Underground data reliable transmission method and system based on multipath redundancy

Abstract

The invention discloses an underground data reliable transmission method and system based on multipath redundancy, and relates to the technical field of drilling operation well control monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: building a channel state real-time monitoring and reliability evaluation mechanism for a plurality of communication channels from underground to ground, and taking an evaluation result as a drive, performing erasure redundancy coding and adaptive fragment distribution on a to-be-transmitted data packet to enable a channel with higher reliability to bear more coding fragments; parallel uplink transmission of the fragments is achieved through multi-channel scheduling, and the ground end carries out decoding reconstruction based on the arriving fragments to recover complete monitoring data. Therefore, when the channel is degraded or partially loses efficacy, the data can still be continuously available, so that the certainty and the real-time performance of underground monitoring data transmission are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of well control monitoring technology for drilling operations, and in particular to a reliable downhole data transmission method and system based on multi-path redundancy. Background Technology

[0002] In oil and gas drilling operations, well control monitoring requires the real-time acquisition of various measurement data while drilling, such as pressure, temperature, vibration, torque, mud flow, and formation parameters within the wellbore, and their reliable transmission to the surface. This provides a basis for decision-making regarding well control safety and intelligent drilling. With increasing well depth, more complex well structures, and higher requirements for well control safety, relying solely on a single physical channel for data transmission is increasingly insufficient to balance transmission rate, reliability, and real-time performance under conditions of high temperature, high pressure, strong vibration, and long distances.

[0003] Currently, various communication methods, such as mud pulse, electromagnetic drilling, sonic drilling, and wired / conductive drill pipe, can be used to transmit downhole data from the wellbore at depths of several kilometers to the surface. Each technology has certain advantages under specific operating conditions, such as simple structure or high bandwidth, but it also has limitations such as low transmission rate, rapid signal attenuation with depth, sensitivity to formation and fluid conditions, and high system deployment and maintenance costs. More importantly, in engineering practice, a particular communication method is often chosen selectively. When this path fails or its performance deteriorates significantly, downhole data cannot be effectively uploaded, resulting in blind spots in well control monitoring.

[0004] Furthermore, real-time data is not only used for drilling parameter optimization, but also as a crucial basis for predicting wellbore stability, identifying runaway risks, and preventing blowouts. If the uplink is interfered with, the error rate increases, or it is interrupted, well control decisions will be delayed or even fail. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a method, system, storage medium, computer program product, and electronic device for reliable downhole data transmission based on multi-path redundancy, which at least solves the problems in the current related technologies where the uplink transmission of downhole monitoring data under complex working conditions is unreliable and easily affected by the failure of a single channel, leading to data interruption and well control monitoring blind spots.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy, applied to a downhole communication system. The method comprises: acquiring real-time multi-source sensor data collected by a downhole sensor array, and preprocessing the real-time multi-source sensor data to generate a data packet to be transmitted; monitoring the status of multiple available communication channels between the downhole and the surface, acquiring the channel status parameters of each communication channel in real time, and calculating a real-time reliability evaluation index for each communication channel; the multiple communication channels include at least two of wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels; the real-time reliability evaluation index is used to characterize the current data transmission status of the communication channels. Based on the transmission capacity, redundant coding and fragment allocation are performed on the data packets to be transmitted according to the real-time reliability assessment index to generate multiple data coding fragments adapted to the reliability of each communication channel; wherein, the real-time reliability assessment index of the communication channel is positively correlated with the number of data coding fragments allocated to the communication channel; the multiple data coding fragments are distributed to the corresponding communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy, and the corresponding data coding fragments are transmitted in parallel to the ground receiving end through the communication channels, so that the ground receiving end decodes and reconstructs the received data coding fragments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packets to be transmitted.

[0007] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a reliable downhole data transmission system based on multi-path redundancy. The system includes: a data acquisition and preprocessing unit, used to acquire real-time multi-source sensor data collected by a downhole sensor array and preprocess the real-time multi-source sensor data to generate a data packet to be transmitted; a channel status monitoring and evaluation unit, used to monitor the status of multiple available communication channels between the downhole and the surface, acquire the channel status parameters of each communication channel in real time, and calculate the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel; the multiple communication channels include at least two of wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels; the real-time reliability evaluation index is used to characterize the current data transmission capability of the communication channel; redundancy. The encoding and fragment allocation unit is used to perform redundant encoding and fragment allocation on the data packet to be transmitted based on the real-time reliability evaluation index, so as to generate multiple data encoding fragments adapted to the reliability of each communication channel; wherein, the real-time reliability evaluation index of the communication channel is positively correlated with the number of data encoding fragments allocated to the communication channel; the multi-channel scheduling and transmission unit is used to distribute the multiple data encoding fragments to the corresponding communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy, and transmit the corresponding data encoding fragments in parallel to the ground receiving end through the communication channels, so that the ground receiving end decodes and reconstructs the received data encoding fragments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packet to be transmitted.

[0008] Thirdly, an electronic device is provided, comprising: at least one processor, and a memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor, wherein the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor, the instructions being executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the steps of the downhole data reliable transmission method based on multipath redundancy according to any embodiment of the present application.

[0009] Fourthly, embodiments of this application provide a storage medium storing a computer program thereon, characterized in that, when the program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to any embodiment of this application.

[0010] Fifthly, embodiments of this application provide a computer program product, including a computer program / instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to any embodiment of this application.

[0011] The reliable downhole data transmission method and system based on multi-path redundancy provided in this application can achieve at least the following technical effects: (1) A real-time reliability assessment index is constructed based on the channel status parameters of multiple communication channels, and this index is used as a unified traction factor for subsequent transmission decisions. Since the transmission capacity of different physical channels will change dynamically under different well depths, formation responses and vibration shock conditions, this assessment mechanism enables the system to characterize the current carrying capacity and availability boundary of each channel in a quantifiable and comparable way, so that the uplink transmission strategy has a basis for dynamic adjustment with changes in operating conditions. As a result, data uplink no longer relies on static configuration or single empirical judgment, but forms an adaptive transmission control framework that can continuously track the link status and respond to link degradation, so that the ground receiving end can obtain more stable data arrival quality and more controllable transmission determinism.

[0012] (2) Redundant coding, adaptive fragment allocation, and multi-channel parallel transmission are coupled in a design to form a cross-channel recoverable end-to-end transmission mechanism. Specifically, after the data packet to be transmitted is converted into multiple data coding fragments, the number of fragments carried by different channels is positively correlated with their reliability evaluation index, so that the system can allocate a higher proportion of the transmission load to the more reliable link at present, while still retaining the cross-channel redundancy and error space; with the help of parallel scheduling, each coding fragment arrives at the ground in a multi-path manner, and the ground end only needs to collect the fragment set that meets the decoding conditions to complete the reconstruction and recovery. Thus, the data recovery capability is changed from "relying on the continuous stability of a single link" to "relying on the reconfigurability of a multi-link fragment set", thereby improving the continuous availability of data under complex working conditions, and taking into account the overall uplink capacity utilization brought by parallel transmission without introducing unnecessary additional processes.

[0013] This technical solution uses real-time reliability assessment as the basis for closed-loop decision-making, drives the adaptive allocation and parallel transmission of redundant coded segments across multiple physical channels, and enables recoverable transmission across channels through decoding and reconstruction at the ground end. This enhances the robustness and continuity of uplink downhole monitoring data as a whole, and provides more reliable data support for ground-side monitoring and control. Attached Figure Description

[0014] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0015] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating an example of a reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating an example of reliability-based segmentation of multiple data encoding segments according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 3 A flowchart illustrating an example of solving an optimization function according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 4 A flowchart illustrating an example operation mechanism of a reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the comparative effects of different methods' reliability as noise varies is shown as an example. Figure 6 A depth-noise heatmap of the reliability gain of a weighted multipath scheme relative to an optimal single-path scheme according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 7 A structural block diagram of an example of a reliable downhole data transmission system based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0016] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0017] In oil and gas drilling operations, well control monitoring relies on downhole measurement devices to acquire real-time wellbore pressure, temperature, vibration, torque, mud flow, and some formation response parameters, which are then transmitted to the surface to support safety boundary assessment and operational control. Since wellbore depths typically reach thousands of meters, long-distance transmission itself introduces latency and link loss. Simultaneously, mechanical noise from drill string impact and rotation, fluid noise from mud circulation, and the effects of high-temperature and high-pressure environments on electronic and transducer performance can all lead to signal attenuation, distortion, and reduced signal-to-noise ratio, thereby increasing the risk of bit errors and data loss. With the increasing prevalence of deep, ultra-deep, and complex well types, the demands for data volume and real-time performance further increase, making it more difficult for the uplink to continuously provide usable data under different operating conditions.

