Continuous stoping method for gravelly ore body with slow inclination angle

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ore extraction, and discloses a continuous stoping method for a gravelly ore body with a slow inclination angle, which comprises the following steps: S1, respectively tunneling a main transportation ramp and an auxiliary service ramp in footwall rock mass of the ore body, and mutually separating the main transportation ramp and the auxiliary service ramp in space, and the main transportation slope ramp and the auxiliary service slope ramp are respectively used for ore transportation and auxiliary operation. According to the method, a firm and smooth physical isolation layer is constructed on the top of the goaf, a brand new artificial base is provided for subsequent layered stoping operation, and it is ensured that upper-layer ore can cleanly slide and be enriched along the isolation layer after blasting; therefore, the industrial problem that the ore is mixed with the upper waste rock or the filling material under the action of gravity is fundamentally solved, source control over the ore grade is achieved, the dilution rate is greatly reduced, and the resource recovery rate is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ore mining technology, and in particular to a continuous mining method for gently dipping breccia-shaped ore bodies. Background Technology

[0002] Gently dipping breccia ore bodies are a type of mineral resource that is difficult to mine. Their main characteristics are that the ore body has a moderate dip angle, which means that the ore cannot be completely discharged by gravity and that the stability of the stope is required. At the same time, the breccia structure leads to an irregular contact boundary between the ore body and the surrounding rock, and the ore grade is unevenly distributed and the surrounding rock is unstable. For this type of ore body, the traditional mining methods commonly used in the industry mainly include the segmented mining and backfilling method (such as the upward horizontal layered backfilling method) or the improved open-hole method (such as the segmented ore retention and subsequent backfilling method). The core idea of ​​these methods is to control the ground pressure and maintain the stability of the stope by backfilling the goaf, thereby creating conditions for the subsequent mining of adjacent blocks.

[0003] However, the aforementioned existing technologies have inherent defects that are difficult to overcome in practical applications. First, during the mining and release of ore, especially at the interface with the backfilled body or unstable hanging wall, the ore inevitably mixes with waste rock and backfill material, resulting in severe dilution and loss, which directly affects the economic benefits and resource recovery rate of the mine. Second, these traditional methods are discrete and discontinuous in terms of process flow. Mining, ore extraction, support, backfilling and other processes must be carried out step by step and wait for each other, forming a mining-stopping-backfilling-stopping cycle, which leads to low production efficiency and makes it impossible to achieve large-scale, high-intensity continuous production. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that the existing technology has the disadvantages of severe dilution loss due to the mixing of ore and waste rock at the interface and interruption of production continuity due to the discreteness of the process. To this end, we propose a continuous mining method for gently dipping breccia ore bodies.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this application adopts the following technical solution: a continuous mining method for gently dipping breccia bodies, comprising the following steps: S1: In the footwall of the ore body, the main transport ramp and the auxiliary service ramp are excavated separately. The main transport ramp and the auxiliary service ramp are spatially separated. The main transport ramp and the auxiliary service ramp are used for ore transport and auxiliary operations, respectively. At the bottom of each mining section, the ore extraction roadway system connected to the main transport ramp is excavated. S2: Based on the pre-acquired three-dimensional geological model data of the ore body, multiple blast holes are drilled from top to bottom in the layer to be mined. The drilling trajectory of the blast holes is precisely controlled by the control system so that the whole is located within the boundary of the ore body marked by the geological model and forms a preset angle with the dip direction of the ore body, thus forming a group of oblique blast holes. S3: A digital electronic detonator system is used to differentiate the charge and set the millisecond delay for the group of blast holes. The holes are detonated one by one according to the preset detonation sequence to form a directional blasting wave that can guide the ore to move into the mining roadway system in the lower part of the mining area, thereby breaking and separating the ore from the ore body. S4: After a layer of mining is completed, a solidifiable fluid filling material is applied to the working face of the goaf and solidifies to form an isolation layer with a preset strength. The solidified isolation layer serves as the bottom plate or sliding surface for subsequent mining operations in adjacent layers, physically isolating the upper filling body or surrounding rock. The blasting operations in subsequent adjacent layers are subject to the real-time monitoring results of the solidification strength of the isolation layer, thus forming a linked cycle of mining and filling.

