Non-uniform time domain resource allocation for radio frequency (RF) sensing in cellular systems

Abstract

Systems, apparatus, processes, and computer-readable media for wireless communication are disclosed. In one exemplary example, a network device can send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including a capability of the network device to support non-uniform time domain resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS). The network device can receive a sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates in its entirety to scheduling and / or processing sensing and communication signals used for joint communication and sensing. For example, aspects of this disclosure relate to providing a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for radio frequency (RF) sensing in a cellular system. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, and broadcasting. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth-generation (4G) systems (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth-generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Extended Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each supporting communication simultaneously for multiple communication devices, which may also be referred to as User Equipment (UE). Some wireless communication systems can support communication between UEs, which may involve direct transmission between two or more UEs.

[0003] As more bandwidth is allocated to wireless cellular communication systems (e.g., including 5G and beyond 5G) and more use cases are being introduced into cellular communication systems, non-uniform temporal resource allocation for radio frequency (RF) sensing can be a fundamental feature of existing or future wireless communication systems, such as enhancing the overall spectral efficiency of wireless communication networks. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a concise form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0005] Systems and techniques for wireless communication are described. According to at least one example, a network device for wireless communication is provided. The network device includes: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); and receive sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

[0006] In another exemplary example, a method for wireless communication at a network device is provided. The method includes: the network device sending a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); and the network device receiving a sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

[0007] In another exemplary example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided, on which instructions are stored, which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of sensing reference signals (RS); and receive sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

[0008] In another exemplary example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: components for transmitting a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); and components for receiving a sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

[0009] In another exemplary example, a network device for wireless communication is provided. The network device includes: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and receive sensing reference signals (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RS.

[0010] In another exemplary example, a method for wireless communication at a network device is provided. The method includes: sending a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RS.

[0011] In another exemplary example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided, on which instructions are stored, which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for sensing the RS.

[0012] In another exemplary example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: components for transmitting a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and components for receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RS.

[0013] In another exemplary example, a network device for wireless communication is provided. The network device includes: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and transmit a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0014] In another exemplary example, a method for wireless communication at a network device is provided. The method includes: the network device receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RS; and the network device transmitting a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0015] In another exemplary example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided, on which instructions are stored, which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: receive sensing reference signals (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and transmit a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0016] In another exemplary example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: means for receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RS; and means for transmitting a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0017] In some aspects, one or more of the network device, apparatus, or other devices described herein are, are part of, and / or include: user equipment (UE), a base station (e.g., a gNodeB (gNB) or an eNodeB (eNB)) or a portion thereof (e.g., a central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), radio unit (RU), near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station). The UE may be a wearable device, an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a head-mounted display (HMD) device, a wireless communication device, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and / or a mobile cell phone and / or a so-called "smartphone" or other mobile device), a camera, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, a vehicle or a computing device or a component of a vehicle, another device, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, one or more of the network device, apparatus, or other devices may include one or more cameras for capturing one or more images. In some examples, one or more of the network device, apparatus, or other device may also include a display for showing one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some cases, one or more of the network device, apparatus, or other device may include one or more receivers, transmitters, or transceivers for receiving and / or transmitting wireless communications.

[0018] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to define the scope of the claimed subject matter. This subject matter should be understood with reference to the appropriate portions of the entire specification, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0019] The foregoing and other features and aspects will become more apparent from the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0020] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the various aspects.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system according to some aspects of this disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system.

[0022] Figure 2This is an illustration of an example of a decomposed base station architecture according to some aspects of this disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system.

[0023] Figure 3 This is an illustration of an example frame structure according to some aspects of this disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system.

[0024] Figure 4 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of an electronic device according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system.

[0025] Figure 5 This is an illustration of an example of a wireless device utilizing radio frequency (RF) single-station sensing technology according to some aspects of this disclosure, which can be used by the systems and techniques disclosed herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0026] Figure 6 This is an illustration of an example of a receiver utilizing RF dual-station sensing technology with a transmitter, according to some aspects of this disclosure. This receiver can be used by the systems and techniques disclosed herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0027] Figure 7 This is an illustration of an example of a receiver utilizing RF dual-station sensing technology with multiple transmitters, according to some aspects of this disclosure. This receiver can be used by the systems and techniques disclosed herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0028] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example geometry for dual-station (or single-station) sensing according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0029] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating bi-station distance sensing according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 10 This is an illustration of an example of a device involved in wireless communication (e.g., sidelink communication) according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of an existing comb structure used for a reference signal.

[0032] Figure 12This is an illustration of an example of a system for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system according to some aspects of this disclosure, wherein the system is performing bi-station sensing of a target.

[0033] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of resource allocation at the Doppler granularity, according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0034] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating examples of phase continuity and phase transitions according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0035] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating examples of different time-domain modes according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0036] Figure 16 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a range-Doppler spectrum obtained from sparse data with nested chirps, according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0037] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of resource allocation including multiple coherent phase intervals (CPIs) according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0038] Figure 18 This is a diagram illustrating an example of resource allocation including a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) configured between CPIs according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0039] Figure 19 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a Doppler covariance matrix according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0040] Figure 20 This is a diagram illustrating an example of high-resolution velocity estimation using Doppler covariance matrix feedback according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0041] Figure 21 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system, according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0042] Figure 22 This is a flowchart illustrating another example of a process for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system, according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0043] Figure 23 This is a flowchart illustrating another example of a process for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system, according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0044] Figure 24 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system according to some aspects of this disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system. Detailed Implementation

[0045] Certain aspects of this disclosure are provided below for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure. Some of the aspects described herein can be applied independently, and some of them can be combined, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for illustrative purposes to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of this application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects can be practiced without these specific details. The figures and descriptions are not intended to be limiting.

[0046] The following description provides only exemplary aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of this disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary aspects will provide those skilled in the art with descriptions that can be used to implement the exemplary aspects. It should be understood that various changes can be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the scope of this application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0047] Radar sensing systems use radio frequency (RF) waveforms to perform RF sensing to determine or estimate one or more characteristics of a target object, such as the target object's distance, angle, and / or velocity. Target objects may include vehicles, obstacles, users, buildings, or other objects. A typical radar system includes at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one processor. A radar sensing system can perform monostation sensing when using a receiver co-located with the transmitter. A radar system can perform bistation sensing when using a receiver located at a first device with a transmitter located remotely from a second device. Similarly, a radar system can perform multistation sensing when using multiple receivers at multiple devices located at least one transmitter, all remotely from at least one device.

[0048] During the operation of a radar sensing system, a transmitter sends an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the RF domain toward a target object. The signal is reflected from the target object to generate one or more reflected signals, which provide information or attributes about the target, such as the target object's position and velocity. At least one receiver receives the one or more reflected signals, and at least one processor associated with at least one receiver can use the information from the one or more reflected signals to determine information or attributes of the target object. The target object may also be referred to herein as a target.

[0049] Generally speaking, RF sensing involves monitoring moving targets with different motions (e.g., moving cars or pedestrians, human body movements such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Measuring the phase change in the signal and indicating motion using Doppler is an important characteristic for sensing targets.

[0050] In some cases, radar sensing signals, which may be referred to as radar reference signals (RS) (such as sensing reference signals (S-RS)), can be designed for and used for sensing purposes. Radar RSs do not contain any communication information. In contrast, communication RSs (such as demodulation reference signals (DMRS)) are typically designed for and used solely for communication purposes, such as estimating channel parameters for communication.

[0051] Cellular communication systems are designed to transmit communication signals on designated communication frequency bands (e.g., 23 GHz, 3.5 GHz, etc. for 5G / NR, 2.2 GHz, etc. for LTE). RF sensing systems are designed to transmit RF sensing signals on designated radar RF frequency bands (e.g., 77 GHz for autonomous driving).

[0052] Currently, some radars (e.g., automotive radars) transmit signals with a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveform (e.g., along with some mechanism to ensure waveform orthogonality). An FMCW waveform (also known as a chirp or pulse) is a sine wave whose frequency increases linearly with time. FMCW radars transmit the chirp periodically, where the period is called the pulse repetition interval (PRI). The target echo at the radar receiver may contain a delayed and attenuated copy of the transmitted chirp. The received signal is mixed with the transmitted chirp, producing a complex sine wave known as a beat signal.

[0053] The process of obtaining the beat signal can be implemented in the RF domain using a mixer, followed by the use of a bandpass filter (BPF) to remove signals with frequencies outside the band of interest, which also limits the maximum detectable range. After sampling the beat signal, the beat frequency can be estimated in the digital domain. In many scenarios (e.g., automotive scenarios), the beat frequency is much smaller than the signal bandwidth, and therefore, a low-cost, low-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can be used to sample the beat signal. FMCW waveforms are commonly used in the radar industry due to their low performance-to-cost ratio, which is at least partly provided by the specific implementation of low-cost ADCs. The time during one cycle or chirp is often referred to as the "fast time," while the time spanning multiple cycles or chirs is often referred to as the "slow time." For example, if the beat signal is sampled and the samples of each chirp are placed in a matrix (e.g., Figure 19Within the columns of the Doppler covariance matrix (1900), the row index corresponds to the fast time, and the column index corresponds to the slow time. The distance frequency can be determined by applying a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) along the fast time to the sampled beat signal. A second FFT can be applied along the slow time to determine the Doppler frequency. The application of these two FFTs is equivalent to a two-dimensional (2D) FFT of the beat signal in both the fast and slow times. The result of this 2D FFT operation produces a 2D distance-Doppler spectrum (e.g., ...). Figure 16 (Graph 1600).

[0054] The 2D FFT operation used for beat frequency estimation can be computed using low-cost digital signal processors (DSPs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Range resolution depends on beat frequency resolution. The combination of low hardware costs (e.g., low-cost ADCs) and achievable high range resolution makes FMCW radar ideal for a wide variety of radar applications, including automotive radar applications.

[0055] For RF sensing, target velocity estimation can be a critical function. Target velocity estimation can be derived from Doppler estimation obtained during target sensing. Velocity estimation performance can depend on Doppler granularity and estimation accuracy. A longer sensing window for the target can help achieve better Doppler granularity. Estimation accuracy is partly determined by the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the received sensed signal. Therefore, high channel quality can lead to accurate velocity estimation. Additionally, a high density of sensed reference signals (e.g., by repeatedly sensing the reference signal within the sensing window) can improve SINR, enabling a higher level of accuracy in velocity estimation.

[0056] In some cases, high Doppler granularity may be required (e.g., to identify slowly moving targets, such as pedestrians). To improve Doppler granularity, sensing can be performed using high-frequency bands (e.g., millimeter-wave bands) and / or using very long observation windows (temporally) for target velocity estimation. One challenge when using long observation windows is maintaining the phase continuity between two adjacent transmitted sensing resources (e.g., waveforms). Adjacent sensing resources within the sensing window should follow the same phase change pattern. The phase change pattern can be used to obtain the Doppler shift. Phase discontinuities (e.g., phase jumps) can corrupt the derived Doppler shift.

[0057] From a velocity estimation performance perspective, long-duration and / or high-density temporal resource allocation for sensing resources may be optimal. However, such configurations of sensing resources can lead to low spectral efficiency in cellular systems, which may be unacceptable. Therefore, an improved technique for resource allocation in RF sensing that achieves a high level of accuracy in target velocity estimation while maintaining high spectral efficiency could be beneficial.

