TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for nearly horizontal thin vein

Abstract

A TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for a nearly horizontal thin vein relates to the technical field of mining and comprises the following steps: dividing panels along the trend of an ore body, tunneling a transverse drift roadway along the trend of the ore body by a TBM, dividing the panels into an upper panel and a lower panel, respectively entering the upper panel and the lower panel from the transverse drift roadway, and alternately and rotatably mining the upper panel and the lower panel from outside to inside, according to the method, the transverse drift roadway only needs to be arranged in the panels, the TBM can conduct cutting and mining after entering the panels, and no additional auxiliary engineering needs to be arranged; tBM cyclic continuous mining is combined with staggered arrangement of concentric-square-shaped drifts and an upper and lower double-panel alternate rotation propulsion strategy, a stoping mode without turning and uninterrupted mechanical operation is achieved, rock mass disturbance is remarkably reduced, the collapse risk of the drifts and stopes is reduced, dynamic mining and filling collaborative design is further combined, ground pressure is effectively controlled, and the mining efficiency is improved. And the recovery safety is enhanced.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of mining, in particular to a TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for near-horizontal thin veins. BACKGROUND

[0002] The near-horizontal thin vein deposit refers to a ore body with a thickness of 0.8-5m and a dip angle of 0-15°. Such veins are widely distributed in non-coal mines at home and abroad, especially in a considerable proportion of precious metal deposits. Due to the limitations of ore body thickness and dip angle, the mining method has long faced many severe challenges.

[0003] The traditional drilling and blasting method is often used for mining near-horizontal thin veins. However, under special conditions, the technical drawbacks of drilling and blasting are significant. On the one hand, due to the thin thickness of the vein, the drilling precision requirement is extremely high, and a small deviation can lead to a large amount of surrounding rock mixing, resulting in a significant increase in ore dilution rate, which can be as high as 20%-30%. On the other hand, the intense vibration caused by blasting can cause great damage to the stability of the vein and surrounding rock, increasing the risk of safety accidents such as roadway collapse and roof caving. Especially in deep mining, the influence of ground pressure is intensified, and this risk is more prominent. In addition, the drilling and blasting method has a complex operation process and requires a large amount of manual operation, which is labor-intensive and inefficient, making it difficult to achieve continuous mining and severely restricting the production capacity of the mine. In addition to the drilling and blasting method, in recent years, some mines have attempted to introduce small-scale equipment, but there are still problems such as insufficient power, poor reliability, low degree of automation, and low production efficiency.

[0004] In some existing technologies, a pseudo-inclined raise is arranged to form a parallelogram recovery unit, a mining machine is used for counterclockwise recovery, a shovel-truck is used for transporting ore, and the empty area is treated after mining. The defects are: ① only suitable for small equipment, not suitable for large-turning equipment such as TBM; ② high ore loss rate caused by top and bottom pillars, inter-columnar pillars, etc.; ③ insufficient cooperation between mining and filling, large empty area affecting the filling effect of the top, poor ground pressure control, easy to cause stress concentration in adjacent stope, and interfere with normal recovery.

[0005] Some existing technologies use a spiral drill to recover in stages, combined with anchor support, hydraulic prop, and gravity caving technology to achieve safe mining of soft rock ore body. The defects are: ① only suitable for extremely thin soft rock ore body, not solving the problem of thin vein hard rock recovery; ② high risk of recycling of hydraulic props as temporary support; ③ limited applicability of gravity forced caving, increased ground pressure in the area after recovery in multiple stope, increasing the difficulty of recovery in adjacent stope; ④ using a shovel-truck to mine after the spiral drill is full, poor continuity of recovery-mining leading to low efficiency.

[0006] Based on the above reasons, the current mechanized continuous mining method has various deficiencies, making it difficult to achieve safe, efficient, and green mining of near-horizontal thin veins. SUMMARY

[0007] The present application provides a TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for near-horizontal thin ore veins, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art that the mechanized continuous mining method cannot be matched with large turning equipment, needs multiple auxiliary roadways, and cannot be coordinated with the filling process.

