Privacy glass

Abstract

The invention relates to privacy glass and a manufacturing method thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to privacy glasses for vehicle windows and various other applications, including but not limited to architectural applications, produced by a float process.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 624,718, filed April 2, 2024, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 457,274, filed April 5, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 594,720, filed October 31, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to a privacy glass and a method for manufacturing the same. In particular, this invention relates to privacy glass for vehicle windows and various other applications, including but not limited to architectural applications, produced by a float glass process.

[0004] Description of related technologies

[0005] Various types of privacy glass are known in the art. While various glass color distributions and light transmission properties are available, no glass composition has yet been able to achieve a very low level of light transmittance while maintaining a desired color distribution. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention relates to a glass that, with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, exhibits T0 fluorescence in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm. LA Visible light transmittance ("T") measured by CIE light source "A" LA ") greater than 0% and equal to or less than 8%, a* in the range of -8 to 4.5, b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5.

[0007] The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing glass, wherein a glass batch is provided, having a glass thickness of 3.85 mm and a wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm, which has the property of passing through T LA Visible light transmittance (“T”) measured by CIE illuminator “A” that is greater than 1% and equal to or less than 7%, or even greater than 2% and equal to or less than 6%, or even greater than 3% and equal to or less than 5%, or even greater than 2% and equal to or less than 4%. LA “), a* in the range of -6 to 4, or a* in the range of -5 to 1, or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5, and b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even b* in the range of 0 to 5.

[0008] Further non-restrictive implementation schemes or aspects are set forth and described in the following clauses.

[0009] Clause 1 : A glass comprising 64 to 75 percent by weight S1O2; 10 to 20 percent by weight Na20; 5 to 15 percent by weight CaO; 0 to 5 percent by weight MgO; 0 to 3 percent by weight AI2O3; 0 to 3 percent by weight K2O; 0 to 1 percent by weight SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 percent by weight SO3); and 1.65 to 3 percent by weight total iron, preferably 1.7 to 2.4 percent by weight total iron, or even more preferably greater than 2.0 to 2.15 percent by weight total iron, wherein the glass has a T LA greater than 0 percent and equal to or less than 8 percent visible light transmittance ("T LA " measured by CIE Standard Illuminant "A" (preferably, the glass has a T LA greater than 1 percent and equal to or less than 7 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 6 percent, or even greater than 3 percent and equal to or less than 5 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 4 percent visible light transmittance ("T LA " measured by CIE Standard Illuminant "A"), an a* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably an a* in the range of -6 to 4 or an a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even an a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5), and a b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably a b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or a b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even a b* in the range of 0 to 5).

[0010] Clause 2: The glass according to Clause 1, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation- reduction ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32.

[0011] Clause 3: The glass according to either of Clauses 1 or 2, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation-reduction ratio of at least 0.16 and at most 0.26, or even an oxidation-reduction ratio of at least 0.17 and at most 0.25.

[0012] Clause 4: The glass according to any of Clauses 1 to 3, further comprising 0.044 to 0.059 percent by weight CoO.

[0013] Clause 5: The glass according to any of Clauses 1 to 3, further comprising 0.0465 to 0.0565 percent by weight CoO.

[0014] Clause 6: The glass according to any of Clauses 1 to 3, further comprising 0.049 to 0.054 percent by weight CoO.

[0015] Clause 7: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 6, further comprising 0.004 to 0.02 wt.% selenium, preferably 0.005 to 0.018 wt.% selenium, or even more preferably 0.006 to 0.008 wt.% selenium.

[0016] Clause 8: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 7, further comprising 0.0005 to 0.07 wt.% Cr203, preferably 0.0009 to 0.06 wt.% Cr203, or even more preferably 0.001 to 0.05 wt.% Cr203, or even more preferably 0.038 to 0.044 wt.% Cr203. In another example, the glass comprises 0.01 to 0.04 wt.% Cr203.

[0017] Clause 9: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 8, further comprising 0.0005 to 0.03 wt.% CuO, preferably 0.0015 to 0.025 wt.% CuO, or even more preferably 0.002 to 0.02 wt.% CuO.

[0018] Clause 10: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 9, further comprising 0.01 to 0.5 wt.% Ti02, preferably 0.02 to 0.25 wt.% Ti02, or even more preferably 0.03 to 0.1 wt.% Ti02.

[0019] Clause 11 : The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 10, wherein the glass has a neutral color as determined by the unaided eye.

[0020] Clause 12: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein the glass has a T UV of less than 8% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a T UV of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a T UV .

[0021] Clause 13: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 12, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0022] Clause 14: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0023] Clause 15: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the glass is used in one or more of architectural transparency or vehicular transparency.