[0058] In one or more aspects of this disclosure, systems, apparatuses, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively, “systems and techniques”) are described herein that provide solutions for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in cellular systems. These systems and techniques employ non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing to allow for accurate velocity estimation of targets as well as high spectral efficiency. The use of a non-uniform pulse repetition frequency (PRF) enhances the spectral and power efficiency of the system while maintaining high-resolution velocity estimation.

[0059] The systems and techniques described in this article offer a variety of advantages over existing systems, including but not limited to improved RF sensing performance, reduced hardware costs, and improved communication efficiency, among other benefits.

[0060] Additional aspects of this disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0061] As used herein, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Network Entity” are not intended to be specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT) unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc.), wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, smart glasses, wearable ring, and / or extended reality (XR) device (such as virtual reality (VR) headsets, augmented reality (AR) headsets or glasses, or mixed reality (MR) headsets)), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), and / or Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for a user to use in communicating over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber device", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or "UT", "mobile device", "mobile terminal", "mobile station" or variations thereof. In general, the UE can communicate with the core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the IEEE 802.11 communication standard), etc.

[0062] Network entities can be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., having a converged / monolithic or decomposed base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs communicating with the UE (depending on the network in which it is deployed), and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), network node, NodeB (NB), evolved NodeB (eNB), next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), new radio (NR) NodeB (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may provide edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, the base station may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which a UE can transmit signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which a base station can transmit signals to a UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, or forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or forward traffic channel.

[0063] The terms "network entity" (also referred to herein as "network device") or "base station" (e.g., having a converged / monolithic or decomposed base station architecture) can refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical transmit-receive points (TRPs), which may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, these physical TRPs may be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where beamforming is employed at the base station). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal (or simply "reference signal"). Since, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of that base station.

[0064] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, network entities or base stations may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections regarding the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement, and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such base stations may be referred to as positioning beacons (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as location measurement units (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0065] RF signals comprise electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or RF signal, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal”.

[0066] According to various aspects, Figure 1An exemplary wireless communication system 100 is illustrated, which can be used by the systems and techniques disclosed herein for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system. The wireless communication system 100 (also referred to as a Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)) may include individual base stations 102 and individual UEs 104. In some aspects, base station 102 may also be referred to as a "network entity" or "network node". One or more of base stations 102 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of base stations 102 may be implemented in a decomposed base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. Base station 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, a macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), or a gNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and a small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0067] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of core network 170 or external to core network 170) via core network 170. Among other functions, base station 102 can perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base station 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC or 5GC) via backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0068] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographical coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a certain frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of the cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographical coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographical coverage area 110.

[0069] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some areas within geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) that can provide service to restricted groups referred to as closed subscriber groups (CSGs).

[0070] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as the reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (also referred to as the forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 communicating with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a Free Channel Assessment (CCA) or Listen-After-Talk (LBT) process before communication to determine if the channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc., using ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0072] Small cell base station 102 can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE and / or 5G in unlicensed spectrum can enhance coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0073] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. The mmW base station 180 may be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, or non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW and / or near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. mmW base station 180 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on mmW communication link 184 to compensate for extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0074] Transmit beamforming is a technique used to focus RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, a network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate). To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to be pointed in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that radio waves from the individual antennas add together in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling each other out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0075] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning they have the same parameters for the receiver (e.g., UE), regardless of whether the transmit antennas of the network nodes are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of type QCL D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0076] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is said to be beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is higher than the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of other beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0077] The receive beam can be spatially dependent. Spatial dependency means that parameters for the transmit beam for the second reference signal can be derived based on information about the receive beam for the first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Cell Specific Reference Signal (CRS), Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), etc.) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station). The UE can then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam to transmit one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., Uplink Position Reference Signal (UL-PRS), Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to that network node or entity (e.g., a base station).

[0078] It should be noted that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, then the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, then the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving downlink reference signals. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0079] In 5G, the spectrum in which wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450 MHz to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals; for example, since the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present on the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a “serving cell” (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency or component carrier that a base station is using for communication, the terms “cell”, “serving cell”, “component carrier”, “carrier frequency”, etc., can be used interchangeably.

[0080] For example, still refer to Figure 1One of the frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCell"). In carrier aggregation, base station 102 and / or UE 104 may use a spectrum with a bandwidth of up to Y MHz per carrier (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz), with up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. Component carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other in the spectrum. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to downlink compared to uplink). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers enables UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0081] To operate on multiple carrier frequencies, base station 102 and / or UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "Receiver 1" and "Receiver 2", where "Receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band "X" or band "Y", while "Receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only band "Z". In this example, if UE 104 is being served in band "X", then band "X" will be referred to as PCell or active carrier frequency, and "Receiver 1" will need to tune from band "X" to band "Y" (SCell) to measure band "Y" (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether UE 104 is being served in band "X" or band "Y", due to the separate "Receiver 2", UE 104 can measure band "Z" without interrupting service on band "X" or band "Y".

[0082] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 on the communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 on the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0083] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In the example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations in base station 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can use any known D2DRAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D)). (etc.) to support this. As mentioned above, UE 104 and UE 190 can be configured to communicate using sidelink communication. In some cases, sidelink transmission may include requests for feedback from the receiving UE (e.g., Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)).

[0084] Figure 2 This is an illustration of an example of a decomposed base station architecture, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in cellular systems. The deployment of communication systems (such as 5G NR systems) can involve various components or constituent parts arranged in multiple ways. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, core network nodes, network elements or network equipment (such as base stations (BS)), or one or more units (or components) performing base station functionality can be implemented in either a converged or decomposed architecture. For example, a BS (such as a NodeB (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, AP, transmit / receive point (TRP), or cell, etc.) can be implemented as a converged base station (also known as a standalone BS or monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

[0085] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, the CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU may also be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0086] Base station type operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be utilized in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or Virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRAN, also known as Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which enables flexibility in network design. The various units in a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0087] As mentioned earlier, Figure 2 A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station 201 architecture is shown. The decomposed base station 201 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 211, which may communicate directly with the core network 223 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 223 via one or more decomposed base station units (such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 227 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 217 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 207, or both). CUs 211 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 231 via corresponding midhaul links (such as F1 interfaces). DUs 231 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 241 via corresponding fronthaul links. RUs 241 may communicate with corresponding UEs 221 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, a UE 221 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 241.

[0088] Each of the units (i.e., CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227, non-RT RIC 217, and SMO frame 207) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, to one or more other units over a wireless transmission medium.

[0089] In some aspects, CU 211 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by CU 211. CU 211 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 211 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with CU-CP units via an interface (such as an E1 interface). CU 211 can be implemented to communicate with DU 231 for network control and signaling as needed.

[0090] DU 231 may correspond to a logical unit comprising one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 241s. In some aspects, DU 231 may at least partially host one or more of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) according to functional splits (such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 231 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 231 or with control functions hosted by CU 211.

[0091] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 241s. In some deployments, the RU 241 controlled by DU 231 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both, at least in part based on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In such architectures, RU 241 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 221s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with RU 241 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 231. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the implementation of DU 231 and CU 211 in cloud-based RAN architectures (such as vRAN architectures).

[0092] SMO framework 207 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 207 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 207 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 291 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227. In some implementations, SMO framework 207 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 213) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 207 can communicate directly with one or more RU 241s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 207 may also include a non-RT RIC 217 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 207.

[0093] The non-RT RIC 217 can be configured to include logical functions enabling non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 227. The non-RT RIC 217 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 227 (e.g., via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 227 can be configured to include logical functions enabling near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) through data collection and action, connecting one or more CU211s, one or more DU231s, or both, and O-eNB 213 to the near-RT RIC 227.

[0094] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 227, the non-RT RIC 217 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 227 and can be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 207 or the non-RT RIC 217. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 217 or the near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 217 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 207 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0095] Various radio frame structures can be used to support downlink transmission, uplink transmission, and sidelink transmission between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). Figure 3 Figure 300 illustrates an example frame structure that can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation in RF sensing within a cellular system. Other wireless communication techniques may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0096] NR (and LTE) utilize OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option to use OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, often referred to as tones, frequency slots, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated using data. Generally, modulation symbols are transmitted using OFDM in the frequency domain and SC-FDM in the time domain. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing could be 15 kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) could be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Therefore, for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, the nominal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth can also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband can cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, there can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands, respectively.

[0097] LTE supports a single set of parameters (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple sets of parameters (μ). For example, subcarrier spacings (SCS) of 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz, 120kHz, and 240kHz or greater can be available. Table 1 below lists some of the different parameters for different NR parameter sets.

[0098]

[0099] Table 1

[0100] In one example, a parameter set of 15kHz is used. Therefore, in the time domain, a 10-millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equal-sized subframes, each 1ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 3 In this context, time is represented in the horizontal direction (e.g., on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, while frequency is represented in the vertical direction (e.g., on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0101] A resource grid can be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain (also known as physical RBs (PRBs)). Figure 3 An example of a resource block (RB) 302 is shown. Data or information used for joint communication and sensing can be included in one or more RBs 302. RBs 302 are arranged by placing the time domain on the horizontal (or x) axis and the frequency domain on the vertical (or y) axis. As shown, an RB 302 can be a frequency of 180 kHz and a time slot of 1 millisecond (ms) in length. In some cases, a time slot may include fourteen symbols (e.g., in time slot configuration 0). RB 302 includes twelve subcarriers (along the y-axis) and fourteen symbols (along the x-axis).

[0102] The intersection of symbols and subcarriers can be referred to as resource element (RE) 304 or tone. Figure 3 RB 302 includes multiple REs, each of which includes a resource element (RE) 304. For example, RE 304 is one subcarrier × one symbol (e.g., an OFDM symbol) and is the smallest discrete part of a subframe. RE 304 includes a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. The number of bits carried by each RE 304 depends on the modulation scheme.

[0103] In some respects, some RE 304s can be used to transmit downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), etc. Figure 3 The resource grid example illustrates an exemplary location (labeled "R") for sending DL-RS on RE 304.

[0104] Figure 4 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 470 for electronic device 407, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation of RF sensing in a cellular system. Electronic device 407 is an example of a device that may include hardware and software for connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems using communication networks (e.g., third-generation partner networks, such as fifth-generation (5G) / new radio (NR) networks, fourth-generation (4G) / long-term evolution (LTE) networks, WiFi networks, or other communication networks). For example, electronic device 407 may include or be part of: mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones), wearable devices (e.g., network-connected or smartwatches), extended reality devices (e.g., virtual reality (VR) devices, augmented reality (AR) devices, or mixed reality (MR) devices), personal computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, wireless access points, routers, vehicles or components of vehicles, server computers, robotic devices, and / or other devices used by users to communicate on wireless communication networks. In some cases, such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using 5G / NR, 4G / LTE, or other telecommunications standards, device 407 may be referred to as User Equipment (UE). In some cases, such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using Wi-Fi standards, the device may be referred to as a Station (STA).

[0105] The computing system 470 includes software and hardware components that can be electrically coupled or communicatively coupled (or otherwise communicated, as applicable) via a bus 489. For example, the computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices and / or systems. The bus 489 may be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 486.

[0106] The computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., camera, mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, touchpad, keypad, microphone or microphone array, etc.) and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., display, speaker, printer, etc.).