[0018] Currently, downhole data uplink technologies primarily employ mud pulse, electromagnetic drilling, acoustic drilling, and wired / conductive drill pipe (or fiber optic) methods. Mud pulse offers strong engineering adaptability, but its data rate is typically low and susceptible to mud pump noise, mud performance variations, and reflections. Electromagnetic drilling has a relatively simple structure and is less dependent on mud in some conditions, but signal attenuation is closely related to well depth and formation resistivity; in deep wells or highly conductive formations, the link margin is prone to decrease. Acoustic drilling possesses high potential data rates, but propagation in the drill string is susceptible to multipath propagation, reflection fading, and connector impedance mismatch, and frequency band selection and stable demodulation are constrained. Wired / conductive drill pipe can provide higher bandwidth and lower latency, but it places higher demands on structural reliability, interface compatibility, and maintenance costs under high temperature, high pressure, and strong impact conditions. Related research and engineering practice generally indicate that different channels exhibit significant differences in bandwidth, latency, environmental sensitivity, and deployment costs, and their transmission performance fluctuates with well depth, mud parameter changes, and drill string operating conditions.

[0019] On the other hand, well control monitoring requires data that is not only "transmittable," but also "continuous, timely, and available." Real-time changes in key parameters such as pressure and flow rate are often considered early indicators of wellbore stability changes and runaway events. Once the uplink experiences increased error rates, latency, or data interruptions, the surface-level assessment of the wellbore status will rely more heavily on lagging information, thereby weakening the timeliness of risk identification and control decisions. Therefore, improving the continuity and availability of uplink downhole monitoring data under complex operating conditions remains a crucial area for improvement in related technologies.

[0020] It should be understood that the above description of the relevant technologies is intended only to help the public better understand the inventive spirit and motivation of this application, and is not intended to limit this application. Furthermore, the technical solutions described in the above-mentioned relevant technologies are not prior art, and may also be undisclosed technical solutions, such as those under research or in the laboratory stage.

[0021] The technical solutions in this application, including the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, and disclosure of users' personal information, comply with relevant laws and regulations and do not violate public order and good morals.

[0022] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating an example of a reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0023] Regarding the execution subject of the method in the embodiments of this application, it can be any controller or processor with computing or processing capabilities, such as a downhole communication controller (which can be integrated into the control unit of the measurement while drilling / downhole communication system). By executing the multipath redundant transmission control instructions stored in the memory, the status parameters of multiple communication channels are monitored and evaluated, and the redundant encoding, fragment allocation and multi-channel parallel scheduling of data packets are completed accordingly, so that the ground receiving end can decode and reconstruct based on the received encoded fragments.

[0024] In some examples, the execution entity can be integrated into an electronic device or terminal through software, hardware, or a combination of both. The type of terminal or electronic device can be diverse, such as being integrated into a downhole communication module, a processing unit of a measurement-while-drilling instrument string, or a downhole data aggregation and transmission terminal to adapt to different drill string combinations and different communication channel configurations.

[0025] By using redundant coding driven by channel status awareness and parallel transmission across channels, reconfigurable and reliable uplink of downhole monitoring data under multi-path conditions is achieved, thereby improving the continuity, robustness, and availability of data transmission.

[0026] like Figure 1As shown, in step S110, real-time multi-source sensing data collected by the downhole sensor array is acquired, and the real-time multi-source sensing data is preprocessed to generate a data packet to be transmitted.

[0027] In some embodiments of this application, the downhole sensor array may include pressure, temperature, vibration / shock, torque / speed, mud flow, and formation-related measurement modules, etc. The downhole communication controller acquires real-time multi-source sensor data from each sensor sampling channel and performs unified time base alignment and data framing processing on the multi-source data. Specifically, a timestamp and sampling sequence number can be added to each sampled data, and layered buffering can be performed according to preset sampling frequency differences (e.g., high frequency vibration, low frequency temperature), so that multi-source data within the same time window can be combined into a monitoring frame. After the monitoring frame is formed, preprocessing operations for uplink transmission are performed, such as: sliding window filtering and outlier removal for noise-sensitive quantities (pressure, vibration), quantization / scaling for continuous quantities to control bit width, differential encoding for slowly changing quantities to reduce redundant bits, and consistency range verification for each field to reduce the probability of invalid data entering subsequent redundant encoding modules.

[0028] When generating data packets to be transmitted, monitoring frames can be encapsulated into a unified data packet format, including at least: a packet header (data packet identifier, timestamp, payload length, priority / timeliness level), a payload area (multi-source monitoring fields and their encoding results), and an integrity check field (e.g., CRC check value). The priority / timeliness level can reflect the different real-time requirements of various monitoring quantities on the ground (e.g., high timeliness levels can be configured for key well control quantities). Through this encapsulation method, subsequent redundant coding and segment scheduling can be processed consistently using "data packets" as the basic processing object. After reconstruction, the ground end can also perform deduplication, sorting, and time-series alignment based on the packet header information. Thus, through time-base alignment, framing, and transmission-oriented preprocessing, uplink data possesses more stable statistical characteristics and a more compact representation, reducing the consumption of transmission resources by invalid noise and redundant fields.

[0029] In step S120, the status of multiple communication channels available between the downhole and the surface is monitored, the channel status parameters of each communication channel are acquired in real time, and the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel is calculated.

[0030] In some implementations, the multiple communication channels between the downhole and the surface include at least two or more of the following: wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels. The downhole communication controller establishes a channel status acquisition interface for each type of channel to acquire the channel status parameters in real time. For example, the wired channel can acquire link connectivity, impedance / attenuation estimation, and bit error count; the mud pulse channel can acquire pulse amplitude, background noise, pump pulse frequency related indicators, and available symbol rate estimation; the electromagnetic channel can acquire carrier signal-to-noise ratio, received field strength, and frequency band attenuation estimation; and the acoustic channel can acquire propagation attenuation, band noise, effective bandwidth, and channel stability. Preferably, a sliding time window can be used to statistically summarize the above parameters (mean, variance, short-term trend), and a limiting or short-term freezing strategy can be set for sudden anomalies to avoid frequent jumps in evaluation results caused by single-point jitter.

[0031] When calculating real-time reliability evaluation metrics, the multidimensional state parameters of each channel can be normalized and fused to obtain a single scalar metric. (in Channel numbering, (This is a time variable) to characterize the current data transmission capacity of the channel. For example, It can be obtained by weighted fusion of effective bandwidth estimation, bit error risk estimation, latency risk estimation, and stability penalty term, and an availability threshold can be set, i.e., when the channel is detected to be unavailable, an availability threshold will be set. The weights are set to low values ​​close to zero to prevent subsequent allocations from continuing to favor this channel. To maintain feasibility and reproducibility, the weights can be preset and switched according to downhole operating conditions (well depth range, vibration level, etc.), or gently and adaptively updated according to sliding window statistics. By real-time acquisition and unified fusion evaluation of the state parameters of multiple physical channels, the performance of multi-source, heterogeneous links is mapped to comparable reliability indicators.

[0032] In step S130, redundant coding and fragment allocation are performed on the data packets to be transmitted based on real-time reliability evaluation indicators to generate multiple data coding fragments that are compatible with the reliability of each communication channel.

[0033] In some implementations, redundancy coding can employ erasure coding or equivalent reconfigurable coding mechanisms, enabling the ground receiver to reconstruct the original data packet after receiving a threshold number of fragments. For example, the data packet can be divided into... Each source block is encoded to generate coded fragments ), where redundancy The redundancy level can be determined by the priority / timeliness level of the data packets and the overall reliability level of the multi-channel system. For example, when the reliability of critical data packets or the overall link decreases, the redundancy level can be increased to increase the probability of reconfigurability; when the link is in good condition and the timeliness requirement of the data packets is high, a lower redundancy level can be selected to reduce coding overhead. Each coded segment can carry the necessary reconfiguration metadata (such as packet identifier, source block number or coding coefficient index, segment sequence number) and attach a segment-level integrity verification field.

[0034] Furthermore, the real-time reliability evaluation index of a communication channel is positively correlated with the number of data encoding segments allocated to that communication channel. Specifically, it can be based on the reliability of each channel. Calculate the allocation weights to determine the number of segments allocated to each channel. For example, a proportional allocation combined with a rounding strategy can be used, and over-allocated channels can be reclaimed to ensure the accuracy of the total number of segments.

[0035] To accommodate the physical limitations of each channel, a capacity limit constraint can be introduced to ensure that the allocation result does not exceed the maximum number of segments that the channel can carry within a scheduling cycle, thus avoiding infeasibility at the actual transmission level. By coupling redundant coding with reliability-driven segment allocation, the coded segments form a load distribution across multiple channels that matches the current transmission capacity: high-reliability channels carry more segments to improve the effective arrival rate, while low-reliability channels carry fewer segments to reduce resource waste. At the same time, redundant coding ensures that the segment set has reconfigurability, thereby maintaining the deterministic boundary of data packet recovery even when channel quality fluctuates.

[0036] In step S140, a multi-channel scheduling strategy is used to distribute multiple data encoding segments to the corresponding communication channels, and the corresponding data encoding segments are transmitted in parallel to the ground receiving end through the communication channels. The ground receiving end decodes and reconstructs the received data encoding segments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packet to be transmitted.

