Preparation method of sophora flavescens lotion decoction dreg charcoal for antibiotic resistance gene reduction

Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of lightyellow sophora root lotion decoction dreg charcoal for antibiotic resistance gene reduction. The method comprises the following steps: (1) cleaning, drying, crushing and sieving lightyellow sophora root lotion decoction dregs; (2) mixing the medicine residue powder with an activating agent according to a preset proportion, adding water into paste, and standing; (3) pre-carbonizing in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then heating and carbonizing; (4) soaking the product in hydrochloric acid, washing to be neutral and drying; and (5) sieving after ball milling to obtain the biochar with the specific surface area of 500-1000m / g. The biochar obtained by the invention has the following advantages: (1) traditional raw materials are replaced by the sophora flavescens residues, so that the problem of waste disposal is solved; (2) optimizing a carbonization and activation process, and preparing the biochar with high specific surface area and multiple functional groups; (3) antibiotic resistance genes are reduced, and efficiency insufficiency of traditional biochar is filled; and (4) the method adapts to agricultural solid waste and wastewater double scenes and promotes green upgrading of a pollution treatment technology.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine waste and preparation of biochar, and particularly relates to a preparation method of biochar from Sophora flavescens lotion residue for reducing antibiotic resistance genes. BACKGROUND

[0002] Traditional Chinese medicine industry has a long history and wide application in China, but a large amount of residue is generated in the production process of traditional Chinese medicine. According to statistics, about 0.5-1 tons of residue are generated per ton of traditional Chinese medicine preparation. At present, such waste is mainly treated by incineration or landfill, which not only causes resource waste, but also easily causes environmental pollution. Sophora flavescens lotion, as a common traditional Chinese medicine preparation product, is rich in active ingredients such as sophoramine, flavonoids, cellulose and lignin, and has potential resource value.

[0003] On the other hand, as a kind of porous carbon material, biochar has attracted much attention in the field of pollution control due to its high specific surface area and excellent adsorption performance. In the prior art, biochar is usually prepared from crop straw (such as corn straw, edible fungus residue, etc.) or wood, but has the following defects: ① limited raw materials, traditional biochar raw materials are single, and there is a lack of research on the resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residue, especially Sophora flavescens lotion residue; ② insufficient performance, the specific surface area of biochar obtained from crop straw is usually less than 500 m 2 / g, and the richness of functional groups is insufficient due to the characteristics of raw materials, which restricts the adsorption capacity of biochar for specific pollutants; ③ process defects, the existing preparation methods have high energy consumption and serious pollution.

[0004] Therefore, it is urgent to develop a biochar preparation method using Sophora flavescens lotion residue as raw material and by directional regulation of the physicochemical properties of biochar. SUMMARY

[0005] In order to realize the resource utilization of Sophora flavescens lotion residue and improve the performance of biochar, the present application provides a preparation method of biochar from Sophora flavescens lotion residue for reducing antibiotic resistance genes.

[0006] The technical scheme adopted by the present application is as follows: a preparation method of biochar from Sophora flavescens lotion residue for reducing antibiotic resistance genes, comprising the following steps: step 1, residue pretreatment, washing, drying, crushing and sieving the Sophora flavescens lotion residue to obtain residue powder; step 2, carbonization preparation, mixing the residue powder with an activating agent, adding deionized water to form a paste, and standing; step 3, carbonization process, pre-carbonization and high-temperature carbonization of the paste material in a nitrogen atmosphere; step 4, activation treatment, acid immersion, washing and drying of the carbonization product to obtain biochar crude product; and step 5, refining treatment, ball milling and sieving of the biochar crude product to obtain biochar.

[0007] Preferably, the step 1 is specifically: washing the pharmaceutical residue of Sophora flavescens wash with deionized water for 2-3 times, drying at 60-80 DEG C for 12-24 hours to moisture content of less than or equal to 10%, crushing and then passing through an 80-100 mesh sieve to obtain the residue powder.