[0024] Clause 16: The glass of any one of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the glass is used in one or more of architectural transparency or vehicular transparency, and wherein the architectural transparency or vehicular transparency comprises one or more low-e coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

[0025] Clause 17: A method of making glass using a conventional float non-vacuum glass system, the method comprising melting a glass batch to provide a molten glass pool; flowing the molten glass pool onto a molten tin bath; moving the molten glass over the surface of the molten tin bath while controllably cooling the molten glass and applying a force to the molten glass to provide a glass of a desired thickness; and removing the glass from the molten tin bath, wherein the glass comprises 64 to 75 wt.% Si02; 10 to 20 wt.% Na20; 5 to 15 wt.% CaO; 0 to 5 wt.% MgO; 0 to 3 wt.% AI2O3; 0 to 3 wt.% K2O; 0 to 1 wt.% SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 wt.% SO3); and 1.65 to 3 wt.% total iron expressed as Fe2O3, preferably 1.7 to 2.4 wt.% total iron, or even more preferably greater than 2.0 to 2.15 wt.% total iron, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance (“Tvis”) greater than 0% and equal to or less than 8% measured by T LA vis” measured by T LA vis” measured by T LA vis” measured by T LAa* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4 or a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5) and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5 or b* in the range of -2 to 6 or even b* in the range of 0 to 5).

[0026] Clause 18: The method of any of clauses 17, wherein the glass comprises a redox ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32.

[0027] Clause 19: The method of any of clauses 17 or 18, wherein the glass comprises a redox ratio of at least 0.16 and at most 0.26 or even a redox ratio of at least 0.17 and at most 0.25.

[0028] Clause 20: The method of any of clauses 17 to 19, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.044 to 0.059 wt. %.

[0029] Clause 21 : The method of any of clauses 17 to 19, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.0465 to 0.565 wt. %.

[0030] Clause 22: The method of any of clauses 17 to 19, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.049 to 0.054 wt. %.

[0031] Clause 23: The method of any of clauses 17 to 22, wherein the glass further comprises selenium in the range of 0.004 to 0.02 wt. %, preferably 0.005 to 0.018 wt. % selenium, or even more preferably 0.006 to 0.008 wt. % selenium.

[0032] Clause 24: The method of any of clauses 17 to 23, wherein the glass further comprises Cr203in the range of 0.0005 to 0.07 wt. %, preferably 0.0009 to 0.06 wt. % Cr203, or even more preferably 0.001 to 0.05 wt. % Cr203, or even more preferably 0.038 to 0.044 wt. % Cr203. In another example, the glass comprises 0.01 to 0.04 wt. % Cr203.

[0033] Clause 25: The method of any of clauses 17 to 24, wherein the glass further comprises CuO in the range of 0.0005 to 0.03 wt. %, preferably 0.0015 to 0.025 wt. % CuO, or even more preferably 0.002 to 0.02 wt. % CuO.

[0034] Clause 26: The method of any of clauses 17 to 25, wherein the glass further comprises 0.01 to 0.5 wt.% Ti02, preferably 0.02 to 0.25 wt.% Ti02, or even more preferably 0.03 to 0.1 wt.% Ti02.

[0035] Clause 27: The method of any of clauses 17 to 26, wherein the glass has a neutral color as determined by the unaided human eye.

[0036] Clause 28: The method of any of clauses 17 to 27, wherein the glass has a T UV of less than 8% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a T UV of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a T UV of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0037] Clause 29: The method of any of clauses 17 to 28, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0038] Clause 30: The method of any of clauses 17 to 29, wherein the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0039] Clause 31 : A stack comprising a first ply comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the first surface comprises an outer surface of the stack; a second ply comprising a third surface adjacent to the second surface and a fourth surface opposite the third surface, wherein the fourth surface comprises an inner surface of the stack; and an interlayer positioned between the first ply and the second ply, wherein at least one of the first ply or the second ply is formed from a glass comprising: 64 to 75 percent by weight S1O2; 10 to 20 percent by weight Na20; 5 to 15 percent by weight CaO; 0 to 5 percent by weight MgO; 0 to 3 percent by weight AI2O3; 0 to 3 percent by weight K2O; 0 to 1 percent by weight SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 percent by weight SO3); and 1.65 to 3 percent by weight total iron expressed as Fe2O3, preferably 1.7 to 2.4 percent by weight total iron, or even more preferably greater than 2.0 to 2.15 percent by weight total iron, wherein the glass has a T LA visible transmission ("T LA ") greater than 0 percent and equal to or less than 8 percent as measured by CIE Illuminant "A" (preferably, the glass has a T LA visible transmission ("T LA ") greater than 1 percent and equal to or less than 7 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 6 percent, or even greater than 3 percent and equal to or less than 5 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 4 percent as measured by CIE Illuminant "A"), an a* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably an a* in the range of -6 to 4 or an a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even an a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5), and a b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably a b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or a b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even a b* in the range of 0 to 5).

[0040] Clause 32: The stack of any of clause 31, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation- reduction ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32.

[0041] Clause 33: The stack of any of clauses 31 or 32, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation-reduction ratio of at least 0.16 and at most 0.26, or even an oxidation-reduction ratio of at least 0.17 and at most 0.25.

