Highway subgrade pavement and road and bridge construction carbon emission prediction method
By using a carbon emission prediction method based on structural volume and combining it with satellite remote sensing technology to obtain highway scale data, the problem of large discrepancies between existing carbon accounting results and actual values has been solved, and accurate accounting of carbon emissions from highway construction has been achieved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511346735.4
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-06
AI Technical Summary
Existing carbon accounting methods based on bill of quantities suffer from problems such as coarse statistical data granularity, untimely updates, and overreporting or underreporting of material and energy consumption, resulting in excessive deviations between carbon emission accounting results and actual figures.
A carbon emission prediction method based on structural volume is adopted. This method calculates the carbon emissions of each structural unit volume in the construction of highway subgrade, pavement and bridge, and combines it with highway scale data to verify the carbon emissions. Highway scale data is obtained using satellite remote sensing or airborne remote sensing technology, and accurate calculations are performed for individual projects and road network levels.
It improves the accuracy and precision of carbon emission accounting, reduces the risk of recalculation and omission, and is applicable to carbon accounting at the project, regional, and national levels.
Smart Images
Figure CN121480786A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of road and bridge construction technology, and in particular to a method for predicting carbon emissions from highway subgrade, pavement, and road and bridge construction. Background Technology
[0002] The construction of roads and bridges consumes large amounts of materials such as sand, gravel, cement, and steel bars, as well as energy sources such as fuel and electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Carbon emission accounting is an effective basis for evaluating the degree of low-carbon construction of highways and can provide scientific support for the formulation of energy-saving and carbon-reduction measures, thereby promoting the green and low-carbon development of highway construction.
[0003] Currently, carbon emission accounting for road and bridge construction mainly adopts the bill of quantities method, which divides road and bridge construction into three stages: material production, transportation and construction, based on the life cycle theory. The consumption of materials, machinery and energy is obtained through construction drawings, budget documents and other data to establish a bill of quantities, and the carbon emission factor is combined to calculate the carbon emissions of road and bridge construction.
[0004] However, carbon accounting methods based on bill of quantities rely on statistical data, which has problems such as coarse statistical data granularity, untimely updates to the bill of quantities, and false or missed reporting of material and energy consumption, resulting in excessive deviations between carbon emission accounting results and actual figures. Summary of the Invention
[0005] The purpose of this invention is to address the technical shortcomings of existing carbon accounting methods based on bill of quantities, which result in excessive deviations from actual values, by providing a method for predicting carbon emissions from highway subgrade, pavement, and road and bridge construction.
[0006] The technical solution adopted to achieve the purpose of this invention is:
[0007] A method for predicting carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume includes the following steps:
[0008] Step 1: Calculate the total carbon emission intensity of asphalt pavement engineering materials. in The carbon emission intensity of the road surface layer is d-level. The carbon emission intensity of base and subbase materials for Class D highways;
[0009] Step 2: Calculate the total carbon emissions of asphalt pavement materials for Class D highways. Where L d N is the total length of a Class D highway. d The number of lanes for a Class D highway;
[0010] Step 3: Calculate the total carbon emission intensity of roadbed engineering materials. Where f k The carbon emission factor of fill material used in the embankment subgrade of Class D highways. The unit fill volume of the kth layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway;
[0011] Step 4: Calculate the total carbon emissions of roadbed engineering materials.
[0012] Step 5, calculate the total carbon emissions E from highway subgrade and pavement construction. l :
[0013] In the above technical solution, in step 1, the carbon emission intensity of the d-grade highway surface material... Where k represents the number of asphalt pavement surface layers, k = 1, 2, 3, corresponding to the surface layer, intermediate layer, and bottom layer, respectively; m represents the type of road construction material, m = 1, 2, 3…n; and d represents the highway grade, including expressways, Class I highways, Class II highways, Class III highways, and Class IV highways. The carbon emission intensity of Class D highway surface materials. Let be the width of a single lane in the k-th layer and m-th type of material in the surface layer of a Class d highway. Let be the thickness of the k-th layer and m-th type of material in the pavement of a Class d highway. denoted as the carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the k-th layer of a Class d highway surface layer.