[0107] One or more wireless transceivers 478 can receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices such as other user equipment, network devices (e.g., base stations such as evolved NodeBs (eNBs) and / or gNodeBs (gNBs)), WiFi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders, etc.), cloud networks, etc. In some examples, computing system 470 may include multiple antennas or antenna arrays that can facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception functionality. Antenna 487 may be an omnidirectional antenna, enabling the reception and transmission of RF signals from all directions. Wireless signal 488 may be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as cellular or telecommunications networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), wireless local area networks (e.g., WiFi networks), Bluetooth, etc. TM Networks and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end, which includes one or more components such as amplifiers, mixers (also known as signal multipliers) for down-converting signals, frequency synthesizers (also known as oscillators) that provide signals to the mixers, baseband filters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end generally handles the selection of wireless signals 488 and the conversion of those wireless signals to baseband or intermediate frequency, and can convert RF signals to the digital domain.

[0108] In some cases, computing system 470 may include a decoder-decoder device (or codec) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 (e.g., according to Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and / or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standards).

[0109] One or more SIMs 474 may each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated key assigned to a user of electronic device 407. The IMSI and key can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 may modulate one or more signals to encode information to be transmitted using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 may also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 476 may include a WiFi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. One or more modems 476 and one or more wireless transceivers 478 can be used to transmit data from one or more SIMs 474.

[0110] The computing system 470 may also include one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486) (and / or communicate with them), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network-accessible storage devices, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices (such as RAM and / or ROM), which may be programmable, flash-updatable, and / or the like. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems and / or database structures.

[0111] In various aspects, functionality may be stored in memory device 486 as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) and executed by one or more processors 484 and / or one or more DSPs 482. Computing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., residing within one or more memory devices 486) including, for example, operating systems, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more application programs, which may include computer programs implementing the functionality provided by various aspects, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems as described herein.

[0112] In some aspects, electronic device 407 may include components for performing the operations described herein. These components may include one or more components of computing system 470. For example, components for performing the operations described herein may include one or more of input device 472, SIM 474, modem 476, wireless transceiver 478, output device 480, DSP 482, processor 484, memory device 486, and / or antenna 487.

[0113] In some aspects, electronic device 407 may include components for providing a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system. In some examples, these components may include one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more modems 476, one or more processors 484, one or more DSPs 482, one or more memory devices 486, any combination thereof, or other components of electronic device 407.

[0114] Figure 5 This is an illustration of an example of a wireless device 500 utilizing RF monostation sensing technology to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, rate or velocity, heading, etc.) of a target 502 object. Specifically, Figure 5 This is an illustration of an example of a wireless device 500 (e.g., a transmitting / receiving sensing node) that utilizes RF sensing technology (e.g., single-site sensing) to perform one or more functions, such as detecting the presence and location of a target 502 (e.g., an object, a user, or a vehicle), which is illustrated in the figure as a vehicle.

[0115] In some examples, wireless device 500 may be a mobile phone, tablet computer, wearable device, vehicle, extended reality (XR) device, computing device, or component of a vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 Device 407). In some examples, wireless device 500 may be a user device (e.g., for...). Figure 4 Electronic devices (407) that provide connectivity, such as base stations (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), wireless access points (APs), or other devices that include at least one RF interface.

[0116] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The wireless device 500 may include at least one processor 522 for generating digital signals or waveforms. The wireless device 500 may also include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 504 capable of receiving digital signals or waveforms from the processor 522 (e.g., a microprocessor) and converting those digital signals or waveforms into analog waveforms. Analog signals, as the output of the DAC 504, may be provided to the RF transmitter 506 for transmission. The RF transmitter 506 may be a Wi-Fi transmitter, a 5G / NR transmitter, or a Bluetooth transmitter. TM A transmitter or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0117] RF transmitter 506 may be coupled to one or more transmitting antennas, such as Tx antenna 512. In some examples, transmitting (Tx) antenna 512 may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions. For example, Tx antenna 512 may be an omnidirectional Wi-Fi antenna capable of radiating Wi-Fi signals in a 360-degree radiation pattern (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.). In another example, Tx antenna 512 may be a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction.

[0118] In some examples, the wireless device 500 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver array in the wireless device 500 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as a receive (Rx) antenna 514. In some examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions. In other examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In further examples, the Tx antenna 512 and / or the Rx antenna 514 may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array).

[0119] The wireless device 500 may also include an RF receiver 510 coupled to the Rx antenna 514. The RF receiver 510 may include features for receiving RF waveforms such as Wi-Fi signals and Bluetooth signals. TM One or more hardware components for a signal, 5G / NR signal, or any other RF signal. The output of RF receiver 510 can be coupled to analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 508. ADC 508 can be configured to convert the received analog RF waveform into a digital waveform. The digital waveform, as the output of ADC 508, can be provided to processor 522 for processing. Processor 522 (e.g., digital signal processor (DSP)) can be configured to process the digital waveform.

[0120] In one example, wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing technology, such as monostation sensing technology, by transmitting a Tx waveform 516 from Tx antenna 512. Although Tx waveform 516 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted in all directions by omnidirectional Tx antenna 512. In one example, Tx waveform 516 can be a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted by a Wi-Fi transmitter in wireless device 500. In some cases, Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with a Wi-Fi data communication signal or a Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., beacon transmission). In some examples, Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the Wi-Fi data communication signal or the Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., beacon transmission). In some aspects, Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted separately from the Wi-Fi data communication signal and / or the Wi-Fi control signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted at different times and / or using different frequency resources).

[0121] In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with the 5G NR data communication signal or the 5G NR control function signal. In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the 5G NR data communication signal or the 5G NR control function signal. In some aspects, the Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted separately from the 5G NR data communication signal and / or the 5G NR control signal (e.g., the Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted at different times and / or using different frequency resources).

[0122] In some respects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 516 can be modified, which can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 516, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 518) corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, number of spatial links (e.g., the number of spatial streams multiplied by the number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 516) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 518) may include one or more RF sensing signals, also referred to as radar reference signals (RS).

[0123] In another example, the Tx waveform 516 can be implemented as a sequence with perfect or near-perfect autocorrelation properties. For example, the Tx waveform 516 may include a single-carrier Zadoff sequence or may include symbols similar to those in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Long Training Field (LTF) symbols. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 may include a chirped signal, such as that used in frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar systems. In some configurations, the chirped signal may include a signal in which the signal frequency increases and / or decreases periodically in a linear and / or exponential manner.

[0124] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing technology by performing alternating transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing half-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can alternately enable its RF transmitter 506 to transmit a Tx waveform 516 when the RF receiver 510 is not enabled to receive (i.e., not receiving), and enable its RF receiver 510 to receive an Rx waveform 518 when the RF transmitter 506 is not enabled to transmit (i.e., not transmitting). When the wireless device 500 performs half-duplex operation, the wireless device 500 can transmit the Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0125] In other respects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing technology by performing concurrent transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing subband or full-band full-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can enable its RF receiver 510 to receive simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with its RF transmitter 506 transmitting a Tx waveform 516. When the wireless device 500 performs full-duplex operation (e.g., subband full-duplex or full-band full-duplex), the wireless device 500 can transmit the Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0126] In some examples, the transmission of a sequence or pattern included in the Tx waveform 516 can be repeated continuously, such that the sequence is transmitted a specific number of times or for a specific duration. In some examples, if the RF receiver 510 is enabled after the RF transmitter 506, the repeated pattern in the transmission of the Tx waveform 516 can be used to avoid missing the reception of any reflected signals. In one example implementation, the Tx waveform 516 may include a sequence of length L that is transmitted two or more times, which allows the RF receiver 510 to be enabled for a time less than or equal to L in order to receive reflections corresponding to the entire sequence without losing any information.

[0127] By implementing alternating or simultaneous transmit and receive functionality (e.g., half-duplex or full-duplex operation), wireless device 500 can receive signals corresponding to Tx waveform 516. For example, wireless device 500 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of Tx waveform 516, such as Rx waveform 518 reflected from target 502. Wireless device 500 can also receive leakage signals (e.g., Tx leakage signal 520) coupled directly from Tx antenna 512 to Rx antenna 514 without reflection from any object. For example, leakage signals may include signals transmitted from the transmitter antenna (e.g., Tx antenna 512) on the wireless device to the receiver antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514) on the wireless device without reflection from any object. In some cases, Rx waveform 518 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in Tx waveform 516. In some examples, wireless device 500 may combine multiple sequences received by RF receiver 510 to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0128] The wireless device 500 can also implement RF sensing technology by acquiring RF sensing data associated with each of the received signals corresponding to the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the RF sensing data may include channel state information (CSI) data associated with the direct path of the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., leaky signal 520) and data associated with the reflection path corresponding to the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., Rx waveform 518).

[0129] In some aspects, RF sensing data (e.g., CSI data) may include information that can be used to determine how an RF signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516) propagates from RF transmitter 506 to RF receiver 510. RF sensing data may include data corresponding to the effects on the transmitted RF signal due to scattering, decay, and / or power attenuation with distance, or any combination thereof. In some examples, RF sensing data may include imaginary and real data (e.g., I / Q components) corresponding to each tone in the frequency domain over a specific bandwidth.

[0130] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by processor 522 to calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to a reflected waveform such as Rx waveform 518. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine location, detect changes in location or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, location, movement, and / or orientation of a target in the surrounding environment (e.g., target 502) in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target.

[0131] The processor 522 of the wireless device 500 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518) by utilizing signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the wireless device 500 can send or transmit RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device, such as a server or base station, which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 or other reflected waveforms.

[0132] In one example, the distance of the Rx waveform 518 can be calculated by measuring the time difference between receiving the leaked signal and receiving the reflected signal. For example, wireless device 500 can determine a baseline distance based on a zero difference between the time when wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 and the time when it receives the leaked signal 520 (e.g., propagation delay). The processor 522 of wireless device 500 can then determine the distance associated with the Rx waveform 518 based on the difference between the time when wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 and the time when it receives the Rx waveform 518 (e.g., time of flight, also known as round-trip time (RTT)), and can then adjust that distance according to the propagation delay associated with the leaked signal 520. By doing so, the processor 522 of wireless device 500 can determine the distance traveled by the Rx waveform 518, which can be used to determine the presence and movement of a target (e.g., target 502) that caused the reflection.

[0133] In another example, the processor 522 can calculate the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 between the individual elements of the receiving antenna array, such as antenna 514. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the difference in the received phase at each element in the receiving antenna array.

[0134] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 can be used by the processor 522 to determine the distance between the wireless device 500 and the target 502, as well as the position of the target 502 relative to the wireless device 500. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 can also be used to determine the presence, movement, approach, identity, or any combination thereof of the target 502. For example, the processor 522 of the wireless device 500 can use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 to determine that the target 502 is moving toward the wireless device 500.

[0135] As mentioned above, wireless device 500 may include mobile devices (e.g., IoT devices, smartphones, laptops, tablets, etc.) or other types of devices. In some examples, wireless device 500 may be configured to acquire device location data and device orientation data, as well as RF sensing data. In some instances, device location data and device orientation data may be used to determine or adjust the distance and angle of arrival of reflected signals such as Rx waveform 518. For example, when a target 502 (e.g., a vehicle) moves toward wireless device 500 during an RF sensing process, the wireless device may be positioned on the ground facing the sky. In this example, wireless device 500 may use its location data and orientation data, along with the RF sensing data, to determine the direction in which target 502 is moving.