[0037] In some implementations, the downhole communication controller establishes a multi-channel transmission queue based on the fragment allocation results and employs a multi-channel scheduling strategy to distribute coded fragments to corresponding communication channels for parallel transmission. Furthermore, the scheduling strategy can simultaneously consider the transmission rate and latency characteristics of the channels. For example, data packet fragments with high timeliness requirements are prioritized for low-latency or high-bandwidth channels, while redundant fragments or fragments with high latency tolerance are assigned to channels with lower bandwidth but stable availability. This achieves a transmission organization method of "prioritizing timely fragment arrival and supplementing reconfigurable conditions with redundant fragments." To suppress congestion and jitter at the scheduling level, transmission rhythm and queue level control can be set for each channel and updated on a rolling basis in scheduling cycles, ensuring that channel status changes are promptly reflected in the distribution strategy of the next cycle. Before transmission, fragment-level verification and global sequence number confirmation can be performed again to ensure that the ground end can correctly deduplicate, sort, and aggregate fragment sets from different channels.

[0038] At the ground receiving end, a receive buffer can be established for each communication channel, and fragment validity determination (e.g., CRC check) can be performed. Fragments that pass the check are merged according to their data packet identifiers. When the number of valid fragments of the same data packet reaches the decoding threshold of the redundancy coding (e.g., reaching...), the receiving buffer is activated. When a segment meets the conditions, the decoding and reconstruction process is triggered, the corresponding downhole monitoring data packet is output, and timestamp alignment, duplicate packet removal, and sequence restoration are completed based on the packet header information. For data packets that do not meet the reconstruction conditions within the time window, a "partially available" status can be output or diagnostic information can be recorded according to the strategy so that the upper-level well control application can determine the data reliability.

[0039] By using multi-channel parallel scheduling and ground-end threshold decoding reconstruction, the recovery of data packets is transformed from "complete arrival of a single path" to "reconstructable arrival of a set of cross-channel segments". The complementary rate / delay of different channels is used to improve the probability of timely recovery of key data. At the same time, the validity judgment and group reconstruction mechanism at the ground end ensure that the output data packets have verifiable integrity and consistency, thereby improving the continuous availability and stability of uplink downhole monitoring data.

[0040] Regarding the calculation of real-time reliability evaluation indicators, in some examples of embodiments of this application, the signal-to-noise ratio of each communication channel is measured in real time by the downhole modem module, and the current downhole ambient temperature and well depth data are acquired simultaneously.

[0041] The instantaneous reliability calculation formula for each communication channel is constructed based on the logistic regression model, mapping physical environment parameters to probability values ​​between 0 and 1: Equation (1) In the formula, For the first Each communication channel Instantaneous reliability at any given moment It is the Sigmoid activation function. For signal-to-noise ratio, For ambient temperature, For the depth of the well, These are the weight coefficients for the corresponding features.

[0042] In some implementations, the calculation of real-time reliability assessment metrics can be completed collaboratively by the downhole communication controller, which invokes the downhole modem module and the environmental measurement module. Specifically, for the first... Each communication channel has an instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio estimated by the modulation / demodulation module within each evaluation period, based on the pilot / synchronization sequence or known training symbols. (For example, within a preset time window, the received signal power and noise power are statistically analyzed and averaged to suppress transient spikes); simultaneously, the current ambient temperature is read from the downhole temperature sensor. Well depth is obtained from the well depth metering link of the measurement while drilling system. All of the above quantities are aligned with the same timestamp to ensure that the features are of the same origin.

[0043] In equation (1), the instantaneous reliability is calculated based on the logistic regression model, where The sigmoid activation function maps linear discriminant values ​​to probability values ​​between 0 and 1, making... This can be interpreted as the confidence probability that the channel can successfully carry and effectively decode data segments within the current cycle under the current operating conditions.

[0044] It should be noted that the weighting coefficients It can be configured separately according to channel type (e.g., setting different weights for mud pulse channels and electromagnetic channels), and can be obtained offline through historical working condition data, making it possible to... The contribution to reliability is positive, while temperature and well depth are penalized terms, thus enabling a quantifiable expression of the channel's current transmission capacity.

[0045] An exponential moving average algorithm is used to smooth the instantaneous reliability to generate a real-time reliability assessment metric. Equation (2) In the formula, For the first Each communication channel Real-time reliability assessment metrics at any given moment This refers to the evaluation indicators from the previous moment.

[0046] In equation (2), based on the obtained instantaneous reliability, to avoid frequent jumps in the evaluation value caused by instantaneous measurement jitter, an exponential moving average is further used to adjust the evaluation value. Smoothing, where This refers to real-time reliability assessment metrics. As a smoothing factor, it is used to balance "response speed" and "stability". The larger the value, the more sensitive the evaluation index is to the latest observations and the faster it converges; The smaller the value, the more stable the evaluation metrics and the stronger the noise resistance (different values ​​can be configured according to the channel's dynamic characteristics). ). This is the result It retains the ability to track channel state changes while possessing engineering-grade stability, facilitating subsequent segment allocation and multi-channel scheduling. Based on this, adaptive load skewing across channels is achieved; correspondingly, the overall transmission is more likely to maintain the effective segment arrival rate required for reconfiguration under fluctuating operating conditions, improving the continuous availability and robustness of downhole data uplink.

[0047] Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating an example of reliability-based segmentation of multiple data encoding segments according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0048] like Figure 2 As shown, in step S210, the data packet to be transmitted is segmented based on the erasure coding algorithm. The original fragments were expanded to generate a total of 1000 fragments. A collection of data encoded fragments.

[0049] here, The erasure coding reconstruction threshold represents the minimum number of original fragments required to recover the data packet to be transmitted based on erasure coding.

[0050] In some implementations, the downhole communication controller takes the data packets to be transmitted as input and first performs segmentation and fragmentation processing: the data packet payload is divided into preset fragment sizes. (For example, segmented into bytes / bits of uniform length) The original fragment is processed by writing metadata such as packet identifier, fragment sequence number, and erasure coding parameters (K, L) into the fragment header; then, an erasure coding encoder (such as Reed-Solomon) is called to process the fragment. The total number of original fragments expanded to generate is The data is encoded into segments such that the ground end can recover the original data packet as long as it receives at least a threshold number of valid segments. Here, the threshold is reconstructed. This constrains the minimum amount of information required for decoding to be successful, thus enabling subsequent multi-channel allocation and scheduling to organize transmission around assembling a set of decodeable segments, without relying on a single channel to fully carry the entire packet of data.

[0051] Therefore, by introducing a reconfigurable coding structure, the uplink success condition is changed from "the entire packet arrives completely on a single path" to "recovery can be achieved when the cross-path fragment set reaches the reconstruction threshold", thereby improving the tolerance for fragment loss, bit error and transient interruption from a mechanism perspective.

[0052] In step S220, the allocation weight of each communication channel is calculated based on the proportion of the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel to the total reliability index of all available communication channels.

[0053] Equation (3) In the formula, For the first The weighting of each communication channel This represents the total number of available communication channels. This represents the overall reliability metric for all available communication channels.

[0054] In equation (3), by proportional normalization, the reliability contribution of each channel is mapped to a weight in the [0,1] interval, and naturally satisfies This allows subsequent allocation to directly distribute resources according to weighted proportions. Furthermore, availability gating can be added; for example, when a channel is determined to be unavailable or its reliability falls below a threshold, it can be removed from the summation set to prevent allocation weights from being "diluted" by invalid channels.

[0055] In step S230, the number of data encoded segments allocated to each communication channel is determined according to the allocation weight. ,in And satisfy .

[0056] In some implementations, the downhole communication controller is based on weights Give the initial allocation number for each channel. To ensure the allocation result is executable and an integer, a rounding rule (such as rounding down) can be used to obtain the initial value, while also satisfying the total quantity constraint. Since rounding introduces a "residual difference," a consistency correction can be used: first calculate the number of remaining fragments. Then, fill in the remaining fractions of each channel in descending order (or in descending order of reliability) until the total allocation is satisfied. Additionally, channel capacity limits can be added (e.g., certain low-bandwidth channels can carry a maximum of [number] passengers per scheduling cycle). (segments), if appear If the excess portion is not allocated, it will be temporarily stored as a reserve to be redistributed.

[0057] Therefore, without violating the overall principle of reliability bias, a feasible allocation result that strictly satisfies the total number of segments is formed, avoiding scheduling inoperability issues caused by non-integer or overcapacity issues, thereby improving the engineering stability of the allocation result.

[0058] In step S240, the real-time available bandwidth of each communication channel is obtained. And according to the initially determined allocation quantity Calculate the expected transmission delay for each communication channel. .

[0059] Equation (4) In the formula, This indicates the size of a single data encoding segment.

[0060] In equation (4), the channel is assigned The total amount of data transmitted is approximately The available bandwidth of the channel is Therefore, the time required for a channel to complete its allocated segment uplink can be estimated using a ratio. Thus, the system can explicitly determine the timeliness of different channels under the current allocation before scheduling.

[0061] In step S250, a time delay constraint check is performed.

[0062] Specifically, determining the expected transmission delay Does it exceed the system's maximum allowable transmission delay threshold? ;like Then reduce the number of... Number of communication channels allocated Until satisfied The reduced allocation will be redistributed to other communication channels that have not yet timed out.

