Optical chip for atom regulation and control and regulation and control method

Abstract

The invention provides an optical chip for atom regulation and control and a regulation and control method, and belongs to the technical field of optical signal processing. The optical chip comprises a chip substrate, an optical waveguide integrated on the chip substrate, an acousto-optic modulator, an external port and a port facing an atomic array. The acousto-optic modulator generates sound waves through an interdigital transducer, and the sound waves interact with the optical signals in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide, so that at least one of the amplitude, the phase, the polarization, the frequency, the transverse mode and the transmission direction of the optical signals is accurately adjusted. The optical chip can also be integrated with a nonlinear optical frequency conversion module for changing the frequency of the optical signal; and the optical signal multiplexing module is used for performing beam splitting, filtering, frequency division or mode division multiplexing and the like on the optical signal. The external port is used for inputting / outputting optical signals, and the port facing the atom array outputs the optical signals to the atom array in a free space light beam mode and can collect the optical signals emitted by atoms.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of optical signal processing, and more particularly to an optical chip for atomic regulation and a regulation method. BACKGROUND

[0002] Atomic (or atomic-like) array is one of the most promising quantum computing platforms. The key to the practical application of quantum computing based on atomic array is the expansion of the array size. At present, the binding and arrangement technology of large-scale atomic array has made significant progress. However, with the expansion of the array size, the related technical challenges are increasingly prominent, mainly in the following three aspects: first, the parallel addressing and precise regulation of large-scale atomic array; second, the readout of quantum state of large-scale atomic array; third, the communication and entanglement between computing nodes.

[0003] In the aspect of addressing and regulation of atomic array, the current main reliance is on two-dimensional acousto-optic deflectors (AOD), digital micromirror devices (DMD) and spatial light modulators (SLM) and other technologies, however, these schemes support a limited number of atomic lattice points, and have obvious limitations when facing atomic arrays of thousands of bits or more, and have defects such as insufficient modulation degrees (such as two-dimensional AOD does not support non-rectangular lattice modulation), single modulation mode (such as DMD only supports binary switching modulation) and low refresh rate (such as the response time of SLM is usually more than 1 ms). Integrated optical chips have good potential for scale-up due to their low power consumption and high integration, and have the ability to regulate multiple degrees of optical signals. Therefore, in recent years, schemes for realizing atomic and atomic-like system addressing and state regulation using integrated optical chips have begun to appear. Compared with three traditional schemes of thermal light modulation with too slow modulation rate, electro-optic modulation with too large size and piezoelectric modulation with high modulation voltage and complex process, acousto-optic modulation based on acousto-optic copropagating waveguide is expected to achieve excellent balance in integration, rate and power consumption, thus showing the potential for large-scale atomic array addressing.

[0004] In the aspect of atomic quantum state readout, the early "blow-away method" is adopted, that is, the bright state atoms are made to escape from the potential well by selective heating, and the quantum state information is inferred according to the remaining probability of the remaining atoms. Although this method can achieve a readout fidelity of up to 99.9%, the overall clock frequency of the system is seriously reduced due to the need to reload the atomic array after each readout. Based on the single photon detector (SPD) and the imaging detector, the non-destructive readout can avoid this problem. However, the SPD is limited by the number of channels and is not suitable for parallel readout of large-scale atomic arrays. Although the imaging detector is naturally adapted to the array structure and can simultaneously obtain the fluorescence information of multiple atoms, the measurement process relies on the direct imaging of atomic spontaneous emission, and the light signal cannot be further processed before detection, which challenges the flexibility.

[0005] In the communication and entanglement between computing nodes, efficient optical signal frequency conversion is needed. In terms of communication, the spontaneous emission of atoms is usually concentrated in the visible light band, and the light in this band has a large loss in optical fiber, which cannot be efficiently transmitted between remote quantum computing nodes. Although the infrared light signal has a low loss of 0.2 dB / km in optical fiber, it can be efficiently transmitted to a remote quantum computing node, but it cannot directly act on the atom, so the method of nonlinear optical frequency conversion is usually used to switch between visible light and infrared light. For example, the light signal generated by the spontaneous emission of rubidium atoms is converted to the infrared band by difference frequency, transmitted to a remote computing node through an optical fiber, and then converted to visible light for regulation and control by sum frequency at the computing node. The traditional scheme mainly relies on bulk nonlinear optical crystals to realize frequency conversion or generate entangled photon pairs. Such a scheme is difficult to implement selective regulation of the incident light signal corresponding to the target atomic site, limiting its application in complex interconnection scenarios. In addition, the nonlinear conversion efficiency of such a scheme is generally low, which is difficult to meet the requirements of large-scale atomic arrays for photon yield and rate.