[0042] Clause 34: The stack of any of clauses 31 to 33, wherein the glass further comprises 0.044 to 0.059 percent by weight CoO.

[0043] Clause 35: The stack of any of clauses 31-33, wherein the glass further comprises 0.0465 to 0.565 wt. % CoO.

[0044] Clause 36: The stack of any of clauses 31-33, wherein the glass further comprises 0.049 to 0.054 wt. % CoO.

[0045] Clause 37: The stack of any of clauses 31-36, wherein the glass further comprises 0.004 to 0.02 wt. % selenium, preferably 0.005 to 0.018 wt. % selenium, or even more preferably 0.006 to 0.008 wt. % selenium.

[0046] Clause 38: The stack of any of clauses 31-37, wherein the glass further comprises 0.0005 to 0.07 wt. % Cr2O3, preferably 0.0009 to 0.06 wt. % Cr2O3, or even more preferably 0.001 to 0.05 wt. % Cr2O3, or even more preferably 0.038 to 0.044 wt. % Cr2O3. In another example, the glass comprises 0.01 to 0.04 wt. % Cr2O3.

[0047] Clause 39: The stack of any of clauses 31-38, wherein the glass further comprises 0.0005 to 0.03 wt. % CuO, preferably 0.0015 to 0.025 wt. % CuO, or even more preferably 0.002 to 0.02 wt. % CuO.

[0048] Clause 40: The stack of any of clauses 31-39, wherein the glass further comprises 0.01 to 0.5 wt. % TiO2, preferably 0.02 to 0.25 wt. % TiO2, or even more preferably 0.03 to 0.1 wt. % TiO2.

[0049] Clause 41 : The stack of any of clauses 31-40, wherein the glass has a neutral color as determined by the unaided eye.

[0050] Clause 42: The stack of any of clauses 31-41, wherein the glass has a T UV , or preferably the glass has a T UV , or even more preferably the glass has a T UV .

[0051] Clause 43: The stack of any of clauses 31-42, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA), or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ”) of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0052] Clause 44: The laminate of any of clauses 31 to 43, wherein the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0053] Clause 45: The laminate of any of clauses 31 to 44, wherein both the first ply and the second ply are formed of a glass having the composition of any of clauses 31 to 44.

[0054] Clause 46: The laminate of any of clauses 31 to 45, wherein the interlayer comprises at least one layer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB).

[0055] Clause 47: The laminate of any of clauses 31 to 46, wherein the laminate is used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency.

[0056] Clause 48: The laminate of any of clauses 31 to 46, wherein the laminate is used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency, and wherein the building transparency or the vehicle transparency comprises one or more low-e coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

[0057] Clause 49: A method of reducing visible light transmittance in a glass sheet, comprising melting a glass batch to provide a pool of molten glass, and cooling the molten glass batch to produce a molten glass, wherein the glass comprises 1.65 to 3 wt.% total iron expressed as Fe2O3, preferably 1.7 to 2.4 wt.% total iron, or even more preferably greater than 2.0 to 2.15 wt.% total iron, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance (“T LA ” measured by T LA ” measured by T LAgreater than 2% and equal to or less than 4% as measured by CIE illuminant "A" ("T LA a* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4 or a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5) and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5 or b* in the range of -2 to 6 or even b* in the range of 0 to 5); flowing the molten glass pool onto a molten tin bath; moving the molten glass over the surface of the molten tin bath while simultaneously controlling the cooling of the molten glass and applying a force to the molten glass to provide a glass of a desired thickness; and removing the glass from the molten tin bath.

[0058] Clause 50: The method of clause 49, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation- reduction ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32.

[0059] Clause 51 : The method of clause 49, wherein the glass comprises an oxidation- reduction ratio of at least 0.16 and at most 0.26, or even at least 0.17 and at most 0.25.

[0060] Clause 52: The method of any of clauses 49 to 51, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.044 to 0.059 wt. %.

[0061] Clause 53: The method of any of clauses 49 to 51, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.0465 to 0.0565 wt. %.

[0062] Clause 54: The method of any of clauses 49 to 51, wherein the glass further comprises CoO in the range of 0.049 to 0.054 wt. %.

[0063] Clause 55: The method of any of clauses 49 to 54, wherein the glass further comprises selenium in the range of 0.004 to 0.02 wt. %, preferably 0.005 to 0.018 wt. %, or even more preferably 0.006 to 0.008 wt. %.

[0064] Clause 56: The method of any of clauses 49 to 55, wherein the glass further comprises Cr2O3 in the range of 0.0005 to 0.07 wt. %, preferably 0.0009 to 0.06 wt. %, or even more preferably 0.001 to 0.05 wt. %, or even more preferably 0.038 to 0.044 wt. %. In another example, the glass comprises Cr2O3 in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt. %.

