Laminated solar cell and photovoltaic module

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, in particular to a laminated solar cell and a photovoltaic module. In the embodiment of the invention, sunlight can directly irradiate on the light absorption layer and does not pass through the first conductive layer, the first charge transmission layer, the second conductive layer and the second charge transmission layer, so that the light utilization rate can be improved, more carriers can be generated, the carrier collection efficiency is improved, and the efficiency of the solar cell is improved. Therefore, the short-circuit current density, the filling factor and the conversion efficiency are improved, and the performance of the battery is improved. Besides, compared with a mode that a whole second conductive layer and a whole second charge transmission layer are arranged on one side, deviating from the cell substrate, of the light absorption layer, the use of a second conductive layer material and a second charge transmission layer material can be reduced, so that the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of photovoltaic modules, and particularly relates to a laminated solar cell and a photovoltaic module. BACKGROUND

[0002] The carrier collection efficiency of a solar cell refers to the proportion of photo-generated carriers in the cell that are effectively collected and converted into electrical energy, and is one of the key indicators for measuring the performance of a solar cell. The structure of a solar cell has a key influence on the carrier collection efficiency. The carrier collection efficiency of a solar cell in the related art is low, which affects the performance of the solar cell. SUMMARY

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a laminated solar cell and a photovoltaic module to improve the performance of the cell.

[0004] According to an aspect of the present application, an embodiment of the present application provides a laminated solar cell. The laminated solar cell comprises a cell substrate, a first laminated structure, a second laminated structure, and a light absorption layer. The cell substrate has a first surface and a second surface arranged oppositely along the thickness direction of the cell substrate. The first laminated structure comprises a first conductive layer and a first charge transport layer which are stacked on the first surface, the first laminated structure covers at least part of the first surface, and the first laminated structure and the cell substrate form a combined structure. The second laminated structure comprises an insulating barrier layer, a second conductive layer, and a second charge transport layer which are stacked on a side of the combined structure away from the second surface. A normal projection of the first charge transport layer on the cell substrate at least comprises an area which does not overlap with a normal projection of the insulating barrier layer on the cell substrate. Normal projections of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the cell substrate are located within the range of the normal projection of the insulating barrier layer on the cell substrate. The light absorption layer is arranged on a side of the second laminated structure away from the cell substrate. A part of the light absorption layer is in contact with the second charge transport layer, and another part of the light absorption layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer.

[0005] In some embodiments, an overlapping area of the normal projections of the second conductive layer and the light absorption layer on the cell substrate is located within the range of the normal projection of the second charge transport layer on the cell substrate. The area of the overlapping area of the normal projections of the second conductive layer and the light absorption layer on the cell substrate is smaller than the area of the normal projection of the second charge transport layer on the cell substrate.

[0006] In some embodiments, the normal projection of the second charge transport layer on the cell substrate overlaps with the overlapping projection of the insulating barrier layer and the light absorption layer on the cell substrate.

[0007] In some embodiments, the area of the normal projection of the second conductive layer on the cell substrate is smaller than the area of the normal projection of the insulating barrier layer on the cell substrate.

[0008] In some embodiments, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate is 0.4 to 0.8.

[0009] In some embodiments, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate to the area of ​​the first surface is 0.2 to 0.5.

[0010] In some embodiments, the second stacked structure includes a plurality of stacked portions, which are spaced apart along a first direction. Each stacked portion includes a first sublayer, a second sublayer, and a third sublayer stacked on the first stacked structure. All first sublayers constitute an insulating barrier layer, all second sublayers constitute a second conductive layer, and all third sublayers constitute a second charge transport layer. The first direction intersects with the thickness direction of the battery substrate.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first sublayer, the second sublayer, and the third sublayer all extend longitudinally along a second direction. The first direction, the second direction, and the thickness direction of the battery substrate intersect each other.

[0012] In some embodiments, the second conductive layer includes a plurality of conductive portions, which are spaced apart along a first direction and extend longitudinally along a second direction. The first direction, the second direction, and the thickness direction of the battery substrate intersect each other.

[0013] In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure onto the battery substrate.

[0014] In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate and the orthographic projection of the first conductive layer on the battery substrate overlap each other; or, the orthographic projections of the first charge transport layer and the first conductive layer on the battery substrate have overlapping and non-overlapping regions.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first conductive layer has a plurality of independent cutouts.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first conductive layer includes a plurality of conductive units and connecting units connecting the plurality of conductive units, the conductive units and the connecting units defining a cutout portion. The first charge transport layer is in contact with at least the plurality of conductive units.

[0017] In some embodiments, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the plurality of conductive units on the battery substrate to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate is 0.8 to 1.2; and / or, the plurality of conductive units are arranged in a rectangular array, and two adjacent conductive units are connected by a connecting unit.

[0018] In some embodiments, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate to the area of ​​the first surface is 0.4 to 0.6.

[0019] In some embodiments, the first conductive layer is a transparent conductive layer; and / or, the second conductive layer is a transparent conductive layer.

[0020] In some embodiments, the insulating barrier layer is made of metal oxide or silicon oxide.

[0021] In some embodiments, the tandem solar cell further includes an antireflection layer disposed on the side of the light-absorbing layer opposite to the cell substrate.

[0022] According to another aspect of this application, an embodiment of this application provides a photovoltaic module, including a cell string, an encapsulation layer, and a cover plate. The encapsulation layer is used to cover the surface of the cell string. The cover plate is used to cover the surface of the encapsulation layer away from the cell string. The cell string is formed by connecting multiple stacked solar cells as described in any of the embodiments above.

[0023] In the aforementioned tandem solar cells and photovoltaic modules, by disposing the first conductive layer, the first charge transport layer, the second conductive layer, and the second charge transport layer on the side of the light-absorbing layer facing the cell substrate, and ensuring that a portion of the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer and another portion is in contact with the second charge transport layer, the electron-hole pairs generated in the light-absorbing layer under sunlight can be transported through the first and second charge transport layers, respectively. During this process, since sunlight can directly irradiate the light-absorbing layer without passing through the first conductive layer, the first charge transport layer, the second conductive layer, and the second charge transport layer, light utilization efficiency can be improved, thereby generating more charge carriers and increasing charge carrier collection efficiency. This, in turn, helps to improve short-circuit current density, fill factor, and conversion efficiency, ultimately enhancing the performance of the cell. Furthermore, since the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate includes at least the area that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate, meaning that the insulating barrier layer is not a full-layer covering, and since the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the battery substrate are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate, meaning that the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer are not a full-layer covering, compared to the method of setting a full layer of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the side of the light absorption layer away from the battery substrate, the amount of material used for the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer can be reduced, thereby helping to reduce manufacturing costs.

[0024] Additional aspects and advantages of embodiments of this application will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of embodiments of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the embodiments described below. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0026] Figure 1 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some embodiments of this application;

[0027] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure and the battery substrate in some embodiments of this application;

[0028] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure and the battery substrate in some other embodiments of this application;

[0029] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure and the battery substrate in some embodiments of this application;

[0030] Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure and the battery substrate in some embodiments of this application;

[0031] Figure 6 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the battery substrate in some embodiments of this application;

[0032] Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the battery substrate in some other embodiments of this application;

[0033] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the stacked portion in some embodiments of this application;

[0034] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the second stacked structure in some embodiments of this application from a top view.

[0035] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram from a top view showing the combination of the second stacked structure and the light-absorbing layer in some embodiments of this application.

[0036] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram from a top view showing the combination of the insulating barrier layer, the second conductive layer, and the light-absorbing layer in some embodiments of this application.

[0037] Figure 12This is a top-view schematic diagram of the interaction between the insulating barrier layer, the second conductive layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the metal electrode in some embodiments of this application.