[0008] Preferably, the step 2 is specifically: uniformly mixing the residue powder with an activating agent in a mass ratio of 1:(0.5-2), adding deionized water to stir to form a paste, and standing at room temperature for 12-24 hours; the activating agent is at least one of KOH, ZnCl2 or H3PO4.

[0009] Preferably, the step 3 is specifically: placing the paste material in a nitrogen atmosphere tube furnace, first heating at 5-10 DEG C / min to 300-400 DEG C for 1-2 hours for pre-carbonization, and then heating at 3-5 DEG C / min to 600-800 DEG C for 2-4 hours for high-temperature carbonization.

[0010] Preferably, the step 4 is specifically: soaking the carbonization product with 1-2 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution for 2-4 hours, washing with deionized water until neutral, and drying at 80-100 DEG C for 8-12 hours to obtain the crude biochar.

[0011] Preferably, the step 5 is specifically: ball milling the crude biochar for 2-4 hours, passing through a 100-120 mesh sieve, and obtaining the biochar with a specific surface area of 500-1000 m 2 / g.

[0012] The second set of technical solutions adopted by the present application is as follows: a Sophora flavescens wash residue biochar for reducing antibiotic resistance genes, prepared by the preparation method.

[0013] The third set of technical solutions adopted by the present application is as follows: a Sophora flavescens wash residue biochar for reducing antibiotic resistance genes, the raw material being Sophora flavescens wash residue, the specific surface area being 500-1000 m 2 / g, and the surface containing carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium salt functional groups.

[0014] The fourth set of technical solutions adopted by the present application is as follows: an application of a Sophora flavescens wash residue biochar for reducing antibiotic resistance genes, the application object being an agricultural waste system treated by earthworms; the target pollutant being sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes sul1 and sul2 ; the application mode being adding 5% of the biochar to the waste by mass, mixing with the base material, and inoculating earthworms.

[0015] The fifth technical solution adopted by the present application is as follows: application of Sophora flavescens lotion residue biochar for antibiotic resistance gene attenuation, applied to industrial or domestic wastewater treatment system; the target pollutant is heavy metal ions or organic pollutants; the application mode is to add biochar to the wastewater treatment tank at an addition amount of 1-5 g / L for contact reaction.

[0016] The present application has the following beneficial effects: 1. High-value resourceization of traditional Chinese medicine waste, reducing environmental pollution: biochar is prepared from Sophora flavescens lotion residue as raw material, effectively solving the problems of resource waste and pollution caused by traditional incineration / filling of traditional Chinese medicine industry waste, in line with the concept of green circular economy; 2. Biochar performance: by optimizing the ratio of activator, controlling temperature in stages, and the acid leaching refining process, the specific surface area of the obtained biochar reaches 500-1000 m² / g, realizing high specific surface area and pore structure; the active ingredients such as oxymatrine and flavonoids remaining in Sophora flavescens residue form carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium salt functional groups during the carbonization process, enriching the surface functional groups and giving the biochar strong adsorption and ion exchange capacity; 3. Reduction of antibiotic resistance genes: the reduction effect of Sophora flavescens lotion residue biochar on antibiotic resistance genes is significantly better than that of ordinary biochar such as corn straw / fungus residue, which fixes the carriers of antibiotic resistance genes through pore capture and functional group combination, and regulates microbial community to inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms carrying antibiotic resistance genes; 4. Multi-scenario application adaptation: combined with earthworm co-processing system, it can specifically reduce antibiotic resistance genes and provide an efficient solution for agricultural waste treatment; it can also simultaneously adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants, expanding the application to industrial / domestic wastewater field.

[0017] 5. Environmentally friendly and economical process, suitable for industrialization: the raw material is free drug residue, the staged temperature rising strategy reduces energy consumption, and the cost is controllable; the equipment is conventional equipment such as pipe furnace and ball mill, which is easy to operate and suitable for large-scale production. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The present application will be further described below in conjunction with examples.

[0019] preparation method Example 1 Step 1. Residue pretreatment: Take the residue of Sophora flavescens lotion for gynecological use from Zhejiang Sino-French Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., wash it with deionized water for 3 times, then place it in a blast drying oven and dry it at 70℃ for 18 hours, the moisture content is 8%. Crush the dried residue, pass through a 90 mesh sieve, and obtain the residue powder.