[0006] Preferably, the ore extraction roadway system in step S1 specifically includes: excavating a ore collection roadway at the bottom of the mining section, and excavating multiple bottom-pulling roadways from the ore collection roadway toward the ore body at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees, wherein the center-to-center spacing of the multiple bottom-pulling roadways along the direction of the ore collection roadway is designed to be 8.0 meters, forming a fishbone-type ore extraction structure.

[0007] Preferably, the oblique-cut blast hole group in step S2 uses a drill hole diameter of 76 mm, a row spacing of 2.0 m, a hole spacing of 2.2 m in the same row, and a preset angle of 45 to 50 degrees with the dip direction of the ore body. The bottom of the blast hole is designed to be 0.5 m deep.

[0008] Preferably, the millisecond-level delay setting in step S3 is specifically: the delay between blast holes is set to 25 milliseconds, and the delay between rows is set to 150 milliseconds, so as to form a wave-like row-by-row blasting effect that can orderly peel the ore from the ore body.

[0009] Preferably, the solidifiable fluid filling material in step S4 is a paste filling material, which is made by mixing cementitious materials, aggregates, additives and water, and the thickness of the isolation layer is 0.8 meters.

[0010] Preferably, the cementitious material is silicate cement, the aggregate is mine tailings, and the admixture is fly ash, with a weight ratio of cement:tailings:fly ash:water = 1:6:1.5:2.5.

[0011] Preferably, the cementitious material is sulfoaluminate cement, the aggregate is river sand, and the admixture is a high-efficiency water-reducing agent; the weight ratio is: sulfoaluminate cement: river sand: high-efficiency water-reducing agent: water = 1:3.5:0.02:0.45.

[0012] Preferably, the blasting operation of the subsequent adjacent layers in step S4 is permitted under the following conditions: the unconfined compressive strength of the isolation layer at 7 days of age is monitored in real time to reach 1.0 MPa.

[0013] Preferably, when removing the broken ore in step S4, a remote-controlled electric LHD equipped with a high-definition vision and laser scanning system is used. The operator performs the operation remotely from a ground control center isolated from the mining face. When the visual recognition software integrated into the system analyzes and determines that the waste rock mixing rate in the mineral material exceeds a preset threshold of 3%, the mining operation at that mining point is automatically suspended.

[0014] Preferably, the differentiated charge in step S3 specifically refers to: for the blast holes located in the center of the ore body, a high-energy main explosive is used, which has sufficient energy to fully break the rock in the center of the ore body, while for the blast holes near the hanging wall and footwall of the ore body, a low-velocity, low-energy fine blasting explosive or a decoupled interval charge is used.

[0015] The technical effects and advantages of this invention are as follows: In this invention, a robust and smooth physical isolation layer is constructed on top of the mined-out area, providing a novel artificial base for subsequent layered mining operations. This crucial step ensures that the upper ore can slide cleanly and accumulate along this isolation layer after blasting, thereby fundamentally solving the industry problem of ore mixing with the upper waste rock or filling material due to gravity. This enables source control of ore grade, greatly reduces the dilution rate, improves the resource recovery rate, and significantly enhances production safety because no personnel are required to enter the mined-out area.

[0016] Furthermore, this reliable physical isolation creates the prerequisites for the continuous and automated mining process. It transforms the originally interfering steps of mining, filling, and ore extraction into a predictable and controllable closed-loop linkage system. By separating each link in space and parallelizing them in time, the traditional discrete mining-stopping-filling-stopping mode is transformed into an efficient production flow of continuous mining and filling, and mining and filling linkage. Ultimately, this achieves a holistic and leapfrog improvement in mining efficiency and economic benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The disclosure of this invention is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention. In the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to refer to the same parts: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the method steps of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart summarizing the steps of the method of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] It is readily understood that, based on the technical solution of this invention, those skilled in the art can propose various interchangeable structural methods and implementations without altering the essential spirit of the invention. Therefore, the following detailed embodiments and accompanying drawings are merely illustrative examples of the technical solution of this invention and should not be considered as the entirety of the invention or as limitations or restrictions on the technical solution of this invention.