[0014] In the above technical solution, in step 1, the carbon emission intensity of the base and subbase materials of Class D highways... Where b is the base course in the asphalt pavement structure, s is the subbase course in the asphalt pavement structure; c is the combined structural form of the asphalt pavement structure layers; m is the type of road construction material, m=1,2,3…n; The carbon emission intensity of base and subbase materials for Class D highways; The width of a single lane layer of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; The width of a single lane layer of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase; The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase layer; The carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; , where m is the carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase.
[0015] In the above technical solution, in step 3, The calculation formula is:
[0016] or
[0017] in: A represents the unit fill volume of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway; k1 A k2 is the area of adjacent cross sections; l is the unit length between adjacent cross sections, l = 1m.
[0018] In the above technical solution, in step 3, A k1 A k2 pass Calculations show that The calculation formula is: Where: k represents the layers of the embankment subgrade, which can be divided into upper subgrade, lower subgrade, upper embankment, and lower embankment; Let be the cross-sectional area of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway; w be the overall width of the highway; i be the slope ratio of the highway's side slopes; h be the cross-sectional area of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade. k Let be the thickness of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade. Another aspect of the invention includes a method for predicting carbon emissions from road and bridge construction, wherein the total carbon emissions from road and bridge construction are E, representing the total carbon emissions from the construction of the highway subgrade and pavement. l Carbon emissions from bridge engineering E q The sum of .
[0019] In the above technical solutions, the total carbon emissions E of bridge engineering q =E q1 +E q2 +E q3 E q1 E represents carbon emissions during the production phase of bridge engineering materials. q2 E represents carbon emissions during the transportation of bridge engineering materials. q3 This refers to the carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering projects.
[0020] In the above technical solution, the carbon emissions during the bridge engineering material production stage... Where: m is the material type, m = 1, 2, 3…n; f represents the total consumption of the m-th material in the k-th sub-item of the j-th sub-section of the i-th bridge project. m Let f be the carbon emission factor in the production process of the m-th material.
[0021] In the above technical solutions, the carbon emissions during the transportation of bridge engineering materials... Where: s represents the type of transported material, s = 1, 2, 3…n; t represents the type of transported vehicle (ship), t = 1, 2, 3…n; The quantity of material of type s transported using type t transport vehicle; The distance to be transported by the t-th type of transport vehicle for the s-th type of material; f t Let be the carbon emission factor for the unit mass transportation distance of the t-th type of transport vehicle.
[0022] In the above technical solutions, the carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering are... Where: z represents the type of on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), z = 1, 2, 3…n; r represents the type of energy used by the on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), r = 1, 2, 3…n; E q3 Carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering; The total number of shifts of the z-type on-site construction machinery in the k-type sub-item of the j-type sub-project of the i-type infrastructure project; f represents the energy consumption of type r per unit shift for type z on-site construction vehicles. r Let r be the carbon emission factor of the r-th energy source.
[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
[0024] In this invention, when calculating carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction, the carbon emission intensity per unit volume of each structure is first calculated. This is then combined with highway scale data such as highway mileage and number of lanes to determine the total carbon emissions from highway construction. For a single project, highway scale data can be obtained from design documents; for a road network, data can be acquired using satellite or aerial remote sensing. This carbon accounting method based on structural volume has significant advantages, including small data acquisition errors, low risk of recalculation or omission, and broad accounting scale (project, region, country). (See attached figures.)
[0025] Figure 1 The diagram shows the layered structure of the embankment subgrade.
[0026] Figure 2 The figure shows the carbon emission calculation boundary for bridge construction. Detailed Implementation
[0027] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
[0028] Example 1
[0029] Highway subgrade and pavement construction has comprehensive design and construction standards, such as the "Technical Standards for Highway Engineering" and the "Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement," which specify in detail the thickness of each structural layer, lane width, and number of lanes. Therefore, when calculating the carbon emissions of highway pavement construction, the total carbon emissions can be calculated by referring to the relevant design and construction standards and specifications, calculating the carbon emission intensity of the pavement surface layer, base layer, and subbase layer, and combining this with highway mileage, lane size, and other scale data.