[0020] Step 2. Carbonization preparation: the residue powder was mixed with KOH at a mass ratio of 1:1, stirred into a paste with deionized water, and left to stand at room temperature for 18 hours.

[0021] Step 3. Carbonization process: the material was placed in a crucible and placed in a tube furnace, heated to 350℃ at a heating rate of 8℃ / min under nitrogen atmosphere, and held for 1.5 hours; then heated to 700℃ at a heating rate of 4℃ / min, and held for 3 hours.

[0022] Step 4. Activation treatment: after cooling, the product was taken out, soaked in 1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution for 3 hours, washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 80℃ for 10 hours to obtain the crude biochar.

[0023] Step 5. Refining treatment: the crude biochar was ball milled for 3 hours and sieved through a 110 mesh screen to obtain the biochar. The specific surface area of the biochar was 750 m² / g.

[0024] The demethylation-nitrogen doping synergistic effect of matrine in the KOH activation process improves the adsorption performance of biochar: ① The demethylation reaction exposes active nitrogen sites and provides doping precursors; ② KOH etching and nitrogen atom insertion synergistically construct high specific surface area nitrogen-containing pores; ③ Nitrogen functional groups capture metal ions through electrostatic / chelation / cation-π interactions. This reaction converts waste residue into a high-efficiency heavy metal adsorbent.

[0025] Example 2 Step 1. Residue pretreatment: the residue of the compound matrine lotion for gynecological use from Zhejiang Sino-French Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was washed with deionized water twice and dried at 60℃ for 24 hours, with a moisture content of 9%. After crushing, it was sieved through an 80 mesh screen.

[0026] Step 2. Carbonization preparation: the residue powder was mixed with ZnCl2 at a ratio of 1:0.5, added with deionized water to form a paste, and left to stand at room temperature for 24 hours.

[0027] Step 3. Carbonization process: under nitrogen atmosphere, heated to 300℃ at a rate of 5℃ / min, held for 2 hours; heated to 600℃ at a rate of 3℃ / min, held for 4 hours.

[0028] Step 4. Activation treatment: soaked in 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid for 4 hours, washed to neutral, and dried at 100℃ for 8 hours.

[0029] Step 5. Refining treatment: ball milled for 4 hours and sieved through a 100 mesh screen. The specific surface area of the biochar was 600 m² / g.

[0030] ZnCl2 enhances the stability of the carbon skeleton through a triple effect: ① low-temperature catalytic dehydration, inhibiting volatile matter formation and increasing carbon yield; ② gas-phase aromatization, constructing a polycyclic fused structure; ③ molten phase template, guiding the highly ordered arrangement of carbon layers. This reaction improves the stability of the carbon skeleton in biochar made from pharmaceutical residues, enabling it to withstand strong acid / alkali / high shear stress environments in wastewater treatment, overcoming the application bottleneck of traditional biochar's susceptibility to corrosion and deactivation.

[0031] Example 3 Step 1. Pretreatment of medicinal residue: Take the residue of Compound Sophora flavescens lotion for gynecological use from Zhejiang Zhongfa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., wash it 3 times, dry it at 80℃ for 12 hours, with a moisture content of 7%, and crush it through a 100-mesh sieve.

[0032] Step 2. Carbonization preparation: Mix the drug residue powder with H3PO4 at a ratio of 1:2, add deionized water to form a paste, and let it stand at room temperature for 12 hours.

[0033] Step 3. Carbonization process: Nitrogen atmosphere, heat up to 400℃ at 10℃ / min and hold for 1 hour; heat up to 800℃ at 5℃ / min and hold for 2 hours.

[0034] Step 4. Activation treatment: Soak in 2 mol / L hydrochloric acid for 2 hours, wash until neutral, and dry at 90℃ for 12 hours.

[0035] Step 5. Refining: Ball mill for 2 hours, then pass through a 120-mesh sieve. The specific surface area of ​​the biochar is 850 m² / g.