[0019] Reference Figures 1-2 As shown, this invention provides a technical solution: a continuous mining method for a gently dipping breccia ore body. The method is applied to a gently dipping breccia ore body with the following proven geological parameters: strike length of 117 meters, average true thickness of 8.22 meters, and dip angle of 41°. To achieve efficient continuous operation, the ore body is divided into three standard stope sections along its strike direction, each stope section being 35 meters long. A finishing adjustment section is set according to the pinch-out situation of the ore body. The mining operation is carried out in a top-down sequential layered manner, with the vertical height of a single mining layer set at 3.0 meters. This method aims to achieve a daily ore production capacity of 500 tons.

[0020] The specific implementation steps of this invention are as follows: Step 1: Development and Channel Construction This step aims to construct an efficient, independent, and non-interfering transportation and operation channel system. In this embodiment, all excavated roadways are supported by a combination of system anchor bolts and shotcrete. The anchor bolts are Φ22mm in size, 2.2m in length, and spaced 1.5m × 1.5m apart. The shotcrete is C20 and 100mm thick.

[0021] This step specifically includes: Constructing a double-helix ramp system: Within the stable rock mass of the ore body's footwall, a main haulage ramp and an auxiliary service ramp are excavated separately. The main haulage ramp is designed with a cross-sectional dimension of 4.5 meters wide and 4.0 meters high to accommodate 3-cubic-meter LHDs (load loader) or 15-ton mining trucks. Its maximum excavation gradient is controlled within 12%, and it is dedicated to the continuous outward transport of ore. The auxiliary service ramp is spatially separated from the main haulage ramp, with a cross-sectional dimension of 4.0 meters wide and 3.5 meters high. This ramp is used for personnel access, equipment maintenance, material transport, ventilation, and pipeline laying, especially for the transport of filling materials, thereby achieving complete separation of ore transport flow from auxiliary operation flow.

[0022] Segmented access road: For each 35-meter-long mining section, horizontal access roads are excavated from the auxiliary service ramps at the top and bottom. The cross-sectional dimensions are 3.5 meters wide and 3.5 meters high. The upper access road serves as the working entrance for the section, and the lower access road serves as the ore exit for the section.

[0023] Constructing a fishbone-style ore extraction system: Under the lower connecting roadway of each mining section, excavate a ore collection level roadway with the same cross-sectional dimensions. From this level roadway into the ore body, excavate a series of bottom-pull roadways at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees, thus forming a fishbone-style structure in the plane. The center-to-center spacing of the bottom-pull roadways along the direction of the ore collection level roadway is designed to be 8.0 meters to ensure effective coverage and recovery of ore after blasting.

[0024] For the development and passage construction steps, its advantage lies in solving the long-standing logistics conflict problem in underground production from the underlying logic of mine design by using a dual inclined ramp for the main transportation and auxiliary services that are physically completely separated during tunneling. The bottlenecks inherent in traditional single-passage systems, such as vehicle passing, mixed traffic of people and vehicles, and mutual interference between pipelines and transportation, are completely eliminated, thereby constructing two parallel and interference-free passages. The direct benefit of this layout is that the outward flow of ore and the supply flow of materials / personnel can operate simultaneously, continuously, and efficiently, providing the most basic and critical physical space guarantee for the uninterrupted operation of all subsequent processes, which is a prerequisite for realizing the entire continuous mining method.

[0025] Step 2: Precise Hole Layout and Rock Drilling This step utilizes an intelligent medium-deep hole drilling rig equipped with MWD (Measurement While Drilling) capabilities to achieve precise drilling of the ore body.

[0026] This step specifically includes: Dynamic 3D geological modeling: In the upper connecting tunnel, the MWD technology carried by the rock drilling rig is used to conduct intensified exploration of the 3.0-meter layer that is about to be mined. The exploration data is transmitted to the geological modeling system in real time to update and generate a high-precision digital twin model of the layer. This model can accurately delineate the ore and rock boundaries.