[0038] Figure 13 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some other embodiments of this application;

[0039] Figure 14 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some embodiments of this application;

[0040] Figure 15 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some embodiments of this application;

[0041] Figure 16 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some other embodiments of this application;

[0042] Figure 17 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some other embodiments of this application;

[0043] Figure 18 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell in some other embodiments of this application;

[0044] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first conductive layer in some embodiments of this application;

[0045] Figure 20 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating the fabrication method of a tandem solar cell in some embodiments of this application;

[0046] Figure 21 This is a flowchart illustrating step S130 in some embodiments of this application;

[0047] Figure 22 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module in some embodiments of this application.

[0048] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0049] Tandem solar cells 100a, 100b, 100c, 100d, 100e, 100f, 100g;

[0050] Battery substrate 110, first surface m1, second surface m2;

[0051] First stacked structures 120a, 120b, 120c, 120d, 120e, first conductive layers 121a, 121b, 121c, cutout portion k, conductive unit 1211, connecting unit 1212, first charge transport layers 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, 122e;

[0052] Second stacked structures 130a, 130b, 130c, 130d, insulating barrier layer 131, second conductive layers 132a, 132b, second charge transport layers 133a, 133b, 133c, 133d, stacked portion 1301, first sublayer 13011, second sublayer 13012, connecting terminal p, third sublayer 13013;

[0053] Light absorption layer 140;

[0054] Metal electrode 150;

[0055] Anti-reflection layer 160;

[0056] First direction F1, second direction F2, thickness direction H;

[0057] Steps S110, S120, S130, S131, S132, S133, S140;

[0058] Photovoltaic module 10, cell string 11, encapsulation layer 12, cover plate 13, conductive strip 14. Detailed Implementation

[0059] To make the above-mentioned objectives, features, and advantages of this application more apparent and understandable, the specific embodiments of this application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of this application. However, this application can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar modifications without departing from the spirit of this application. Therefore, this application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0060] In the description of this application, it should be understood that if terms such as "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" appear, these terms indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

[0061] Furthermore, where the terms "first" and "second" appear, these terms are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this application, where the term "multiple" appears, "multiple" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0062] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "joining," "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise expressly limited. It is worth noting that in the following description and the appended claims, "electrical connection" between one feature and another not only includes direct contact between the two features to form an electrical energy transmission or current transmission channel, but also includes an intermediate feature between the two features, which, along with the intermediate feature, forms an electrical energy transmission or current transmission channel to achieve electrical energy transmission or transmission. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0063] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the use of descriptions such as "above" or "below" the second feature indicates that the first and second features are in direct contact or indirect contact via an intermediate medium. Furthermore, "above," "on top of," and "over" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. Similarly, "below," "below," and "under" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0064] It should be noted that if a component or layer is referred to as "on," "adjacent to," "connected to," "coupled to," "fixed to," or "located on" another component or layer, it can be directly on the other component or layer, or there may be an intervening component or layer. If a component is considered to be "connected" to another component, it can be directly connected to the other component, or there may be an intervening component. It should be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used to describe various components, parts, regions, layers, doping types, and / or portions, these components, parts, regions, layers, doping types, and / or portions should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component, part, region, layer, doping type, or portion from another component, part, region, layer, doping type, or portion. Therefore, without departing from the teachings of this application, the first element, component, region, layer, doping type, or portion discussed below may be represented as a second element, component, region, layer, or portion; for example, the first doping type may be referred to as the second doping type, and similarly, the second doping type may be referred to as the first doping type; the first doping type and the second doping type are different doping types, for example, the first doping type may be P-type and the second doping type may be N-type, or the first doping type may be N-type and the second doping type may be P-type. Where applicable, the terms “vertical,” “horizontal,” “up,” “down,” “left,” “right,” and similar expressions used in this application are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only possible implementations. It should be understood that, in addition to the orientations shown in the figures, spatial relationship terms also include different orientations of the device in use and operation. For example, if the device in the figures is flipped, an element or feature described as “below” or “under” or “below” other elements or features will be oriented “above” other elements or features. Therefore, the exemplary terms “below” and “under” can include both upper and lower orientations. Furthermore, the device may also include other orientations (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or other orientations), and the spatial descriptors used herein are interpreted accordingly.

[0065] In addition, embodiments of the application are described with reference to cross-sectional views that serve as schematic diagrams of ideal embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the application, thus allowing for the expectation of variations in the illustrated shape due to, for example, manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances. Therefore, embodiments of the application should not be limited to the specific shape of the area shown herein, but should include shape deviations due to, for example, manufacturing techniques.

[0066] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 1 , Figure 1This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell 100a in some embodiments of this application. The embodiments of this application provide a stacked solar cell 100a, which includes a cell substrate 110, a first stacked structure 120a, a second stacked structure 130a, and a light-absorbing layer 140.

[0067] The cell substrate 110 has a first surface m1 and a second surface m2 disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction H of the cell substrate 110. The first surface m1 is the light-receiving surface, and the second surface m2 is the back-lighting surface. It can be understood that the light-receiving surface and the back-lighting surface are relative terms; the light-receiving surface specifically refers to the surface in a tandem solar cell that is primarily illuminated by sunlight. The light-receiving surface typically has a textured structure; that is, the substrate in the cell substrate 110 can be configured to have a textured structure. This textured structure can increase the light absorption area, improve the photocurrent, and help improve the efficiency of the cell.

[0068] The cell substrate 110 is the bottom cell in the tandem solar cell 100a, and the first stacked structure 120a, the second stacked structure 130a, and the light-absorbing layer 140 constitute at least a portion of the top cell in the tandem solar cell 100a. Thus, depositing a top cell with a wide bandgap on the cell substrate 110 can form a tandem solar cell, maximizing solar energy utilization, broadening the spectral response, and improving device efficiency.

[0069] For example, a composite layer (not shown) can be disposed between the battery substrate 110 and the aforementioned top cell. The composite layer can not only modify the interface between the battery substrate 110 and the top cell, but also improve the passivation performance and interface contact performance of the battery substrate 110 affected by the fabrication of the top cell. For example, electrons and holes in the top cell can recombine in the composite layer, maximizing the consistency between the current in the battery substrate 110 and the current in the top cell. Furthermore, the composite layer possesses a certain degree of longitudinal conductivity, which is beneficial for charge transport. For example, a conductive oxide thin film can be used as the composite layer. For example, the material of the composite layer can be one or a combination of at least two of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), IWO (Indium Tungsten Oxide), ICO (Indium Cerium Oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide), AZO (Al-doped Zinc Oxide), GZO (Gallium Zinc Oxide), SnO2, and TiO2. The composite layer can be a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure. The material of the single-layer structure may include one or more of the aforementioned materials, and the multi-layer structure may be a stacked structure such as ITO layer and IWO layer, without specific limitations.

[0070] The first stacked structure 120a is a structure formed by stacking multiple functional layers. These multiple functional layers include a first conductive layer 121a and a first charge transport layer 122a. The second stacked structure 130a is a structure formed by stacking multiple functional layers. These multiple functional layers include an insulating barrier layer 131, a second conductive layer 132a, and a second charge transport layer 133a. Both the first charge transport layer 122a and the second charge transport layer 133a are in contact with the light-absorbing layer 140.

[0071] The first conductive layer 121a and the second conductive layer 132a are layer structures that are adapted to the corresponding charge transport layers to transport charges.

[0072] The first charge transport layer 122a and the second charge transport layer 133a can transport charge carriers. The light-absorbing layer 140 generates electron-hole pairs under sunlight. Both electrons and holes can be referred to as charge carriers. One of the first charge transport layer 122a and the second charge transport layer 133a is used to transport electrons, and the other is used to transport holes. For example, the first charge transport layer 122a is a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer 133a is an electron transport layer. Or, for another example, the first charge transport layer 122a is an electron transport layer, and the second charge transport layer 133a is a hole transport layer.