[0036] H3PO3 activation involves a two-step reaction: low-temperature esterification followed by high-temperature aromatization, achieving the directional transformation of flavonoid active groups: ① Phosphorylation at 300–400℃ protects the catechol structure, preventing oxidative deactivation; ② Phosphorus vapor etching at 600–800℃ constructs a high specific surface area (850 m² / g), while COP bonds enhance surface polarity; ③ The final biochar possesses both a large π-conjugated system (adsorbing hydrophobic organic matter) and phosphate groups (capturing polar pollutants), achieving dual effects in a single biochar. This reaction facilitates the retention of active sites in highly active medicinal residue biochar, enhancing organic matter adsorption.

[0037] agricultural waste system for earthworm treatment Example 4 1. Test materials 1.1. Earthworms and substrate The earthworms used in the experiment were Eisenia fetida, provided by the earthworm breeding base of Jiaxing Dajia Vegetable Basket Project Co., Ltd. Adult earthworms with a body length of 3-4 cm, strong vitality, and no damage were selected for the experiment. Prior to the experiment, they were subjected to 72 hours of starvation to empty their intestinal contents. The substrate consisted of the following formula: well-rotted cow manure (30 days old), crushed and well-rotted rice straw, and edible mushroom residue mixed in a 5:3:2 ratio (by mass).

[0038] 1.2. Main Reagents 2×SG Fast qPCR Master Mix and primers (see Table 1) were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

[0039] Table 1 Primer sequence information

[0040] 1.3. Main Instruments Eppendorf 5810R high-speed refrigerated centrifuge, SW-CJ-1D clean bench, TC-XP PCR reaction amplification instrument, SMA4000 micro spectrophotometer, and LightCycler 480II real-time PCR instrument.

[0041] 2. Experimental Design The experiment consisted of four groups: control group (CK, substrate + earthworms only), CSB group (substrate + 5% corn straw biochar + earthworms), EMB group (substrate + 5% edible fungus residue biochar + earthworms), and HMB group (substrate + 5% Sophora flavescens washing residue biochar from Example 1 + earthworms), with each group replicated three times. The experiment was conducted at the earthworm breeding base of Jiaxing Dajia Vegetable Basket Project Co., Ltd.

[0042] 3. Detection Method 3.1 Sample Collection Samples were collected using a five-point sampling method, with a total of 1 kg of samples collected within a sampling area of ​​approximately 50 cm in diameter. Sampling took place from June to July 2025.

[0043] 3.2. Antibiotic resistance gene detection Antibiotic resistance genes were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The reaction mixture (10 μL) consisted of 5 μL of 2×SG FastqPCR Master Mix, 0.2 μL each of 10 μM forward and reverse primers, 1 μL of template DNA, with the remainder brought to 10 μL by ddH2O. The cycling program was as follows: 95℃ pre-denaturation for 3 min; followed by 45 cycles, each consisting of 95℃ denaturation for 15 s, 56℃ annealing for 20 s, and 72℃ extension for 30 s; a final extension at 72℃ for 8 min.

[0044] 4. Results and Analysis The effects of biochar on the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during earthworm treatment are shown in Table 2. sul 1. sul 2. All four antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the samples from day 0 and day 30 of each treatment group, and there were significant differences in the effects of different biochar treatment groups. Table 2. Results of relative abundance detection of antibiotic resistance genes by biochar (lg (resistance gene copy number / 16S rRNA gene copy number))

[0045] The effects of straw biochar (CSB) group on different antibiotic resistance genes were different after 30 days of treatment. sul 1. The relative abundance of genes remained basically stable (p>0.05); sul 2. The relative abundance of genes showed a significant increase (p<0.05), which was contrary to the trend of the control group.

[0046] The effects of edible mushroom residue biochar (EMB) group on different antibiotic resistance genes were different after 30 days of treatment. sul 1. The relative abundance of genes changed little (p>0.05); sul 2. The relative abundance of genes showed a certain downward trend, and there was no significant difference with the control group (p>0.05).