[0027] Automated oblique-cut fan-shaped hole layout: The rock drilling rig automatically performs oblique-cut fan-shaped hole layout operations based on a digital twin model.

[0028] The specific drilling parameters are set as follows: Drilling diameter: 76 mm drill bit.

[0029] Hole layout parameters: The spacing between rows of fan-shaped holes is set to 2.0 meters, and the spacing between holes within the same row is set to 2.2 meters.

[0030] The borehole inclination angle is designed to be 45 to 50 degrees, which is slightly larger than the natural dip angle of 41 degrees of the ore body. The purpose is to use gravity to assist the ore in moving downwards towards the bottom after blasting.

[0031] To ensure that the bottom of the layer is completely cut off, the bottom of the blast hole is designed to be 0.5 meters deep. Throughout the drilling process, the bottom trajectory and the opening trajectory of the blast hole are strictly constrained within the boundary of the ore body in the digital twin model.

[0032] For the rock drilling step, its advantage lies in transforming the rock drilling operation from a rough delineation relying on static drawings and manual experience to a "carving-style outline" guided in real time by a dynamic three-dimensional model. Through drilling measurement technology, the model is continuously corrected, and the borehole trajectory is forcibly constrained to always stay within the boundary of the ore body. This fundamentally avoids over-excavation or under-excavation caused by geological changes or operational errors. This closed-loop control is equivalent to pre-cutting the outline of the ore body with high precision before blasting. Its beneficial effect is that at the very beginning of the entire mining process, the most important sources of ore loss and dilution are eliminated at a very low cost.

[0033] Step 3: Directional blasting and ore separation This step aims to achieve flexible separation of ore and rock, and to control the unit explosive consumption within an economical range of 0.40 to 0.45 kg / ton.

[0034] This step specifically includes: Main charge: For blast holes located in the center of the ore body, a high-energy main charge is used, the energy of which should be sufficient to fully break the rock in the center of the ore body. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, #2 rock emulsion explosive can be selected, with a detonation velocity of about 4500 m / s and a density of about 1.15 g / cm³, which can achieve the ideal breaking effect. For blast holes near the hanging wall and footwall of the ore body, low-detonation-velocity, low-energy fine blasting explosives or uncoupled interval charges are used to reduce disturbance to the surrounding rock.

[0035] Millisecond-level wave-like detonation network: It adopts a digital electronic detonator system with a detonation delay accuracy of less than 1 millisecond. The delay between holes is set to 25 milliseconds, and the delay between rows is set to 150 milliseconds. This slow-fast-slow detonation sequence can form a wave-like pushing stress wave, thereby orderly stripping the ore from the ore body instead of violently blasting it away.

[0036] Small-unit, high-frequency blasting: Each 3.0-meter-high layer is further subdivided into multiple small blasting units, for example, only 3 to 5 rows of blast holes are detonated each time, thereby realizing agile cycle operation of micro-blasting and fast ore extraction.

[0037] Regarding the blasting procedure, its advantage lies in overturning the traditional blasting concept that pursues maximum fragmentation. It achieves precise control over the direction and intensity of blasting energy. Through millisecond-level sequence control of digital electronic detonators and differentiated charges, it can generate wave-like pushing stress, orderly stripping the ore from the parent rock rather than violently blasting it away. Its core beneficial effects are twofold: First, it maximizes the stability of the hanging wall rock, providing a guarantee for the construction of the isolation layer and the safety of the mining area in step four below; second, it pre-guides the movement direction of the fragmented ore, allowing it to slide naturally and centrally towards the bottom outlet, creating extremely favorable initial conditions for subsequent efficient and low-loss ore extraction.

[0038] Step 4: Integrated mining and backfilling This step is the core of the invention, which solves the impoverishment problem through a strategy of simultaneous sampling and filling and zoned control.

[0039] This step specifically includes: Constructing the upper isolation layer: After a goaf is formed by the completion of a layered mining operation, a solidifiable fluid filling material, namely paste filling material, is immediately pumped to the top of the goaf through a pre-set pipeline to form an isolation layer. The paste filling material can adopt various proportion schemes. Its core requirement is to have good fluidity for easy pumping and self-leveling, and to reach the specified strength within a preset time. In this invention, two preferred implementation methods with different focuses are provided.