[0136] In some examples, wireless device 500 may use techniques including RTT measurement, Time of Arrival (TOA) measurement, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) measurement, passive positioning measurement, Angle of Arrival (AOA) measurement, Angle of Departure (AoD) measurement, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurement, CSI data, any other suitable technique, or any combination thereof to collect device location data. In other examples, device orientation data may be obtained from electronic sensors on wireless device 500 such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, compasses, magnetometers, barometers, any other suitable sensors, or any combination thereof.

[0137] Figure 6 This is an illustration of an example of a receiver 604 with a transmitter 600 that utilizes one or more characteristics (e.g., position, rate or speed, heading, etc.) of an object 602 to determine the location of the target 602. For example, the receiver 604 could use RF bi-station sensing to detect the presence and location of the target 602 (e.g., an object, a user, or a vehicle). Figure 6 The example is illustrated in the form of a means of transportation. In one example, receiver 604 could take the form of a base station such as a gNB.

[0138] Figure 6 The bistatic radar system includes a transmitter 600 (e.g., a transmitting sensing node) and a receiver 604 (e.g., a receiving sensing node), the transmitter being depicted in the figure as a base station (e.g., a gNB), the transmitter and the receiver being separated at a distance equivalent to the expected target distance. Figure 5 Compared to a single-site system, Figure 6 In a bistatic radar system, the transmitter 600 and receiver 604 are located far apart from each other. Conversely, a monostatic radar includes transmitters (e.g., co-located transmitters) that are located at the same location as each other. Figure 5 The wireless device 500 includes an RF transmitter 506 and a receiver (e.g., Figure 5The radar system (e.g., the RF receiver 510 of the wireless device 500) Figure 5 (system).

[0139] Bistatic radar (or more generally, multistatic radar with more than one receiver) has the advantage over monostatic radar in that it can collect radar echoes reflected from a scene at an angle different from the angle of the transmitted pulse. This may be of concern to some applications (e.g., transportation applications, scenes with multiple objects, military applications, etc.) where targets can reflect the transmitted energy in many directions (e.g., where targets are specifically designed to reflect in many directions), minimizing the energy reflected back to the transmitter. It should be noted that in one or more examples, a monostatic system can coexist with a multistatic radar system, such as when the transmitter also has a co-located receiver.

[0140] In some examples, Figure 6 The transmitter 600 and / or receiver 604 may be a mobile phone, tablet computer, wearable device, vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 Device 407). In some examples, transmitter 600 and / or receiver 604 may be user equipment (e.g., Figure 4 IoT devices (407) provide connectivity, such as base stations (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), wireless access points (APs), or other devices that include at least one RF interface.

[0141] In some aspects, transmitter 600 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Transmitter 600 may include at least one processor capable of determining the signals to be transmitted (e.g., determining the waveforms of these signals). Figure 5 At least one processor 522). Transmitter 600 may also include an RF transmitter (e.g., for transmitting a Tx signal including a Tx waveform 616) for transmitting a Tx signal including a Tx waveform 616. Figure 5 RF transmitter 506). The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit cellular signals or telecommunications signals (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit 5G / NR signals, 4G / LTE signals, or other cellular / telecommunications signals, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, etc. TM Transmitters, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0142] The RF transmitter can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5(TX antenna 512). In some examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in a specific direction. In some examples, the Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0143] Receiver 604 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, receiver 604 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 (Rx antenna 514). In some examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In other examples, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0144] Receiver 604 may also include an RF receiver coupled to the Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 RF receiver 510). The RF receiver may include a device for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth signals, etc.). TM One or more hardware components (RF signals, 5G / NR signals, or any other RF signals). The output of the RF receiver can be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 At least one processor 522). The processor may be configured to process the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618).

[0145] In one or more examples, transmitter 600 can implement RF sensing techniques, such as bistatic sensing, by transmitting a Tx waveform 616 from a Tx antenna. It should be noted that although the Tx waveform 616 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 616 can be transmitted in all directions by an omnidirectional Tx antenna.

[0146] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 616 may be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 616, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 618) corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, number of spatial links (e.g., the number of spatial streams multiplied by the number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 616) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618) may include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS).

[0147] During operation, receiver 604 (e.g., operating as a receiving sensing node) may receive a signal corresponding to Tx waveform 616, which is transmitted by transmitter 600 (e.g., operating as a transmitting sensing node). For example, receiver 604 may receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of Tx waveform 616, such as Rx waveform 618 reflected from target 602. In some cases, Rx waveform 618 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in Tx waveform 616. In some examples, receiver 604 may combine the received multiple sequences to improve SNR.

[0148] In some examples, at least one processor within receiver 604 can use RF sensing data to calculate distance, angle of arrival, or other characteristics corresponding to a reflected waveform (such as Rx waveform 618). In other examples, RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine location, detect changes in location or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, location, movement, and / or orientation of a target in the surrounding environment (e.g., target 602) in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target.

[0149] The processor of receiver 604 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 618) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, receiver 604 can send or transmit RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device, such as a server, which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 618 or other reflected waveforms.

[0150] In one or more examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be calculated by the processor of the receiver 604 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 between the individual elements of the receiving antenna array of the receiver 604. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the difference in the received phase at each element in the receiving antenna array.

[0151] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be used by the processor of receiver 604 to determine the distance between receiver 604 and target 602, as well as the position of target 602 relative to receiver 604. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of target 602. For example, the processor of receiver 604 can use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 to determine that target 602 is moving toward receiver 604.

[0152] Figure 7 This is an illustration of an example of a receiver 704 in the form of a smartphone utilizing RF bistatic sensing technology with multiple transmitters (including transmitter 700a, transmitter 700b, and transmitter 700c). This receiver can be used to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, speed or rate, heading, etc.) of a target 702 object. For example, receiver 704 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and location of target 702 (e.g., an object, a user, or a vehicle). Target 702 is in Figure 7 The text describes objects that do not have communication capabilities (which may be referred to as deviceless objects), such as people, vehicles (e.g., vehicles that do not have the ability to send and receive messages, such as using C-V2X or DSRC protocols), or other deviceless objects. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system is similar to Figure 6 The difference is that the bistatic radar system... Figure 7 The bistatic radar system has multiple transmitters: 700a, 700b, and 700c. Figure 6 The bistatic radar system has only one transmitter 600.

[0153] Figure 7 The bistatic radar system includes multiple transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (e.g., transmitting sensing nodes), which are exemplified as base stations. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system also includes a receiver 704 (e.g., a receiving sensing node) depicted in the form of a smartphone. The distance between each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c and the receiver 704 is comparable to the expected distance to the target 702. Similar to... Figure 6 The dual-station system Figure 7 The transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and receiver 704 of the bistatic radar system are positioned far apart from each other.

[0154] In one or more examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or receiver 704 may each be a mobile phone, tablet computer, wearable device, vehicle (e.g., a vehicle configured to transmit and receive communications according to C-V2X, DSRC or other communication protocols) or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 Device 407). In some examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or receiver 704 may each be user equipment (e.g., Figure 4 IoT devices (407) provide connectivity, such as base stations (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), wireless access points (APs), or other devices that include at least one RF interface.

[0155] Transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Each of transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c may include at least one processor capable of determining the signal to be transmitted (e.g., determining the waveform of the signal). Figure 5 The processor 522). Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c may further include an RF transmitter (e.g., for transmitting Tx signals including Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, 720a, 720b, and 720c) for transmitting Tx signals including Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, 720a, 720b, and 720c. Figure 5 The RF transmitter 506. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, and 716c are RF sensing signals, and Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, and 720c are communication signals. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, and 720c are communication signals that can be used to schedule transmitters (e.g., transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c) and receivers (e.g., receiver 704) to perform RF sensing of a target (e.g., target 702) to obtain location information about the target. The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit cellular or telecommunication signals (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit 5G / NR signals, 4G / LTE signals, or other cellular / telecommunication signals, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, or a Bluetooth transmitter. TM Transmitters, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0156] The RF transmitter can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 (TX antenna 512). In one or more examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in a specific direction. The Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0157] Figure 7 The receiver 704 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 704 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 The Rx antenna 514. In one or more examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In some examples, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array).

[0158] Receiver 704 may also include an RF receiver coupled to the Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5RF receiver 510). The RF receiver may include a device for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth signals, etc.). TM One or more hardware components (RF signals, 5G / NR signals, or any other RF signals). The output of the RF receiver can be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522). The processor can be configured to process the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 718, which is a reflected (echo) RF sensing signal).

[0159] In some examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c can implement RF sensing techniques (e.g., bistatic sensing techniques) by transmitting Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, and 716c (e.g., radar sensing signals) from a Tx antenna associated with each of transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c. Although Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, and 716c are illustrated as single lines, in some cases, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, and 716c can be transmitted in all directions (e.g., via an omnidirectional Tx antenna associated with each of transmitters 700a, 700b, and 700c).

[0160] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include, but are not limited to, frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of antennas configured to receive reflected (echo) RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 718) corresponding to each of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of spatial links (e.g., the number of spatial streams multiplied by the number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveforms (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) and the received waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 718) may include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS). It should be noted that, although Figure 7 Only one reflected sensing signal is shown (e.g., Rx waveform 718), but it should be understood that a separate reflected (echo) sensing signal will be generated by each sensing signal reflected from the target 702 (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c).

[0161] exist Figure 7During system operation, receiver 704 (e.g., operating as a receiving sensing node) can receive signals corresponding to Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c transmitted by transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (e.g., each operating as a transmitting sensing node). Receiver 704 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, such as Rx waveform 718 reflected from target 702. In one or more examples, Rx waveform 718 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequences included in their corresponding Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c. In some examples, receiver 704 may combine the received multiple sequences to improve SNR.

[0162] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within receiver 704 to calculate distance, angle of arrival (AOA), TDOA, angle of departure (AoD), or other characteristics corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 718). In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine location, detect changes in location or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, location, movement, and / or orientation of a target (e.g., target 702) in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target.

[0163] The processor of receiver 704 can calculate the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 718) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, receiver 704 can send or transmit RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device, such as a server, which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and angle of arrival corresponding to Rx waveform 718 or other reflected waveforms (not shown).

[0164] In one or more examples, the processor of receiver 704 can calculate the angle of arrival (AOA) of the Rx waveform 718 by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the Rx waveform 718 between the individual elements of the receiving antenna array of receiver 704. In some examples, the TDOA can be calculated by measuring the difference in received phase at each element in the receiving antenna array. In one exemplary example, to determine the TDOA, the processor can use one of the elements of the receiving antenna array as a reference to determine the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 718 to the receiving antenna array element. The time difference is proportional to the distance difference.

[0165] In some cases, the processor of receiver 704 can use the distance, AOA, TDOA, other measurement information (e.g., AoD, etc.) from Rx waveform 718, or any combination thereof, to determine the distance between receiver 704 and target 702, and to determine the position of target 702 relative to receiver 704. In one example, the processor can use distance, AOA, and / or TDOA information as input to apply multipoint localization or other location-based algorithms to determine the position of target 702 (e.g., 3D position). In other examples, the processor can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA from Rx waveform 718 to determine the presence, movement (e.g., speed or rate, heading or direction or movement, etc.), proximity, identity, any combination thereof, or other characteristics of target 702. For example, the processor of receiver 704 can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA corresponding to Rx waveform 718 to determine that the target is moving toward receiver 704.