[0063] In some implementations, the system sets a maximum transmission delay threshold. (This can be determined by the timeliness requirements of key data in well control monitoring), the controller makes judgments channel by channel. Does it meet the requirements? If a certain channel appears If the channel is not configured correctly, a "timeout reduction" will be applied: the number of slots allocated to that channel will be gradually reduced. (For example, reducing by a fixed step size or by a timeout percentage), and recalculating after each reduction. This continues until the threshold constraint is met; the number of segments cut off is used as "redistributable margin" and redistributed to the set of channels that have not timed out (prioritizing channels with higher reliability weights and larger bandwidth margins), while maintaining the total quantity constraint. constant.

[0064] In addition, redistribution termination conditions can be set, such as if all channels cannot be satisfied. This triggers a degradation strategy (e.g., scaling down). (Or reduce the non-critical payloads sent in this cycle) to ensure the timeliness priority of critical data. Thus, while maintaining an overall reliability bias, it explicitly ensures that the allocation results meet the system's acceptable real-time boundaries, avoiding the overall uplink tailing caused by pushing a large number of segments into low-bandwidth channels.

[0065] In some examples of embodiments of this application, the number of data encoded segments allocated to each communication channel is determined. The process also includes performing reliability optimization steps based on dual constraints of energy consumption and time delay: Construct an optimization function with the goal of maximizing the overall system transmission success rate: Equation (5) In equation (5), each channel at time 1000 is used to define the time interval for each channel. Real-time reliability evaluation metrics Consider the probability that a single fragment successfully arrives and becomes available through this channel. Then, when the channel... distribute When there are multiple segments, assuming the transmission states of each segment are independent, the probability that all allocated segments of the channel will fail to transmit (i.e., the channel cannot provide any valid data) can be expressed as: .

[0066] Furthermore, if we assume that transmission failure events between different channels are approximately independent, then the joint probability that all channels fail to provide any valid segments (i.e., the system encounters a complete path transmission blockage) can be written as: .

[0067] Therefore, by optimizing the function definition Essentially, it characterizes the system connectivity reliability of data packets under multi-channel concurrent transmission (i.e., the probability that the system can successfully receive at least one valid segment).

[0068] Although erasure coding reconstruction requires at least While individual segments are used, minimizing the overall system-wide blocking probability is a necessary prerequisite and core driving force for data reconstruction. This is achieved by increasing the number of segments on the high-reliability channel. This can exponentially reduce the total failure term of the channel. This significantly improves the overall success threshold of transmission; however, this improvement must be achieved within the energy consumption and latency boundaries, thus requiring further setting of constraint sets and solving for the optimal solution. .

[0069] Specifically, a set of constraints is set for the downhole communication system, which includes total energy consumption constraints, erasure code reconstruction threshold constraints, and single-channel latency constraints: Equation (6) In the formula, for The probability of successful reconstruction of data packets under multi-channel concurrent transmission. For the first Each communication channel Real-time reliability assessment metrics at any given moment For the first The energy consumption per unit of communication channel for transmitting a single encoded data segment. This represents the maximum allowable power consumption within the current transmission window. The minimum number of original fragments required to recover the data packet to be transmitted based on erasure coding.

[0070] In terms of constraint modeling, the controller establishes segment-level energy consumption and bandwidth-delay models for each channel. Specifically, these are obtained through statistics or calibration of the modulation and demodulation module's transmit power, duty cycle, and segment transmission duration. This allows us to obtain the total energy consumption within the current transmission window, and then pass a threshold. Limits are imposed to prevent excessive redundancy from causing rapid battery depletion; erasure coding reconstruction threshold constraints are implemented. To ensure that the total number of allocated segments at least covers the minimum information content boundary required for decoding (even if some segments fail, there is still a chance to meet the ground-end reconstruction conditions); based on the "data volume / bandwidth" estimation of the single-channel delay constraint retention formula (4), it is required that the expected transmission delay of each channel under this allocation does not exceed the maximum delay threshold. .

[0071] Solve the optimization function and, under the premise of satisfying the set of constraints, output the optimal number of segments allocated to each channel. .

[0072] In some implementations, the controller may employ a feasible, integer-optimized strategy for the solution implementation. For example, a greedy incremental allocation based on the reliability contribution gain (allocating one segment at a time to...) (Optimize the largest channel while checking if all three types of constraints are still satisfied), or when the number of channels is small, use enumeration / dynamic programming to search for the optimal solution within the feasible region. The result is then output as the final number of fragment assignments.

[0073] Through the embodiments of this application, an optimization function aimed at maximizing the success probability is introduced in the fragment allocation stage. This function is simultaneously constrained by total energy consumption, reconstruction threshold, and single-channel latency. This enables the system to achieve a compromise allocation result that balances reliability improvement, controllable energy consumption, and timely latency under conditions where downhole energy is limited and data has timeliness requirements. In particular, it avoids excessive energy consumption due to redundancy caused by pursuing only the success probability, or ignoring the trailing timeout caused by low-bandwidth channels when allocating only based on reliability. This improves the overall availability and stability of downhole data uplink under engineering constraints.

[0074] Figure 3 A flowchart illustrating an example of solving an optimization function according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0075] In this embodiment, solving the optimization function involves a two-stage solution strategy combining continuous relaxation and discrete greedy search. like Figure 3 As shown, in step S310, the number of fragments is allocated. The integer constraints are relaxed to continuous variable constraints, and a first Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the total energy consumption constraint is introduced. and the second Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the single-channel delay constraint Construct the Lagrange function.

[0076] In some implementations, the downhole communication controller assigns integer fragments to variables. The integer constraints are temporarily relaxed to continuous variable constraints in order to quickly obtain an analytically approximate optimal solution at the downhole end; at the same time, the "total energy consumption constraint" and the "single-channel delay constraint" are explicitly introduced into the Lagrange framework: the first Lagrange multiplier Used to measure the tightness of a unit energy consumption budget (the tighter the energy budget, the higher the tightness of the budget). The larger the value, the more the allocation will favor low-energy channels (second Lagrange multiplier). Used to measure the severity of delay constraints (the more sensitive the delay, the higher the stress level). The larger the value, the more the allocation will suppress low-bandwidth channels.

[0077] More specifically, and The constraint tightness can be determined using outer-layer search or binary adjustment. For example, given an initial value, a continuous solution is calculated once, and the constraint tightness is checked. Then, iterative adjustments are made until the energy consumption and time delay boundaries are met. Thus, through continuous relaxation and multiplier modeling, the originally discrete and difficult-to-solve combinatorial optimization problem is transformed into a structure that can be quickly differentiated and analytically approximated.

[0078] In step S320, the Lagrangian function is differentiated based on the first-order optimality condition to obtain the continuous theoretical optimal allocation value of each communication channel. The parsing expression.

[0079] Equation (7) In the formula, As a natural logarithmic function, the analytical expression characterizes that the number of allocations is positively correlated with the logarithmic ratio of channel reliability, and is subject to negative penalties of unit energy consumption and transmission delay cost.

[0080] In equation (7), the analytical expression of the optimal allocation value of each channel in continuous theory is obtained by differentiating the Lagrangian function according to the first-order optimality condition. The first term in equation (7)... The log-odds ratio of channel reliability: when The closer to 1, the faster the logarithmic probability increases, indicating that placing the segment on that channel is more likely to yield a higher return on effective segments; when When the value approaches 0.5, the logarithmic probability approaches 0, indicating that the channel has a weak marginal contribution to overall success; when... When the logarithmic probability is below 0.5, it is negative, meaning that the channel is more like a "risk source" under the current conditions and should be suppressed and allocated.

[0081] at the same time, It is a penalty for the cost per unit of energy consumption. It is a penalty term for the unit segment delay cost (where Indicates in the channel The estimated transmission time of sending a segment is given in equation (7). In equation (7), the allocation tendency is positively correlated with the logarithmic gain of reliability and negatively adjusted by the dual costs of energy consumption and latency. It can obtain a continuous near-optimal trend of "how much should be allocated to each channel" with extremely low computational overhead, and this trend has clear interpretability: channels with high reliability are encouraged to carry more segments, but when their unit energy consumption is high or their bandwidth is insufficient, resulting in large single-segment latency, the allocation will be automatically suppressed, achieving a balance between reliability, energy consumption and trailing latency.

[0082] In step S330, the continuous theoretical optimal allocation value for each communication channel is determined. Perform a floor function to obtain an initial integer solution, and then verify whether the initial integer solution satisfies the set of constraints.

[0083] In some implementations, the continuous theoretical optimal allocation value is used. Perform floor function to obtain the initial integer solution. This process ensures that the allocation quantity satisfies integer executability, and naturally avoids over-allocation of energy consumption or latency due to rounding (rounding down usually makes constraints easier to satisfy). Constraint checks are then performed on the initial integer solution, including total energy consumption. Single-channel delay and erasure coding reconstruction threshold (at least satisfying) ), and when the total number of segments needs to be fixed as Further satisfying the needs in the scenario If you encounter a message stating "Total segments insufficient" or "Still need to be supplemented," please contact us. If a gap is found, the number of gaps is recorded as the remaining amount to be allocated for subsequent greedy correction. In this way, a one-time constraint check clarifies how many segments / budgets are still needed for the current feasible optimal dissociation, reducing the search space and computational cost of discrete optimization.