[0040] Preferred Implementation Method 1: In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the paste filling material is made by mixing cementitious material, aggregate, admixture and water, wherein the cementitious material is silicate cement, the aggregate is mine tailings, and the admixture is fly ash, and the weight ratio is cement:tailings:fly ash:water = 1:6:1.5:2.5. The pumped paste forms a flat isolation layer with a thickness of 0.8 meters on the top of the goaf. This isolation layer is required to have an unconfined compressive strength of more than 1.0 MPa at 7 days to ensure that it can serve as a solid and smooth artificial false bottom for the next layer of mining. The advantage of this scheme is that it makes full use of the tailings and fly ash produced by the mine itself, achieving the best balance between cost and performance.

[0041] To verify its superiority, the following comparative experiment was conducted: Table 1: Comparison of paste formulation performance in preferred embodiment one

[0042] From the data in Table 1 above, we can see that: Compared to Scheme A, which lacks fly ash as an admixture, its spreadability is significantly reduced, resulting in poor paste fluidity and difficulty in pumping. Furthermore, in order to meet the strength requirements, it is necessary to increase the amount of cement, which greatly increases the unit cost of materials and reduces economic efficiency.

[0043] Comparative schemes B and C respectively verified the key role of the water-to-material ratio in the formulation of this invention. In comparative scheme B, there was too much water, which, although it had good fluidity, was prone to material segregation and seriously affected the growth of strength in the later stage, resulting in a 7-day strength that was far below the standard. In comparative scheme C, there was too little water, which made the paste too dry and thick, completely losing the fluidity required for construction. This proves the accuracy of the water content selection in the preferred scheme of this invention.

[0044] In summary, the 1:6:1.5:2.5 mix ratio proposed in this invention achieves an optimal balance between the three core technical indicators of high fluidity, suitable setting time, and 7-day strength required for rapid cyclic operation through the synergistic effect of cement, tailings, fly ash, and water at the lowest economic cost. This results in unexpected technical effects and is one of the preferred technical options for achieving the purpose of this invention.

[0045] Preferred Implementation Method Two: In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, aiming to maximize production efficiency and shorten the filling cycle, the paste filling material is made by mixing cementitious material, aggregate, admixture and water, wherein the cementitious material is sulfoaluminate cement, the aggregate is river sand, and the admixture is a high-efficiency water-reducing agent; its weight ratio is sulfoaluminate cement: river sand: high-efficiency water-reducing agent: water = 1:3.5:0.02:0.45. This scheme utilizes the rapid hardening and early strength characteristics of sulfoaluminate cement, aiming to shorten the time for the isolation layer to reach the specified strength from several days to a dozen hours.

[0046] To verify its high efficiency, the following comparative experiment was conducted: Table 2: Comparison of paste formulation performance in preferred embodiment two

[0047] From the data in Table 2 above, we can see that: Comparative scheme E shows that although conventional silicate cement formulations are economical, their 12-hour strength is far below 1.0 MPa, which cannot meet the pursuit of ultimate efficiency in this embodiment, proving the necessity of using special cement.

[0048] Comparison with scheme F demonstrates that even with the use of fast-hardening cement, an excessively high water-to-material ratio remains a fatal weakness in strength development, failing to achieve the expected early strength effect.

[0049] Comparative scheme G highlights the crucial role of high-efficiency water-reducing agent in this scheme. Without water-reducing agent, even with a relatively high water-cement ratio, the required fluidity for pumping cannot be achieved, making the scheme engineering-infeasible.

[0050] In summary, the 1:3.5:0.02:0.45 high-performance formulation proposed in this invention, through the scientific compounding of fast-hardening and early-strength sulfoaluminate cement, high-quality aggregate river sand, and high-efficiency water-reducing agent, successfully shortens the curing time of the isolation layer to less than 12 hours while ensuring excellent construction fluidity. This represents a significant breakthrough in production cycle efficiency and is another preferred technical option with significant beneficial effects for realizing the method of this invention.