[0008] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the embodiment of the present application provides a TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for near-horizontal thin ore veins, comprising: S100. Dividing the ore body into multiple panels along the strike of the ore body, using a TBM to open a cross-vein roadway along the strike of the ore body at the central position of the ore body, the cross-vein roadway passing through the first panel, and separating the first panel into an upper panel and a lower panel by the first cross-vein roadway; S200. The TBM enters the lower panel along a path tangent to the outer side of the lower panel through the cross-vein roadway, and alternately turns between the lower panel and the upper panel from outside to inside, and finally forms a water droplet type pillar of a preset diameter in the upper panel, and the advance of the TBM in the panel for the first time forms a one-step stope, and the one-step stope is filled after mining; S300. The TBM enters the upper panel along a path tangent to the outer side of the upper panel through the cross-vein roadway, and alternately turns between the upper panel and the lower panel from outside to inside, and finally forms a water droplet type pillar of a preset diameter in the lower panel, and the advance of the TBM in the panel for the second time forms a two-step stope, and the advance of the one-step stope and the advance of the two-step stope are alternately arranged, and the two-step stope is filled after mining; S400. The TBM returns to the cross-vein roadway and continues to excavate the cross-vein roadway to the left, and repeats steps S200-S300 in the second panel on the left side; S500. Using a boom excavator to mine the water droplet type pillars in the upper panel and the lower panel.

[0009] Preferably, a belt conveyor is connected to the tail of the TBM, the belt conveyor is connected to the cross-vein roadway, and a transportation device is used to transport ore to a designated location through the cross-vein roadway.

[0010] Preferably, in steps S200 and S300, the TBM is turned by a preset distance in advance when alternately mining the upper panel and the lower panel, so that the TBM mines from the edge of the panel to the center of the panel in the panel, the preset distance is the size of the stope section, and the preset radius of the water droplet type pillar is the minimum turning radius of the TBM.

[0011] Preferably, before step S300, the advance of the one-step stope is filled with high-strength cemented filling body, and maintenance is performed; Before step S400, the access of the two-step stope is filled with low-strength cemented filling body or non-cemented filling body.

[0012] Preferably, when filling the access of the two-step stope, the access adjacent to the water-drop type pillar of the lower panel and the access adjacent to the edge of the next panel are filled with high-strength cemented filling body, and the rest of the access of the two-step stope is filled with low-strength cemented filling body or non-cemented filling body, and a filling retaining wall is constructed at the entrance of the through roadway.

[0013] Preferably, in step S500, each water-drop type pillar is two-step mined: each water-drop type pillar is divided into an inner one-step stope and an inner two-step stope according to a preset width distance, and there is at least one inner two-step stope between adjacent inner one-step stopes, the inner one-step stope is mined, and after mining, the inner one-step stope is filled with high-strength cemented filling body and cured, and after curing, the inner two-step stope is mined, and after mining, the inner two-step stope is filled with low-strength cemented filling body or non-cemented filling body.

[0014] Preferably, in step S200 or S300, the cantilever excavator follows the TBM to collect the corner ore body.

[0015] Preferably, when the thickness of the ore body increases suddenly, after the single-path mining of the upper panel and the lower panel is completed, the ore is recovered by blasting.

[0016] The above scheme of the present application has the following advantages: The mining method provided in the present application only needs to arrange a through roadway in the panel, which has multiple functions of transportation, filling and ventilation, and after the TBM enters the panel, the TBM can cut and mine through the access, without the need to additionally arrange auxiliary engineering such as cutting roadway, transportation roadway and other connecting roadways. The TBM and the cantilever machine complete the whole process of cutting, ore falling and ore extraction, without the need to switch between multiple processes such as drilling, charging, blasting and ventilation, thereby simplifying the mining process and improving the mining efficiency.