[0166] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating the geometry used for dual-station (or single-station) sensing. Figure 8 The bistatic radar north reference coordinate system in two dimensions is shown. Specifically, Figure 8 The coordinate system and parameters for bistatic radar operation are shown within a plane (referred to as the bistatic plane) encompassing transmitter 800, receiver 804, and target 802. A bistatic triangle lies within the bistatic plane. Transmitter 800, target 802, and receiver 804 are shown relative to each other. Transmitter 800 and receiver 804 are separated by a baseline distance L. An extended baseline is defined as extending the baseline distance L beyond transmitter 800 or receiver 804. Target 802 is separated from transmitter 800 by a distance RT, and target 802 is separated from receiver 804 by a distance R. R .

[0167] Angle θ T and θ R These are the transmitter's observation angle 800° and the receiver's observation angle 804°, respectively. These observation angles are considered positive when measured clockwise from North (N). Angle θ T and θ R Also known as the angle of arrival (AOA) or line-of-sight (LOS). Bistatic angle (β) is the angle between the transmitter 800, target 802, and receiver 804 in a radar system. Specifically, the bistatic angle is the angle between the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804, with the vertex located at the target 802. The bistatic angle equals the observation angle of the transmitter 800 minus the observation angle θ of the receiver 804. R (For example, β = θ) T -θ R ).

[0168] When the bistatic angle is exactly zero (0°), the radar is considered a monostatic radar; when the bistatic angle is close to zero, the radar is considered a pseudo-monostatic radar; and when the bistatic angle is close to 180 degrees, the radar is considered a forward-scattering radar. Otherwise, the radar is only considered and referred to as a bistatic radar. The bistatic angle (β) can be used to determine the radar cross-section of a target.

[0169] Figure 9 This is an illustration illustrating an example of bistationary range 910 in bistationary sensing. In this figure, a radar transmitter (Tx) 900, a target 902, and a receiver (Rx) 904 are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 900 is separated from the receiver 904 by a baseline distance L, the target 902 is separated from the transmitter 900 by a distance Rtx, and the target 902 is separated from the receiver 904 by a distance Rrx.

[0170] The bistatic distance 910 (shown as an ellipse) refers to the measured distance made by a radar having a separate transmitter 900 and a receiver 904 (e.g., the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 are positioned far apart from each other). The receiver 904 measures the time of arrival from when the transmitter 900 transmits a signal to when the receiver 904 receives a signal from the transmitter 900 via the target 902. The bistatic distance 910 defines an ellipse of constant bistatic distance, called an isometric profile, on which the target 902 lies, with its focus centered on the transmitter 900 and receiver 904. If the target 902 is at a distance of Rrx from the receiver 904 and at a distance of Rtx from the transmitter 900, and the receiver 904 and transmitter 900 are separated by a distance L from each other, then the bistatic distance is equal to Rrx + Rtx - L. It should be noted that the motion of the target 902 causes a rate of change in the bistatic distance, which results in a bistatic Doppler shift.

[0171] Typically, a constant bistation distance is used to draw an ellipse, with the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 positions as foci. The bistation equidistant profile is the location where the ground cuts the ellipse. When the ground is flat, this intercept forms an ellipse (e.g., bistation distance 910). Note that these ellipses are not centered at a mirror point unless the two platforms have equal heights.

[0172] Figure 10 Example 1000 illustrates wireless communication between devices based on sidelink communication. This communication may be based on a time-slot structure (e.g., as...). Figure 3(The time slot structure is shown). For example, transmitting UE 1002 can transmit transmission 1014, which can be received by receiving UEs 1004, 1006, and 1008. This transmission includes, for example, a control channel and / or a corresponding data channel. At least one UE may be in the form of an autonomous vehicle or an unmanned aerial vehicle. The control channel may include information for decoding the data channel and may also be used by the receiving device to avoid interference by avoiding transmission on occupied resources during data transmission. The transmission time interval (TTI) and the number of RBs to be occupied by the data transmission may be indicated in the control message from the transmitting device. In addition to operating as receiving devices, UEs 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 may each be able to operate as transmitting devices. Therefore, UEs 1006 and 1008 are illustrated as transmitting transmissions 1016 and 1020, respectively. The transmissions 1014, 1016, 1020 (and 1018 via network device 1007, such as a roadside unit) may be broadcast or multicast to nearby devices. For example, UE 1014 may transmit communications intended to be received by other UEs within range 1001 of UE 1014. Additionally / alternatively, network device 1007 may receive communication 1018 from UEs 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 and / or transmit the communication to these UEs. UEs 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 or network device 1007 may include detection components. UEs 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 or network device 1007 may also include vehicle-based safety messages or mitigation components.

[0173] Figure 11 An example of a comb structure for a reference signal (e.g., PRS, SRS, etc.) is shown. For example, comb structure 1110 is a comb-2 structure with two symbols (represented as a comb-2 / 2-symbol structure). According to the comb-2 / 2-symbol structure of comb structure 1110, each alternating symbol is assigned to a reference signal resource. Figure 11 The comb pattern in the diagram is used for a transmit-receive point (TRP). An overview of comb structures 1110, 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1120, 1122, and 1124 is provided in Table 2 below:

[0174]

[0175] Table 2

[0176] As mentioned above, this paper describes systems and techniques for applying solutions related to non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in cellular systems. Figure 12This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1200 used for applying a solution (e.g., method or rule) for non-uniform temporal resource allocation in RF sensing within a cellular system. Figure 12 In this embodiment, system 1200 is shown as including a network device 1210 in the form of a UE. Network device 1210 (e.g., a UE) can operate as a radar Rx for sensing purposes. A network device 1220 in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB or a portion thereof, such as a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, non-RT RIC, etc.) is also shown. Network device 1220 (e.g., a gNB) can operate as a radar Tx for sensing purposes. System 1200 also includes multiple network entities 1240, 1250, which can be network servers. In an exemplary example, network entity 1240 is in the form of a radar server, and network entity 1250 is in the form of a location server.

[0177] System 1200 may include, for example Figure 12 The system 1200 may include more or fewer network devices and / or more or fewer network entities as shown. Additionally, the system 1200 may include devices such as... Figure 12 This includes different types of network devices (e.g., vehicles) and / or different types of network entities (e.g., network servers). Furthermore, the UE can be used as a radar Tx instead of... Figure 12 The base station shown is an example (e.g., a gNB). Furthermore, in one or more examples, network device 1210 (e.g., a UE) may be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, which may include, but are not limited to, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, radar capabilities, and / or LiDAR capabilities. Network devices 1210, 1220 and network entities 1240, 1250 may be able to perform wireless communication with each other via communication signals (e.g., signals 1270a, 1270b, 1270c, 1270d).

[0178] In one or more examples, network devices 1210, 1220 may be able to send and receive some type of sensing signal (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, network devices 1210, 1220 may send and receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signals 1260a, 1260b) for use in detecting nearby targets (e.g., target 1230 in the form of a vehicle) using one or more sensors. In some cases, network devices 1210, 1220 may detect nearby targets based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0179] Network device 1220, which can operate as a radar Tx, can perform RF sensing (e.g., bistatic or monostatic sensing) of at least one target (e.g., target 1230) to obtain RF sensing measurements of the target (e.g., target 1230) (e.g., Doppler measurement, RTT measurement, TOA measurement, and / or TDOA measurement). The RF sensing measurements of the target (e.g., target 1230) can be used (e.g., by at least one processor of at least one network device of network devices 1210, 1220 and / or at least one network entity of network entities 1240, 1250) to determine one or more characteristics of the target (e.g., target 1230) (e.g., rate, position, range, movement, heading, size, and / or other characteristics).

[0180] As previously mentioned, sensing generally involves monitoring moving targets (e.g., target 1230) with varying degrees of motion (e.g., moving cars or pedestrians, human body movements such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Measuring the phase change in the signal and indicating motion using Doppler is a crucial characteristic for target (e.g., target 1230) sensing. Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of the target's motion, the phase of the signal should be continuous (e.g., the signal should maintain phase continuity).

[0181] During operation of system 1200, for example when performing bistatic sensing of a target (e.g., target 1230), network device 1220 (e.g., base station) operating as radar Tx may transmit RF sensing signal 1260a toward the target (e.g., target 1230). RF sensing signal 1260a may be included within communication and sensing signals that are multiplexed together (e.g., via time division multiplexing and / or frequency division multiplexing) for joint communication and sensing purposes. Sensing signal 1260a may be reflected from the target (e.g., target 1230) to generate RF reflected sensing signal 1260b, which may be reflected toward network device 1210 (e.g., UE). Network device 1210 (e.g., UE) operating as radar Rx may receive reflected sensing signal 1260b. After a network device (e.g., a UE) receives the reflection sensing signal 1260b, the network device (e.g., the UE) can obtain measurements of the reflection sensing signal 1260b (e.g., Doppler measurement, RTT measurement, TOA measurement, and / or TDOA measurement). At least one processor of at least one network device in network devices 1210 and 1220 and / or at least one network entity in network entities 1240 and 1250 (e.g., Figure 24The processor 2410 can then determine or calculate the characteristics (e.g., rate, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., target 1230) by using sensing measurements (e.g., Doppler measurement, RTT measurement, TOA measurement and / or TDOA measurement) from the received reflection sensing signal 1260b.

[0182] In some examples, network device 1210 (e.g., UE) may transmit measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., rate, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., target 1230) to network device 1220 (e.g., base station) and / or network entity 1240 (e.g., radar server) via communication signals 1270a, 1270b. Network device 1220 (e.g., base station) and / or network entity 1240 (e.g., radar server) may then transmit measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., rate, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., target 1230) to network entity 1240 (e.g., radar server) and / or network entity 1250 (e.g., location server, such as location management function (LMF)) via communication signals 1270c, 1270d.

[0183] As previously mentioned, some radars (e.g., automotive radars) currently transmit signals with an FMCW waveform (e.g., along with some mechanism to ensure waveform orthogonality). An FMCW waveform (e.g., also referred to as a chirp or pulse) is a sine wave whose frequency increases linearly with time. FMCW radars transmit the chirp periodically, where the period is called the pulse repetition interval (PRI). The target echo at the radar receiver may contain a delayed and attenuated copy of the transmitted chirp. The received signal is mixed with the transmitted chirp, producing a complex sine wave known as a beat signal. As described herein, the received signal also includes the Doppler effect.

[0184] The process of obtaining the beat signal can be implemented in the RF domain using a mixer, followed by the use of a BPF to remove signals whose frequencies are outside the band of interest, which also limits the maximum detectable range. After sampling the beat signal, the beat frequency can be estimated in the digital domain. In many scenarios (e.g., automotive scenarios), the beat frequency is much smaller than the signal bandwidth, and therefore, low-cost, low-speed ADCs can be used to sample the beat signal. FMCW waveforms are commonly used in the radar industry due to their low performance-to-cost ratio, which is at least in part provided by specific implementations of low-cost ADCs. The time during one cycle or chirp is often referred to as "fast time," while the time spanning multiple cycles (or chirs) is often referred to as "slow time." For example, if the beat signal is sampled and the samples of each chirp are placed in a matrix (e.g., Figure 19 Within the columns of the Doppler covariance matrix (1900), the row index of the matrix corresponds to the fast time, and the column index corresponds to the slow time. The distance frequency can be determined by applying an FFT along the fast time to the sampled beat signal. A second FFT can be applied along the slow time to determine the Doppler frequency. The application of these two FFTs is equivalent to a 2D FFT of the beat signal in both the fast and slow times. The result of the 2D FFT operation produces a 2D distance-Doppler spectrum (e.g., ...). Figure 16 (Graph 1600).