[0051] Therefore, by providing the above two preferred embodiments with different focuses, the present invention can satisfy both cost-sensitive and efficiency-oriented high-requirement working conditions, greatly expanding the applicability of the method of the present invention.

[0052] Filling the lower support structure: Below the paste isolation layer, that is, in the main space of the formed goaf, waste rock with a particle size of less than 300 mm generated by the development operation is used for large-volume filling. This waste rock filling body serves as the main support structure of the stope, thereby significantly reducing the filling cost.

[0053] Remote-controlled selective ore extraction: At the ore outlet of the herringbone-type bottom roadway, a 2.5-cubic-meter remote-controlled electric LHD is deployed. This equipment is equipped with a high-definition vision system and a laser scanning system, and the operator can remotely control the operation from the control center on the ground.

[0054] Intelligent depletion control: The high-definition vision system integrates visual recognition software to perform real-time image analysis of the ore material at the loading port. When the system detects that the waste rock mixing rate exceeds the preset threshold of 3%, the system will automatically alarm and suspend the operation at the ore outlet, while prompting the management personnel to adjust the ore pulling or blasting strategy.

[0055] Mining-filling-exhausting linkage control system: A central control platform is established to confirm whether the strength of the filling body in the previous zone meets the standard. After the platform confirms that the strength of the isolation layer has reached the preset index, the authorization for blasting operation in the next zone can be automatically unlocked within 1 minute, thereby achieving seamless connection between various processes.

[0056] For the linked mining and backfilling steps, by constructing a solid and smooth physical isolation layer on top of the mined-out area, a brand-new artificial base is provided for subsequent layered mining operations. This key step ensures that the upper ore can slide and accumulate cleanly along this isolation layer after blasting, thereby fundamentally solving the industry problem of ore mixing with the upper waste rock or backfill material due to gravity. This enables source control of ore grade, greatly reduces the dilution rate, improves the resource recovery rate, and significantly improves production safety because no personnel need to enter the mined-out area.

[0057] Furthermore, this reliable physical isolation creates the prerequisites for the continuous and automated mining process. It transforms the originally interfering steps of mining, filling, and ore extraction into a predictable and controllable closed-loop linkage system. By separating each link in space and parallelizing them in time, the traditional discrete mining-stopping-filling-stopping mode is transformed into an efficient production flow of continuous mining and filling, and mining and filling linkage. Ultimately, this achieves a holistic and leapfrog improvement in mining efficiency and economic benefits.

[0058] In summary, this invention transforms mining from discrete processes into a data-driven, intelligently interconnected continuous process, enabling efficient, low-digestion, and high-recovery mining of gently dipping breccia bodies while ensuring safety.

[0059] To illustrate the invention more clearly, a specific embodiment is provided below.

[0060] This embodiment describes the specific application of the method of the present invention in the first mining section with a length of 35 meters between the L11-L10 exploration lines. This section contains approximately three mining layers from top to bottom.

[0061] First, execute the development and channel construction steps: As designed, the main transport ramp and the auxiliary service ramp have been excavated and supported at designated locations in the footwall of the ore body. Subsequently, for this first mining section, the upper working connection roadway at the 700m level and the lower ore extraction connection roadway and the ore collection level roadway at the 691m level have been excavated and supported from the auxiliary service ramp.

[0062] Within the mining level roadway, the herringbone-style bottom roadway group is excavated and supported in the direction of the ore body at an 8-meter center-to-center spacing. At the same time, the ventilation, power supply, water supply, compressed air, and filling pipeline system connected by the auxiliary service ramp are laid in this area.

[0063] After preparations were completed, the intelligent medium-deep hole drilling rig used its onboard MWD probe to conduct intensified drilling of the first mining layer in the upper connecting tunnel at a level of 700m. The data was transmitted to the geological modeling system in real time to generate a high-precision three-dimensional geological model of the layer, which clearly marked the ore and rock boundaries.

[0064] The first stratum (700m-697m) mining: Entering the precise hole layout and rock drilling step, the rock drilling rig automatically performs the first layer of oblique fan-shaped hole layout operation in the 700m upper connecting tunnel based on the generated digital model, and ensures that all drilling trajectories are strictly controlled inside the ore body.