[0073] The insulating barrier layer 131 is a layer structure used to prevent both the second conductive layer 132a and the second charge transport layer 133a from contacting the first stacked structure 120a or the battery substrate 110.

[0074] For example, in conjunction with reference Figure 1 The first stacked structure 120a includes a first conductive layer 121a and a first charge transport layer 122a stacked on the first surface m1, and the first stacked structure 120a covers at least a portion of the first surface m1. The first stacked structure 120a and the battery substrate 110 constitute a combined structure. The second stacked structure 130a includes an insulating barrier layer 131, a second conductive layer 132a, and a second charge transport layer 133a stacked on the side of the combined structure opposite to the second surface m2. The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer 122a onto the battery substrate 110 includes at least a region that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the battery substrate 110. The orthographic projections of both the second conductive layer 132a and the second charge transport layer 133a onto the battery substrate 110 are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the battery substrate 110. A light-absorbing layer 140 is disposed on the side of the second stacked structure 130a opposite to the battery substrate 110. A portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 is in contact with the second charge transport layer 133a, and another portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 is in contact with the first charge transport layer 122a.

[0075] The first conductive layer 121a and the first charge transport layer 122a are stacked, that is, at least a portion of the first charge transport layer 122a is disposed on the side of the first conductive layer 121a away from the battery substrate 110. The first stacked structure 120a covers at least a portion of the first surface m1, that is, the first stacked structure 120a can cover the entire first surface m1 or a portion of the first surface m1, without specific limitation.

[0076] When the first stacked structure 120a covers the entire first surface m1, it can be entirely covered by at least one of the first conductive layer 121a and the first charge transport layer 122a. For example, with Figure 1 and Figure 2 For example, Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120a and the battery substrate 110 in some embodiments of this application. The first conductive layer 121a covers the first surface m1, and the first charge transport layer 122a covers at least a portion of the first conductive layer 121a on the side opposite to the battery substrate 110. For example, with... Figure 3 For example, Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120b and the battery substrate 110 in some other embodiments of this application. The first conductive layer 121b covers a portion of the first surface m1, and the first charge transport layer 122b covers the side of the first conductive layer 121b away from the battery substrate 110 and the portion of the first surface m1 not covered by the first conductive layer 121b.

[0077] When the first layered structure covers a portion of the first surface m1, in the case that... Figure 4 For example, Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120c and the battery substrate 110 in some embodiments of this application. The first conductive layer 121b covers a portion of the first surface m1, and the portion of the first surface m1 not covered by the first conductive layer 121b is also not covered by the first charge transport layer 122c, or... Figure 5 For example, Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120d and the battery substrate 110 in some embodiments of this application. The portion of the first surface m1 not covered by the first conductive layer 121b is partially covered by the first charge transport layer 122d. When the portion of the first surface m1 not covered by the first conductive layer 121b is partially covered by the first charge transport layer 122d, the first charge transport layer 122d includes a portion in contact with the first conductive layer 121b and another portion in contact with the first surface m1.

[0078] Since the first stacked structure covers at least a portion of the first surface m1, the side of the combined structure away from the second surface m2 includes the following situations: (1) the first stacked structure covers a portion of the first surface m1, and the side of the combined structure away from the second surface m2 includes the side of the first stacked structure away from the first surface m1 and the portion of the first surface m1 not covered by the first stacked structure; (2) the first stacked structure covers the entire first surface m1, and the side of the combined structure away from the second surface m2 is the side of the first stacked structure away from the first surface m1. The second stacked structure is located on the side of the combined structure away from the second surface m2, that is, in situation (1), with Figure 6 For example, Figure 6 This is a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120c, the second stacked structure 130a, and the battery substrate 110 in some embodiments of this application. A portion of the second stacked structure 130a is in contact with the side of the first stacked structure 120c that is away from the first surface m1, and another portion of the second stacked structure 130a is in contact with the portion of the first surface m1 that is not covered by the first stacked structure 120c; in case (2), with Figure 1 For example, the second stacked structure 130a is in contact with the side of the first stacked structure 120c that is away from the first surface m1.

[0079] The orthographic projections of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer onto the battery substrate 110 are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the battery substrate 110. That is, the insulating barrier layer 131 prevents the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer from contacting the first stacked structure or the battery substrate 110.

[0080] For example, with Figure 7 For example, Figure 7 The diagram shows a cross-sectional view of the first stacked structure 120a, the second stacked structure 130b, and the battery substrate 110 in other embodiments of this application. In this case, the second conductive layer 132b may cover the entire side of the insulating barrier layer 131 facing away from the battery substrate 110, and the second charge transport layer 133b may cover at least a portion of the side of the second conductive layer 132b facing away from the battery substrate 110. For example, with... Figure 1 For example, the second conductive layer 132a may cover the portion of the insulating barrier layer 131 that is away from the battery base, a portion of the second charge transport layer 133a may be in contact with the portion of the second conductive layer 132a that is away from the battery base 110, and another portion of the second charge transport layer 133a may be in contact with the portion of the insulating barrier layer 131 that is away from the battery base but is not covered by the second conductive layer 132a.

[0081] For example, with Figure 1For example, the diagram shows that the first conductive layer 121a covers the first surface m1, the first charge transport layer 122a covers the side of the first conductive layer 121a away from the battery substrate 110, the insulating barrier layer 131 is disposed on the side of the first charge transport layer 122a away from the battery substrate 110, the second conductive layer 132a covers the portion of the insulating barrier layer 131 away from the battery substrate, a portion of the second charge transport layer 133a is in contact with the side of the second conductive layer 132a away from the battery substrate 110, and another portion of the second charge transport layer 133a is in contact with the portion of the insulating barrier layer 131 away from the battery substrate that is not covered by the second conductive layer 132a.

[0082] The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate 110 includes at least a region that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the battery substrate 110; that is, at least a portion of the first charge transport layer is not covered by the insulating barrier layer 131. The portion of the first charge transport layer not covered by the insulating barrier layer 131 is in contact with the light absorption layer 140.

[0083] The light-absorbing layer 140 is disposed on the side of the second stacked structure opposite to the battery substrate 110, that is, the light-absorbing layer 140 is in contact with at least the side of the second charge transport layer opposite to the battery substrate 110. Depending on the structure of the second stacked structure, the portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 in contact with the second stacked structure can be the portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 in contact with the second charge transport layer, or it can include the portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 in contact with the second charge transport layer and the portion of the light-absorbing layer 140 in contact with the insulating barrier layer 131; no specific limitation is made here.

[0084] Therefore, by disposing the first conductive layer, the first charge transport layer, the second conductive layer, and the second charge transport layer on the side of the light absorption layer 140 facing the battery substrate 110, and ensuring that a portion of the light absorption layer 140 is in contact with the first charge transport layer and another portion is in contact with the second charge transport layer, the electron-hole pairs generated by the light absorption layer 140 under sunlight can be transported through the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer, respectively. In this process, since sunlight can directly irradiate the light absorption layer 140 without passing through the first conductive layer, the first charge transport layer, the second conductive layer, and the second charge transport layer, light utilization can be improved, thereby generating more charge carriers and increasing charge carrier collection efficiency. This, in turn, helps to improve short-circuit current density, fill factor, and conversion efficiency, thus improving battery performance. Furthermore, since the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 includes at least the area that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110, that is, the insulating barrier layer 131 is not a full-layer covering, and since the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110, that is, the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer are not a full-layer covering, compared to the method of setting a full layer of the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the side of the light absorption layer 140 away from the battery substrate 110, the amount of material used for the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer can be reduced, thereby helping to reduce manufacturing costs.