[0185] The 2D FFT operation used for beat frequency estimation can be computed using low-cost DSPs and FPGAs. Range resolution depends on the beat frequency resolution. The combination of low hardware costs (such as low-cost ADCs) and achievable high range resolution makes FMCW radar ideal for a wide variety of radar applications, such as automotive radar applications.

[0186] For RF sensing, target velocity estimation is a crucial function. The Doppler information d can be obtained from the following equation:

[0187]

[0188] Where v is the velocity of the target, λ is the wavelength, and θ is the angle between the direction of motion and the wave direction of the waveform.

[0189] Target velocity estimation can be derived from Doppler estimation obtained during target sensing. Velocity estimation performance can depend on Doppler granularity and estimation accuracy.

[0190] The Doppler grain size can be roughly determined to be equal to:

[0191] λ / 2T,

[0192] Where λ is the wavelength, and T is the observation window (e.g., time length) used to analyze the Doppler effect on the target of interest. Therefore, Doppler granularity is proportional to the wavelength λ and the observation window T. In some cases, the wavelength λ can be fixed. Using a longer observation window T for the target achieves better Doppler granularity.

[0193] The accuracy of the estimation is partly determined by the SINR of the received sensed signal. Therefore, high channel quality can lead to accurate velocity estimation. In addition, a high density of sensed reference signals (e.g., which can be achieved by repeatedly sensing reference signals within a sense window) can improve the SINR to provide a higher level of velocity estimation accuracy.

[0194] Figure 13 Figure 1300 is an example illustrating resource allocation at the Doppler granularity. Figure 13 N time slots (e.g., 16 time slots in total) are shown, representing temporal observations. Figure 13 In this context, a time slot is either a downlink time slot (D) 1310 reserved for downlink transmission, or a special time slot (S) 1320 that can be flexibly reserved for either uplink or downlink transmission. Each time slot may have a duration of x (e.g., 0.5 ms). Each time slot may be represented as a resource block (RB) and is shown as having M symbols (e.g., 14 symbols). One symbol of each time slot is shown as being scheduled to have a radar RS resource 1330 that extends across multiple subcarriers (e.g., 4 subcarriers).

[0195] The Doppler grain size, measured in Hertz (Hz), is approximately equal to 1000 / (N*x). Therefore, for Figure 13 In the example shown, the Doppler granularity is 125 Hz (e.g., 1000 / (16*0.5)), and the maximum resolvable Doppler is 2000 Hz. For this example, when the carrier frequency is 3.5 GHz, the corresponding Doppler granularity is approximately 10 m / s, which is low Doppler granularity. In some cases, high Doppler granularity may be required (e.g., to identify slowly moving targets, such as pedestrians). To improve Doppler granularity, sensing can be performed using high-frequency bands (e.g., millimeter-wave bands), and / or sensing can be performed using very long observation windows (in time) for target velocity estimation.

[0196] With a configured long observation window T, one challenge is maintaining the phase continuity between two adjacent transmitted sensing resources (e.g., waveforms). Adjacent sensing resources within the sensing window (observation window T) should follow the same phase change pattern. Figure 14An example observation window T1400 is shown, featuring resource allocations for communication and sensing (e.g., communication resources 1430a, 1430b, 1430c and sensing resources 1440a, 1440b). Figure 14 As shown, the two sensing resources 1440a and 1440b should follow the same variation pattern. 1450.

[0197] Within the observation window T1400, the receiving (Rx) sensing node (e.g., the Rx side, such as a network device, like a UE or gNB) can extract phase change patterns from multiple sensing instances. The Rx side can obtain the Doppler frequency shift by differentiating the Doppler by comparing the phase change between the transmitted and received signals, as shown in the equation, where the Doppler frequency shift equals:

[0198]

[0199] However, the derived Doppler shift can be disrupted when an unknown phase jump α1460 (e.g., phase discontinuity) occurs.

[0200] Figure 14 Examples of waveforms with phase continuity (e.g., of a received sensed signal) within an observation window are also shown, as well as examples of waveforms with phase jumps (e.g., phase discontinuities) within an observation window (e.g., of a received sensed signal). Specifically, Figure 14 An example ideal mode 1410 with phase continuity and an example mode 1420 exhibiting random phase jumps (e.g., phase discontinuities) are shown.

[0201] In one or more examples, it can be obtained during RF sensing. Figure 14 Modes 1410 and 1420 are used to monitor vital signs (e.g., breathing) of a user (e.g., a person). During operation for sensing the user's vital signs, the Rx sensing node (e.g., the Rx side) can extract phase changes in the signal received during the observation window T. In one or more examples, an ideal device can provide an ideal mode 1410 with phase continuity. In some examples, the device can provide a mode 1420 exhibiting random phase jumps. As shown in mode 1420, unknown phase jumps can lead to chaos in the extracted phase pattern. Even partial phase discontinuities in the waveform pattern can reduce the accuracy of Doppler estimation.

[0202] From a velocity estimation performance perspective, long-duration and / or high-density temporal resource allocation for sensing resources may be optimal. However, such configurations of sensing resources can lead to low spectral efficiency in cellular systems, which may be unacceptable. Therefore, an improved technique for resource allocation in RF sensing that achieves a high level of accuracy in target velocity estimation while maintaining high spectral efficiency could be useful.

[0203] In one or more aspects, these systems and technologies provide a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in cellular systems to allow accurate velocity estimation of targets (e.g., pedestrians) while maintaining high spectral efficiency.

[0204] In one or more aspects, these systems and techniques utilize sensing node capability reporting to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation for cellular RS sensing. The capabilities of sensing nodes are critical to the resource allocation used for sensing. Non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing reference signal (e.g., non-uniform sampling for sensing) can lead to high-intensity sidelobes and aliasing in velocity estimation because the non-uniform temporal resource allocation violates the Nyquist sampling rate estimated by Doppler.

[0205] In Rx sensing nodes (e.g., network devices such as UEs or gNBs), joint distance-Doppler estimation may require Doppler dealiasing using advanced algorithms (e.g., compressed sensing algorithms). Rx sensing node capability reports can be used (e.g., by the network or base station) to optimize resource allocation scheduling for RF sensing of a target. In one or more examples, the Rx sensing node may transmit capability reports to the network (e.g., network entities such as network servers) and / or base stations (e.g., network devices such as base stations, such as gNBs), including the Rx sensing node's capabilities for Doppler dealiasing. These capabilities may include the Rx sensing node's ability to use certain Doppler dealiasing algorithms (such as compressed sensing (CS)).

[0206] In one or more examples, a specific set of non-uniform time-domain modes can be defined (e.g., in a 3GPP Technical Specification (TS)). Rx sensing nodes can indicate in their capability reports the specific non-uniform time-domain modes they can support. In one or more examples, each mode can be associated with a specific mode identifier (ID). Rx sensing nodes can include the associated mode IDs of the specific non-uniform time-domain modes they can support in their capability reports.

[0207] In some examples, Rx sensing nodes may indicate the types of non-uniform temporal modes they can support. These types of non-uniform temporal modes may include, but are not limited to, coprime chirped modes and nested chirped modes. For example, an Rx sensing node may indicate in its capability report which specific types of non-uniform temporal modes it can support.

[0208] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating examples of different time-domain modes. Specifically, in Figure 15 Examples of uniform chirping pattern 1500, coprime chirping pattern 1502, and nested chirping pattern 1504 are shown in the figure.

[0209] The Doppler velocity resolution can be determined by the length of the coherent phase interval (CPI). In one or more examples, to achieve the same Doppler resolution as the uniform pulse repetition frequency (PRF) scheme, under different co-chirp schemes, the FMCW radar can follow coprime or nested co-chirp modes, sparsely transmitting along the slow time across the entire CPI. For example, in Figure 14 In one CPI, a total of twelve chirps need to be sent in uniform chirp mode 1500 (e.g., uniform PRF scheme). On the other hand, for the same observation window, only eight and six chirps need to be sent in coprime chirp mode 1502 and nested chirp mode 1504, respectively.

[0210] Figure 16 A graph 1600 shows an example of a range-Doppler spectrum obtained from sparse data with nested chirps. Figure 16 In the curve 1600, the x-axis represents distance in meters, the y-axis represents velocity in meters per second, and the z-axis represents normalized power. Specifically, the range Doppler spectrum shown in curve 1600 is obtained by performing a 2D FFT on the sensing RS with a non-uniform time-domain distribution.

[0211] In one or more aspects, these systems and techniques provide a CPI-based Doppler estimation scheme. In one or more examples, sensing nodes (e.g., Rx and / or Tx sensing nodes, such network devices) may report their transmit and / or receive phase coherence capabilities (e.g., via capability reports, such as sensing node capability reports) to the network (e.g., network entities, such as network servers), such as maximum CPI. In some examples, the network may consider (e.g., at least partially consider) the reported maximum CPI used to schedule time-domain sparse sensing reference signals (RS). The network can use the maximum CPI to determine the maximum duration in which sensing RSs can be bundled.

[0212] In one or more examples, the network (e.g., a network entity such as a network server) may configure multiple CPIs based on the phase coherence capabilities of sensing nodes (e.g., Rx sensing nodes and / or Tx sensing nodes, such network devices). In some examples, the phase coherence capabilities of the sensing nodes may be due to hardware limitations of the sensing nodes. In one or more examples, the network may configure (e.g., and indicate to the sensing nodes) the duration of each CPI and the starting offset of each CPI. For the sensing RS within a CPI, Doppler with different resolutions can be estimated.

[0213] Figure 17 Figure 1700 illustrates an example of resource allocation including multiple coherent phase intervals (CPIs) 1710, 1720, 1730. Each CPI 1710, 1720, 1730 is shown as including multiple sensing RSs 1715. The Doppler may depend on the amount of time (e.g., time gap) between the sensing RSs within the CPI (e.g., such as the time gap between the sensing RSs 1715 within the CPI 1710).

[0214] In one or more aspects, densely packed sensing RSs (e.g., similar to PT-RS) in the time domain between CPIs can be configured to estimate phase transitions occurring between CPIs. In one or more examples, the PT-RS may have some tonal overlap with the sensing RSs. In some examples, the PT-RS may be any sensing RS sharing a common tonal overlap.

[0215] Figure 18 Figure 1800 illustrates an example of resource allocation including a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) 1825 configured between CPI 1810 and 1820. Figure 18 In the diagram, each CPI 1810, 1820 is shown as including multiple sensing RS 1815. The time interval 1820 located between CPIs 1810, 1820 is shown as including multiple PT-RS 1825 and multiple phase transitions. In one or more examples, when using long durations with sparsely grouped sensing RSs, combining the phase transitions estimated by the PT-RS and sensing RSs can lead to high-resolution velocity estimation (e.g., after Doppler dealiasing has been performed), such as... Figure 18 As shown.