[0084] In step S340, if the initial integer solution does not satisfy the constraint set, a greedy iterative correction step based on edge gain is executed.

[0085] In some implementations, the edge gain efficiency index of each communication channel is calculated. This index represents the logarithmic gain in reliability per unit of energy consumption: Equation (8) Then, according to the edge gain efficiency index All communication channels are sorted from highest to lowest numerical value to generate a priority sequence of channels to be assigned. Then, based on the priority sequence, communication channels are selected sequentially as the current operation objects, and loop increment operations are performed on the current operation objects.

[0086] More specifically, in each iteration, an attempt is made to increase the number of fragments allocated to the currently operating object by a preset unit.

[0087] Determine whether the increased allocation scheme simultaneously satisfies the total energy consumption constraint and the single-channel delay constraint of the current operation object.

[0088] If the conditions are met, the increase operation is confirmed to be valid, the remaining energy consumption budget is updated, and the next round of increase operations is performed on the current operation object.

[0089] If the conditions are not met, the addition operation is cancelled, the allocation of the current operation object is stopped, and the next communication channel in the priority sequence is selected as the new current operation object to continue the loop addition operation until all communication channels have been traversed or the remaining energy budget is insufficient to support the addition operation of any channel.

[0090] More specifically, when the initial integer solution fails to satisfy the constraint set, the controller performs a greedy iterative correction based on edge gain. The edge gain efficiency index of each channel is calculated using equation (8), which represents the logarithmic reliability gain per unit of energy consumed; therefore... The larger the value, the more cost-effective it is to place a new segment on that channel. Then, press... A priority sequence is generated from high to low, and channels are selected sequentially as the current operation objects. An incremental attempt of "segment number + 1" is performed: after each increase, two types of hard constraints are checked immediately—whether the total energy consumption still does not exceed the limit. And whether the single-channel delay of this channel still meets the requirements. If the conditions are met, the increment is confirmed to be valid and the remaining energy budget is updated; otherwise, the increment is revoked and the process is switched to the next channel in the sequence to continue trying until the gap is filled or the budget is insufficient to support any further increases in the channel.

[0091] When the erasure coding reconstruction threshold has not yet been reached At that time, satisfy first To complete the initial target; once the threshold is reached, continue within the budget. Optimize to increase the success rate.

[0092] In the greedy correction provided in the embodiments of this application, guided by the principle of "maximizing the benefit per unit of energy consumption", and explicitly checking the hard delay constraint in each increment, it can quickly correct continuous solutions into integer executable solutions that satisfy engineering constraints without introducing a complex integer programming solver. As a result, it is less likely to cause energy waste or accumulate fragments on low-bandwidth channels, resulting in tail timeouts, thereby improving the probability and stability of obtaining a set of reconfigurable fragments within a given energy consumption and delay boundary.

[0093] In some examples of embodiments of this application, a multi-channel scheduling strategy is used to distribute multiple data encoded segments to corresponding communication channels, including performing differentiated modulation control steps for heterogeneous physical media. Multi-channel scheduling not only completes the mapping and distribution of data encoded segments to each physical channel, but also further performs differentiated modulation control for heterogeneous physical media in the downhole modulation and demodulation module to ensure that the segment allocation results have a feasible signal structure and predictable transmission quality on each channel. Specifically, after obtaining the allocation quantity for each channel, the downhole communication controller establishes an independent transmission queue and modulation parameter table for each channel, and selects the modulation mode and frequency band according to the physical propagation mechanism of that channel.

[0094] For the mud pulse channel, a low-frequency pulse modulation mode is adopted, and the signal frequency is limited to a preset low-frequency passband to avoid high-frequency attenuation of drilling fluid and mechanical noise interference from mud pump. For the mud pulse channel, low-frequency pulse modulation is selected and the operating frequency is limited to a preset low-frequency passband. At the same time, pulse shaping and anti-pump noise thresholds are set to reduce the impact of high-frequency attenuation and mechanical noise on pulse amplitude determination.

[0095] For the acoustic channel, based on the acoustic transmission characteristic curve of the drill pipe, the carrier frequency is dynamically locked within the acoustic passband of the drill pipe to suppress signal distortion caused by multipath effects and reflection fading. For the acoustic channel, based on the acoustic transmission characteristic curve of the drill pipe (which can be obtained through calibration or online scanning), the carrier frequency is dynamically locked within the acoustic passband, and combined with narrowband filtering and phase synchronization mechanisms, to reduce waveform distortion caused by multipath reflection and fading.

[0096] For the electromagnetic channel, the formation resistivity parameters are read in real time, and the transmission frequency and power are adaptively adjusted accordingly. When the formation resistivity decreases, the transmission power is automatically increased to compensate for signal attenuation. For the electromagnetic channel, the formation resistivity parameters are read in real time, and the transmission frequency and power are adaptively adjusted accordingly. When the resistivity decreases and attenuation intensifies, the transmission power is increased, and the frequency can be lowered to obtain deeper propagation capability, thereby maintaining a decisionable signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver.

[0097] For wired channels, a high-speed digital baseband transmission mode is adopted, and it is configured as the preferred carrier channel for high-priority control commands and critical index data. For wired channels, high-speed digital baseband transmission is used and it is set as a high-priority carrier channel, prioritizing the transmission of time-sensitive control commands and critical index data, taking advantage of its relatively stable high bandwidth and low latency characteristics.

[0098] Before distribution, the transmission time slots of different communication channels are staggered to prevent voltage drops or electromagnetic coupling interference in the downhole power supply caused by simultaneous high-power transmission from multiple channels.

[0099] Specifically, before the segments are officially distributed, the controller also performs staggered scheduling of the transmission time slots of each channel, staggering the start of high-power transmission channels (such as electromagnetic and acoustic waves) with other channels, or limiting the number of simultaneous transmissions within the same window, in order to avoid voltage drops in the downhole power supply, power level interference, or electromagnetic coupling interference caused by multiple channels being concurrent, thereby ensuring the feasibility and stability of the modulation parameters of each channel during transmission.

[0100] By employing differentiated modulation control and staggered transmission time slot scheduling for different physical media, multi-channel parallel transmission can form an implementable signal system that matches the physical characteristics of the channels. This reduces the probability of segment errors and failures caused by media attenuation, multipath distortion, formation electrical variations, and power / electromagnetic interference, thereby improving the effective arrival rate of segments carried by each channel and enabling the overall multi-path redundant transmission to maintain more stable reconfigurability and real-time availability under complex downhole conditions.

[0101] In some examples of embodiments of this application, the ground receiver decodes and reconstructs the received data encoded segments, including performing a time-aligned multi-channel data fusion step. Specifically, to adapt to the significant differences in physical propagation delay and jitter of heterogeneous channels such as mud pulses, acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves, and wired signals, the ground receiver adopts a collaborative approach of virtual time alignment based on delay estimation and sliding window fusion to organize segment aggregation and erasure coding decoding and reconstruction.

[0102] In some implementations, the ground receiver is parsed from the first... The data encoded segments received from each communication channel are used to extract the global sequence number, which uniquely identifies the data packet to be transmitted. Send timestamp and arrival timestamp .in, Used to merge fragments arriving across channels into the same data packet to be reconstructed. and One-way transmission delay observations used to form this channel .

[0103] The one-way transmission delay estimate of this communication channel is updated using an exponentially weighted moving average algorithm. .

[0104] Equation (9) In the formula, Indicates an update batch. For delay smoothing factor, This is the estimated transmission delay value for the previous batch.

[0105] Considering that changes in downhole operating conditions can cause slow drift and short-term fluctuations in the time delay of each channel, the surface end uses exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) to update the one-way transmission time delay estimate. Among them, the updated batch The count can be based on the number of segments reached or incremented at a fixed time period. As a smoothing factor, it is used to balance the "response speed to the latest time delay changes" and the "estimation stability", where The larger the value, the more sensitive it is; the smaller the value, the smoother it is.

[0106] Using one-way transmission delay estimates The actual arrival time of each data encoding segment Mapped to virtual alignment time This is to eliminate the physical delay differences between heterogeneous channels.

[0107] Equation (10) In Equation (10), the estimated one-way transmission delay is used to offset the inherent propagation and processing delay of the channel, so that the segments of different channels can be aligned on an approximately uniform transmission-side time axis, thereby providing a consistent time reference for cross-channel segment fusion.

[0108] Subsequently, the ground end establishes a reference time for the data packets to be reconstructed. (This can be taken) The first segment to arrive (Or calculated based on the transmitting side clock) centered and with a width of The receiving sliding window will satisfy And the extracted global serial number The same data encoded fragment is mapped into the candidate reconstruction set within the receiving sliding window. .

[0109] right The fragments in the data are first validated (e.g., CRC / signature verification, duplicate fragment deduplication, encoding parameter consistency check), and then the candidate reconstruction set is monitored in real time. Number of valid segments When the erasure coding reconstruction condition is met Decoding is triggered when the time is right, and an inverse erasure coding algorithm matching the generated data encoding fragment is invoked to reconstruct the candidate set. Perform matrix solving / decoding operations to recover downhole monitoring data, and then wipe the set. This releases cached resources. If the threshold is not met even after the window period, the data is discarded or downgraded according to the policy, and diagnostic information is recorded.