[0065] Clause 57: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 56, wherein the glass further comprises 0.0005 to 0.03 wt% CuO, preferably 0.0015 to 0.025 wt% CuO, or even more preferably 0.002 to 0.02 wt% CuO.

[0066] Clause 58: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 57, wherein the glass further comprises 0.01 to 0.5 wt% TiO2, preferably 0.02 to 0.25 wt% TiO2, or even more preferably 0.03 to 0.1 wt% TiO2.

[0067] Clause 59: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 58, wherein the glass has a neutral color that can be determined by the naked eye.

[0068] Clause 60: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 59, wherein the glass has a T of less than 8% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. UV Or preferably, the glass has a T content of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. UV Or even more preferably, the glass has a T0 of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. UV .

[0069] Clause 61: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 60, wherein the glass has a visible light transmittance of less than 5% (“T”) at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. LA ("T"), or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm ("T") LA Or even more preferably, the glass has a visible light transmittance of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm (“T”). LA ”).

[0070] Clause 62: The method according to any one of Clauses 49 to 61, wherein the glass has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0071] Clause 63: The method according to any one of Clauses 40 to 62, wherein the glass has a wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0072] Visible light transmittance greater than 0% and equal to or less than 8% as measured by TLA CIE illuminator “A” (“T”). LA") preferably having a visible light transmission ("Tvis") greater than 1% and equal to or less than 7% as measured by TLA CIE illuminant "A" in the wavelength of 380 nm to 780 nm at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm LA ") an a* in the range of -6 to 4, and a b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5.

[0073] Clause 64: The method of any of clauses 49 to 63, wherein the glass has an a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even an a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5, and a b* in the range of -2 to 6 or even a b* in the range of 0 to 5.

[0074] Clause 65: The method of any of clauses 49 to 64, wherein the glass has an L* in the range of 10 to 35, preferably 13 to 28, or even more preferably 15 to 26, or even still more preferably 15.5 to 25.5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0075] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as dimension, physical properties, quantities of ingredients carried out reaction conditions and so forth used herein and in the claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters are approximations.

[0076] Unless otherwise indicated, any reference to the content of a composition is on a "weight percent" basis, based on the total weight of the final glass composition. The "total iron" content of the glass compositions disclosed herein is expressed as Fe2O3according to standard analytical practice, regardless of the form in which it is actually present. Likewise, the amount of iron in the ferrous state is expressed as FeO, although it can not actually be present as FeO in the glass. The term "redox," "redox ratio," or "iron redox ratio" refers to the amount of iron in the ferrous state (expressed as FeO) divided by the amount of total iron (expressed as Fe2O3). The "sulfur" content of the glass compositions disclosed herein is expressed as SO3according to standard analytical practice, regardless of the form in which it is actually present.

[0077] As used herein, "visible light transmission" values are determined using the conventional CIE illuminant A and a 2 degree observer angle. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that even if the actual thickness of a glass sample being measured differs from the standard thickness, properties such as visible light transmission can be calculated at an equivalent standard thickness (e.g., 3.85 millimeters (mm)).

[0078] All documents mentioned herein, such as but not limited to granted patents and patent applications, are to be considered as being incorporated in their entirety by reference.

[0079] Two different oxidation states of iron can be found in glass: ferrous iron (Fe2+) and ferrous iron (Fe2+). 2+ , represented as ferrous oxide (FeO) and ferric iron (Fe2+). 3+ (represented as iron oxide, Fe2O3).

[0080]

[0081] The term "redox ratio" refers to the amount of iron in the ferrous state (represented as FeO) divided by the amount of total iron (represented as Fe2O3).

[0082] As understood by those skilled in the art, the redox ratio of a glass composition is controlled by controlling the conditions under which the glass is prepared. Many such factors can influence redox. The concentrations of reducing agents (e.g., carbon) and oxidizing agents (e.g., sodium sulfate) can each affect redox. For example, sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) can be added to glass batches as a raw material to eliminate bubbles, perform high-temperature refining, promote mass transfer, dissolve free silica on the glass surface, and reduce the amount of solid inclusions. However, Na₂SO₄ has oxidizing properties, so a small amount of carbon is usually added to the mixture to counteract undesirable oxidation. Furthermore, Na₂SO₄ is converted to SO₃ during glassmaking, which has an inverse relationship with redox, while sulfur has a direct relationship with redox. Finally, melting conditions, such as altering the oxygen excess and adjusting the flame alignment during combustion in the furnace, can further affect redox.

[0083] In one aspect of the invention, the invention includes a glass that, with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, passes through a T... LA Visible light transmittance ("T") measured by CIE light source "A" LA The percentage is greater than 0% and equal to or less than 8% (preferably, with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, the glass has a wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm, and the glass has a T...). LA Visible light transmittance (“T”) measured by CIE illuminator “A” that is greater than 1% and equal to or less than 7%, or even greater than 2% and equal to or less than 6%, or even greater than 3% and equal to or less than 5%, or even greater than 2% and equal to or less than 4%. LAa* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4 or a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5) and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5 or b* in the range of -2 to 6 or even b* in the range of 0 to 5). The L* of the glass can be in the range of 10 to 35, preferably in the range of 13 to 28, or even more preferably in the range of 15 to 26, or even still more preferably in the range of 15.5 to 25.5.