[0065] Subsequently, the directional blasting and ore separation steps are carried out, using a small-unit, high-frequency mode. First, the three rows of blast holes furthest from the connecting roadway are detonated. The digital electronic detonator system executes the detonation according to the preset wave-like detonation sequence. After the blasting is completed, the operator at the ground control center remotely controls the LHD located in the 691m horizontal ore collection roadway to extend into the stope from the corresponding herringbone bottom pull roadway entrance, remove the blasted ore, and transport it out through the main transport ramp. During this process, the vision system on the LHD monitors the ore morphology in real time to avoid waste rock mixing. After about 70% of the ore has been removed, the next three rows of blast holes are immediately blasted. This cycle is repeated until the first layer is completely blasted and the ore is extracted.

[0066] Construction of the isolation layer: After the first layer forms the goaf, the isolation layer construction step in the linkage mining and backfilling process is immediately executed. Through the pre-set backfilling pipeline, paste backfill material is pumped from the 700m upper connecting road to the top of the goaf. A laser scanner is used to monitor in real time to ensure that the backfilling forms an isolation layer with uniform thickness and a flat surface. At the same time, the solidification process is monitored through wireless sensor nodes embedded in the paste to obtain its strength growth data in real time and upload it to the central control platform.

[0067] Implementation of the second-layer (697m-694m) mining and linkage cycle: Once the central control platform receives data from the sensor nodes and confirms that the 7-day unconfined compressive strength of the isolation layer has reached 1.0 MPa, the system automatically authorizes the blasting permit for the second layer, and the linkage cycle is fully launched: Mining operations: The drilling rig continued drilling the second layer of blast holes in the 700m upper connecting roadway. The bottom of the holes was precisely controlled on the surface of the solidified and hardened paste isolation layer. Subsequently, the second layer was repeatedly blasted in small units at high frequency and ore extraction cycles were repeated. The blasted ore slid down along the smooth and solid paste isolation layer to the bottom of the roadway, and dilution was fundamentally controlled.

[0068] Backfilling operation: At the same time, waste rock or surface waste rock generated from the development face is transported here through the second auxiliary service ramp and dumped into the first layer of the formed goaf, that is, above the paste isolation layer, for large-volume, low-cost main backfilling.

[0069] At this stage, the flow of mining materials via the main transport ramp and the flow of filling materials via the auxiliary service ramp are completely separated in space, achieving efficient and continuous operation in parallel.

[0070] Follow-up tasks and final results: Repeat the linked cycle of mining the next layer, constructing a new isolation layer, and filling the upper layer until the entire ore body of the 35-meter segment is mined out. Then, move all equipment and the operation center to the second mining section between lines L10 and L9 and repeat all the above steps.

[0071] Ultimately, the entire L11-L7 ore body was extracted segment by segment and layer by layer, the goaf was effectively filled with waste rock and paste, the ground pressure was stabilized, and safe and efficient mining with continuous, low dilution and high recovery rate was achieved.

[0072] This embodiment specifically demonstrates that by constructing an independent development channel system, mining operations and auxiliary operations can be carried out in parallel without conflict. Through model-guided precision drilling and directional blasting, low-loss separation of the ore body is achieved. In particular, by constructing a high-strength paste isolation layer, a solid and smooth artificial base plate is provided for subsequent layered mining, physically isolating the ore from the contact between the ore and the overlying waste rock, thereby fundamentally solving the problem of ore dilution in traditional methods. Furthermore, through the linkage control of each stage of mining, filling, and extraction, discrete processes are transformed into a continuous workflow.