[0006] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an optical chip and a regulation method that can realize multifunctional and high-throughput optical manipulation of atomic arrays. SUMMARY

[0007] To solve the at least one of the above and other aspects in the prior art, the present application provides an optical chip for atomic array regulation.

[0008] According to an aspect of an embodiment of the present application, there is provided an optical chip for atomic regulation, comprising: a chip substrate; at least one optical waveguide integrated on the chip substrate and configured to guide an optical signal to propagate along a specific path; at least one acousto-optic modulator connected to the at least one optical waveguide respectively and integrated on the chip substrate, and configured to adjust at least one of an amplitude, a phase, a polarization, a frequency, a transverse mode and a propagation direction of the optical signal; at least one port facing an atomic array, configured to output the optical signal in the optical waveguide in a form of a free-space beam to act on an atomic array outside the optical chip, the free-space beam covering one or more atomic sites in the atomic array; and / or to collect an optical signal emitted by the atomic array back to the optical waveguide.

[0009] According to an embodiment of the present application, the acousto-optic modulator comprises: an interdigital transducer, the interdigital transducer comprising a piezoelectric material layer integrated on or in the chip substrate and two or more groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged near the piezoelectric material layer; when a voltage is applied on the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to piezoelectric effect under the electric field; and an acousto-optic interaction waveguide for receiving the acoustic waves and guiding the optical signal to propagate along a specific path; when the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide simultaneously, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide by at least one of photoelastic effect, piezoelectric effect and cascaded effect of electro-optic effect and boundary movement effect, thereby adjusting at least one of the amplitude, the phase, the polarization, the frequency, the transverse mode and the propagation direction of the optical signal.

[0010] According to an embodiment of the present application, the acoustic waves generated by the interdigital transducer are coupled into the acousto-optic interaction waveguide, the acoustic waves are confined in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide, and the acoustic waves and the optical signal propagate in the same direction or in opposite directions in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide.

[0011] According to an embodiment of the present application, the acoustic waves generated by the interdigital transducer pass through the acousto-optic interaction waveguide from the side.

[0012] According to an embodiment of the present application, the cross-sectional geometry of the acousto-optic interaction waveguide varies periodically along the propagation direction.

[0013] The optical chip according to an embodiment of the present application further comprises a nonlinear optical frequency conversion module, which is an optical waveguide or an optical resonant cavity made of a nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate, and is configured to cause at least one of a frequency doubling process, a high harmonic generation process, a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process, a sum frequency generation process and a difference frequency generation process to the passing optical signal.

[0014] The optical chip according to an embodiment of the present application, at least one of the optical waveguide made of a nonlinear optical material or the optical resonant cavity has a periodic polarization structure.

[0015] The optical chip according to an embodiment of the present application further comprises at least one external port configured to input an external optical signal into the optical waveguide and / or output the optical signal in the optical waveguide to the outside; wherein the port facing the atomic array or the external port is any one of an optical waveguide end face and a grating coupler.

[0016] The optical chip according to an embodiment of the present application further comprises an optical signal multiplexing module, which comprises at least one of the following components:

[0017] a beam splitter, which is any one of a directional coupler, a multimode interferometer and a bifurcated structure, and is configured to split the optical signal in one optical waveguide into two or more optical waveguides, or combine the optical signals in two or more optical waveguides into one optical waveguide; a filter configured to filter out the optical signal of a specific frequency; a frequency division multiplexer configured to couple the optical signal of a specific frequency from one optical waveguide into another optical waveguide; and a mode division multiplexer configured to couple the optical signal of a specific transverse mode from one optical waveguide into another optical waveguide.

[0018] According to another aspect of the embodiments of the present application, a method for controlling an atomic array is provided, which is applied to the optical chip described above, and comprises the following steps: introducing an optical signal into an optical waveguide on the chip substrate; adjusting at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode and transmission direction of the optical signal in the optical waveguide by using an acousto-optic modulator; and outputting the adjusted optical signal in the form of a free-space optical beam through a part of the port facing the atomic array to act on the atomic array. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0019] The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present application will become more apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020] Figure 1 FIG. 1 shows a structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0021] Figure 2 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0022] Figure 3 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0023] Figure 4 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0024] Figure 5 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0025] Figure 6 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0026] Figure 7 A structural diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present application will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the description which follows is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the present application. In the following detailed description of embodiments of the present application, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that one or more embodiments of the present application can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring aspects of the present application.