[0084] In another aspect, the present application also comprises 0.044 to 0.059 wt% of CoO; or 0.0465 to 0.0565 wt% of CoO; or even between 0.049 to 0.054 wt% of CoO. The addition of CoO helps to neutralize the color of the glass while helping to achieve a T LA T LA .

[0085] With respect to the wt% of the various compounds added to the glass compositions disclosed herein, these additives, which are based on wt%, can alternatively be considered as any specified wt% of any desired additive, where such wt% is based on 100 parts by weight of the base glass composition.

[0086] According to the present application, the following properties are measured as described below. Ultraviolet transmittance (T UV ) is measured using the ISO 13837 standard in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 400 nm. Additionally, if applicable, visible transmittance is measured using the C.I.E. standard illuminant “A” (T LA ) in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm; solar direct transmittance (T IR ) is measured using the ISO 13837 standard in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 2500 nm; infrared transmittance (T ts ) is measured using the ISO 13837 standard in the wavelength range of 800 nm to 2500 nm; and total solar energy transmittance (T UV , T IR , and T tsThe transmittance data were calculated using Parry Moon air mass 1.5 direct sunlight irradiance data and integrated using the trapezoidal rule, as known in the art.

[0087] Additionally, one or more color variables L*, a*, and b* of the color system CIELAB 1976 were calculated from the tristimulus values.

[0088] The glass can be melted and refined in a continuous, large-scale commercial glass melting operation. It can also be formed into flat glass of varying thickness by a float process in which the molten glass is supported on a pool of molten metal (typically tin, as it presents a ribbon) and cooled in a manner known in the art.

[0089] It should be noted that in any of the methods disclosed herein, coal can be used in the batch chemistry to form the various glasses disclosed herein. In another example, the coal in the batch chemistry can be replaced in a one-for-one ratio with any other suitable alternative carbon source including, but not limited to, graphite. If such a change is made, no other changes to the batch chemistry in any of the embodiments described above are required. Additionally, if an electric furnace process is used for the batch chemistry, the amount of coal or other carbon source should be changed accordingly depending on the processing environment present in an electric furnace, which is different than in a gas furnace. In one non-limiting example, since coal or other carbon source is considered a reducing agent, the amount of carbon used should be changed based on the nature of the atmosphere composition and / or the environment present in the furnace used to process the desired glass batch according to any of the embodiments of the present application.

[0090] As known in the art, glass recycling is a component of various types of glass production. Thus, in some instances, the present application can utilize one or more sources of cullet (i.e., recycled glass material). As known, there are two types of cullet, internal and external. Internal cullet consists of defective product, transitional stages of product variation (e.g., thickness and color changes), and production scrap that are detected and rejected by quality control processes in the industrial process of glass manufacturing, while external cullet is scrap glass that is collected or reprocessed for recycling. External cullet, which can be pre-consumer or post-consumer, can be classified as waste. In some embodiments, the present application can use any suitable type of cullet, whether internal or external. If a significant amount of external cullet is added to any of the batch chemistries described above, the amount of Fe2S additive should be adjusted accordingly if such external cullet consists of greater than 50 wt.% visually clear glass, as opposed to glass that visually presents a green or blue-green color.

[0091] As will be appreciated, the present application is not limited to glass compositions only, but rather relates to glass compositions that can be used to form various glass-containing articles in which one or more layers of glass according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein are desired. Such glass-containing articles can include, but are not limited to, display screens, architectural articles, glazings, vehicle glazings, and the like.

[0092] In another example, the glass compositions of the present application can be used to form glazings that can be used in any desired architectural or vehicle application, whether the glazing is a monolithic (i.e., one layer) structure, a multi-layer structure, or even a multi-layer laminated structure (e.g., a laminated vehicle glazing). It should be noted that any suitable layered or even non-layered structure can be formed to include at least one glass layer of the present application. As such structures are known to those skilled in the art, a detailed discussion thereof is omitted herein for the sake of brevity.

