranging a grape rain shelter on a pollution-source-free rock ballast and construction waste backfilled open land or wasteland, deeply digging in rows at intervals on the pollution-source-free rock ballast and construction waste backfilled open land or abandoned land, backfilling with high-quality soil to form ridges, and planting grapes in the ridges, a grape trellis is built for conventional cultivation management; a plurality of layers of mushroom shelves are placed on the open space outside the ridges, the height of the mushroom shelves is 40 cm or above lower than the bottom face of the grape trellis, and mushrooms are conventionally planted and managed. According to the invention, the fertility of local soil is utilized to provide nutrition for grape growth, the local soil is fixed by utilizing the enclosing and accumulation effects of backfilling open land or wasteland with rock ballast and construction waste, and the water accumulation problem of grape land is solved by the self-drainage and water seepage function; a grape and mushroom three-dimensional cultivation mode is formed by a mushroom fruiting management stage and annual growth of grapes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the cultivation and management of grapes, and in particular to a three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms. Background Art

[0002] There are many kinds of three-dimensional cultivation techniques for grapes and shiitake mushrooms in the existing technology. The "Rain Shelter Grape + Shiitake Mushroom Three-Dimensional Circular Cultivation Model" proposed in the 8th issue of 2018 (second half of the month) of "Friends of Farmers' Wealth" magazine uses rain shelter facilities for grapes and auxiliary arch sheds to meet the growth and development needs of shiitake mushrooms and achieve multiple harvests from one garden.

[0003] The grape-shiitake mushroom three-dimensional circulation cultivation technology in horticulture in the 8th issue of "Modern Agricultural Science and Technology" in 2018 has improved the utilization rate of land resources, realized the multi-level recycling of materials, and promoted the benign cycle of agricultural ecology.

[0004] Application number 2023103039178, a method of intercropping grapes and shiitake mushrooms. Intercropping grapes and shiitake mushrooms not only increases the annual total yield, but also solves the problem of other plants competing with grapes for fertilizer and water, achieving multiple uses of one greenhouse and multiple harvests from one field.

[0005] Edible Fungi, article number 1000-8357 (2005) 04-0052-01: A three-dimensional mushroom cultivation model in Northwest vineyards, requiring flat terrain and good drainage. Efficient integration and recycling of grape cultivation with the mushroom industry.

[0006] "Facilities and Management of Mushroom and Grape Intercropping" realizes diversified operations, multiple uses of one shed, reduces floor space, fully utilizes space, and increases ecological and economic benefits.

[0007] Application No. 2020202986919 discloses a three-dimensional cold-resistant cultivation rack for cold greenhouse grapes in the field of grape cultivation, which forms a staggered three-dimensional cultivation pattern, avoids overlapping and shading, and ensures higher grape yield and better quality.

[0008] Application No. 2022103968381 A method and system for three-dimensional cultivation of grapes and edible fungi in a multi-span greenhouse grape shelter utilizes the light-loving characteristics of grapes and the shade-loving characteristics of edible fungi to form a three-dimensional cultivation mode of grapes and edible fungi.

[0009] Application No. 201610447280X discloses a three-dimensional cultivation method for grapes, strawberries and mushrooms, which improves resource utilization and the economic benefits of growers.

[0010] Application No. 201810279028.1 A three-dimensional intercropping method for grapes and morels, in which the two crops do not cause management conflicts with each other.

[0011] The above patent documents or papers have explored the three-dimensional cultivation mode of grapes and shiitake mushrooms to a certain extent, but have failed to effectively solve the problems of low adaptability of space utilization in three-dimensional cultivation of grapes and shiitake mushrooms and precise control of "light, temperature, water, air and heat".

[0012] Furthermore, the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms does not require the quality of the land environment, while the cultivation of grapes requires high-quality soil with good drainage. Summary of the Invention

[0013] The purpose of the present invention is to improve the adaptability of three-dimensional cultivation space utilization of grapes and shiitake mushrooms and the precise control of "light, temperature, water, air and heat" by optimizing the shape of grape trees and the structural parameters, arrangement methods and cultivation management measures of shiitake mushroom racks, so as to achieve a dual improvement in the quality and economic benefits of grapes and shiitake mushrooms, and revitalize idle land resources such as slag, construction waste backfill or abandoned land without pollution sources. A three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms is specially proposed.