[0047] The Chinese medicine residue biochar (HMB) group showed good reduction effect on most resistance genes after 30 days of treatment. sul 1. The relative abundance of genes in each treatment group was the lowest after 30 days, and was significantly lower than that in CSB and EMB groups (p<0.05); sul 2. The decrease of relative abundance of genes was the most obvious in all treatment groups, which was significantly higher than that in the control group and other biochar groups (p<0.05). Compared with the control group (CK), the effects of three biochar treatment groups on antibiotic resistance genes were different. The effects of straw biochar and edible mushroom residue biochar were relatively limited, while the reduction of drug residue biochar in sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) was more advantageous. sul 1、 sul 2).

[0048] This difference may be closely related to the physical and chemical properties of different biochars. The kushen lotion residue biochar may have a larger specific surface area and more abundant surface functional groups, which can reduce the carriers of resistance genes in the environment through adsorption, thereby reducing the abundance of resistance genes. At the same time, the kushen lotion residue biochar may affect the microbial community structure in the soil, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microorganisms carrying sul1 and sul2 genes, thereby reducing the spread and spread of resistance genes.

[0049] industrial wastewater treatment system Example 5 1. Test materials 1.1. Wastewater samples Wastewater from the secondary sedimentation tank of a wastewater treatment plant in Jiaxing City (CODCr: 150–200 mg / L, pH: 7.2–7.8) was collected and pretreated with a 0.45 μm filter membrane to remove suspended solids.

[0050] Target pollutants: ① Benzene series compounds: Toluene, Ethylbenzene; ② Phenols: Phenol, 4-Nitrophenol. Initial pollutant concentrations are controlled by spiking: Toluene 50 mg / L, Ethylbenzene 30 mg / L, Phenol 80 mg / L, 4-Nitrophenol 20 mg / L.

[0051] 1.2. Biochar Materials The biochar from the residue of Sophora flavescens wash prepared in Example 3 had a specific surface area of ​​850 m² / g. The control material was commercially available wood-based activated carbon with a specific surface area of ​​900 m² / g.

[0052] 1.3. Main Reagents Pollutant standards (toluene, ethylbenzene, phenol, 4-nitrophenol, purity ≥99%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Methanol (CHOH, chromatographic grade) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4, analytical grade) were purchased from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.

[0053] 1.4. Main Instruments An Agilent 1260 high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC, with DAD detector), a Delta 320 pH meter, a SHA-C constant temperature water bath shaker, and a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane (polytetrafluoroethylene).

[0054] 2. Experimental Design Five parallel experiments were set up, as shown in Table 3, with three replicates for each group.

[0055] Operating conditions: Take 200 mL of wastewater into an Erlenmeyer flask, add biochar as designed, and adsorb at 180 rpm for 120 min at 25℃.

[0056] Table 3 Comparison Table of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Tests

[0057] 3. Detection Method 3.1 Sample Pretreatment The supernatant after the reaction was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane and immediately analyzed by HPLC.

[0058] 3.2. HPLC detection conditions Column: Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6×250mm, 5μm).

[0059] Mobile phase: benzene series, methanol / water = 70 / 30 (v / v); phenols, 0.1% H3PO4 aqueous solution / methanol = 50 / 50 (v / v).

[0060] Flow rate: 1.0 mL / min.

[0061] Detection wavelength: benzene series 254 nm, phenols 270 nm.

[0062] 3.3. Removal rate calculation

[0063] wherein C0is the initial concentration, C t is the concentration after adsorption.

[0064] 4. Results and analysis The adsorption effects of different biochars on organic pollutants in domestic wastewater are shown in Table 4. Under the same addition amount (3 g / L), the removal rates of benzene series (toluene, ethylbenzene) and phenols (phenol, 4-nitrophenol) in the Sophora flavescens residue biochar (HMB-3) group were significantly higher than those in the commercial activated carbon (AC) group. Even at a low addition amount (1 g / L), the removal rate of phenols in the Sophora flavescens residue biochar (HMB-1) group was comparable to that in the commercial activated carbon (AC) group, highlighting the advantage of functional group affinity.