[0093] In another embodiment, the glasses of the present application can be coated with any one or more coatings known to those skilled in the art. Such coatings include, but are not limited to, one or more low-emissivity coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings (e.g., having the ability to alter the amount of solar radiation transmitted, reflected, and absorbed in the solar range between 300 and 2500 nm), one or more low-UV and / or IRC (near-IR) coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof. Some non-limiting examples of suitable coatings are contained in U.S. Patent 11,479,502 and WO 2014 / 058290, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0094] Thus, in one embodiment of the present application, the glass comprises 64 to 75 percent by weight S1O2; 10 to 20 percent by weight Na20; 5 to 15 percent by weight CaO; 0 to 5 percent by weight MgO; 0 to 3 percent by weight AI2O3; 0 to 3 percent by weight K2O; 0 to 1 percent by weight SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 percent by weight SO3); and 1.65 to 3 percent by weight total iron, wherein the glass has a T LA a visible light transmittance ("T LA ") of greater than 0 percent and equal to or less than 8 percent (preferably, the glass has a T LA vis of greater than 1 percent and equal to or less than 7 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 6 percent, or even greater than 3 percent and equal to or less than 5 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 4 percent, as measured by T LAa* in the range of -8 to 4.5, preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4 or a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5, and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5, preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even b* in the range of 0 to 5. The glass can have L* in the range of 10 to 35, preferably in the range of 13 to 28, or even more preferably in the range of 15 to 26, or even still more preferably in the range of 15.5 to 25.5. In another example, the glass further comprises a redox ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32, or even a redox ratio of at least 0.13 and at most 0.31. In yet another example, the glass further comprises one or more of CoO in the range of 0.044 to 0.059 wt.%, selenium in the range of 0.004 to 0.02 wt.%, Cr203in the range of 0.0005 to 0.07 wt.%, CuO in the range of 0.0005 to 0.03 wt.%, and / or Ti02in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 wt.%.

[0095] In one embodiment, the glass comprises total iron in the range of 1.7 to 2.6 wt.%, or total iron in the range of 1.8 to 2.4 wt.%, or total iron in the range of 1.9 to 2.3 wt.%, or even greater than 2.0 to 2.15 wt.%.

[0096] In yet another example, the glass comprises CoO in the range of 0.044 to 0.059 wt.%. In another example, the glass can comprise CoO in the range of 0.0465 to 0.0565 wt.%. In yet another example, the glass can comprise CoO in the range of 0.049 to 0.054 wt.%.

[0097] In yet another example, the glass has a neutral color as determined by the unaided eye. In yet another example, the glass has a T UV visible ("T UV ") of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a T UV visible ("T LA ") of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0098] In yet another example, the glass has a T LA visible ("T LA ") of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a T LA visible ("T LA ") of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0099] In yet another example, the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0100] In yet another example, the glass has a T IR , or preferably the glass has a T IR , or even more preferably the glass has a T IR , or even more preferably the glass has a T IR .

[0101] In yet another example, the glass has a Te of 2% to 14% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a Te of 3% to 13% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a Te of 4% to 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a Te of 5% to 9% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0102] In yet another example, the glass has a T ts , or preferably the glass has a T ts , or even more preferably the glass has a T ts .

[0103] In yet another example, any of the glasses of the above embodiments can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency. In yet another example, any of the glasses of the above embodiments can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency, wherein such building transparency and / or vehicle transparency comprises one or more low-e coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

[0104] Accordingly, and in light of the foregoing, in another embodiment of the application, a method of making glass using a conventional float non-vacuum glass system includes: melting a glass batch to provide a pool of molten glass; flowing the pool of molten glass onto a bath of molten tin; moving the molten glass over the surface of the bath of molten tin while simultaneously controlling the cooling of the molten glass and applying a force to the molten glass to provide glass of a desired thickness; and removing the glass from the bath of molten tin, wherein the glass comprises 64 to 75 percent by weight S1O2; 10 to 20 percent by weight Na20; 5 to 15 percent by weight CaO; 0 to 5 percent by weight MgO; 0 to 3 percent by weight AI2O3; 0 to 3 percent by weight K2O; 0 to 1 percent by weight SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 percent by weight SO3); and 1.65 to 3 percent by weight total iron expressed as Fe2O3, wherein the glass has a T LA visible transmission ("T LA "") measured by CIE Standard Illuminant A of greater than 0 percent and equal to or less than 8 percent (preferably, the glass has a T LA visible transmission ("T LA "") measured by CIE Standard Illuminant A of greater than 1 percent and equal to or less than 7 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 6 percent, or even greater than 3 percent and equal to or less than 5 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 4 percent), a* in the range of -8 to 4.5 (preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4, or a* in the range of -5 to 1, or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5), and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5 (preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even b* in the range of 0 to 5). The L* of the glass can be in the range of 10 to 35, preferably in the range of 13 to 28, or even more preferably in the range of 15 to 26, or even still more preferably in the range of 15.5 to 25.5. In another example, the glass further comprises a redox ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32, or even a redox ratio of at least 0.13 and at most 0.31. In yet another example, the glass further comprises one or more of 0.044 to 0.059 percent by weight CoO; 0.004 to 0.02 percent by weight selenium; 0.0005 to 0.07 percent by weight Cr2O3; 0.0005 to 0.03 percent by weight CuO; and / or 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight TiO2.

[0105] In yet another example, the glass of the method has a neutral color as determined by the unaided eye. In yet another example, the glass of the method has a T UVOr preferably, the glass has a T0 of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. UV Or even more preferably, the glass has a T0 of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. UV .