[0014] To this end, the technical solution of the present invention is a three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms, including backfilling vacant land or abandoned land with slag or construction waste without pollution sources, characterized in that: a grape rain shelter is set up on the vacant land or abandoned land backfilled with slag or construction waste without pollution sources, and the grape rain shelter has specifications of a span (i.e., a bottom width) of 8.0m, a length of ≤90.0m, a shoulder height of 2.5m-3.0m, and a number of connected buildings of ≤5; Deeply digging rows of soil in the vacant land or abandoned land backfilled with slag and construction waste without pollution sources and backfilling with high-quality soil to form ridges, planting grapes in the ridges, and setting up grape racks for conventional cultivation and management; Just place a multi-layer mushroom rack in the open space outside the ridge. The height of the multi-layer mushroom rack should be more than 40 cm lower than the grape rack surface. Mushrooms are usually planted and managed.

[0015] The effect is: The present invention fully utilizes the slag and construction waste without pollution sources to backfill the vacant land or abandoned land and improves the local soil. At this time, not only the fertility of the local soil is utilized to provide nutrition for the growth of grapes, but also the local soil is fixed by the blocking and accumulation effect of the slag and construction waste without pollution sources backfilling the vacant land or abandoned land. The present invention also has the function of self-drainage and water seepage to solve the problem of water accumulation in the grape land. At the same time, the placement of mushroom racks in the open space outside the ridge solves the comprehensive utilization of the land, and also provides comprehensive utilization of the grape shelter and support for the time difference of plant growth.

[0016] The management stage of shiitake mushroom production is combined with the annual growth of grapes to form a three-dimensional cultivation model of grape shiitake mushrooms.

[0017] Further improvements include: the grape variety is an early to mid-ripening variety; the spacing between grape plants is 3.0m-6.0m; the grape rack is horizontal and 1.9m-2.0m above the ground; the grape tree is in an "H" shape, with a trunk height of 1.9m-2.0m, a primary main vine length of 1.9m-2.0m, and a secondary main vine length of 1.5m-3.0m; and the grape fruiting branches are evenly and horizontally arranged on both sides of the secondary main vine. The specifications of the mushroom rack are 3.0m-6.0m in length, 1.0m-1.1m in width, 25cm-30cm in layer height, 6 layers or less, and a total height of 1.5m or less. Along the length direction of the grape rain shelter, n (n ≥ 1) single mushroom racks are placed continuously to form a mushroom rack group, and the interval between mushroom rack groups is 0.8m-1.0m; There are 4 mushroom rack groups in total, namely, mushroom rack group A, mushroom rack group B, mushroom rack group C, and mushroom rack group D. The centerline between mushroom rack group A and mushroom rack group B is parallel to the direction of the secondary main vines of grapes and coincides with the projection of the secondary main vines of grapes looking down at the ground, that is, the secondary main vines of grapes are located directly above the centerline between mushroom rack group A and mushroom rack group B; the placement method of mushroom rack group C and mushroom rack group D is the same as that of mushroom rack group A and mushroom rack group B; the interval passages formed between mushroom rack groups and between mushroom rack groups and the columns of grape shelters are all operation paths for mushroom and grape management.

[0018] The effect is that: since the production of shiitake mushrooms is divided into four stages: shiitake mushroom stick making, shiitake mushroom stick mycelium cultivation and color change management, shiitake mushroom stick summer burn prevention management, and shiitake mushroom fruiting management; Among them, only the mushroom production management stage and the annual growth of grapes form a three-dimensional cultivation mode of grape mushrooms. Conventional cultivation management is carried out in the three stages of mushroom stick making, mushroom stick mycelium culture growth and color change management, and mushroom stick summer burn prevention management. By optimizing the structural parameters and arrangement of the "H"-shaped grape tree and the mushroom rack group, the spatial adaptability of the "H"-shaped grape tree and the mushroom rack group is greatly improved, so that the spatial distribution of the grape fruiting parts is neat, and the fruit bunches are arranged in a straight line and parallel on both sides of the secondary main vines, and are located directly above the spacing of the mushroom rack group, which is conducive to the management of grape and mushroom fruiting; such as the orderly development of grape inflorescence management, flower and fruit thinning, fruit setting, branch management, and mushroom fruiting management; at the same time, it has a strong three-dimensional sense and aesthetics.

[0019] A further improvement is that: the construction of the mushroom rack group is as follows: using mushroom rack group A and mushroom rack group B as support materials, inner greenhouse film is set up on the front, back, left, right and top surfaces of the outer periphery, and the fixing and retraction of the inner greenhouse film are achieved by a film roller and a pulley; the inner greenhouse film of mushroom rack group C and mushroom rack group D is set up in the same way as mushroom rack group A and mushroom rack group B; That is, each grape rain shelter, all set up two groups of Lentinus edodes shed, each group of Lentinus edodes shed body width 2.8m-3.2m, length with Lentinus edodes frame group length, height with Lentinus edodes frame group height; The side of the inner shed film extends outward at an angle a with the ground level: 72°≤a≤90°.