[0028] The terms used herein are merely used to describe specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present application. The terms "include" and "have" and the like used herein indicate the presence of the described features, steps, operations, and / or components but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, or components.

[0029] All terms used herein, including technical and scientific terms, have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art unless otherwise defined. It should be noted that the terms used herein should be interpreted as having meanings consistent with the context of the present description, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal way.

[0030] In the case of using expressions such as "at least one of A, B, and C", it generally means one or more of A, B, and C, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise (for example, "at least one of A, B, and C" can mean A alone, B alone, C alone, combinations with two of A, B, and C, or combinations of A, B, and C taken together).

[0031] For quantum computing based on large-scale atomic arrays, the existing atomic addressing and regulation technology has the defects of limited support for atomic lattice points, insufficient modulation freedom, single modulation mode, and low refresh rate; the existing destructive quantum state readout scheme has the problem of difficult improvement of system clock frequency, and the non-destructive quantum state readout scheme has the problems of limited scalability and flexibility; the existing optical frequency conversion scheme relies on bulk crystals, and has the problems of difficult realization of site-selective frequency conversion and low conversion efficiency.

[0032] Therefore, the present application provides an optical chip, which inputs optical signals from the outside, transmits them through optical waveguides, and processes them by various functional devices: an optical frequency converter changes the frequency of the optical signals; an optical modulator changes the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, or transverse mode of the optical signals; a filter filters out optical signals of a specific frequency; a frequency division multiplexer and a mode division multiplexer route optical signals according to frequency and transverse mode, respectively; and a beam splitter splits and combines optical paths. The processed optical signals are output in the form of light beams to an atomic array to regulate atoms. The optical chip can also collect optical signals emitted by atoms and output optical signals on the chip back to the external optical path. The devices can be combined and arrayed to expand, realizing multifunctional and high-throughput optical manipulation of atomic arrays.

[0033] Figure 1 The structure of the optical chip and the atomic array according to the embodiment of the present application is shown in the schematic diagram.

[0034] As Figure 1 shown, the optical chip for atomic array regulation can include a chip substrate 10, at least one optical waveguide, at least one acousto-optic modulator, and at least one port facing the atomic array.

[0035] The at least one optical waveguide can be integrated on the chip substrate 10 and configured to guide the transmission of optical signals along a specific path.

[0036] The at least one acousto-optic modulator can be connected to the at least one optical waveguide, integrated on the chip substrate 10, and configured to adjust at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode, and transmission direction of the optical signals.

[0037] The at least one atom array facing port is configured to output the optical signal in the optical wave in the form of a free space optical beam to act on the atom array outside the chip, the free space optical beam covering a certain atom site in the atom array.

[0038] In one example, the at least one optical waveguide can include a first optical waveguide 201 and a second optical waveguide 202, the at least one acousto-optic modulator can include a first acousto-optic modulator 301, and the at least one atom array facing port can include a first atom array facing port 401. The first optical waveguide 201 can be connected to the first acousto-optic modulator 301, and the second optical waveguide 202 can be connected to the first acousto-optic modulator 301 and the first atom array facing port 401, respectively. The optical signal can be input into the first optical waveguide 201; the first optical waveguide 201 guides the optical signal to the first acousto-optic modulator 301; the first acousto-optic modulator 301 adjusts at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode and transmission direction of the optical signal; the second optical waveguide 202 guides the optical signal from the first acousto-optic modulator 301 to the first atom array facing port 401; and the first atom array facing port 401 outputs the optical signal in the second optical waveguide 202 in the form of a free space optical beam to act on the atom array outside the chip, the free space optical beam covering a certain atom site in the atom array.

[0039] Through the embodiments of the present application, the optical signal is input from the outside, transmitted to the acousto-optic modulator through the optical waveguide, and at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode and transmission direction of the optical signal is adjusted by the acousto-optic modulator. The processed optical signal is output in the form of an optical beam to the atom array to regulate the atoms, including cooling, trapping, moving, rearranging, addressing the atoms, and state manipulation and state reading of the atoms. Compared with the defects of the prior art, such as insufficient modulation freedom, single modulation mode and low refresh rate of atom array regulation, the present application can realize multifunctional and high-throughput optical manipulation of the atom array.

[0040] In some embodiments, the optical chip can further include at least one external port connected to the optical waveguide, so that the optical signal from the outside can be input into the optical waveguide, and / or the external port can also output the optical signal in the optical waveguide to the outside.