[0085] It should be noted that, in the tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application, taking the first charge transport layer as the hole transport layer and the second charge transport layer as the electron transport layer as an example, in conjunction with reference to... Figure 1 Electrons excited by light absorption in the light-absorbing layer 140 can move not only along the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110 to the second charge transport layer 133a, but also along the first direction F1 to the second charge transport layer 133a. Holes excited by light absorption in the light-absorbing layer 140 can move along the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110 to the first charge transport layer 122a. Thus, the tandem solar cell in this embodiment transforms the carrier movement path into a composite path combining lateral and longitudinal movement. Compared to the single longitudinal carrier movement path in related technologies, the composite path in this embodiment is more conducive to improving carrier collection efficiency, thereby further improving battery performance.

[0086] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 and Figure 6The overlapping region of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132a and the light-absorbing layer 140 onto the battery substrate 110 is located within the orthographic projection range of the second charge transport layer 133a onto the battery substrate 110. The area of ​​the overlapping region of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132a and the light-absorbing layer 140 onto the battery substrate 110 is smaller than the area of ​​the orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer 133a onto the battery substrate 110.

[0087] This will help to further reduce the use of the second conductive layer material, and further help to reduce manufacturing costs.

[0088] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer 133a onto the battery substrate 110 overlaps with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the battery substrate 110.

[0089] In this way, the insulating barrier layer 131 can be further utilized on the side surface opposite to the battery substrate 110 to increase the coverage area of ​​the second charge transport layer, thereby improving the charge extraction efficiency.

[0090] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 is smaller than the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110.

[0091] In this way, by controlling the coverage area of ​​the second conductive layer, the amount of material used in the second conductive layer can be reduced while facilitating the extraction of charge carriers. This not only helps to reduce the absorption of light by the second conductive layer, but also reduces the manufacturing cost.

[0092] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 is 0.4 to 0.8.

[0093] For example, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 is 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, or 0.8. The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 can be any value within the range of 0.4 to 0.8, and no specific limitation is imposed here.

[0094] Thus, by controlling the ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110, the coverage area of ​​the second conductive layer can be controlled. This not only helps to extract charge carriers, but also helps to improve the blocking effect of the insulating barrier layer 131 on electrons and holes, and reduces the risk of leakage at the edge of the second conductive layer.

[0095] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 is 0.2 to 0.5.

[0096] For example, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 is 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, or 0.5. The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer 132a on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 can be any value within the range of 0.2 to 0.5, and no specific limitation is imposed here.

[0097] Thus, by controlling the coverage area of ​​the second conductive layer, it is possible to improve the carrier transport effect of the second conductive layer, and at the same time, it is possible to more effectively extract the electrons and holes excited by the light absorption layer 140 after light absorption to the corresponding first charge transport layer and second charge transport layer.

[0098] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 and in conjunction with reference Figure 8 , Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the stacked portion 1301 in some embodiments of this application. The second stacked structure 130a includes a plurality of stacked portions 1301, which are spaced apart along a first direction F1. Each stacked portion 1301 includes a first sub-layer 13011, a second sub-layer 13012, and a third sub-layer 13013 stacked on the first stacked structure 120a. All first sub-layers 13011 constitute an insulating barrier layer 131, all second sub-layers 13012 constitute a second conductive layer 132a, and all third sub-layers 13013 constitute a second charge transport layer 133a. The first direction F1 intersects with the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110. In embodiments of this application, the first direction F1 is perpendicular to the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110.

[0099] It should be noted that, in Figure 8 The diagram illustrates the structure of a stacked portion 1301. Figure 1 The middle shows two Figure 8The diagram illustrates the structure of the stacked portion 1301. For ease of explanation, the number of stacked portions 1301 may be three, four, ten, twenty, or other numbers, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0100] Thus, by setting the second stacked structure 130a as a structure of multiple stacked portions 1301 spaced apart along the first direction F1, it is possible to simplify the structure and make it easier to manufacture while facilitating charge collection and transport.

[0101] Of course, in some other embodiments, the structure of the stacked portion 1301 described above may not be used, and no specific restrictions are imposed here.

[0102] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 and in conjunction with reference Figure 9 to Figure 11 , Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the second stacked structure 130a in some embodiments of this application from a top view. Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram from a top view showing the combination of the second stacked structure 130a and the light-absorbing layer 140 in some embodiments of this application. Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram from a top view showing the interaction of the insulating barrier layer 131, the second conductive layer 132a, and the light-absorbing layer 140 in some embodiments of this application. Figure 9 and Figure 10 The top-down perspective in the text is relative to Figure 1 The perspective, in this context, does not imply any limitation on direction. Figure 10 and Figure 11 The location of the light absorption layer 140 is indicated by a box in the middle. Figure 11 Comparison Figure 10 The third sublayer 13013 is not shown. The first sublayer 13011, the second sublayer 13012, and the third sublayer 13013 all extend longitudinally along the second direction F2. The first direction F1, the second direction F2, and the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110 intersect each other. In the embodiments of this application, the first direction F1, the second direction F2, and the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110 are perpendicular to each other.

[0103] Thus, since the first sub-layer 13011, the second sub-layer 13012 and the third sub-layer 13013 are all extended longitudinally along the second direction F2, it is convenient to manufacture while reducing the amount of material used, thereby helping to reduce manufacturing costs.

[0104] Of course, in some other embodiments, the first sublayer, the second sublayer, and the third sublayer may not extend longitudinally along the second direction F2. For example, the two ends of the first sublayer are arranged opposite each other along the second direction F2, and the first sublayer extends in a curved shape from one end of the first sublayer 13011 along the second direction F2 to the other end of the first sublayer along the second direction F2. The shapes of the second and third sublayers can also be considered in this way, which will not be elaborated further. The structure formed by the extension of the first, second, and third sublayers is not specifically limited here.

[0105] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 , Figure 8 , Figure 10 and Figure 11 The outer contour of the second sublayer 13012 projected onto the battery substrate 110 and the outer contour of the first sublayer 13011 projected onto the battery substrate 110 are spaced in the first direction F1.

[0106] Thus, by controlling the position of the second sub-layer 13012 relative to the third sub-layer 13013, it is not only beneficial to improve the blocking effect of the insulating barrier layer 131 on electrons and holes, but also beneficial to reduce the risk of edge leakage of the second conductive layer 132a.

[0107] Of course, in some other embodiments, there may be a gap between a portion of the outer contour of the orthogonal projection of the second conductive layer on the battery substrate 110 and the outer contour of the orthogonal projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110, and no gap between the other portions. No specific limitation is made here.

[0108] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 10 and Figure 11 and in conjunction with reference Figure 12 , Figure 12 This is a top-view schematic diagram showing the interaction of the insulating barrier layer 131, the second conductive layer 132a, the light-absorbing layer 140, and the metal electrode 150 in some embodiments of this application. Both ends of the first sub-layer 13011 and the second sub-layer 13012 extend beyond the light-absorbing layer 140 along the second direction F2. The two ends of the second sub-layer 13012 extending beyond the light-absorbing layer 140 are connection terminals p. The stacked solar cell also includes a metal electrode 150 connected to the connection terminals p. The orthographic projection of the metal electrode 150 onto the cell substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the light-absorbing layer 140 onto the cell substrate 110.

[0109] For example, with Figure 12 For example, the metal electrode 150 is configured as a frame structure. The first surface m1 includes a central region and an edge region surrounding the central region. (Refer to reference...) Figure 10and 11 The metal electrode 150, the connection terminal p, and the two ends of the first sublayer 13011 along the second direction F2 are located in the edge region, while the light absorption layer 140 and the second charge transport layer 133a are located in the middle region. The antireflection layer 160, shown later, is also located in the middle region. Of course, the metal electrode 150 can also have other structures, which are not specifically limited here.