[0030] A method for predicting carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction includes the following steps:
[0031] Step 1. Calculate the total carbon emissions from the construction of the roadbed and pavement:
[0032] 1.1 Calculation of carbon emission intensity of asphalt pavement surface layer
[0033] The surface layer of an asphalt pavement mainly consists of a surface layer, an intermediate layer, and a bottom layer. Because the road construction materials for each layer are different, it is necessary to calculate the carbon emission intensity of each layer. Then, the carbon emission intensities of the surface layer, intermediate layer, and bottom layer are summed to calculate the carbon emission intensity of the asphalt pavement surface layer, using Formula 1-1:
[0034]
[0035] Where: k represents the asphalt pavement surface layer, k = 1, 2, 3, corresponding to the surface layer, intermediate layer, and bottom layer in the surface layer, respectively; m represents the type of road construction material, m = 1, 2, 3…n; d represents the highway grade, which can be divided into expressway, first-class highway, second-class highway, third-class highway, and fourth-class highway. The carbon emission intensity of the surface layer material for Class D highways is expressed in kgCO2e / (m·lane). The width of a single lane in the k-th layer and m-th material of a Class D highway surface course is determined by the "Highway Engineering Technical Standards" and is expressed in m / lane. The thickness of the m-th material in the k-th layer of the surface course of a Class d highway is determined by the "Specifications for Design of Asphalt Pavement of Highways", and the unit is m. The carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the k-th layer of a Class D highway surface course is expressed in kgCO2e / m³. 3 .
[0036] 1.2 Calculate the carbon emission intensity of the base course and subbase course
[0037] According to the "Specifications for Design of Asphalt Pavement," under different traffic load levels and road construction material types, asphalt pavement structural layers can be divided into six combination forms, including: surface layer + inorganic binder stabilized base course + granular subbase course; surface layer + inorganic binder stabilized base course + inorganic binder stabilized subbase course; surface layer + granular base course + granular subbase course; surface layer + asphalt binder base course + granular subbase course; surface layer + asphalt binder base course + inorganic binder stabilized subbase course; and surface layer + asphalt binder base course + granular subbase course + inorganic binder subbase course. The different combination forms of asphalt pavement structural layers determine the thickness range of the base course and subbase course. By calculating the carbon emission intensity of the base course and subbase course under this pavement structural layer combination form, and then summing them, the carbon emission intensity of the base course and subbase course materials can be calculated using formula 1-2.
[0038]
[0039] Where: b is the base course in the asphalt pavement structure; s is the subbase course in the asphalt pavement structure; c is the combined structural form of the asphalt pavement structure layers; m is the type of road construction material, m=1,2,3…n; The carbon emission intensity of base and subbase materials for Class D highways is expressed in kgCO2e / (m·lane). The width of a single lane layer of the c-th type of pavement structure and the m-th material in the base course is specified by the "Highway Engineering Technical Standards" and is expressed in m / lane. The width of a single lane of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase is specified by the "Highway Engineering Technical Standards" and is expressed in m / lane. The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base course is determined by the "Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement" and the unit is m. The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase is determined by the "Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement" and the unit is m. The carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base course is expressed in kgCO2e / m³. 3 ; The carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase is expressed in kgCO2e / m³. 3 .
[0040] 1.3 Calculate the total carbon emission intensity and total carbon emissions of pavement engineering
[0041] The total carbon emission intensity of the entire highway pavement is calculated by combining data on highway mileage, lanes, and other scale factors. The total carbon emissions of the entire highway pavement are then determined using formulas 1-3 and 1-4.
[0042]
[0043] in: The total carbon emission intensity of asphalt pavement materials for Class D highways is expressed in kgCO2e / (m·lane).
[0044]
[0045] in: The total carbon emissions of asphalt pavement materials for Class D highways are expressed in kgCO2e; L d N represents the total length of a Class D highway, in meters (m). d The number of lanes for a Class D highway is determined by the "Specifications for Design of Asphalt Pavement on Highways".
[0046] Step 2. Calculate the total carbon emissions from roadbed construction:
[0047] Highway subgrades can be classified into embankment subgrades and cut subgrades based on their relative position to the original ground level. Cut subgrades are affected by geological conditions and construction adjustments, and their structures lack standardized specifications. Embankment subgrades, on the other hand, have clearly defined standards for fill material thickness and specific regulations for fill materials, allowing for the correlation of carbon emissions through the volume of subgrade fill materials. Structurally, embankment subgrades can be divided into upper subgrade, lower subgrade, upper embankment, and lower embankment, such as... Figure 1 As shown.