[0020] Effect: Lentinus edodes frame group as Lentinus edodes shed body support material, save materials and cost input; Inner shed film is conducive to the growth of Lentinus edodes and grape in the grape Lentinus edodes three-dimensional cultivation mode; Adjusting the side of the Lentinus edodes inner shed film extending outward at an angle 72°≤a≤90° with the ground level can realize the regulation of grape leaf curtain microenvironment light intensity, promote the advance of grape phenology and early maturity; The diffuse light of the inner shed film is moderately transmitted, high in brightness, strong in reflection, enhances the light intensity of the grape leaf curtain microenvironment, and the ivory mother blown film also supports the light at the bottom of the grape after fruiting, so that the color of the grape on the market is consistent.

[0021] Each grape rain shelter, all set up two groups of Lentinus edodes shed, realize the physical unit segmentation of Lentinus edodes production, conducive to realize the precise regulation of temperature, humidity, moisture, light, air, heat and disease control in Lentinus edodes shed.

[0022] Further improvement: The optimized grape "H" type tree shape, Lentinus edodes frame group structure parameters and arrangement mode characteristics require that the compatible Lentinus edodes stick specifications are stick length 50cm-55cm, stick diameter 14cm-16cm, and two Lentinus edodes sticks are arranged in a straight line on the Lentinus edodes frame. Lentinus edodes strains are selected from "9608", "808", "238" and other wide-temperature type high-resistant strains.

[0023] Effect: Early-maturing grape varieties are selected to advance the grape market and harvest period, realize the "peak-misalignment" of grape and Lentinus edodes management labor, and the "peak-misalignment" of grape fruit growth and development and Lentinus edodes fruiting; The requirements of Lentinus edodes stick specifications and arrangement also apply to Lentinus edodes frame group structure; Single Lentinus edodes stick fruiting 3-4 times is conducive to the effective use of Lentinus edodes frame space and Lentinus edodes stick nutrients, Lentinus edodes shed ventilation and grape management in the following spring; Better adapt to the balance between grape light and heat demand and Lentinus edodes growth in grape Lentinus edodes three-dimensional cultivation mode.

[0024] Further improvement: The outer of the grape rain shelter is formed by a PO film.

[0025] Effect: The PO film has high transparency, long-lasting high light transmission, and moderate ultraviolet transmission, which is conducive to grape fruit coloring and quality improvement, and also forms effective rain shelter during the grape fruiting period.

[0026] A further improvement is that an inner shed film is set around the outer periphery of the multi-layer mushroom rack, that is, the multi-layer mushroom rack is used to form a mushroom shed; the inner shed film is made of double-sided milky white PEP film.

[0027] The effect is that the double-sided milky white PEP film has moderate diffuse light transmission, high brightness, and strong light reflection ability, which enhances the light intensity of the microenvironment of the grape leaf curtain. The milky white master blown film also provides support for the light at the bottom of the grapes after the fruit is hung, so that the grapes have a consistent color when they are put on the market. A further improvement is that a drainage system is provided between the bottom of the multi-layer mushroom rack and the ridge formed by backfilling high-quality soil.

[0028] The effect is: since the growth of shiitake mushrooms requires a lot of water, drainage is necessary to solve the problem that if the drainage is not smooth during the growing season of shiitake mushrooms, the grape roots in the ridges may rot.

[0029] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the present invention makes full use of pollution-free slag and construction waste to backfill vacant land or abandoned land for local soil improvement, and optimizes the shape of grape trees, structural parameters of mushroom racks, arrangement methods and cultivation management measures, thereby improving the adaptability of three-dimensional cultivation space utilization of grapes and mushrooms and precise control of "light, temperature, water, air and heat", thereby achieving a dual improvement in the quality and economic benefits of grapes and mushrooms. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Fig. 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional cultivation of grape mushrooms of the present invention.

[0031] Fig. 2 This is a schematic diagram of the annual growth cycle of grape mushroom three-dimensional cultivation.

[0032] Fig. 3 This is a bird's-eye view of an "H"-shaped grape tree.