[0110] By using EWMA-based online channel delay estimation and virtual time alignment, the inherent propagation delay differences and slow drift of heterogeneous channels are separated from the fusion process, enabling cross-channel segments to be stably merged under a unified time reference. This reduces erroneous and missed merging caused by out-of-order arrival, jitter, and cross-channel delay offset. Furthermore, combined with a sliding window and threshold-triggered erasure coding reconstruction mechanism, the ground end can more likely assemble a set of decorative segments within controlled buffer usage and clear time limits, thereby improving the continuity, determinism, and engineering availability of downhole monitoring data packet recovery.

[0111] In some examples of embodiments of this application, a closed-loop feedback control mechanism for both downhole and surface operations is also included.

[0112] More specifically, after each data packet reconstruction is completed at the ground receiving end, the decoding margin index is calculated. ,in This represents the actual number of valid segments received. Reconstruct the threshold for erasure coding.

[0113] More specifically, after the ground receiver completes the erasure coding decoding and reconstruction of a certain data packet to be transmitted each time, it counts the number of valid segments actually received for that data packet within each channel fusion window. (A valid segment can refer to a data encoding segment that has passed segment-level verification and belongs to the same global sequence number), and the threshold is reconstructed based on erasure coding. Calculate decoding margin index .

[0114] The ground receiver will decode the margin index The threshold is compared with the preset redundancy threshold and the preset redundancy alarm threshold, and a hierarchical communication strategy adjustment instruction is generated based on the comparison result; the preset redundancy threshold is greater than the preset redundancy alarm threshold.

[0115] when When the value is large, it indicates that the system has used a lot of redundant segments to reach the reconfiguration conditions, the reconfiguration margin is sufficient but there may be energy consumption redundancy; when When the value is close to 0 or negative (unable to reconfigure), it indicates that the current redundancy strength or channel carrying capacity is insufficient, posing a risk of reconfiguration. To avoid frequent parameter adjustments due to a single fluctuation, the ground end... Employing cross-period statistics (e.g., continuous) The mean / median or sliding window count of each transmission cycle is compared with the preset redundancy excess threshold and redundancy alarm threshold (where the redundancy excess threshold is greater than the redundancy alarm threshold), thereby distinguishing between "redundancy excess" and "redundancy deficiency / failure risk" and mapping them to different levels of policy adjustment instructions.

[0116] On the one hand, if the decoding margin indicator is monitored If the number of transmission cycles exceeds a preset redundancy threshold for an consecutive preset number of transmission cycles, a redundancy reduction and energy-saving command is generated, instructing the downhole communication system to reduce the total number of encoded segments. To save energy On the other hand, if the decoding margin indicator is monitored If the number of redundancy alarms falls below a preset threshold, or if the number of decoding failures detected within a preset time window is greater than zero, an emergency enhancement command is generated, instructing the downhole communication system to increase the total number of encoded segments. Alternatively, increase the transmission power of the communication channel with the highest reliability assessment index; The ground receiver sends the hierarchical communication strategy adjustment command to the downhole communication system through the downlink control channel, so that the downhole communication system performs the corresponding parameter adjustment in the next transmission cycle.

[0117] When generating policy adjustment instructions, the ground station should output at least two types of executable control variables: total number of encoded segments. (i.e., redundancy strength) and the transmit power / modulation robustness parameters of a specific channel (i.e., reliability compensation methods). Specifically, if detected... If the redundancy threshold is exceeded for a predetermined number of consecutive transmission cycles, the current configuration is determined to have "excessive reconfiguration margin" in the long-term statistical sense. A redundancy reduction and energy-saving instruction is then generated, instructing the downhole end to reduce the total number of encoded segments in the next transmission cycle. (Can be set according to preset step size) Decrease or decrease proportionally), while maintaining the reconstruction threshold simultaneously. The process remains unchanged to reduce redundant transmission overhead without altering the decoding conditions; conversely, if detected... If the number of decoding failures is below the redundancy alarm threshold, or if the number of decoding failures detected within a preset time window is greater than zero (e.g., at least one failure occurs within the window), then the error is considered to be due to the error. If ), then an emergency enhancement command will be generated.

[0118] Through the embodiments of this application, the total number of coded segments can be increased. This increases the arrival probability of the available fragment set. On the other hand, it allows for the selection of communication channels with the highest real-time reliability assessment indicators to perform power enhancement or more robust modulation parameter configurations (e.g., increasing transmit power, reducing modulation order, or tightening the bandwidth to improve the decision signal-to-noise ratio), thereby achieving rapid compensation by prioritizing hardening on more reliable paths. Furthermore, the ground end sends graded communication strategy adjustment commands through the downlink control channel (which can reuse wired channel backhaul, low-speed mud / acoustic downlink, or dedicated control link), and the downhole end updates according to the commands in the next transmission cycle. Combine the channel parameters and re-execute redundant coding, fragment allocation and scheduling.

[0119] By Closed-loop control of the core feedback quantity enables the system to directly convert the reconfiguration margin at the ground end into executable redundancy strength and link reinforcement strategies. This allows the system to automatically suppress energy waste caused by excessive redundancy under long-term changes in operating conditions (increased well depth, changes in formation electrical properties, changes in pump noise, etc.), and to promptly enhance transmission redundancy or reinforce advantageous channels when reconfiguration risks increase or failure events occur, thereby improving the continuous availability, stability, and energy controllability of downhole data uplink.

[0120] Figure 4 A flowchart illustrating an example operation mechanism of a reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0121] like Figure 4 As shown, Figure 4As shown, the downhole multi-source acquisition module is used to collect real-time monitoring data such as pressure, temperature, vibration, torque, and mud flow rate within the wellbore, forming a raw data stream. This raw data stream is input to the channel status sensing module, which monitors the status and assesses the reliability of multiple available communication channels between the downhole and the surface, outputting reliability weight information characterizing the transmission capability of each communication channel. Subsequently, the weighted redundancy coding module performs redundancy coding and data fragmentation on the raw data stream based on the reliability weight information, and dynamically determines the number of data encoding segments allocated to each communication channel according to the reliability weight of each channel, thereby generating multiple sets of data fragments corresponding to wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels, respectively. Each set of data fragments is transmitted in parallel to the surface side via the corresponding communication channel.

[0122] The surface data fusion module receives data fragments from different communication channels, performs alignment, aggregation, and decoding on the received data encoded segments, and performs necessary verification and error correction to recover complete downhole monitoring data. This complete data is further input to the well control monitoring and decision module, which analyzes and issues early warnings about the downhole conditions and generates control commands for adjusting transmission strategies. These control commands are fed back to the downhole side via a downlink control link, instructing the downhole side to adaptively adjust communication strategies such as channel selection, fragment allocation, redundancy strength, or channel transmission parameters, thereby forming a reliable "downhole-surface" closed-loop transmission control process.

[0123] To verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this application, two types of simulation experiments were designed: the first type is a strategy comparison experiment, which compares the impact of different fragment allocation strategies on the data packet reconstruction power and latency performance under the same set of heterogeneous communication channels; the second type is an operating condition variation experiment, which, starting from disturbance factors such as well depth and noise, makes the link quality of each channel change with the operating conditions, and evaluates the adaptive allocation capability and reliability gain of the proposed method under dynamic conditions. At least three types of communication channels are set up in the simulation, preferably including wired channels, acoustic channels, and mud pulse channels (extendable to electromagnetic channels). Available bandwidth, unit fragment energy consumption, and link quality parameters are configured for each channel to reflect the differentiated transmission characteristics of different physical media.

[0124] In terms of reliability modeling, for the first Each channel at time The state, based on the measurable signal-to-noise ratio. And combined with the underground ambient temperature with well depth Building instantaneous reliability Then, an exponentially weighted moving average is used to obtain the real-time reliability assessment index. This serves as the primary basis for fragment allocation. Data transmission employs erasure coding: the data packet to be transmitted is segmented into... The original fragments were encoded and expanded into A data encoding segment, the ground end reaches a threshold when the number of valid segments within the receiving window reaches a certain threshold. As a criterion for successful reconstruction, evaluation indicators such as data packet reconstruction power, average reconstruction latency, and energy consumption per unit data packet are also used.

[0125] The transmission strategies used in the simulation comparison include: a single-channel baseline scheme (selected per cycle). The largest single channel carries all segments), uniform multipath scheme (which will (the segments are evenly distributed and transmitted in parallel on available channels) and a weighted multipath scheme (the method presented in this paper) (based on...) The relative proportions determine the allocation weights, and in the preferred implementation, they are combined with the single-channel delay threshold. With the upper limit of total energy consumption right (Constraint optimization was performed). Each scheme was repeatedly tested under the same erasure code parameters and the same operating condition sequence to obtain comparable statistical results and support subsequent experimental analysis.