[0048] Current standards and specifications detail the layer thicknesses of embankment subgrades. The "Design Guidelines for Highway Subgrade Fill Material" stipulates an upper subgrade thickness of 0.3m, a lower subgrade thickness of 0.5m for light, medium, and heavy traffic highways, and 0.9m for extra-heavy and extremely heavy traffic highways. The "Specifications for Highway Subgrade Design" specifies an upper embankment thickness range of 0.7m. If stone is used as the lower embankment fill material, the specified thickness range is 0.6m for hard stone, 0.5m for medium-hard stone, and 0.4m for soft stone. Therefore, for embankment subgrades, the overall volume of the subgrade can be calculated by combining the layer thicknesses with data such as subgrade width and highway length, thereby determining the total carbon emissions of the subgrade materials.
[0049] 2.1 Calculate the cross-sectional area of the roadbed
[0050] Due to the structural stability and drainage requirements of embankment subgrades, the cross-section of highway embankment subgrades can be approximated as a trapezoid. The area of the embankment subgrade cross-section can be obtained by calculating the area of the trapezoid, using formula 2-1:
[0051]
[0052] Where: k represents the layers of the embankment subgrade, which can be divided into upper subgrade, lower subgrade, upper embankment, and lower embankment; The cross-sectional area of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway (all cross-sectional areas below refer to sectional area), in meters. 2 w represents the overall width of the highway, in meters; i represents the slope ratio of the highway's side slopes; h k The thickness of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade is selected based on the "Highway Subgrade Design Specifications" and is expressed in meters (m).
[0053] 2.2 Calculation of roadbed volume
[0054] If two adjacent cross-sections are both fill sections and have similar areas, they can be assumed to form a prism, and the average cross-section method should be used for calculation. If the areas of two adjacent cross-sections differ significantly, they are closer to a frustum, and the frustum volume method should be used for calculation. The unit fill volume is calculated according to formula 2-2:
[0055]
[0056] in: This refers to the unit fill volume of the kth layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway, expressed in cubic meters (m³). 3 A k1 A k2 The area of adjacent cross sections is calculated using equation (2-1). Calculation, unit is m 2 l is the unit length between adjacent cross sections, l = 1m.
[0057] 2.3 Calculate the total carbon emission intensity and total carbon emissions of roadbed engineering materials
[0058] The unit fill volume of the upper subgrade, lower subgrade, upper embankment, and lower embankment is multiplied by the corresponding carbon emission factor of the fill material, and then summed to calculate the total carbon emission intensity of the embankment subgrade material. Combined with highway mileage data, the total carbon emissions of the embankment subgrade material can be calculated using formulas 2-3 and 2-4.
[0059]
[0060] in: The total carbon emission intensity of embankment materials for Class D highways is expressed in kgCO2e / m³. k The carbon emission factor of fill material used in the embankment of Class D highways, expressed in kgCO2e / m³. 3 ;
[0061]
[0062] in: The total carbon emissions of embankment materials for Class D highways are expressed in kgCO2e; L d This refers to the total length of a Class D highway, expressed in meters (m).
[0063] Step 3. Calculate the total carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction.
[0064] The total carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction, in addition to the material carbon emissions calculated using the structural volume method, should also include the carbon emissions from construction machinery such as dump trucks, asphalt pavers, and road rollers, calculated according to Formula 3:
[0065]
[0066] Where: E l The total carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction, expressed in kgCO2e; K sg The carbon emissions from roadbed engineering materials account for the total carbon emissions from roadbed engineering construction. Based on existing accounting cases, the value generally ranges from 0.82 to 0.95; K rs The carbon emissions from road construction materials account for the total carbon emissions from road construction. Based on existing accounting cases, the value ranges from 0.72 to 0.86.
[0067] Example 2
[0068] A method for predicting carbon emissions from road and bridge construction includes the total carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction and the total carbon emissions from bridge engineering, as described in Example 1.