[0110] For example, when fabricating the second charge transport layer 133a and the light absorption layer 140, the area and position of both the second charge transport layer 133a and the light absorption layer 140 can be controlled by a mask, so that the second charge transport layer 133a and the light absorption layer 140 are located in the middle region and do not block the second conductive layer 132a located in the edge region. Alternatively, after fabricating the second charge transport layer 133a and the light absorption layer 140, the portions of the second charge transport layer 133a and the light absorption layer 140 located in the edge region can be removed. When fabricating the antireflection layer 160, a mask can be used to limit the size and position of the antireflection layer 160.

[0111] For example, with Figure 1 , Figure 9 to Figure 12 For example, one electrode of the tandem solar cell is led out from the second surface m2 side of the cell substrate 110, and the other electrode of the tandem solar cell is led out through the metal electrode 150.

[0112] Thus, since the orthographic projection of the metal electrode 150 on the battery substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the light-absorbing layer 140 on the battery substrate 110, the shading of light by the metal electrode 150 in the light-receiving area of ​​the battery can be reduced, thereby improving light utilization and increasing short-circuit current. Furthermore, it also facilitates testing of the tandem solar cell provided in this embodiment.

[0113] Of course, in other embodiments, other methods can be used to extract the charge of the tandem solar cell, and no specific limitations are made here.

[0114] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 10 to Figure 12 The second conductive layer 132a includes a plurality of conductive portions, which are spaced apart along a first direction F1 and extend longitudinally along a second direction F2. The first direction F1, the second direction F2, and the thickness direction H of the battery substrate 110 intersect each other.

[0115] For example, in Figure 10 to Figure 12In the illustrated case, the conductive portion can be regarded as the second sub-layer 13012. At this time, the insulating barrier layer 131 can be implemented with reference to the first sub-layer 13011 or not, and the second charge transport layer 133a can be implemented with reference to the third sub-layer 13013 or not; no specific limitation is made here.

[0116] In this way, it is easier to produce while reducing the amount of materials used, thereby helping to reduce production costs.

[0117] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 13 , Figure 13 This is a cross-sectional view of the stacked solar cell 100b in some other embodiments of this application. The overlapping regions of the orthographic projections of the insulating barrier layer 131 and the light absorption layer 140 on the battery substrate 110, the overlapping regions of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132b and the light absorption layer 140 on the battery substrate 110, and the overlapping regions of the orthographic projections of the second charge transport layer 133b on the battery substrate 110 are shown.

[0118] For example, in conjunction with the foregoing embodiments, the first sub-layer 13011, the second sub-layer 13012 and the third sub-layer 13013 are aligned along one side of the first direction F1, and the first sub-layer 13011, the second sub-layer 13012 and the third sub-layer 13013 are aligned along the other side of the first direction F1.

[0119] This not only facilitates manufacturing but also allows for the placement of more second conductive layers within the insulating barrier layer 131, resulting in larger second conductive layers. This, in turn, helps to shorten the distance that charge carriers travel from the second charge transport layer to the second conductive layer, thereby improving charge carrier transport efficiency, reducing recombination, and increasing battery efficiency.

[0120] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 14 , Figure 14 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell 100c according to some embodiments of this application. The overlapping regions of the orthographic projections of the insulating barrier layer 131 and the light-absorbing layer 140 onto the cell substrate 110, and the overlapping regions of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132b and the light-absorbing layer 140 onto the cell substrate 110, overlap with each other. At least a portion of the outer contour of the orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer 133c onto the cell substrate 110 is spaced apart from the outer contour of the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the cell substrate 110. The orthographic projection area of ​​the second charge transport layer 133c onto the cell substrate 110 is smaller than the orthographic projection area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the cell substrate 110. The insulating barrier layer 131, the second conductive layer 132b, and the second charge transport layer 133c constitute a second stacked structure 130c.

[0121] For example, referring to some of the foregoing embodiments, the first sub-layer 13011 and the second sub-layer 13012 are aligned along one side of the first direction F1, and the first sub-layer 13011 and the second sub-layer 13012 are aligned along the other side of the first direction F1. The third sub-layer 13013 and the second sub-layer 13012 are spaced apart along one side of the first direction F1, and the third sub-layer 13013 and the second sub-layer 13012 are spaced apart along the other side of the first direction F1.

[0122] In this way, not only can charge be transferred through the second charge transport layer, but it also helps to reduce the amount of material in the second charge transport layer, thereby reducing manufacturing costs.

[0123] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 15 , Figure 15 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell 100d in some embodiments of this application. At least a portion of the outer contour of the orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer 133d onto the cell substrate 110 is spaced apart from the outer contour of the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer 131 onto the cell substrate 110. The overlapping region of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132a and the light absorption layer 140 onto the cell substrate 110 is located within the orthographic projection range of the second charge transport layer 133d onto the cell substrate 110. The area of ​​the overlapping region of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer 132a and the light absorption layer 140 onto the cell substrate 110 is smaller than the area of ​​the orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer 133d onto the cell substrate 110. The insulating barrier layer 131, the second conductive layer 132a, and the second charge transport layer 133d constitute the second stacked structure 130d.

[0124] For example, in conjunction with some of the foregoing embodiments, the third sublayer 13013 and the second sublayer 13012 are spaced apart on one side of the first direction F1, and the third sublayer 13013 and the second sublayer 13012 are spaced apart on the other side of the first direction F1.

[0125] Thus, by controlling the coverage area of ​​the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer, it is beneficial to reduce the area of ​​the second charge transport layer and save the material of the second charge transport layer.

[0126] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 16 , Figure 16 This is a cross-sectional view of a stacked solar cell 100e in some other embodiments of this application. The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer 122e onto the cell substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure 130a onto the cell substrate 110. The first charge transport layer 122e and the first conductive layer 121a constitute the first stacked structure 120e.

[0127] In this way, the coverage area of ​​the first charge transport layer 122e can be reduced, which can save material of the first charge transport layer 122e while improving charge extraction efficiency.

[0128] It should be noted that, Figure 16 The method adopted is Figure 1 The second stacked structure 130a is shown in the diagram. When the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure onto the battery substrate 110, a structure like this can also be formed. Figure 17 The structure shown is as intended. Among them, Figure 17 This is a cross-sectional view of the tandem solar cell 100f in some other embodiments of this application, using the following... Figure 15 The second stacked structure 130d is shown in the diagram. Furthermore, if the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure onto the battery substrate 110, a structure like this can also be formed. Figure 18 The structure shown is as intended. Figure 18 This is a cross-sectional view of the stacked solar cell 100g in some other embodiments of this application. The orthographic projection of the first conductive layer 121b onto the cell substrate 110 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure 130a onto the cell substrate 110. That is, it can be understood with reference to the foregoing illustration. Figure 4 and Figure 5 The first stacked structure formed by the first conductive layer and the first charge transport layer, etc., is described in detail here.

[0129] It is understood that the various embodiments of the first and second stacked structures illustrated above can be combined with each other, and no specific limitations are made here.

[0130] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 , Figure 13 to Figure 15 The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer 122a onto the battery substrate 110 overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first conductive layer 121a onto the battery substrate 110; or, please continue to refer to Figure 16 and Figure 17 The first charge transport layer 122e and the first conductive layer 121a have overlapping and non-overlapping regions when projected onto the battery substrate 110.

[0131] Thus, when the orthographic projections of the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 and the first conductive layer on the battery substrate 110 overlap, it is advantageous to transfer charge from the first charge transport layer to the first conductive layer more quickly. When the orthographic projections of the first charge transport layer and the first conductive layer on the battery substrate 110 have overlapping and non-overlapping areas, it is advantageous to utilize the first charge transport layer to transfer charge and reduce the light absorption of the first charge transport layer, while simultaneously reducing the amount of material used in the first charge transport layer, thereby reducing manufacturing costs.