[0126] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the comparative effects of different methods' reliability as noise changes is shown. In the first set of simulations, the packet reliability (i.e., probability of successful transmission / probability of successful reconfiguration) of different transmission schemes is compared as a function of normalized noise levels. The simulations are set with noise levels gradually increasing from 0 to 1, and the probability of successful transmission for the "optimal single-path scheme," "uniform multipath scheme," and "weighted multipath scheme" (the method presented in this paper) is calculated under the corresponding noise conditions.

[0127] like Figure 5 As shown, the reliability of the optimal single-channel scheme decreases the fastest with increasing noise (the blue curve declines rapidly), indicating that a single path is more susceptible to interference and thus significantly reduces the success probability when noise increases. The uniform multipath scheme, by transmitting redundant segments in parallel on multiple links, achieves higher overall reliability than the single-channel scheme (the green curve remains at a higher level across the entire noise range), demonstrating the resilience of multipath redundancy to noise uncertainty. Furthermore, the weighted multipath scheme introduces a channel differentiation allocation mechanism based on the uniform multipath scheme, allocating more segments to more reliable channels according to their reliability differences. Therefore, its curve maintains the highest overall transmission success probability across the entire noise range (the red curve is generally above or almost overlaps with the green curve and is slightly superior), and it can still maintain a relative advantage under medium to high noise conditions, indicating that the proposed weighted redundancy allocation can further improve the stability and reconfigurability of data uplink when noise intensifies.

[0128] Figure 6 A depth-noise heatmap of the reliability gain of a weighted multipath scheme relative to the optimal single-channel scheme according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0129] In the second set of simulations, at the noise level Based on this, further introduce well depth The attenuation factor is used to characterize the link quality degradation caused by increasing well depth. Specifically, link quality samples for each channel that vary with both noise and well depth can be constructed, for example, using... Generate the first The input signal-to-noise ratio of each communication channel varies with operating conditions, among which As the reference signal-to-noise ratio, This represents the channel's sensitivity to noise. The depth attenuation coefficient; and Substitute into the aforementioned real-time reliability assessment mechanism to obtain the corresponding Based on this, weighted redundancy segment allocation and parallel transmission are performed. For each group Combine the two schemes, calculate the data packet transmission success probability (or reconfiguration success probability) of the weighted multipath scheme and the optimal single-path scheme respectively, and use the difference between the two. As a reliability gain.

[0130] like Figure 6 As shown, the horizontal axis of the heatmap represents the normalized noise level, the vertical axis represents the well depth, and the color bars represent the reliability gain. The larger the value and the warmer the color, the more significant the reliability improvement of weighted multipath compared to single-channel. It can be seen that within a certain well depth range and when noise is at a low to moderate level, the reliability gain is more prominent, indicating that when link quality degrades and the reliability differences between channels widen, weighted multipath can more effectively improve the overall reconstruction success probability by allocating redundant segments towards more reliable channels. However, in shallow well sections or under extremely low noise conditions, the differences between the two schemes converge, resulting in smaller gains. These results demonstrate that the weighted multipath redundancy mechanism proposed in this application can achieve a more stable reliability improvement under complex operating conditions where increased well depth and noise disturbances occur simultaneously.

[0131] Experimental results show that the multipath redundancy method provides higher reliability than single-channel redundancy at all noise levels, especially under high noise and deep conditions. While a uniformly distributed redundancy multi-channel scheme can mitigate the risk of individual channel failures, it can lead to resource waste when there are significant differences in channel reliability. The weighted redundancy algorithm proposed in this paper estimates channel reliability in real time and concentrates redundant resources on reliable channels, significantly improving the overall transmission success rate without increasing energy consumption constraints.

[0132] This paper addresses the problem of reliable downhole data transmission by proposing a weighted transmission method based on multi-path redundancy. By real-time estimation of the reliability of each channel and adaptive allocation of redundant segments, the data transmission success rate is effectively improved. The method utilizes the Sigmoid model and exponential moving average to smoothly estimate the channel state, employs a constrained optimization model to allocate redundant segments, and combines scheduling and synchronization strategies for practical deployment. Simulation results show that, under conditions of increased noise or depth, this method exhibits significant reliability advantages compared to single-channel and uniform multi-path schemes.

[0133] It should be noted that, for the sake of simplicity, the foregoing method embodiments are all described as a series of combined actions. However, those skilled in the art should understand that this application is not limited to the described order of actions, as some steps may be performed in other orders or simultaneously according to this application. Secondly, those skilled in the art should also understand that the embodiments described in the specification are preferred embodiments, and the actions and modules involved are not necessarily essential to this application. In the above embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have their own emphasis; for parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0134] Figure 7 A structural block diagram of an example of a reliable downhole data transmission system based on multi-path redundancy according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0135] like Figure 7 As shown, the downhole data reliable transmission system 700 based on multi-path redundancy includes a data acquisition and preprocessing unit 710, a channel status monitoring and evaluation unit 720, a redundancy coding and fragment allocation unit 730, and a multi-channel scheduling and transmission unit 740.

[0136] The data acquisition and preprocessing unit 710 is used to acquire real-time multi-source sensing data collected by the downhole sensor array, and to preprocess the real-time multi-source sensing data to generate a data packet to be transmitted.

[0137] The channel status monitoring and evaluation unit 720 is used to monitor the status of multiple available communication channels between the downhole and the surface, acquire the channel status parameters of each communication channel in real time, and calculate the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel; the multiple communication channels include at least two of wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels and electromagnetic channels; the real-time reliability evaluation index is used to characterize the current data transmission capability of the communication channel.

[0138] The redundancy coding and fragment allocation unit 730 is used to perform redundancy coding and fragment allocation on the data packet to be transmitted based on the real-time reliability evaluation index, so as to generate multiple data coding fragments that are adapted to the reliability of each communication channel; wherein, there is a positive correlation between the real-time reliability evaluation index of the communication channel and the number of data coding fragments allocated to the communication channel.

[0139] The multi-channel scheduling and transmission unit 740 is used to distribute the multiple data encoded segments to the corresponding communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy, and transmit the corresponding data encoded segments to the ground receiving end in parallel through the communication channels, so that the ground receiving end can decode and reconstruct the received data encoded segments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packet to be transmitted.

[0140] In some embodiments, this application provides a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs including execution instructions. These execution instructions can be read and executed by electronic devices (including but not limited to computers, servers, or network devices) to perform the steps of any of the above-described methods for reliable downhole data transmission based on multi-path redundancy.

[0141] In some embodiments, this application also provides a computer program product, the computer program product including a computer program stored on a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, the computer program including program instructions, which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of any of the above-described methods for reliable downhole data transmission based on multi-path redundancy.

[0142] In some embodiments, this application also provides an electronic device comprising: at least one processor and a memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor, wherein the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor, the instructions being executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform steps of a method for reliable downhole data transmission based on multipath redundancy.

[0143] The above-described product can perform the methods provided in the embodiments of this application, and has the corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects for performing the methods. Technical details not described in detail in this embodiment can be found in the methods provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0144] The electronic devices in this application can exist in various forms, including but not limited to: mobile communication devices, ultra-mobile personal computer devices, portable entertainment devices, or other airborne electronic devices with data interaction functions.

[0145] The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0146] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented using software plus a general-purpose hardware platform, or of course, using hardware. Based on this understanding, the above technical solutions, in essence or the parts that contribute to the related technology, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.