[0033] In the picture, 1 is the main trunk; 2 is the primary main vine; 3 is the secondary main vine; 4 is the mushroom rack group A; 5 is the mushroom rack group B; 6 is the mushroom rack group C; 7 is the mushroom rack group D; 8 is the backfilling of vacant land or abandoned land with pollution-free slag and construction waste, 9 is the backfilling of high-quality soil to form ridges, 10 is the grape shelter, 11 is the drainage system, and 12 is the inner greenhouse film. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The present invention Figs. 1-3 shown.

[0035] A three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms includes backfilling a vacant land or abandoned land 8 with slag or construction waste without a pollution source, and setting a grape rain shelter 10 on the vacant land or abandoned land 8 with slag or construction waste without a pollution source. The grape rain shelter 10 has a span (i.e., bottom width) of 8.0 m, a length of 90.0 m or less, a shoulder height of 2.5 m to 3.0 m, and a number of connected buildings of 5 or less. On the vacant land or abandoned land 8 backfilled with slag or construction waste without pollution sources, deep digging is carried out in rows and backfilled with high-quality soil to form ridges 9, and grapes are planted in the ridges and grape racks are set up for conventional cultivation and management; Just place a multi-layer mushroom rack in the open space outside the ridge. The height of the multi-layer mushroom rack should be more than 40 cm lower than the grape rack surface. Mushrooms are usually planted and managed.

[0036] The grape variety is an early to mid-ripening variety; the spacing between grape plants is 3.0m-6.0m; the grape trellis is horizontal and 1.9m-2.0m above the ground; the grape tree is in an "H" shape, with a main trunk 1 being 1.9m-2.0m high, a primary main vine 2 being 1.9m-2.0m long, and a secondary main vine 3 being 1.5m-3.0m long; and the grape fruiting branches are evenly and horizontally arranged on both sides of the secondary main vine 33. The specifications of the mushroom rack are 3.0m-6.0m in length, 1.0m-1.1m in width, 25cm-30cm in layer height, 6 layers or less, and a total height of 1.5m or less. Along the length direction of the grape rain shelter 10, n (n ≥ 1) single mushroom racks are placed continuously to form a mushroom rack group, and the mushroom rack groups are placed at an interval of 0.8m-1.0m; The mushroom rack groups are all equipped with mushroom rack group A 4, mushroom rack group B 5, mushroom rack group C 6, and mushroom rack group D 7, for a total of 4 mushroom rack groups; The centerline between mushroom rack group A 4 and mushroom rack group B 5 is parallel to the direction of the secondary main vine 3 of grapes and coincides with the projection of the secondary main vine 3 of grapes viewed from the ground, that is, the secondary main vine 3 of grapes is located directly above the centerline between mushroom rack group A 4 and mushroom rack group B 5; the placement method of mushroom rack group C 6 and mushroom rack group D 7 is the same as that of mushroom rack group A 4 and mushroom rack group B 5; the interval passages formed between mushroom rack groups and between mushroom rack groups and the columns of grape rain shelter 10 are all operation paths for mushroom and grape management.

[0037] The construction of the mushroom rack group: using mushroom rack group A4 and mushroom rack group B5 as support materials, inner greenhouse film 12 is set up on the front, back, left, right and top surfaces of the outer periphery, and the fixing and retraction of the inner greenhouse film 12 are achieved by a film roller and a pulley; the inner greenhouse film of mushroom rack group C6 and mushroom rack group D7 is set up in the same way as mushroom rack group A4 and mushroom rack group B5; That is, two groups of mushroom sheds are built in each grape rain shelter 10, and each group of mushroom sheds has a width of 2.8m-3.2m, a length the same as the length of the mushroom rack group, and a height the same as the height of the mushroom rack group; The side edge of the inner greenhouse film 12 extends outwards and forms an angle α with the ground level: 72°≤α≤90°.

[0038] The optimized H-shaped grape tree shape, mushroom rack structural parameters, and arrangement characteristics require that the compatible mushroom sticks be 50cm-55cm long and 14cm-16cm in diameter, with two sticks arranged in a straight line evenly spaced on the rack. The mushroom strains used are wide-temperature, highly resistant strains such as "9608", "808" and "238".

[0039] The grape rain shelter 10 is formed of a PO film on the outside.

[0040] An inner shed film 12 is also set up around the outer periphery of the multi-layer mushroom rack, that is, the multi-layer mushroom rack is used to form a mushroom shed; the inner shed film 12 is selected from double-sided milky white PEP film.

[0041] A drainage system 11 is also provided between the bottom of the multi-layer mushroom rack and the ridge 9 formed by backfilling high-quality soil.