[0106] In yet another example, the glass produced by this method has a visible light transmittance of less than 5% (“T”) at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. LA Or preferably, the glass has a visible light transmittance of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm (“T”). LA Or even more preferably, the glass has a visible light transmittance of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm (“T”). LA ”).

[0107] In yet another example, the glass of this method has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 12% with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably, the glass has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 11% with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably, the glass has a direct solar transmittance (Te) of less than 10% with a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0108] In yet another example, the glass produced by this method has a T content of 2% to 21% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. IR Or preferably, the glass has a T content of 3% to 20% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. IR Or even more preferably, the glass has a T of 4% to 18% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. IR Or even more preferably, having a T content of 5% to 13% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. IR .

[0109] In yet another example, the glass of this method has 2% to 14% Te at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably, the glass has 3% to 13% Te at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably, the glass has 4% to 10% Te at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably, 5% to 9% Te at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0110] In yet another example, the glass produced by this method has a T0 of 26% to 38% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. ts Or preferably, the glass has a T content of 28% to 36% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. ts Or even more preferably, the glass has a T content of 29% to 33% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.ts .

[0111] In yet another example, any of the glasses of the above-described methods can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency. In yet another example, any of the glasses of the above-described methods can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency, wherein such building transparency and / or vehicle transparency comprises one or more low-emissivity coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low-UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

[0112] Accordingly, in another embodiment of the application, in view of the above, the stack comprises a first ply comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the first surface comprises an outer surface of the stack; a second ply comprising a third surface adjacent the second surface and a fourth surface opposite the third surface, wherein the fourth surface comprises an inner surface of the stack; and an interlayer positioned between the first ply and the second ply, wherein at least one of the first ply or the second ply is formed from a glass comprising: 64 to 75 percent by weight S1O2; 10 to 20 percent by weight Na20; 5 to 15 percent by weight CaO; 0 to 5 percent by weight MgO; 0 to 3 percent by weight AI2O3; 0 to 3 percent by weight K2O; 0 to 1 percent by weight SO3 (or even 0.1 to 0.35 percent by weight SO3); and 1.65 to 3 percent by weight total iron expressed as Fe2O3, wherein the glass has a visible light transmission ("Tvis") greater than 0 percent and equal to or less than 8 percent as measured by T LA CIE light source "A" (preferably, the glass has a visible light transmission ("T LA "") greater than 1 percent and equal to or less than 7 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 6 percent, or even greater than 3 percent and equal to or less than 5 percent, or even greater than 2 percent and equal to or less than 4 percent as measured by T LA CIE light source "A" (preferably, the glass has a visible light transmission ("T LAa* in the range of -8 to 4.5, preferably a* in the range of -6 to 4 or a* in the range of -5 to 1 or even a* in the range of -4.5 to 0.5, and b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.5, preferably b* in the range of -5.5 to 12.5, or b* in the range of -2 to 6, or even b* in the range of 0 to 5. The glass can have L* in the range of 10 to 35, preferably in the range of 13 to 28, or even more preferably in the range of 15 to 26, or even still more preferably in the range of 15.5 to 25.5. In another example, the glass further comprises a redox ratio of at least 0.12 and at most 0.32, or even a redox ratio of at least 0.13 and at most 0.31. In yet another example, the glass further comprises one or more of CoO in the range of 0.044 to 0.059 wt.%, selenium in the range of 0.004 to 0.02 wt.%, Cr203in the range of 0.0005 to 0.07 wt.%, CuO in the range of 0.0005 to 0.03 wt.%, and / or Ti02in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 wt.%.

[0113] In yet another example, at least one glass ply of the stack has a neutral color as determined by the unaided eye. In yet another example, at least one glass ply of the stack has a visible light transmittance ("T UV " of less than 8% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance ("T UV " of less than 6% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance ("T UV " of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0114] In yet another example, at least one glass ply of the stack has a visible light transmittance ("T LA " of less than 5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance ("T LA " of less than 4.5% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a visible light transmittance ("T LA " of less than 4% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0115] In yet another example, at least one glass ply of the stack has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 12% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 11% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a solar direct transmittance (Te) of less than 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0116] In yet another example, the at least one glass ply of the laminate has a T IR , or preferably the glass has a T IR , or even more preferably the glass has a T IR , or even more preferably a T IR .

[0117] In yet another example, the at least one glass ply of the laminate has a Te of 2% to 14% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or preferably the glass has a Te of 3% to 13% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably the glass has a Te of 4% to 10% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm, or even more preferably a Te of 5% to 9% at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm.

[0118] In yet another example, the at least one glass ply of the laminate has a T ts , or preferably the glass has a T ts , or even more preferably the glass has a T ts .