[0073] The technical scope of this invention is not limited to the content described above. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the above embodiments without departing from the technical concept of this invention, and all such modifications and variations should fall within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method of continuous mining of a gently inclined angular conglomerate ore body, characterised in that, The method comprises the following steps: S1: excavating a main transportation ramp and an auxiliary service ramp in the footwall rock mass of the ore body, the main transportation ramp and the auxiliary service ramp being spatially separated from each other, the main transportation ramp and the auxiliary service ramp being used for ore transportation and auxiliary operations respectively, and excavating an ore drawing roadway system communicating with the main transportation ramp at the bottom of each stope section; S2: based on the pre-acquired three-dimensional geological model data of the ore body, drilling a plurality of blast holes in the layer to be mined from top to bottom, and precisely controlling the drilling trajectory of the blast holes by a control system, so that the blast holes are located within the calibrated ore body boundary of the geological model as a whole and form a preset angle with the ore body inclination direction to form an oblique cutting blast hole group; S3: using a digital electronic detonator system to differentially charge and millisecond delay set the blast hole group, and sequentially detonating each hole according to the preset detonation sequence to form a directional blasting wave that can guide the ore to move to the ore drawing roadway system at the lower part of the stope, thereby breaking and separating the ore from the ore body; S4: after the mining of a layer is completed, applying a solidifiable flowable filling material to the working face of the mined-out area thereof, and allowing the solidifiable flowable filling material to solidify to form an isolation layer with a preset strength, and using the solidified isolation layer as the floor or sliding surface during the mining of the subsequent adjacent layer, to physically isolate the upper filling body or surrounding rock, wherein the execution permission condition of the blasting operation of the subsequent adjacent layer depends on the real-time monitoring result of the solidification strength of the isolation layer, thereby forming a mining and filling linkage cycle.

2. The method of continuous mining of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The ore drawing roadway system in step S1 specifically comprises: excavating a collecting roadway at the bottom of the stope section, and excavating a plurality of bottom drawing roadways at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees to the ore body from the collecting roadway, and the center distance of the plurality of bottom drawing roadways along the direction of the collecting roadway is designed to be 8.0 meters, thereby forming a fishbone type ore drawing structure.

3. The method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The oblique cutting blast hole group in step S2 adopts a drilling diameter of 76 mm, a blast hole row spacing of 2.0 meters, a hole spacing of 2.2 meters in the same row, and a preset angle of 45 to 50 degrees with the ore body inclination direction, and the bottom of the blast hole is designed to have an over-depth of 0.5 meters.

4. The method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The millisecond delay setting in step S3 specifically is: the delay time between the blast holes is set to 25 milliseconds, and the delay time between the rows is set to 150 milliseconds, to form a wave type row-by-row blasting effect that can orderly strip the ore from the ore body.

5. The method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The solidifiable flowable filling material in step S4 is a paste filling material, which is mixed by a cementing material, aggregate, additive and water, and the construction thickness of the isolation layer is 0.8 meters.

6. A method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle pebbly ore bodies according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that: The cementing material is portland cement, the aggregate is mine tailings, and the additive is fly ash, and the weight ratio is: cement: tailings: fly ash: water = 1:6:1.5:2.

5.

7. A method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 5, characterized in that: The cementing material is sulphoaluminate cement, the aggregate is river sand, and the additive is high efficiency water reducing agent; The weight ratio is: sulphoaluminate cement: river sand: high efficiency water reducing agent: water = 1:3.5:0.02:0.

45.

8. The method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The execution permission condition of the blasting operation of the subsequent adjacent layer in step S4 is that the 7-day age unconfined compressive strength of the isolation layer reaches 1.0 MPa.

9. A method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 8, characterized in that: When the broken ore is removed in step S4, a remote-controlled electric LHD equipped with a high-definition vision and laser scanning system is used, wherein the operator remotely operates in a ground control center separated from the stope operation surface, and when the visual recognition software integrated in the system analyzes and judges that the waste rock mixing rate in the mineral material exceeds the preset threshold of 3%, the ore removal operation of the ore removal point is automatically suspended.

10. The method of continuous stoping of gently inclined angle conglomerate ore bodies according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: The differential charging in step S3 specifically refers to: for the blast hole located in the center of the ore body, a high-energy main explosive is used, which has enough energy to achieve sufficient crushing of the rock in the center of the ore body, and for the blast hole close to the hanging wall and footwall of the ore body, a low-blast-speed, low-energy fine blasting explosive or an uncoupling interval charging method is used.

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