[0132] It should be noted that the relevant implementation methods of the first charge transport layer and the first conductive layer can also be combined with the above-described schematic diagrams. Figure 2 to Figure 5 This is something we can understand, and I won't go into detail here.

[0133] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 19 , Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first conductive layer 121c in some embodiments of this application. Figure 19 The perspective shown is Figure 1 The diagram shows a top-down view, where the first conductive layer 121c has multiple independent cutouts k.

[0134] In this way, while achieving a certain charge transport effect, the amount of material in the first conductive layer can be reduced, which also helps to reduce manufacturing costs.

[0135] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 19 The first conductive layer 121c includes a plurality of conductive units 1211 and connecting units 1212 connecting the plurality of conductive units 1211. The conductive units 1211 and the connecting units 1212 define a cutout portion k. The first charge transport layer is in contact with at least the plurality of conductive units 1211.

[0136] This further facilitates the fabrication of the first conductive layer.

[0137] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 19 The ratio of the projected area of ​​the plurality of conductive units 1211 on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 is 0.8 to 1.2; and / or, the plurality of conductive units 1211 are arranged in a rectangular array, and two adjacent conductive units 1211 are connected by a connecting unit 1212.

[0138] For example, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the plurality of conductive units 1211 on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 is between 0.8 and 1.2. For instance, the ratio of the projected area of ​​all conductive units 1211 on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 is 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, or 1.2. The ratio of the projected area of ​​all conductive units 1211 on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110 can be any value within the range of 0.8 to 1.2.

[0139] For example, the plurality of conductive units 1211 are arranged in rows along the first direction F1 and in columns along the second direction F2.

[0140] Thus, by controlling the ratio of the projected area of ​​the plurality of conductive units 1211 on the battery substrate 110 to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate 110, it is beneficial to improve the charge transport effect while facilitating fabrication. By arranging the plurality of conductive units 1211 in a rectangular array and connecting adjacent conductive units 1211 with a connecting unit 1212, the structure of the first conductive layer 121c is made simpler.

[0141] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The first conductive layer 121a is a transparent conductive layer; and / or the second conductive layer 132a is a transparent conductive layer.

[0142] For example, the material of the transparent conductive layer includes any one or more combinations of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium cerium oxide (ICO), indium hafnium oxide (IHfO), indium zirconium oxide (IZrO), indium molybdenum oxide (IMO), and indium oxide (IHO). No specific limitations are imposed here.

[0143] Thus, by setting the first conductive layer and / or the second conductive layer as transparent conductive layers, it is beneficial to improve light utilization.

[0144] Of course, the first conductive layer and / or the second conductive layer shown in some other embodiments above may also be transparent conductive layers, which will not be elaborated here.

[0145] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The ratio of the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 is 0.4 to 0.6.

[0146] For example, the ratio of the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 is 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.58, or 0.6. The ratio of the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer 131 on the battery substrate 110 to the area of ​​the first surface m1 can be any value in the range of 0.4 to 0.6, and no specific limitation is imposed here.

[0147] Thus, by controlling the area ratio of the insulating barrier layer 131, the interface between the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer can be balanced, facilitating the transfer of electrons and holes to their respective charge transport layers. Simultaneously, the coverage areas of both the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer can be controlled, thereby not only improving the charge transport effect of the second charge transport layer and reducing the risk of edge leakage due to alignment issues during fabrication, but also reducing the fabrication costs of both the second charge transport layer and the second conductive layer.

[0148] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The insulating barrier layer 131 is made of metal oxide or silicon oxide.

[0149] For example, metal oxides include magnesium oxide (MgO), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and calcium oxide (CaO). Silicon oxides include silicon oxide (SiO₂). x No specific restrictions are set here.

[0150] Of course, the material and area ratio of the insulating barrier layer 131 shown in some other embodiments above can also be referred to the above embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0151] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 , Figure 13 to Figure 18 The tandem solar cell also includes an antireflection layer 160, which is disposed on the side of the light absorption layer 140 opposite to the cell substrate 110.

[0152] For example, the antireflective layer 160 may be made of fluorides (such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2) or lithium fluoride (LiF)), polymers (such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)), or silicon compounds (such as silicon nitride (Si3N4) or silicon oxynitride (SiN2). x O y Any one or more combinations thereof. No specific restrictions are imposed here.

[0153] Thus, by setting an antireflection layer 160 on the light absorption layer 140, not only can light reflection be reduced, but the aging of the battery caused by the external environment can also be delayed.

[0154] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 , Figure 13 to Figure 18 The battery substrate 110 is a crystalline silicon battery, and the light-absorbing layer 140 is a perovskite layer.

[0155] For example, the battery substrate 110 can be a crystalline silicon battery, which can be an HJT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer) battery, a TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivating Contacts) battery, a PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) battery, or a BC (Back Contact) battery.

[0156] For example, the light-absorbing layer 140 can be a perovskite layer. The perovskite in the light-absorbing layer 140 has the chemical formula ABX3. Here, A includes organic cations, inorganic cations, or a mixture of organic and inorganic cations; B includes organic cations, inorganic cations, or a mixture of organic and inorganic cations; and X includes organic anions, inorganic anions, or a mixture of organic and inorganic anions. A may include FA. + MA + Cs + or Rb + B can include any one or at least two of the following: 2+ Sn 2+ or Sr 2+ X may include any one or at least two of the following: - I - or CI - Any one or at least two of the following. The perovskite layer (i.e., the light-absorbing layer 140) can be prepared from perovskite materials with corresponding ions, depending on actual needs, without specific restrictions.

[0157] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The first charge transport layer 122a is a hole transport layer. The hole transport layer is made of materials including self-assembled monolayer (SAM) materials (such as ethyl 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)amino]benzoate (2PACz)) and metal oxides (such as nickel oxide (NiO)). x The second charge transport layer 133a is an electron transport layer, and the materials for the electron transport layer include fullerenes and their derivatives (such as C). 60 , PC61BM, etc.), tin oxide (SnO) xAt least one of the following, etc. No specific limitations are imposed here.

[0158] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the first conductive layer 121a is 5 nm to 50 nm.

[0159] For example, the thickness of the first conductive layer 121a is 5nm, 15nm, 20nm, 25nm, 30nm, 35nm, 45nm, or 50nm. The thickness of the first conductive layer 121a can be any value in the range of 5nm to 50nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0160] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the first conductive layer, it is possible to reduce the amount of material used while maintaining a certain level of conductivity.

[0161] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the first charge transport layer 122a is 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0162] For example, the thickness of the first charge transport layer 122a is 10nm, 15nm, 20nm, 25nm, 30nm, 35nm, 40nm, 45nm, or 50nm. The thickness of the first charge transport layer 122a can be any value in the range of 10nm to 50nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0163] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the first charge transport layer, recombination loss can be reduced while maintaining a certain charge transport efficiency.

[0164] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the insulating barrier layer 131 is 30 nm to 100 nm.

[0165] For example, the thickness of the insulating barrier layer 131 is 30nm, 35nm, 40nm, 45nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, or 100nm. The thickness of the insulating barrier layer 131 can be any value within the range of 30nm to 100nm, and no specific limitation is made herein.

[0166] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the insulating barrier layer 131, it is possible to achieve insulating barrier properties while facilitating manufacturing and reducing material usage.

[0167] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the second conductive layer 132a is 10 nm to 100 nm.

[0168] For example, the thickness of the second conductive layer 132a is 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, or 100nm. The thickness of the second conductive layer 132a can be any value in the range of 10nm to 100nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0169] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the second conductive layer, it is possible to reduce the amount of material used while maintaining a certain level of conductivity.

[0170] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the second charge transport layer 133a is 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0171] For example, the thickness of the second charge transport layer 133a is 10 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, or 50 nm. The thickness of the second charge transport layer 133a can be any value in the range of 10 nm to 50 nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0172] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the second charge transport layer, recombination loss can be reduced while maintaining a certain charge transport efficiency.