[0216] In one or more examples, these systems and techniques employ Doppler covariance matrix feedback for high-resolution velocity estimation. In one or more examples, interpolation can be used to achieve high-resolution velocity estimation with non-uniform sensing RS. By processing sparse sensing RS, the Rx sensing node can interpolate lost samples along slow time intervals for unambiguous Doppler estimation. The interpolation results can then be applied to some advanced algorithm (e.g., such as CS) for Doppler dealiasing. In one or more examples, the Doppler covariance matrix is ​​the key information required for interpolation. The Doppler covariance matrix can be represented as:

[0217]

[0218] Where yi is the i-th snapshot of the slow-time sample, or the i-th row of the sparse radar data cube. Figure 19 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the Doppler covariance matrix 1900. For the Doppler covariance matrix 1900, the x-axis represents spatial sampling, the y-axis represents slow time, and the z-axis represents fast time.

[0219] In one or more examples, for network-based RF sensing, sensing nodes (e.g., Rx sensing nodes) can report the Doppler covariance matrix along with other sensing measurements to the network (e.g., a network server). In some examples, a unique, continuous averaged Doppler sample can be obtained by sampling the Doppler covariance matrix. In one or more examples, the Doppler spectrum can be obtained by applying an FFT to the interpolated Doppler samples along a slow time. In one or more examples, the Doppler spectrum can be used to filter out any spurious velocity spikes in the CS estimate.

[0220] Figure 20 This is a diagram illustrating an example of high-resolution velocity estimation using Doppler covariance matrix feedback. Figure 20 The graphs shown represent 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030. Specifically, in... Figure 20In Figure 2000, an example of a range-Doppler spectrum obtained by applying a 2D FFT to sparse data with nested chirps is shown. In Figure 2000, many high sidelobes are shown along the Doppler axis because sparse sampling along slow time violates the Nyquist sampling criterion. In Figure 2010, an example of range-Doppler estimation using 2D CS on sparse data with nested chirps is shown. Figure 2010 shows spurious peaks in the velocity estimation. Figure 2020 shows an example of a Doppler spectrum obtained from interpolated Doppler samples along slow time. Figure 2020 clearly shows two peaks located at the ground-based real-world location. In one or more examples, a threshold obtained from the Doppler spectrum can be used to filter out artifacts in the 2D CS estimation. Figure 2030 shows an example of a 2D CS estimation after dealiasing using the Doppler spectrum. In Figure 2030, spurious peaks are shown to have been mitigated.

[0221] Figure 21 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 2100 for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system. Process 2100 can be performed by a network device such as a UE, a base station (e.g., a gNB), a portion of a base station (e.g., one or more of a CU, DU, RU, and / or other portions of a base station with a decomposed architecture), or a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of the UE or base station. The UE can be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a vehicle, a wearable device (e.g., a network-connected watch or other wearable device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses), or other types of UE. Operation of process 2100 can be implemented in one or more processors (e.g., Figure 24 Software components that execute and run on the processor 2410 or other processor. Furthermore, the transmission and reception of signals by the wireless communication device in process 2100 can be achieved, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0222] At box 2110, a network device (or a component thereof) may send a capability report (e.g., a sensing node capability report as described herein) to a network entity (e.g., network entity 1240, which may be a radar server, a base station such as a gNB, etc.). This capability report includes the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation for sensing reference signals (RS) (e.g., information indicating the network device's capabilities). For example, as mentioned above, a network entity (e.g., a radar server, a base station such as a gNB, and / or other network entities) or another network entity may provide non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system to allow accurate velocity estimation of targets (e.g., pedestrians) while maintaining high spectral efficiency. In some cases, the capability report also includes the network device's ability to support one or more non-uniform temporal modes (e.g., information indicating the network device's capabilities). For example, a network device (e.g., operating as an Rx sensing node) may indicate in the capability report the specific non-uniform temporal modes it can support. In some examples, each mode may be associated with a specific mode identifier (ID). In such examples, the capability report also includes a mode ID for each of the one or more non-uniform temporal modes. Additionally or alternatively, in some aspects, the capability report may also include the network device's ability to support one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes (e.g., information indicating the network device's capabilities). For example, a network device (e.g., operating as an Rx sensing node) may indicate in the capability report which specific types of non-uniform time-domain modes it can support. In some cases, the types of non-uniform time-domain modes may include coprime chirped modes and / or nested chirped modes.

[0223] In some aspects, the capability report also includes the network device's ability to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing (e.g., information indicating the network device's capabilities). For example, as described herein, joint distance Doppler estimation performed by the network device may require the use of advanced algorithms for Doppler dealiasing. The network device may send a capability report to a network entity, enabling the network entity to use the information indicating the network device's ability to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing to optimize resource allocation scheduling for RF sensing of a target. In an exemplary example, at least one of the one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing (e.g., advanced algorithms) is a compressed sensing (CS) algorithm.

[0224] At box 2110, a network device (or its components) may receive sensing RSs for sensing one or more targets (e.g., based on a capability report). For example, a network entity may provide non-uniform temporal resource allocation for sensing RSs based on indications in the capability report for: the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation for sensing reference signals (RSs), its ability to support one or more non-uniform temporal modes, the mode ID for each of the one or more non-uniform temporal modes, its ability to support one or more types of non-uniform temporal modes, its ability to execute one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing, any combination thereof, and / or other capability information.

[0225] Figure 22 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 2200 for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system. Process 2200 can be performed by a network device such as a UE, a base station (e.g., a gNB), a portion of a base station (e.g., one or more of a CU, DU, RU, and / or other portions of a base station with a decomposed architecture), or a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of the UE or base station. The UE can be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a vehicle, a wearable device (e.g., a network-connected watch or other wearable device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses), or other types of UE. Operation of process 2200 can be implemented in one or more processors (e.g., Figure 24 Software components that execute and run on the processor 2410 or other processor. Furthermore, the transmission and reception of signals by the wireless communication device in process 2200 can be achieved, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0226] At box 2210, a network device (or a component thereof) may send a capability report to a network entity (e.g., network entity 1240, which may be a radar server, a base station such as a gNB, etc.). This capability report includes the network device's phase coherence capability (e.g., information indicating the network device's phase coherence capability). As described herein, the network device's phase coherence capability may be due to the hardware configuration and / or hardware limitations of the sensing nodes. In some aspects, the network device's phase coherence capability includes the maximum coherent phase interval (CPI) that the network device can support. For example, the network entity may consider the reported maximum CPI for scheduling time-domain sparse sensing reference signals (RS). The network can use the maximum CPI to determine the maximum duration in which sensing RSs can be bundled.

[0227] At box 2220, a network device (or a component thereof) may receive sensing RSs (e.g., sparse sensing RSs) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation for the sensing RSs (e.g., the sensing RSs include a non-uniform temporal resource allocation). In some aspects, the sensing RSs are configured at one or more CPIs (e.g., Figure 17 Within CPIs 1710, 1720, and 1730. In some cases, the network device (or its components) may receive from the network entity the start offset and / or duration of each of one or more CPIs. For example, the network may configure (and indicate to the network device) the duration and / or start offset of each CPI. For the sensing RSs within different CPIs, the network device may estimate the Doppler at different resolutions. For example, the Doppler may depend on the amount of time (e.g., time interval) between the sensing RSs located within the CPI (e.g., the time interval between sensing RSs 1715 located within CPI 1710).

[0228] In some examples, one or more phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) are configured between at least two of the one or more CPIs (e.g., Figure 18 (PT-RS1825). For example, as previously described, between CPIs, a network device can measure a sensed RS (which is dense in the time domain) to estimate the phase transition that occurs between CPIs. In one or more examples, the PT-RS may have some tone overlap with the sensed RS. In some examples, the PT-RS may be any sensed RS sharing a common tone overlap.

[0229] Figure 23 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 2300 for wireless communication using a method for non-uniform temporal resource allocation for RF sensing in a cellular system. Process 2300 can be performed by a network device such as a UE, a base station (e.g., a gNB), a portion of a base station (e.g., one or more of a CU, DU, RU, and / or other portions of a base station with a decomposed architecture), or a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of the UE or base station. The UE can be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a vehicle, a wearable device (e.g., a network-connected watch or other wearable device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses), or other types of UE. Operation of process 2300 can be implemented in one or more processors (e.g., Figure 24 Software components that execute and run on the processor 2410 or other processor. Furthermore, the transmission and reception of signals by the wireless communication device in process 2300 can be achieved, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0230] At block 2310, the network device (or its components) may receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS (e.g., the sensing RS includes a non-uniform temporal resource allocation).

[0231] At box 2320, a network device (or a component thereof) may transmit a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity (e.g., network entity 1240, which may be a radar server, a base station such as a gNB, etc.) based on the sensed RS. In some cases, the network device may also transmit sensed measurements to the network entity based on the sensed RS. As described herein, Doppler covariance matrix feedback can be used for high-resolution velocity estimation. For example, by processing sparse sensed RS, a network device (e.g., operating as an Rx sense node) can use the Doppler covariance matrix to interpolate lost samples along a slow time interval for unambiguous Doppler estimation. The interpolation result can then be applied to advanced algorithms (e.g., such as CS) for Doppler dealiasing. For example, the Doppler spectrum (e.g., as shown in the image) can be obtained by applying an FFT to the interpolated Doppler samples along a slow time interval. Figure 19 (As shown). In one or more examples, the Doppler spectrum can be used to filter out any spurious velocity peaks in the CS estimate.

[0232] Figure 24 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 2400, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for non-uniform temporal resource allocation in RF sensing within a cellular system. Specifically, Figure 24 An example of computing system 2400 is illustrated. This computing system can be any computing device, such as constituting an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any component thereof, wherein the components of the system communicate with each other using connection 2405. Connection 2405 can be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection to processor 2410, such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 2405 can also be a virtual connection, a networking connection, or a logical connection.

[0233] In some aspects, computing system 2400 is a distributed system, wherein the functions described in this disclosure can be distributed across a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent a plurality of such components, each of which performs some or all of the functions of the described components. In some aspects, the components can be physical or virtual devices.

[0234] Example system 2400 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 2410 and a connection 2405 that communicatively couples various system components, including system memories 2415 such as read-only memory (ROM) 2420 and random access memory (RAM) 2425, to processor 2410. Computing system 2400 may include a cache 2412 of high-speed memory that is directly connected to, closely adjacent to, or integrated into processor 2410.

[0235] Processor 2410 may include any general-purpose processor and hardware or software services, such as services 2432, 2434, and 2436 stored in storage device 2430, which are configured to control processor 2410 and dedicated processors in which software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 2410 may be a substantially completely independent computing system containing multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0236] To enable user interaction, the computing system 2400 includes an input device 2445 that can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphic input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice input, etc. The computing system 2400 may also include an output device 2435 that can be one or more of a plurality of output mechanisms. In some instances, a multi-mode system allows the user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with the computing system 2400.

[0237] The computing system 2400 may include a communication interface 2440, which typically controls and manages user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate the receiving and / or transmitting of wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including utilizing audio jacks / plugs, microphone jacks / plugs, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports / plugs, Apple... TM Lightning TM Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, fiber optic ports / plugs, dedicated wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth TM Wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth TM Low-power (BLE) wireless signal transmission, IBEACON TMWireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), microwave access global interoperability (WiMAX), infrared (IR) wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, self-organizing network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or those communications in some combination thereof.