[0119] In yet another example, any of the laminates of the above embodiments can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency. In yet another example, any of the laminates of the above embodiments can be used in one or more of a building transparency or a vehicle transparency, wherein such building transparency and / or vehicle transparency comprises one or more low-emissivity coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

[0120] With respect to any numerical values disclosed herein in the specification (including any numerical values from any one or more examples contained in the tables included herein), a numerical value of one or more instances, or a numerical value from one or more portions of a range of numerical values, can be combined with any other numerical value having the same units of measurement to form a new and / or non-disclosed range of numerical values. That is, any individual redox ratio numerical value can be combined with any other different redox ratio numerical value to produce a new non-disclosed range of redox ratio numerical values. Further, any individual numerical value from a given composition component, a given batch component, a given solar property, or even a given color property can be combined with any other different respective numerical value from a given composition component, a given batch component, a given solar property, or even a given color property to produce a new non-disclosed range of numerical values for one or more of the given composition component, the given batch component, the given solar property, or even the given color property.

[0121] The following colorant formulations represent non-limiting embodiments for use in conjunction with any of the glass batch formulations described herein, as shown in the following table.

[0122] Table 1

[0123]

[0124] Table 2

[0125]

[0126] Table 3

[0127]

[0128] Table 4

[0129]

[0130] Table 5

[0131]

[0132] Table 6

[0133]

[0134] Table 7

[0135]

[0136] Table 8

[0137]

[0138] Table 9

[0139]

[0140] Table 10

[0141]

[0142] Table 11

[0143]

[0144] Table 12

[0145]

[0146] With respect to the various solar performance in Tables 1-12, note the following: T UV values determined by ISO 13837, air mass 1.5, wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm; Te values determined by ISO 13837, air mass 1.5, wavelength range 300 nm to 2500 nm; T IR values determined by ISO 13837, air mass 1.5, wavelength range 800 nm to 2500 nm; T ts values determined by ISO 13837, v = 4 m / seg; and T LA values determined by CIE illuminant "A", wavelength range 380 nm-780 nm.

[0147] Within the scope of the present application, other variations can be applied to achieve the proposed performance of the glass composition without departing from the description set forth in the following claims. Accordingly, the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative, and not restrictive, of the scope of the present application, which is given by the full width of the following claims, and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A glass comprising:

2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has a visible transmission ("T vis") greater than 0% and equal to or less than 8% as measured by T LA CIE illuminant "A" over a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm at a glass thickness of 3.85 mm. LA vis.

3. The glass of any of claims 1 or 2, wherein the glass has an a* in the range of -8 to 4.5 and a b* in the range of -12.5 to 15.

5.

4. The glass of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the glass further comprises 0.004 to 0.02 wt% selenium.

5. The glass of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the glass further comprises 0.044 to 0.059 wt% CoO.

6. The glass of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the glass further comprises 0.01 to 0.5 wt% Ti02.

7. The glass of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the glass is used in one or more of architectural transparency or vehicle transparency.

8. The glass of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the glass is used in one or more of architectural transparency or vehicular transparency, wherein, The architectural transparency or vehicle transparency comprises one or more low emissivity coatings, one or more anti-reflective coatings, one or more solar control coatings, one or more low UV and / or IRC coatings, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

9. The glass of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the redox ratio is at least 0.16 and at most 0.

32.

10. The glass of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the redox ratio is at least 0.17 and at most 0.

25.

11. The glass of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein CoO is in the range of 0.0465 to 0.0565 wt%.

12. The glass of claim 4, wherein the selenium content is in the range of 0.005 to 0.018 wt%.

13. The glass of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein Cr203 is in the range of 0.001 to 0.05 wt%.

14. The glass of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein Cr203 is in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt%.

15. The glass of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein CuO is in the range of 0.0015 to 0.025 wt%.

16. The glass of any of claims 1 to 15, wherein Ti02 is in the range of 0.02 to 0.025 wt%.

17. The glass of any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the glass further comprises a coating selected from the group consisting of a low emissivity coating, an anti-reflective coating, a solar control coating, a low UV coating, an IRC coating, and combinations thereof.

18. A method of making a glass using a conventional float non-vacuum glass system, comprising: melting a glass batch to provide a molten glass pool; flowing the molten glass pool onto a molten tin bath; moving the molten glass over the surface of the molten tin bath while controllably cooling the molten glass and applying a force to the molten glass to provide a glass of a desired thickness; and removing the glass from the molten tin bath, wherein the glass comprises:

19. A laminate comprising: a first ply comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein the first surface comprises an outer surface of the laminate; a second ply comprising a third surface adjacent to the second surface and a fourth surface opposite the third surface, wherein the fourth surface comprises an interior surface of the stack; and an intermediate layer between the first ply and the second ply, wherein at least one of the first ply or the second ply is formed from a glass comprising:

20. The stack of claim 19, wherein the second surface of the first ply or the third surface of the second ply comprises a coating selected from the group consisting of a low-emissivity coating, an anti-reflective coating, a solar control coating, a low-UV coating, an IRC coating, and combinations thereof.

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