[0173] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the light-absorbing layer 140 is 100 nm to 1500 nm.

[0174] For example, the thickness of the light-absorbing layer 140 is 100nm, 200nm, 300nm, 500nm, 700nm, 900nm, 1100nm, 1200nm, 1300nm, or 1500nm. The thickness of the light-absorbing layer 140 can be any value in the range of 100nm to 1500nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0175] In this embodiment, since the first and second stacked structures are disposed on one side of the light-absorbing layer 140, the transport distance of the carriers excited by the light-absorbing layer 140 after light absorption to the corresponding charge transport layer is shorter compared to the light-absorbing layer in related technologies. Therefore, the light-absorbing layer 140 in this embodiment can be thicker than the light-absorbing layer in related technologies. For example, the thickness difference can be around 1 μm. Thus, the light-absorbing layer 140 in this embodiment is not only more conducive to improving the full-spectrum light absorption and increasing the total number of carriers, but also to improving carrier separation efficiency and reducing interface recombination losses.

[0176] Based on some embodiments of this application, please continue to refer to Figure 1 The thickness of the antireflective layer 160 is 50nm to 500nm.

[0177] For example, the thickness of the antireflection layer 160 is 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, or 500nm. The thickness of the antireflection layer 160 can be any value in the range of 50nm to 500nm, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0178] Thus, by controlling the thickness of the antireflection layer 160, the stability of the antireflection layer 160 can be improved while achieving a certain antireflection effect.

[0179] It should be noted that the thickness control of each film layer in the stacked solar cells illustrated in some other embodiments above can also be implemented with reference to this method, and no specific limitations are made here.

[0180] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 20 , Figure 20 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating a tandem solar cell according to some embodiments of this application. The embodiments of this application provide a method for fabricating a tandem solar cell, which is used to fabricate the tandem solar cell in any of the above embodiments. The method for fabricating a tandem solar cell includes the following steps:

[0181] Step S110: Provide a battery substrate;

[0182] Step S120: A first stacked structure is stacked on the first surface of the battery substrate; the first stacked structure and the battery substrate constitute a combined structure;

[0183] Step S130: A second stacked structure is provided on the side of the combined structure that is away from the second surface of the battery substrate;

[0184] Step S140: A light-absorbing layer is provided on the side of the second stacked structure opposite to the battery substrate to obtain a stacked solar cell.

[0185] The advantages of the tandem solar cells in any of the above embodiments are also present in the tandem solar cells manufactured by the same method, and will not be repeated here.

[0186] According to some embodiments of this application, the projected area of ​​the first conductive layer on the battery substrate is smaller than the area of ​​the first surface, and the first conductive layer is formed by a mask process or a photolithography process; and / or, the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate is smaller than the area of ​​the first surface, and the first charge transport layer is formed by a mask process or a photolithography process.

[0187] In this way, the structure of the first conductive layer and the first charge transport layer as illustrated in the aforementioned embodiments can be formed. By utilizing masking or photolithography processes, fabrication is not only easier but also more precise, thereby improving the extraction of holes and electrons from the light-absorbing layer and the transport of holes and electrons to the corresponding conductive layers.

[0188] According to some embodiments of this application, please refer to Figure 21 , Figure 21 This is a flowchart illustrating step S130 in some embodiments of this application. A second stacked structure (i.e., step S130) is provided on the side of the combined structure opposite to the second surface of the battery substrate, including:

[0189] Step S131: An insulating barrier layer is formed on the side of the combined structure opposite to the second surface of the battery substrate by means of a mask process or a photolithography process;

[0190] Step S132: Form a second conductive layer on the side of the insulating barrier layer opposite to the battery substrate using a mask process or photolithography process;

[0191] Step S133: A second charge transport layer is formed on the side of the second conductive layer opposite to the battery substrate by means of a mask process or a photolithography process.

[0192] In this way, a structure consisting of an insulating barrier layer, a second conductive layer, and a second charge transport layer, as illustrated in some of the aforementioned embodiments, can be formed. Utilizing masking or photolithography processes not only facilitates fabrication but also improves fabrication precision, thereby enhancing the extraction of holes and electrons from the light-absorbing layer and the transport of holes and electrons to their respective conductive layers.

[0193] The following description, in conjunction with the scenarios illustrated in some of the above embodiments, provides an exemplary description of the fabrication method of the tandem solar cell provided in this application, but it is not intended to be limited thereto.

[0194] For example, please refer to Figure 1 The method for manufacturing the tandem solar cell 100a provided in this application includes the following steps:

[0195] S1. Provides battery substrate 110;

[0196] S2. A first conductive layer 121a is formed on the first surface m1 of the battery substrate 110 by magnetron sputtering or vapor deposition.

[0197] S3. A hole transport layer (i.e., the first charge transport layer 122a) is formed on the side of the first conductive layer 121a away from the battery substrate 110 by means of solution spin coating, vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering or atomic layer deposition.

[0198] S4. An insulating barrier layer 131 is formed on one side of the hole transport layer using a mask and through a vapor deposition process, a magnetron sputtering process, or an atomic layer deposition process.

[0199] S5. Using a mask and through magnetron sputtering or vapor deposition, a second conductive layer 132a is formed on the side of the insulating barrier layer 131 opposite to the battery substrate 110.

[0200] S6. Using a mask, an electron transport layer (i.e., a second charge transport layer 133a) is formed on the side of the second conductive layer 132a opposite to the battery substrate 110 through a solution spin coating process, vapor deposition process, magnetron sputtering process or atomic layer deposition process.

[0201] S7. The perovskite layer (i.e., the light-absorbing layer 140) is formed by wet preparation process (e.g., anti-solvent spin coating, blade coating, slot coating, etc.), dry preparation process (e.g., all raw materials of perovskite are simultaneously vaporized in one vapor deposition equipment), or dry-wet mixed preparation process (e.g., organic amine is grown by vapor deposition of PbI2 framework and then solution method).

[0202] S8. An antireflection layer 160 is formed on the side of the light absorption layer 140 away from the battery substrate 110 by means of vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, or by means of bonding the antireflection layer 160 to form an antireflection layer 160 on the side of the light absorption layer 140 away from the battery substrate 110.

[0203] It should be noted that, in forming, for example Figure 16 When fabricating the tandem solar cell 100e as shown, the first charge transport layer 122e can be formed in step S3 above using a mask process or a photolithography process. When it is necessary to fabricate such a... Figure 12 The metal electrode 150 shown can be considered in conjunction with the situations shown in some of the foregoing embodiments, and will not be elaborated further. Furthermore, when different first stacked structures or different second stacked structures are involved, they can also be fabricated using masking processes or photolithography processes, and will not be elaborated further.

[0204] According to another aspect of this application, an embodiment of this application provides a solar cell, which includes a substrate, a first stacked structure, a second stacked structure, and a light-absorbing layer. The substrate has a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction of the substrate. The first stacked structure includes a first conductive layer and a first charge transport layer stacked on the first surface, the first stacked structure covering at least a portion of the first surface, and the first stacked structure and the substrate forming a combined structure. The second stacked structure includes an insulating barrier layer, a second conductive layer, and a second charge transport layer stacked on the side of the combined structure opposite to the second surface. The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer on the substrate includes at least a region that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer on the substrate. The orthographic projections of both the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the substrate are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer on the substrate. The light-absorbing layer is disposed on the side of the second stacked structure opposite to the substrate. A portion of the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the second charge transport layer, and another portion of the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer.

[0205] For example, the light-absorbing layer is a perovskite layer, and the solar cell is a perovskite solar cell.