[0238] The communication interface 2440 may also include one or more ranging sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser rangefinders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 2410, thereby enabling the processor 2410 to perform determinations and calculations required to obtain various measurements from the one or more ranging sensors. In some examples, measurements may include time of flight, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, distance, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 2440 may also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers used to determine the position of the computing system 2400 based on one or more signals received from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the US GPS, the Russian GLONASS, the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo GNSS. There are no limitations on operation on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here can be easily replaced to obtain improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0239] Storage device 2430 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable storage device, and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium capable of storing data accessible by a computer, such as magnetic tape, flash memory cards, solid-state storage devices, digital multifunction discs, cartridges, floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, magnetic stripes, any other magnetic storage media, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state storage, CD-ROM, rewritable CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, holographic disc, another optical medium, Secure Digital (SD) card, micro Secure Digital (microSD) card, etc. Cards, smart card chips, EMV chips, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards, mini / micro / nano / micro SIM cards, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash EPROM, cache memory (e.g., layer 1 (L1) cache, layer 2 (L2) cache, layer 3 (L3) cache, layer 4 (L4) cache, layer 5 (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache), resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cassette and / or combinations thereof.

[0240] Storage device 2430 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which enable the system to perform functions when the code defining such software is executed by processor 2410. In some aspects, hardware services performing specific functions may include software components for performing functions stored in a computer-readable medium connected to necessary hardware components such as processor 2410, connection 2405, output device 2435, etc. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing, or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory media in which data may be stored and which do not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over a wired connection. Examples of non-transitory media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic disks or magnetic tapes, optical storage media (such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs)), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. Computer-readable media may store code and / or machine-executable instructions thereon, which may represent procedures, functions, subroutines, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. Code segments may be coupled to other code segments or hardware circuitry by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc., may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

[0241] Specific details have been provided in the foregoing description to offer a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples presented herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that this application is not limited thereto. Therefore, although illustrative aspects of this application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the various inventive concepts may be implemented and employed in a variety of other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be construed as including such variations unless limited by prior art. The various features and aspects of the applications described above may be used individually or in combination. Furthermore, without departing from the broader scope of this specification, aspects may be used in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein. Therefore, the specification and drawings should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. For illustrative purposes, the methods are described in a particular order. It should be understood that, in alternative aspects, the methods may be performed in a different order than described.

[0242] For clarity, in some instances, this technology may be presented as comprising individual functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps, or routines embodied in a method, either in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components may be used in addition to those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these aspects in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail to avoid obscuring the aspects.

[0243] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0244] The various aspects described above can be presented as processes or methods, depicted as flowcharts, diagrams, data flow graphs, structure diagrams, or block diagrams. While a flowchart may describe operations as a sequential process, many operations within an operation can be executed in parallel or concurrently. Furthermore, the order of operations can be rearranged. A process terminates when its operations are completed, but it may have additional steps not included in the accompanying diagrams. A process may correspond to a method, function, procedure, subroutine, subroutine, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to the function returning to its calling function or the main function.

[0245] The processes and methods described in the examples above can be implemented using stored computer-executable instructions or computer-executable instructions otherwise obtainable from a computer-readable medium. Such instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that configure, or otherwise configure, a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or processing device to perform a function or group of functions. The portion may be accessible via a network of the computer resources used. The computer-executable instructions may be, for example, binary, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. Examples of computer-readable media that can be used to store the instructions, the information used, and / or information created during the methods according to the described examples include disks or optical discs, flash memory, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0246] In some respects, computer-readable storage devices, media, and memories may include cables or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer-readable storage media explicitly exclude media such as power consumption, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.

[0247] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may, in some cases, be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or light particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0248] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any form factor of various form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing the necessary tasks can be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor can perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptop computers, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mount devices, self-contained devices, etc. The functionality described herein can also be embodied in peripheral devices or interlocking cards. By further example, such functionality can also be implemented on circuit boards of different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0249] Instructions, media for delivering such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example components for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0250] The techniques described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques can be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication devices (mobile phones), or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication devices (mobile phones) and other devices. Any feature described as a module or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium can form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging material. The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or conveys program code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed, read and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

[0251] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuits. Such processors can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in alternatives, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, as used herein, the term "processor" may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or means suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0252] Those skilled in the art will understand that, without departing from the scope of this description, the symbols or terms less than ("<") and greater than (">") used herein may be replaced by the symbols less than or equal to ("≤") and greater than or equal to ("≥"), respectively.

[0253] When a component is described as being "configured" to perform certain operations, such configuration can be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operations, or any combination thereof.

[0254] The phrase “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” means that any component is physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or that any component is in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to that other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0255] The claim language or other language that states "at least one of the set" and / or "one or more of the set" indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfies the claim. For example, the claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, the claim language stating "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language "at least one of the set" and / or "one or more of the set" does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, the claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0256] The exemplary aspects of this disclosure include:

[0257] Aspect 1. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); and receive the sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

[0258] Aspect 2. The network device according to aspect 1, wherein the network device is either a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0259] Aspect 3. The network device according to any one of Aspects 1 or 2, wherein the network entity is a network server.

[0260] Aspect 4. The network device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the capability report further includes the network device's ability to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing.

[0261] Aspect 5. The network device according to aspect 4, wherein at least one of the one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing is a compressed sensing (CS) algorithm.

[0262] Aspect 6. The network device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0263] Aspect 7. The network device according to aspect 6, wherein the capability report further includes a mode identifier (ID) for each of the one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0264] Aspect 8. The network device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the capability report further includes the network device's ability to support one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0265] Aspect 9. The network device according to aspect 8, wherein the one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes include at least one of coprime chirped modes or nested chirped modes.

[0266] Aspect 10. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: sending a capability report from the network device to a network entity, the capability report including the network device's capability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); and receiving the sensing RS for sensing one or more targets by the network device.

[0267] Aspect 11. The method according to aspect 10, wherein the network device is either a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0268] Aspect 12. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 or 11, wherein the network entity is a network server.

[0269] Aspect 13. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 12, wherein the capability report further includes the ability of the network device to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing.

[0270] Aspect 14. The method according to aspect 13, wherein at least one of the one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing is a compressed sensing (CS) algorithm.

[0271] Aspect 15. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 14, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0272] Aspect 16. The method according to aspect 15, wherein the capability report further includes a mode identifier (ID) for each of the one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0273] Aspect 17. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 16, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes.

[0274] Aspect 18. The method according to aspect 17, wherein the one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes include at least one of coprime chirped modes or nested chirped modes.

[0275] Aspect 19. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: send a capability report to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS.

[0276] Aspect 20. The network device according to aspect 19, wherein the phase coherence capability of the network device includes a maximum coherent phase interval (CPI) that can be supported by the network device.

[0277] Aspect 21. The network device according to any one of Aspects 19 or 20, wherein the sensing RS is configured within one or more coherent phase intervals (CPI).

[0278] Aspect 22. The network device according to aspect 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive from the network entity at least one of the start offset or duration of each of the one or more CPIs.

[0279] Aspect 23. A network device according to any one of Aspects 21 or 22, wherein one or more phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) are configured between at least two of the one or more CPIs.

[0280] Aspect 24. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: sending a capability report from the network device to a network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; and receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS.

[0281] Aspect 25. The method according to aspect 24, wherein the phase coherence capability of the network device includes a maximum coherent phase interval (CPI) that can be supported by the network device.

[0282] Aspect 26. The method according to any one of Aspects 24 or 25, wherein the sensing RS is configured within one or more coherent phase intervals (CPI).

[0283] Aspect 27. The method according to aspect 26, the method further comprising: receiving, by the network device, at least one of the start offset or duration of each of the one or more CPIs from the network entity.

[0284] Aspect 28. The method of any one of Aspects 26 or 27, wherein one or more phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) are configured between at least two of the one or more CPIs.

[0285] Aspect 29. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and transmit a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0286] Aspect 30. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: receiving by the network device a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and transmitting a Doppler covariance matrix by the network device to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0287] Aspect 31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any one of aspects 10 to 17.

[0288] Aspect 32. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising one or more components for performing operations according to any one of aspects 10 to 17.

[0289] Aspect 33. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any one of aspects 24 to 28.

[0290] Aspect 34. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising one or more components for performing operations according to any one of aspects 24 to 28.

[0291] Aspect 35. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: receive sensing reference signals (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and transmit a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0292] Aspect 36. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: means for receiving a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and means for transmitting a Doppler covariance matrix to a network entity based on the sensing RS.

[0293] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope of the language claims, wherein an element referred to in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically stated otherwise, but rather "one or more".

Claims

1. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and being configured to: Send a capability report to the network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of sensing reference signals (RS); as well as Receive the sensing RS used to sense one or more targets.

2. The network device according to claim 1, wherein the network device is either a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

3. The network device according to claim 1, wherein the network entity is a network server.

4. The network device of claim 1, wherein the capability report further includes the network device's ability to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing.

5. The network device of claim 4, wherein at least one of the one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing is a compressed sensing (CS) algorithm.

6. The network device of claim 1, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

7. The network device of claim 6, wherein the capability report further includes a mode identifier (ID) for each of the one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

8. The network device of claim 1, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes.

9. The network device of claim 8, wherein the one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes include at least one of coprime chirped modes or nested chirped modes.

10. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: The network device sends a capability report to the network entity, the capability report including the network device's ability to support non-uniform temporal resource allocation of a sensing reference signal (RS); as well as The network device receives the sensing RS for sensing one or more targets.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the network device is either a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the network entity is a network server.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the capability report further includes the ability of the network device to perform one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of the one or more algorithms for Doppler dealiasing is a compressed sensing (CS) algorithm.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the capability report further includes the capability of the network device to support one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the capability report further includes a mode identifier (ID) for each of the one or more non-uniform time-domain modes.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the capability report further includes the ability of the network device to support one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more types of non-uniform time-domain modes include at least one of coprime chirped modes or nested chirped modes.

19. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and being configured to: Send a capability report to the network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; as well as Receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS.

20. The network device of claim 19, wherein the phase coherence capability of the network device includes a maximum coherent phase interval (CPI) that can be supported by the network device.

21. The network device of claim 19, wherein the sensing RS is configured within one or more coherent phase intervals (CPI).

22. The network device of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive from the network entity at least one of the start offset or duration of each of the one or more CPIs.

23. The network device of claim 21, wherein one or more phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) are configured between at least two of the one or more CPIs.

24. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: The network device sends a capability report to the network entity, the capability report including the phase coherence capability of the network device; as well as The network device receives sensing reference signals (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the phase coherence capability of the network device includes a maximum coherent phase interval (CPI) that can be supported by the network device.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the sensing RS is configured within one or more coherent phase intervals (CPI).

27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising: The network device receives from the network entity at least one of the start offset or duration of each of the one or more CPIs.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein one or more phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) are configured between at least two of the one or more CPIs.

29. A network device for wireless communication, the network device comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and being configured to: Receive a sensing reference signal (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; and The Doppler covariance matrix is ​​sent to the network entity based on the sensing RS.

30. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: The network device receives sensing reference signals (RS) for sensing one or more targets, wherein there is a non-uniform temporal resource allocation of the sensing RS; as well as The network device sends the Doppler covariance matrix to the network entity based on the sensing RS.

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