[0069] Due to the diverse types and complex structures of bridges, it is difficult to calculate carbon emissions using a volumetric approach. Therefore, a bill of quantities-based method is adopted for carbon emission accounting in bridge engineering. Using a life cycle assessment approach, carbon emissions from bridge construction are defined as the carbon emissions generated from the acquisition of raw materials to the completion of bridge construction, including three stages: material production, material transportation, and on-site construction. Figure 2 ).
[0070] The steps for predicting the total carbon emissions of bridge engineering projects are as follows:
[0071] S1, Calculate carbon emissions during the material production stage.
[0072] Carbon emissions during the material production stage of bridge engineering refer to the carbon emissions from the entire material physicochemical process, from raw material extraction, production, processing to transportation away from the production plant. Carbon emissions during the material production stage are calculated according to 4-1:
[0073]
[0074] Where: m is the material type, m = 1, 2, 3…n; E q1 Carbon emissions during the production stage of bridge engineering materials, expressed in kgCO2e; f represents the total consumption of the m-th material in the k-th sub-item of the j-th sub-section of the i-th bridge project, expressed in kg; m Carbon emission factor of the production process of material m, kgCO2e / kg.
[0075] S2, Calculate carbon emissions during the material transportation phase.
[0076] The material transportation phase of bridge engineering refers to the carbon emissions generated by the energy consumed by transport vehicles during off-site and on-site transportation activities. Off-site transportation is the process of transporting raw materials from the factory to the construction site, while on-site transportation includes the transfer of materials, precast components, concrete, and steel reinforcement products between temporary stations and various work sites. The carbon emissions during the material transportation phase are calculated according to 4-2:
[0077]
[0078] Where: s represents the type of transported material, s = 1, 2, 3…n; t represents the type of transported vehicle (ship), t = 1, 2, 3…n; E q2 Carbon emissions during the transportation of bridge engineering materials, expressed in kgCO2e; The quantity of material of type s transported by type t is in tons. The distance (in meters) for transporting material type s using type t transport vehicle; t Let be the carbon emission factor per unit mass of transport vehicle t, expressed in kgCO2e / (t·m).
[0079] S3, Calculate carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase.
[0080] The on-site construction phase of bridge engineering refers to the carbon emissions generated by energy consumption from the operation of construction machinery and the production and processing activities at temporary sites during the on-site construction of the bridge. Carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase are calculated using a 4-3 formula:
[0081]
[0082] Where: z represents the type of on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), z = 1, 2, 3…n; r represents the type of energy used by the on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), r = 1, 2, 3…n; E q3 The carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering are expressed in kgCO2e. The total number of on-site construction machinery and equipment of type z in type j sub-project and type k item of type i infrastructure project, in units of shifts; The consumption of type r energy per unit shift for type z on-site construction vehicles, expressed in energy units per shift; f r denoted as the carbon emission factor for the r-th energy source, expressed in kgCO2e / energy unit.
[0083] S4, Calculate the total carbon emissions of bridge engineering.
[0084] The total carbon emissions from bridge construction are the sum of carbon emissions from the material production stage, the material transportation stage, and the on-site construction stage, calculated according to formula 4-4:
[0085] E q =E q1 +E q2 +E q3 (4-4)
[0086] Where: E q This represents the total carbon emissions from bridge construction, expressed in kgCO2e.
[0087] S5, Calculate the total carbon emissions from road and bridge construction.
[0088] E = E l +E q (4-5)
[0089] Where: E represents the total carbon emissions from road and bridge construction, expressed in kgCO2e.