[0017] In addition, the TBM is used for cyclic and continuous mining, the staggered arrangement of the zigzag access and the alternating rotation and advancement strategy of the upper panel and the lower panel are combined to realize the mining mode of no turning and no interruption of mechanized operation, thereby significantly improving the mining efficiency. Compared with the drilling and blasting method, the mechanized mining reduces the disturbance of the rock mass and reduces the risk of collapse of the near roadway stope, and through dynamic mining and filling cooperation (filling immediately after single-access mining in the panel), the ground pressure can be effectively controlled, the stress concentration in the adjacent area is avoided, and the safety during mining is greatly improved.

[0018] Other features and advantages of the present application will be described in detail in the following specific embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 It is a top view of the entire present invention; Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of mining in a panel area of ​​the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the mining of a water drop-shaped pillar; Figure 4 yes Figure 1 Middle III-III sectional view; Figure 5 yes Figure 4 Enlarged view of part I; Figure 6 yes Figure 1 Middle II-II cross-sectional view.

[0020] [Description of Reference Numerals] 1-Through-vein tunnel; 2-Upper wall area; 3-Lower wall area; 4-Assembly chamber; 5-One-step stope turning tunnel in the lower wall area; 6-One-step stope; 7-Teardrop-shaped pillar; 8-Two-step stope turning tunnel in the upper wall area; 9-Two-step stope; 10-TBM; 11-Cantilever tunneling machine; 12-Corner ore body; 13-One-step stope within the pillar; 14-Two-step stope within the pillar; 15-Belt conveyor; 16-High-strength flexible airbag; 17-Filling retaining wall; 18-High-strength cemented filling; 19-Low-strength cemented filling or non-cemented filling; 20-Ore body; 22-TBM excavation and cutting direction. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages to be solved by the present invention clearer, a detailed description will be given below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0022] like Figures 1-6 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin veins, comprising the following steps: S100. Ore body 20 is divided into multiple panels along the strike of the ore body. TBM 10 is used to construct a through-vein roadway 1 along the strike of the ore body at the central position of the inclined height of ore body 20. Through-vein roadway 1 passes through the first panel and divides the first panel into upper panel 2 and lower panel 3.

[0023] S200. TBM 10 penetrates vein tunnel 1 and enters footwall 3 along a path tangential to the outer side of footwall 3. TBM 10 performs rotary mining alternately between footwall 3 and hanging wall 2 from the outside to the inside. TBM 10 ultimately mines in hanging wall 2 to form a teardrop-shaped pillar 7 of a predetermined diameter. The first mining approach of TBM 10 in the hanging wall forms a first-stage stope 6. S300. TBM 10 returns from the hanging wall area 2 to the vein tunnel 1 and enters the hanging wall area 2 along a path tangential to the outer side of the hanging wall area 2. TBM 10 performs rotary mining alternately between the hanging wall area 2 and the lower wall area 3 from the outside to the inside. TBM 10 ultimately mines in the lower wall area 3 to form a teardrop-shaped pillar 7 of a predetermined diameter. The second mining route of TBM 10 in the wall area forms a two-step stope 9, with the routes of the first-step stope 6 and the second-step stope 9 alternating. S400. The TBM 10 returns to the vein tunnel 1 and continues to excavate the vein tunnel 1 to the left, repeating steps S200-S300 in the second panel on the left. S500 . Use the cantilever tunneling machine 11 to mine the teardrop-shaped pillars 7 in the upper wall area 2 and the lower wall area 3 .

[0024] Specifically, in S100, an assembly chamber 4 is set on the right side of the ore body 20, and the TBM 10 is assembled in the assembly chamber 4. After the assembly is completed, the TBM 10 is excavated along the direction of the ore body 20 at the central position of the ore body 20 to form a vein tunnel 1, such as Figure 1 As shown, a portion of the right side of the ore body 20 is planned as the first panel area, within which a through-vein tunnel 1 separates the panel area into an upper panel area 2 and a lower panel area 3. Panel areas are divided into 96m-160m intervals, and no intermediate, top, or bottom pillars are left between the panels.

[0025] In this embodiment, the cross-sectional specifications of the vein tunnel 1 are 6m long and 5m wide. A Φ5 TBM10 is used for excavation, and then a cantilever tunneling machine 11 is used for wall expansion. The length of the panel area is 226m and the width is 160m, where the height of the panel area is the thickness of the ore body 20. The cross-sectional specifications of the mining area are 5m long and 5m wide.