Claims

1. A method for the three-dimensional cultivation and management of grapes and mushrooms, comprising backfilling vacant land or abandoned land with slag or construction waste without pollution sources (8), characterized in that: A grape rain shelter (10) is set up on the slag, construction waste backfilled vacant land or abandoned land (8) without pollution source, and the grape rain shelter (10) has the following specifications: a span, i.e., a bottom width of 8.0 m, a length ≤ 90.0 m, a shoulder height of 2.5 m-3.0 m, and a number of connected buildings ≤ 5; On the vacant land or abandoned land (8) backfilled with slag or construction waste without pollution sources, deep digging is carried out in intervals and backfilling with high-quality soil to form ridges (9), grapes are planted in the ridges, and grape racks are set up for conventional cultivation and management; Multi-layer mushroom racks are placed in the open space outside the ridge. The height of the multi-layer mushroom racks is more than 40 cm lower than the grape rack surface. Mushrooms are usually planted and managed.

2. The three-dimensional cultivation and management method of grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that: The grape variety is an early to mid-ripening variety; the spacing between grape plants is 3.0m-6.0m; a horizontal frame is used, and the height from the ground is 1.9m-2.0m; the grape tree shape adopts an "H" tree shape, wherein the main trunk (1) is 1.9m-2.0m high, the primary main vine (2) is 1.9m-2.0m long, and the secondary main vine (3) is 1.5m-3.0m long; the grape fruiting branches are evenly arranged horizontally on both sides of the secondary main vine (3); The specifications of the mushroom rack are 3.0m-6.0m in length, 1.0m-1.1m in width, 25cm-30cm in layer height, 6 layers or less, and a total height of 1.5m or less. Along the length direction of the grape rain shelter (10), n (n≥1) single mushroom racks are placed continuously to form a mushroom rack group, and the mushroom rack groups are placed at an interval of 0.8m-1.0m; The mushroom rack groups are all equipped with mushroom rack group A (4), mushroom rack group B (5), mushroom rack group C (6), and mushroom rack group D (7), for a total of 4 mushroom rack groups; The centerline between the mushroom rack group A (4) and the mushroom rack group B (5) is parallel to the direction of the secondary main vine of the grape (3) and coincides with the projection of the secondary main vine of the grape (3) when viewed from above the ground, that is, the secondary main vine of the grape (3) is located directly above the centerline between the mushroom rack group A (4) and the mushroom rack group B (5); the mushroom rack group C (6) and the mushroom rack group D (7) are placed in the same manner as the mushroom rack group A (4) and the mushroom rack group B (5); the interval passages formed between the mushroom rack groups and between the mushroom rack groups and the columns of the grape rain shelter (10) are all operation paths for the management of mushrooms and grapes.

3. A three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The construction of the mushroom rack group: using the mushroom rack group A (4) and the mushroom rack group B (5) as supporting materials, an inner greenhouse film (12) is set up on the front, back, left, right and top surfaces of the outer periphery, and the fixing and retraction of the inner greenhouse film (12) are achieved by a film roller and a pulley; the setting method of the inner greenhouse film (12) of the mushroom rack group C (6) and the mushroom rack group D (7) is the same as that of the mushroom rack group A (4) and the mushroom rack group B (6); That is, two groups of mushroom sheds are built in each grape rain shelter (10), and each group of mushroom sheds has a width of 2.8m-3.2m, a length the same as the length of the mushroom rack group, and a height the same as the height of the mushroom rack group; The side of the inner greenhouse film (12) extends outwards and forms an angle α with the ground level: 72°≤α≤90°.

4. The three-dimensional cultivation and management method of grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 2, wherein: The optimized "H"-shaped grape tree shape, mushroom rack structural parameters, and layout characteristics require that the compatible mushroom sticks be 50cm-55cm long and 14cm-16cm in diameter, with two sticks arranged in a straight line evenly spaced on the rack. The mushroom strains used are wide-temperature, highly resistant strains such as "9608", "808", and "238".

5. A three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The grape rain shelter (10) is formed of a PO film on the outside thereof.

6. The three-dimensional cultivation and management method of grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that: An inner shed film (12) is also set up around the outer periphery of the multi-layer mushroom rack, that is, the multi-layer mushroom rack is used to form a mushroom shed; the inner shed film (12) is a double-sided milky white PEP film.

7. A three-dimensional cultivation and management method for grapes and shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that: A drainage system (11) is provided between the bottom of the multi-layer mushroom rack and the ridge (9) formed by backfilling high-quality soil.

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