[0065] The Sophora flavescens lotion residue biochar may rely on the large π conjugated skeleton derived from the carbonization products of Sophora flavescens flavonoids to capture the non-polar benzene ring structure through hydrophobic interaction and π-π stacking, thereby facilitating the adsorption of benzene series. The carboxyl / phenolic hydroxyl functional groups derived from the residual active ingredients in Sophora flavescens lotion form hydrogen bonds with phenols, and the quaternary ammonium salt groups attract 4-nitrophenol anions through electrostatic attraction, facilitating the adsorption of phenols.

[0066] Table 4 Removal rate (%) of biochar on organic pollutants

[0067] Obviously, the above embodiments of the present application are only examples made for the purpose of illustration, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present application. Other obvious changes or variations derived from the essential spirit of the present application still fall within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction, characterized in that, The steps are as follows: Step 1. Pretreatment of medicinal residue: Wash, dry, crush, and sieve the residue of Sophora flavescens washings to obtain medicinal residue powder; Step 2. Carbonization preparation: Mix the powdered dregs with the activator, add deionized water to form a paste, and let it stand. Step 3. Carbonization process: The paste-like material is pre-carbonized and carbonized at high temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere; Step 4. Activation treatment: The carbonized product is acid-leached, washed, and dried to obtain crude biochar. Step 5. Refining process: The crude biochar is ball-milled and sieved to obtain biochar.

2. The method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 1 specifically involves washing the residue of the Sophora flavescens decoction obtained from the pharmaceutical process with deionized water 2-3 times, drying it at 60-80℃ for 12-24 hours until the moisture content is ≤10%, pulverizing it, and passing it through an 80-100 mesh sieve to obtain the residue powder.

3. The method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 2 specifically involves: mixing the dregs powder and the activator at a mass ratio of 1:(0.5-2), adding deionized water and stirring to form a paste, and letting it stand at room temperature for 12-24 hours; the activator is at least one of KOH, ZnCl2 or H3PO4.

4. The method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 3 specifically involves placing the paste-like material in a nitrogen atmosphere tube furnace, first heating it to 300-400℃ at 5-10℃ / min and holding it at that temperature for 1-2 hours for pre-carbonization, and then heating it to 600-800℃ at 3-5℃ / min and holding it at that temperature for 2-4 hours to complete high-temperature carbonization.

5. The method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 4 specifically involves soaking the carbonized product in a 1-2 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution for 2-4 hours, washing it with deionized water until neutral, and drying it at 80-100℃ for 8-12 hours to obtain crude biochar.

6. The method for preparing biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue for antibiotic resistance gene reduction according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 5 specifically involves: ball milling the crude biochar for 2-4 hours, passing it through a 100-120 mesh sieve to obtain a specific surface area of ​​500-1000 m². 2 / g of biochar.

7. A type of biochar from Sophora flavescens washing residue used for antibiotic resistance gene reduction, characterized in that, Prepared by any one of claims 1-6.

8. A biochar from the residue of Sophora flavescens decoction used for the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes, characterized in that, The raw material is the residue from Sophora flavescens washings, with a specific surface area of ​​500–1000 m². 2 / g, with surface containing carboxyl groups, phenolic hydroxyl groups and quaternary ammonium salt functional groups.

9. The application of biochar from the residue of Sophora flavescens washings for antibiotic resistance gene reduction as described in claim 7 or 8, characterized in that, The application is for agricultural waste treatment systems using earthworms; the target pollutant is sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes. sul1 and sul2 Application method: Add biochar at 5% of the waste mass, mix with the substrate, and then inoculate with earthworms.

10. The application of biochar from the residue of Sophora flavescens decoction for antibiotic resistance gene reduction as described in claim 7 or 8, characterized in that, Applications in industrial or domestic wastewater treatment systems; The target pollutants are heavy metal ions or organic pollutants; the application method is to add biochar at a dosage of 1-5 g / L to the wastewater treatment pond for contact reaction.

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