[0026] like Figure 2 As shown, in step S200, since the TBM10 excavates from the right side to the left side of the panel area when forming the through-vein tunnel 1, other small equipment can be driven in the through-vein tunnel 1 between the upper panel area 2 and the lower panel area 3 as a transport tunnel, and local fans can be used for auxiliary ventilation in the through-vein tunnel 1.

[0027] The panels are mined from right to left and from outside to inside: At the end of the vein passing roadway 1, the TBM 10 turns with a minimum turning radius to form a lower panel step stope turning roadway 5 which is tangent to the outer edge of the lower panel 3 and the vein passing roadway 1 respectively, to realize a 90 degree turning of the TBM 10, and the TBM 10 mines along the lower panel 3 in a direction away from the vein passing roadway 1, when mining to the edge of the lower panel 3, the TBM 10 turns in a direction parallel to the vein passing roadway 1, and continues to mine close to the other outer side of the lower panel 3, the TBM 10 turns in a direction of the vein passing roadway 1, and mines in a direction of the upper panel 2, in the course of mining, the TBM 10 passes through the vein passing roadway 1 formed in the foregoing to enter the upper panel 2, and mines in the upper panel 2 in the same way to the lower panel 3, when the TBM 10 alternately recovers in the upper panel 2 and the lower panel 3, the TBM 10 turns back by a preset distance in advance to make the TBM 10 in the panel from the edge of the panel to the center of the panel, and finally mines to form a water drop type ore pillar 7 of a preset diameter in the upper panel 2. The TBM 10 forms a one-step stope 6 when it mines for the first time.

[0028] After the one-step stope 6 is completed, the TBM 10 returns from the upper panel 2 to the vein passing roadway 1, and step S300 is performed. The TBM 10 moves along the existing vein passing roadway 1 from left to right, turns in a direction of the upper panel 2 at a proper position, and the upper panel two-step stope turning roadway 8 formed after the TBM 10 turns is tangent to the outer side of the upper panel 2 and the vein passing roadway 1 respectively, to realize a 90 degree turning of the TBM 10. It can be understood that by controlling the starting point of the upper panel 2 two-step stope 9 turning roadway, it can be ensured that the TBM 10 does not coincide with the one-step stope 6. The mining method of the TBM 10 in step S300 is the same as that in step S200, and a two-step stope 9 is formed, and the TBM 10 also forms another water drop type ore pillar 7 of a preset diameter in the lower panel 3. It can be understood that the steps of the one-step stope 6 and the two-step stope 9 are alternated.

[0029] After step S300 is completed, the TBM 10 returns to the vein passing roadway 1 again, and drives along the vein passing roadway 1 to the left, continues to mine to the left, increases the length of the vein passing roadway 1, and again divides a new panel on the ore body 20 on the left side of the panel after mining is completed, which is the second panel in this embodiment, and repeats steps S200-S300 to mine the second panel. This way, the ore body 20 can be mined from right to left.

[0030] In steps S200 and S300, a belt conveyor 15 is connected to the tail of the TBM 10, the belt conveyor 15 is connected to the vein passing roadway 1, and a transportation device is used to transport ore through the vein passing roadway 1 to a designated position.

[0031] In steps S200 and S300, the TBM 10 rotates in advance by a preset distance when alternately mining the upper and lower plate areas 2 and 3, so that the TBM 10 mines from the edge of the plate area to the center of the plate area. The preset distance is the stope section specification, and the preset radius of the teardrop-shaped pillar 7 is the minimum turning radius of the TBM 10. In this embodiment, the minimum turning radius of the TBM 10 is 30 meters. In step S200, the TBM 10 forms an approach after mining. Before proceeding to step S300, the approach within the first-step stope 6 needs to be filled. In this embodiment, high-strength cemented filler 18 is used for filling. Preferably, high-strength flexible airbags 16 are used to block and fill the approach within the first-step stope 6 in sections to improve the filling and roof connection rate.