[0147] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A reliable downhole data transmission method based on multi-path redundancy, applied to a downhole communication system, characterized in that, The method includes: Acquire real-time multi-source sensing data collected by the downhole sensor array, and preprocess the real-time multi-source sensing data to generate a data packet to be transmitted; The status of multiple available communication channels between the well and the surface is monitored, the channel status parameters of each communication channel are acquired in real time, and the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel is calculated. The multiple communication channels include at least two of wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels. The real-time reliability evaluation index is used to characterize the current data transmission capability of the communication channels. Based on the real-time reliability assessment index, redundant coding and fragment allocation are performed on the data packets to be transmitted to generate multiple data coding fragments that are adapted to the reliability of each communication channel; wherein, there is a positive correlation between the real-time reliability assessment index of the communication channel and the number of data coding fragments allocated to the communication channel; The multiple data encoding segments are distributed to corresponding communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy, and the corresponding data encoding segments are transmitted in parallel to the ground receiving end through the communication channels. The ground receiving end then decodes and reconstructs the received data encoding segments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packet to be transmitted.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method involves monitoring the status of multiple available communication channels between the well and the surface, acquiring the channel status parameters of each communication channel in real time, and calculating the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel, including: The signal-to-noise ratio of each communication channel is measured in real time through the downhole modulation and demodulation module, and the current downhole ambient temperature and well depth data are acquired simultaneously. The instantaneous reliability calculation formula for each communication channel is constructed based on the logistic regression model, mapping physical environment parameters to probability values ​​between 0 and 1: ， In the formula, For the first Each communication channel Instantaneous reliability at any given moment It is the Sigmoid activation function. For signal-to-noise ratio, For ambient temperature, For the depth of the well, These are the weight coefficients for the corresponding features; The instantaneous reliability is smoothed using an exponential moving average algorithm to generate the real-time reliability evaluation index: ， In the formula, For the first Each communication channel Real-time reliability assessment metrics at any given moment The evaluation indicators from the previous moment. This is a smoothing factor.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The process of performing redundant coding and fragment allocation on the data packets to be transmitted based on the real-time reliability assessment index to generate multiple data coding fragments adapted to the reliability of each communication channel includes: The data packet to be transmitted is segmented based on the erasure coding algorithm. The original fragments were expanded to generate a total of 1000 fragments. A collection of data encoded fragments; The erasure coding reconstruction threshold represents the minimum number of original fragments required to recover the data packet to be transmitted based on erasure coding. The allocation weight of each communication channel is calculated based on the proportion of its real-time reliability assessment metric to the total reliability metric of all available communication channels: ， In the formula, For the first The weighting of each communication channel This represents the total number of available communication channels. This represents the overall reliability index of all available communication channels; The number of data encoded segments allocated to each communication channel is determined based on the allocation weights. ,in And satisfy ; Obtain the real-time available bandwidth of each communication channel And according to the initially determined allocation quantity Calculate the expected transmission delay for each communication channel. : ， In the formula, This indicates the size of a single encoded data segment; Perform a delay constraint check to determine the expected transmission delay. Does it exceed the system's maximum allowable transmission delay threshold? ;like Then reduce the number of... Number of communication channels allocated Until satisfied The reduced allocation will be redistributed to other communication channels that have not yet timed out.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, Determining the number of data encoding segments allocated to each communication channel The method further includes performing a reliability optimization step based on dual constraints of energy consumption and time delay. Construct an optimization function with the goal of maximizing the overall system transmission success rate: ， Set a set of constraints for the downhole communication system, which includes total energy consumption constraints, erasure code reconstruction threshold constraints, and single-channel latency constraints: ， In the formula, for The probability of successful reconstruction of data packets under multi-channel concurrent transmission. For the first Each communication channel Real-time reliability assessment metrics at any given moment For the first The energy consumption per unit of communication channel for transmitting a single encoded data segment. This represents the maximum allowable power consumption within the current transmission window. The minimum number of original fragments required to recover a data packet to be transmitted based on erasure coding; Solve the optimization function, and under the premise of satisfying the set of constraints, output the optimal number of segments allocated to each channel. .

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, Solving the optimization function involves a two-stage solution strategy combining continuous relaxation and discrete greedy search, specifically including: Assign a number of fragments The integer constraints are relaxed to continuous variable constraints, and a first Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the total energy consumption constraint is introduced. and the second Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the single-channel delay constraint Construct the Lagrange function; Differentiating the Lagrangian function based on the first-order optimality condition yields the continuous theoretical optimal allocation values ​​for each communication channel. The parsing expression: ， In the formula, The function is the natural logarithm. The analytical expression characterizes the positive correlation between the number of allocations and the logarithmic ratio of channel reliability, and is subject to negative penalties of unit energy consumption and transmission delay cost. Theoretically optimal allocation values ​​for each of the communication channels Perform a floor function to obtain an initial integer solution, and verify whether the initial integer solution satisfies the set of constraints. If the initial integer solution does not satisfy the set of constraints, a greedy iterative correction step based on edge gain is performed, including: Calculate the edge gain efficiency index of each communication channel. This index represents the logarithmic gain in reliability per unit of energy consumption: ， According to the edge gain efficiency index All communication channels are sorted from highest to lowest numerical value to generate a priority sequence of channels to be assigned. Based on the priority sequence, communication channels are selected sequentially as the current operation objects, and a cyclic increment operation is performed on the current operation object: In each iteration, attempt to increase the number of fragments allocated to the currently operating object by a preset unit; Determine whether the increased allocation scheme simultaneously satisfies the total energy consumption constraint and the single-channel delay constraint of the current operation object; If the conditions are met, the increase operation is confirmed to be valid, the remaining energy consumption budget is updated, and the next round of increase operations is performed on the current operation object. If the conditions are not met, the addition operation is cancelled, the allocation of the current operation object is stopped, and the next communication channel in the priority sequence is selected as the new current operation object to continue the cyclic addition operation until all communication channels have been traversed or the remaining energy budget is insufficient to support the addition operation of any channel.

6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The step of distributing the multiple data encoded segments to their respective communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy includes performing differentiated modulation control steps for heterogeneous physical media: For the mud pulse channel, a low-frequency pulse modulation mode is adopted, and the signal frequency is limited to a preset low-frequency passband to avoid high-frequency attenuation of drilling fluid and mechanical noise interference from mud pump. For the acoustic channel, based on the acoustic transmission characteristic curve of the drill pipe, the carrier frequency is dynamically locked within the acoustic passband of the drill pipe to suppress signal distortion caused by multipath effect and reflection fading; For the electromagnetic channel, the formation resistivity parameters are read in real time, and the transmission frequency and transmission power are adaptively adjusted according to the formation resistivity parameters. When the formation resistivity decreases, the transmission power is automatically increased to compensate for signal attenuation. For wired channels, a high-speed digital baseband transmission mode is adopted, and it is configured as the preferred carrier channel for high-priority control commands and key index data; Before the distribution is performed, the transmission time slots of different communication channels are staggered to prevent voltage drops or electromagnetic coupling interference in the downhole power supply caused by simultaneous high-power transmission from multiple channels.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The ground receiving end decodes and reconstructs the received data encoded segments, including performing a time-aligned multi-channel data fusion step, which specifically includes: Analysis of the ground receiver from the first The data encoded segments received from each communication channel are used to extract the global sequence number, which uniquely identifies the data packet to be transmitted. Send timestamp and arrival timestamp ; The one-way transmission delay estimate of this communication channel is updated using an exponentially weighted moving average algorithm. : ， In the formula, Indicates an update batch. For delay smoothing factor, This is the estimated transmission delay value for the previous batch; Using the unidirectional transmission delay estimate The actual arrival time of each data encoding segment Mapped to virtual alignment time To eliminate the physical delay differences between heterogeneous channels: ， Construct a system centered on the reference time of the data packet to be reconstructed and with a width of [missing information]. The receiving sliding window will satisfy And the extracted global serial number The same data encoded fragment is mapped into the candidate reconstruction set within the receiving sliding window. ; Real-time monitoring of the candidate reconstruction set Number of valid segments When the erasure coding reconstruction condition is met The decoding operation is triggered at a certain time, and the inverse erasure coding algorithm matching the generated data encoding segment is invoked to reconstruct the candidate set. Perform matrix operations to recover downhole monitoring data, and then clear the set to release cached resources.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method also includes constructing a closed-loop feedback control mechanism between the downhole and the surface, including: After each data packet reconstruction is completed at the ground receiving end, the decoding margin index is calculated. ,in This represents the actual number of valid segments received. Reconstruct the threshold for erasure coding; The ground receiver will decode the margin index The data is compared with a preset redundancy excess threshold and a preset redundancy alarm threshold, and a hierarchical communication strategy adjustment instruction is generated based on the comparison result; the preset redundancy excess threshold is greater than the preset redundancy alarm threshold. - If the aforementioned decoding margin indicator is detected If the number of transmission cycles exceeds the preset redundancy threshold for a consecutive preset number of transmission periods, a redundancy reduction and energy-saving command is generated, instructing the downhole communication system to reduce the total number of encoded segments. To save energy - If the aforementioned decoding margin indicator is detected If the number of decoding failures detected falls below the preset redundancy alarm threshold, or if the number of decoding failures detected within a preset time window is greater than zero, an emergency enhancement command is generated, instructing the downhole communication system to increase the total number of encoded segments. Alternatively, increase the transmission power of the communication channel with the highest reliability assessment index; The ground receiving end sends the hierarchical communication strategy adjustment command to the downhole communication system through the downlink control channel, so that the downhole communication system performs the corresponding parameter adjustment in the next transmission cycle.

9. A reliable downhole data transmission system based on multi-path redundancy, characterized in that, The system includes: The data acquisition and preprocessing unit is used to acquire real-time multi-source sensing data collected by the downhole sensor array, and to preprocess the real-time multi-source sensing data to generate a data packet to be transmitted. The channel status monitoring and evaluation unit is used to monitor the status of multiple available communication channels between the well and the surface, acquire the channel status parameters of each communication channel in real time, and calculate the real-time reliability evaluation index of each communication channel; the multiple communication channels include at least two of wired channels, acoustic channels, mud pulse channels, and electromagnetic channels; the real-time reliability evaluation index is used to characterize the current data transmission capability of the communication channel; A redundancy coding and fragment allocation unit is used to perform redundancy coding and fragment allocation on the data packet to be transmitted based on the real-time reliability evaluation index, so as to generate multiple data coding fragments that are adapted to the reliability of each communication channel; wherein, there is a positive correlation between the real-time reliability evaluation index of the communication channel and the number of data coding fragments allocated to the communication channel; The multi-channel scheduling and transmission unit is used to distribute the multiple data encoded segments to the corresponding communication channels using a multi-channel scheduling strategy, and transmit the corresponding data encoded segments to the ground receiving end in parallel through the communication channels, so that the ground receiving end can decode and reconstruct the received data encoded segments to recover the downhole monitoring data corresponding to the data packet to be transmitted.

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