[0206] Since the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer included in this solar cell are the same as those included in the stacked solar cells illustrated in the foregoing embodiments, this solar cell also possesses the advantages of stacked solar cells. The fabrication methods for the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer in the solar cell can also refer to the fabrication methods for the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer 140 in the stacked solar cells illustrated in the foregoing embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0207] It should be noted that the solar cell provided in this application differs from the tandem solar cell illustrated in some of the foregoing embodiments in that the solar cell uses a substrate, which can be a glass substrate, while the tandem solar cell uses a cell substrate 110. The implementation methods related to the first tandem structure, the second tandem structure, and the light-absorbing layer can be referred to the situations illustrated in some of the foregoing embodiments, and will not be repeated here. Furthermore, the antireflection layer 160, metal electrode 150, and other layer structures illustrated in some of the foregoing embodiments can also be implemented accordingly. The setting of the metal electrode 150 can be configured according to different cell types, as long as it enables the circuit connection between the cell and the external structure; no specific limitations are imposed here.

[0208] The first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer 140 provided in this application embodiment can be applied to single-junction perovskite solar cells or to the top cell portion of a tandem solar cell. The tandem solar cell can be a two-terminal perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem cell, a three-terminal perovskite / BC tandem cell, a four-terminal perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem cell, a two-terminal perovskite / perovskite tandem cell, a three-terminal perovskite / perovskite tandem cell, or a four-terminal perovskite / perovskite tandem cell. The top cell portion can be a conventional structure or an inverted structure. That is, the first charge transport layer can be a hole transport layer and the second charge transport layer can be an electron transport layer, or vice versa.

[0209] Therefore, through the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer 140 illustrated in the above embodiments, on the one hand, sunlight first shines on the light-absorbing layer 140 and then on the second charge transport layer and the second conductive layer, which can reduce the parasitic absorption of light by the second charge transport layer and the second conductive layer, allowing more light to be absorbed by the backlight absorption layer 140, thereby improving the current density; on the other hand, since neither the second charge transport layer nor the second conductive layer is a solid surface, more light can shine on the battery substrate 110, increasing the light absorption of the battery substrate 110, and thus increasing the current of the stacked battery; furthermore, by using a textured substrate or setting a textured structure on the substrate in the battery substrate 110, the first stacked structure, the second stacked structure, and the light-absorbing layer 140 can have an uneven structure, which helps to reduce light reflection and enhance the light absorption effect; furthermore, by setting the anti-reflection layer 160, light reflection can be further reduced and the light absorption effect enhanced. In addition, by controlling the coverage area of ​​each layer, and by coordinating the morphology and position of each layer in the first and second stacked structures, battery performance is improved while manufacturing costs are reduced. Therefore, through the overall coordination of various layer structures, light absorption is enhanced, thereby improving battery performance while reducing manufacturing costs.

[0210] According to another aspect of this application, please refer to Figure 22 , Figure 22This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module 10 in some embodiments of this application. The embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module 10, including a cell string 11, an encapsulation layer 12, and a cover plate 13. The encapsulation layer 12 is used to cover the surface of the cell string 11. The cover plate 13 is used to cover the surface of the encapsulation layer 12 away from the cell string 11. The cell string 11 is formed by connecting multiple stacked solar cells as described in any of the embodiments; or, the cell string 11 is formed by connecting multiple stacked solar cells manufactured by the method described in any of the embodiments.

[0211] In some embodiments, multiple cell strings 11 can be electrically connected via conductive strips 14. An encapsulation layer 12 covers both the front and back sides of the tandem solar cell.

[0212] In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 12 may be an organic encapsulation film such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film, polyethylene octene coelastomer (POE) film, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.

[0213] In some embodiments, the cover plate 13 can be a glass cover plate, a plastic cover plate, or other cover plate with light transmission function.

[0214] In some embodiments, the surface of the cover plate 13 facing the encapsulation layer 12 can be an uneven surface, thereby increasing the utilization rate of incident light.

[0215] The photovoltaic module 10 also possesses the advantages of the above-mentioned tandem solar cells, which will not be elaborated here.

[0216] Of course, according to another aspect of this application, the cell string in the photovoltaic module is formed by connecting the solar cells in any of the above embodiments. No specific limitations are imposed here.

[0217] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0218] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this patent application should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A tandem solar cell, characterized in that, The stacked solar cell includes: A battery substrate having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction of the battery substrate; The first stacked structure includes a first conductive layer and a first charge transport layer stacked on the first surface, the first stacked structure covering at least a portion of the first surface, and the first stacked structure and the battery substrate forming a combined structure. The second stacked structure includes an insulating barrier layer, a second conductive layer, and a second charge transport layer stacked on the side of the combined structure opposite to the second surface; the orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate includes at least a region that does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate; the orthographic projections of both the second conductive layer and the second charge transport layer on the battery substrate are located within the orthographic projection range of the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate; and A light-absorbing layer is disposed on the side of the second stacked structure opposite to the battery substrate; a portion of the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the second charge transport layer, and another portion of the light-absorbing layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer.

2. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The overlapping area of ​​the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer and the light-absorbing layer on the battery substrate is located within the orthographic projection range of the second charge transport layer on the battery substrate; The area of ​​the overlapping region of the orthographic projections of the second conductive layer and the light-absorbing layer on the battery substrate is smaller than the area of ​​the orthographic projection of the second charge transport layer on the battery substrate.

3. The tandem solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The orthogonal projection of the second charge transport layer onto the battery substrate overlaps with the overlapping projections of the insulating barrier layer and the light absorption layer onto the battery substrate.

4. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate is smaller than the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate.

5. The tandem solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate to the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate is 0.4 to 0.

8.

6. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The ratio of the projected area of ​​the second conductive layer on the battery substrate to the area of ​​the first surface is 0.2 to 0.

5.

7. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The second stacked structure includes a plurality of stacked portions, which are spaced apart along a first direction; The stacked portion includes a first sub-layer, a second sub-layer, and a third sub-layer stacked on the first stacked structure. All the first sub-layers constitute the insulating barrier layer, all the second sub-layers constitute the second conductive layer, and all the third sub-layers constitute the second charge transport layer. The first direction intersects with the thickness direction of the battery substrate.

8. The tandem solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first sub-layer, the second sub-layer, and the third sub-layer are all arranged to extend longitudinally along the second direction; The first direction, the second direction, and the thickness direction of the battery substrate intersect each other.

9. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The second conductive layer includes a plurality of conductive portions, which are spaced apart along a first direction and extend longitudinally along a second direction; The first direction, the second direction, and the thickness direction of the battery substrate intersect each other.

10. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second stacked structure onto the battery substrate.

11. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The orthographic projection of the first charge transport layer onto the battery substrate and the orthographic projection of the first conductive layer onto the battery substrate overlap each other; or The first charge transport layer and the first conductive layer have overlapping and non-overlapping regions when projected onto the battery substrate.

12. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The first conductive layer has multiple independent cutouts; The first conductive layer includes a plurality of conductive units and a connecting unit connecting the plurality of conductive units, wherein the conductive units and the connecting unit define the cutout portion; The first charge transport layer is in contact with at least the plurality of conductive units.

13. The tandem solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, The ratio of the projected area of ​​the plurality of conductive units on the battery substrate to the projected area of ​​the first charge transport layer on the battery substrate is 0.8 to 1.2; and / or The plurality of conductive units are arranged in a rectangular array, and two adjacent conductive units are connected by a connecting unit.

14. The tandem solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The ratio of the projected area of ​​the insulating barrier layer on the battery substrate to the area of ​​the first surface is 0.4 to 0.

6.

15. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, include: Battery string; An encapsulation layer is used to cover the surface of the battery string; and A cover plate, the cover plate being used to cover the surface of the encapsulation layer away from the battery string; The battery string is formed by connecting multiple stacked solar cells as described in any one of claims 1 to 14.

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