[0032] Similarly, in step S300, the approaches within the second-step mining area 9 are filled. Specifically, the approaches adjacent to the teardrop-shaped pillar 7 of the lower plate area 3 and the approaches at the edge of the next plate area (i.e., the second plate area) are filled with high-strength cemented filling bodies 18. The remaining approaches are filled with retaining walls 17 at the entrances and exits of the through-vein tunnel 1 and are filled with low-strength cemented filling bodies or non-cemented filling bodies 19.

[0033] like Figure 3 As shown, in step S500, a two-step mining method is adopted for each teardrop-shaped ore pillar 7 using a cantilever tunneling machine 11: each teardrop-shaped ore pillar 7 is divided into a one-step stope 13 within the pillar and a two-step stope 14 within the pillar according to a preset width distance, and there is at least one two-step stope 14 within the pillar between adjacent one-step stopes 13 within the pillar. Mining is carried out in the one-step stope 13 within the pillar, and after mining, a high-strength cemented filling body 18 is used for filling and curing. After curing, the two-step stope 14 within the pillar is mined, and after mining, a low-strength cemented filling body or a non-cemented filling body 19 is used for filling.

[0034] In this embodiment, the mining of the teardrop-shaped pillars 7 can be carried out in the order of mining every other pillar or every other pillar.

[0035] In step S200 or S300, a boom boring machine 11 can be used to follow the TBM 10 to collect the surrounding corner ore bodies 12. When the thickness of the ore body 20 increases suddenly, after the single-entry mining of the upper wall area 2 and the lower wall area 3 is completed, the ore is recovered by blasting.

[0036] In the present application, only the through vein roadway 1 is arranged in the center of the panel, which has the functions of transportation, filling, ventilation, etc., the TBM 10 always cuts and mines in the form of a drift, without the need to arrange cutting roadways, transportation roadways and other auxiliary projects, greatly simplifying the engineering arrangement. At the same time, the TBM 10 can independently or with the help of the boom jumbo 11 to complete the whole process of cutting, ore falling and ore extraction, without the need for drilling-blasting-drilling-charging-blasting-ventilation and other multi-process switching, greatly simplifying the traditional mining process.

[0037] The TBM 10 is used for cyclic and continuous mining, combined with staggered arrangement of back-type drifts and alternating rotation of upper and lower double panels, to realize a stop-and-turn-free and uninterrupted mechanized mining mode, which significantly improves the mining efficiency. At the same time, mechanized mining reduces rock disturbance and reduces the risk of drift stope collapse, further combined with dynamic mining and filling collaborative design, i.e. filling immediately after single drift mining in the upper and lower panels, which can effectively control ground pressure and avoid stress concentration in adjacent areas, greatly enhancing the safety during mining.

[0038] The TBM 10 has high-precision tunneling, which can effectively control the ore dilution rate; at the same time, the boom jumbo 11 follows up to recover the corner ore body 12, combined with the central water droplet type pillar 7 to realize the fine mining sequence of every other or every third, to maximize resource recovery. The TBM 10 non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method can be applied to soft and hard rock near-horizontal thin veins with regular distribution and Protodyakonov coefficient of 2~15, with wide application range; the self-similar back-type structure formed by alternating rotation has high process standardization.

[0039] With the development of technology, supplemented by intelligent platforms such as geological advanced detection system, equipment state monitoring network, self-adaptive cutting control system, intelligent scheduling system, safety early warning platform, automatic filling system and remote control center, the intelligentization of mine exploitation can be realized.