[0090] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method for predicting carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Calculate the total carbon emission intensity of asphalt pavement engineering materials. in The carbon emission intensity of Class D highway surface materials. The carbon emission intensity of base and subbase materials for Class D highways; Step 2: Calculate the total carbon emissions of asphalt pavement materials for Class D highways. Where L d N is the total length of a Class D highway. d The number of lanes for a Class D highway; Step 3: Calculate the total carbon emission intensity of roadbed engineering materials. Where f k The carbon emission factor of fill material used in the embankment subgrade of Class D highways. The unit fill volume of the kth layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway; Step 4: Calculate the total carbon emissions of roadbed engineering materials. Step 5, calculate the total carbon emissions E from highway subgrade and pavement construction. l :
2. The carbon emission prediction method for highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 1, the carbon emission intensity of the d-grade highway surface material Where k represents the number of asphalt pavement surface layers, k = 1, 2, 3, corresponding to the surface layer, intermediate layer, and bottom layer, respectively; m represents the type of road construction material, m = 1, 2, 3…n; and d represents the highway grade, including expressways, Class I highways, Class II highways, Class III highways, and Class IV highways. The carbon emission intensity of Class D highway surface materials. Let be the width of a single lane in the k-th layer and m-th type of material in the surface layer of a Class d highway. Let be the thickness of the k-th layer and m-th type of material in the pavement of a Class d highway. denoted as the carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the k-th layer of a Class d highway surface layer.
3. The carbon emission prediction method for highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 1, the carbon emission intensity of the base and subbase materials of Class D highways... Where b is the base course in the asphalt pavement structure, s is the subbase course in the asphalt pavement structure; c is the combined structural form of the asphalt pavement structure layers; m is the type of road construction material, m=1,2,3…n; The carbon emission intensity of base and subbase materials for Class D highways; The width of a single lane layer of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; The width of a single lane layer of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase; The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; The thickness of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase layer; The carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the base layer; , where m is the carbon emission factor of the m-th material in the c-th type of pavement structure in the subbase.
4. The carbon emission prediction method for highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 3 The calculation formula is: or in: A represents the unit fill volume of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway; k1 A k2 is the area of adjacent cross sections; l is the unit length between adjacent cross sections.
5. The carbon emission prediction method for highway subgrade and pavement engineering construction based on structural volume as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step 3, A k1 A k2 pass Calculations show that The calculation formula is: Where: k represents the layers of the embankment subgrade, which can be divided into upper subgrade, lower subgrade, upper embankment, and lower embankment; Let be the cross-sectional area of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade for a Class D highway; w be the overall width of the highway; i be the slope ratio of the highway's side slopes; h be the cross-sectional area of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade. k Let be the thickness of the k-th layer of the embankment subgrade.
6. A method for predicting carbon emissions from road and bridge construction, characterized in that, The total carbon emissions from road and bridge construction are E, the total carbon emissions from highway subgrade and pavement construction based on structural volume as described in claim 1. l Carbon emissions from bridge engineering E q The sum of .
7. The carbon emission prediction method for road and bridge construction as described in claim 6, characterized in that, Total carbon emissions from bridge engineering E q =E q1 +E q2 +E q3 E q1 E represents carbon emissions during the production phase of bridge engineering materials. q2 E represents carbon emissions during the transportation of bridge engineering materials. q3 This refers to the carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering projects.
8. The carbon emission prediction method for road and bridge construction as described in claim 7, characterized in that, Carbon emissions during the production stage of bridge engineering materials Where: m is the material type, m = 1, 2, 3…n; f represents the total consumption of the m-th material in the k-th sub-item of the j-th sub-section of the i-th bridge project. m Let f be the carbon emission factor in the production process of the m-th material.
9. The carbon emission prediction method for road and bridge construction as described in claim 7, characterized in that, Carbon emissions during the transportation of bridge engineering materials Where: s represents the type of transported material, s = 1, 2, 3…n; t represents the type of transported vehicle (ship), t = 1, 2, 3…n; The quantity of material of type s transported using type t transport vehicle; The distance to be transported by the t-th type of transport vehicle for the s-th type of material; f t Let be the carbon emission factor for the unit mass transportation distance of the t-th type of transport vehicle.
10. The carbon emission prediction method for road and bridge construction as described in claim 7, characterized in that, Carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering Where: z represents the type of on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), z = 1, 2, 3…n; r represents the type of energy used by the on-site construction machinery (including off-site processing machinery), r = 1, 2, 3…n; E q3 Carbon emissions during the on-site construction phase of bridge engineering; The total number of shifts of the z-type on-site construction machinery in the k-type sub-item of the j-type sub-project of the i-type infrastructure project; f represents the energy consumption of type r per unit shift for type z on-site construction vehicles. r Let r be the carbon emission factor of the r-th energy source.