[0040] The above is the preferred embodiment of the present application. It should be noted that for ordinary skilled persons in the technical field, without departing from the principles of the present application, several improvements and refinements can be made, which should also be considered as the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method suitable for near-horizontal thin veins, characterized by: include: S100. Divide the ore body (20) into a plurality of panels along the strike of the ore body, use a TBM (10) to open a through-vein roadway (1) along the strike of the ore body at a central position of the inclined height of the ore body (20), the through-vein roadway (1) passing through the first panel, and divide the first panel into an upper panel area (2) and a lower panel area (3) with the first through-vein roadway (1) as a boundary; S200. The TBM (10) enters the lower plate area (3) through the vein tunnel (1) and along a path tangential to the outer side of the lower plate area (3). The TBM (10) performs rotational mining between the lower plate area (3) and the upper plate area (2) from the outside to the inside. The TBM (10) eventually mines in the upper plate area (2) to form a water drop-shaped ore pillar (7) of a preset diameter. The first mining route of the TBM (10) in the plate area forms a first-step stope (6). After the mining is completed, the first-step stope (6) is filled. S300. The TBM (10) returns from the upper plate area (2) to the vein tunnel (1) and enters the upper plate area (2) along a path tangent to the outer side of the upper plate area (2). The TBM (10) performs rotational mining alternately between the upper plate area (2) and the lower plate area (3) from the outside to the inside. The TBM (10) eventually mines in the lower plate area (3) to form a water drop-shaped ore pillar (7) of a preset diameter. The second mining route of the TBM (10) in the plate area forms a two-step stope (9). The routes of the first-step stope (6) and the second-step stope (9) are alternately arranged. After the mining is completed, the second-step stope (9) is filled. S400. The TBM (10) returns to the through-vein tunnel (1) and continues to excavate the through-vein tunnel (1) to the left, repeating steps S200-S300 in the second panel on the left; S500. A cantilever tunneling machine (11) is used to mine the teardrop-shaped pillars (7) in the upper plate area (2) and the lower plate area (3).

2. The TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin ore veins according to claim 1 is characterized in that: A belt conveyor (15) is connected to the tail of the TBM (10), and the belt conveyor (15) is connected to the vein tunnel (1). The ore is transported to a designated location through the vein tunnel (1) using a transport device.

3. The TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin ore veins according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In steps S200 and S300, the TBM (10) is rotated in advance by a preset distance when the upper plate area (2) and the lower plate area (3) are alternately mined so that the TBM (10) mines from the edge of the plate area to the center of the plate area within the plate area. The preset distance is the cross-sectional specification of the stope, and the preset radius of the teardrop-shaped pillar (7) is the minimum turning radius of the TBM (10).

4. The TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin ore veins according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Before step S300, the approach of the first-step stope (6) is filled with a high-strength cemented filling body (18) and maintained; Before step S400 is performed, the approach of the second-step stope (9) is filled with a low-strength cemented filling body or a non-cemented filling body (19).

5. The TBM (10) non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to horizontal thin veins according to claim 4, characterized in that: When filling the approach to the second-step stope (9), the approach adjacent to the teardrop-shaped pillar (7) of the lower plate area (3) and the approach adjacent to the edge of the next plate area are filled with high-strength cemented filling material (18). The remaining approaches to the second-step stope (9) are filled with retaining walls (17) at the entrances and exits of the through-vein tunnel (1) and filled with low-strength cemented filling material or non-cemented filling material (19).

6. The TBM (10) non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to horizontal thin veins according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S500, each teardrop-shaped ore pillar (7) is mined in two steps: each teardrop-shaped ore pillar (7) is divided into a first-step stope (13) and a second-step stope (14) within the pillar according to a preset width distance, and there is at least one second-step stope (14) within the pillar between adjacent first-step stopes (13). Mining is carried out in the first-step stope (13) within the pillar, and after mining, a high-strength cemented filling body (18) is used for filling and curing. After curing, the second-step stope (14) within the pillar is mined, and after mining, a low-strength cemented filling body or a non-cemented filling body (19) is used for filling.

7. The TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin ore veins according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In step S200 or S300, a cantilever tunneling machine (11) is used to follow the TBM (10) to collect the surrounding corner ore bodies (12).

8. The TBM non-explosive mechanized continuous mining method applicable to nearly horizontal thin ore veins according to claim 7, characterized in that: When the thickness of the ore body (20) increases suddenly, after the single-path mining of the upper plate area (2) and the lower plate area (3) is completed, the ore is recovered by blasting.

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