[0041] Figure 2 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atom array according to an embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0042] As Figure 2As shown, the optical chip for atomic array regulation comprises a chip substrate 10, a third optical waveguide 203, a fourth optical waveguide 204, a fifth optical waveguide 205, a sixth optical waveguide 206, a second acousto-optic modulator 302, a first external port 501, a second external port 502, a second port facing the atomic array 402, and a mode division multiplexer 610.

[0043] The third optical waveguide 203 to the sixth optical waveguide 206 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and are configured to guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path.

[0044] The second acousto-optic modulator 302 is connected with the third optical waveguide 203 and the fourth optical waveguide 204 and is integrated on the chip substrate 10 and is configured to adjust the transverse mode of the optical signal. The second acousto-optic modulator 302 comprises a first interdigital transducer 3021 and a first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022.

[0045] The first interdigital transducer 3021 comprises a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied on the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and in the vicinity of the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0046] The first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022 is used for receiving the acoustic waves and guiding the optical signal to transmit along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, and further change the transverse mode of the optical signal from the TE00 mode to the TE10 mode.

[0047] The acoustic waves generated by the first interdigital transducer 3021 are coupled into the first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022. The acoustic waves are confined in the first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022, and the acoustic waves and the optical signal transmit in the same direction in the first acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3022.

[0048] The first external port 501 is an optical waveguide end face and is configured to input the external optical signal into the third optical waveguide 203.

[0049] The second external port 502 is an optical waveguide end face and is configured to output the optical signal in the sixth optical waveguide 206 to the outside.

[0050] The second port facing the atomic array 402 is a grating coupler and is configured to output the optical signal in the fifth optical waveguide 205 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on the atomic array outside the chip, and the free-space optical beam covers a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0051] The mode division multiplexer 610 is configured to couple the optical signal with the transverse mode of TE10 mode from the fourth optical waveguide 204 to the fifth optical waveguide 205, and couple the optical signal with the transverse mode of TE00 mode from the fourth optical waveguide 204 to the sixth optical waveguide 206.

[0052] The third optical waveguide 203 connects the first external port 501 and the second acousto-optic modulator 302, the fourth optical waveguide 204 connects the second acousto-optic modulator 302 and the mode division multiplexer 610, the fifth optical waveguide 205 connects the mode division multiplexer 610 and the second port facing the atomic array 402, and the sixth optical waveguide 206 connects the mode division multiplexer 610 and the second external port 502.

[0053] According to the embodiment of the present application, the atomic array is regulated by the following way:

[0054] The optical signal is input into the third optical waveguide 203 through the first external port 501, and the transverse mode of the optical signal is TE00 mode; the third optical waveguide 203 guides the optical signal to the second acousto-optic modulator 302; the second acousto-optic modulator 302 does not change the transverse mode of the optical signal, or changes the transverse mode of part of the optical signal from TE00 mode to TE10 mode, or changes the transverse mode of all the optical signal from TE00 mode to TE10 mode; the fourth optical waveguide 204 guides the optical signal from the second acousto-optic modulator 302 to the mode division multiplexer 610; the mode division multiplexer 610 couples the optical signal with the transverse mode of TE10 mode from the fourth optical waveguide 204 to the fifth optical waveguide 205, and couples the optical signal with the transverse mode of TE00 mode from the fourth optical waveguide 204 to the sixth optical waveguide 206; the fifth optical waveguide 205 guides the optical signal to the second port facing the atomic array 402; the second port facing the atomic array 402 outputs the optical signal in the fifth optical waveguide 205 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on the atomic array outside the chip, and the free-space optical beam covers a certain atomic site in the atomic array; the sixth optical waveguide 206 guides the optical signal to the second external port 502; and the second external port 502 outputs the optical signal in the sixth optical waveguide 206 to the outside.

[0055] In the embodiment of the present application, the interdigital transducer and the acousto-optic interaction waveguide work together to generate a sound wave and change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the acousto-optic interaction waveguide through at least one of the photoelastic effect, the piezoelectric effect, the electro-optic effect and the boundary movement effect, thereby adjusting at least one of the amplitude, the phase, the polarization, the frequency, the transverse mode and the transmission direction of the optical signal, so as to realize the multifunctional optical manipulation of the atomic array, including the cooling, the trapping, the moving, the rearranging, the addressing of the atoms, and the state manipulation and the state reading of the atoms.

[0056] Figure 3 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0057] As shown in Figure 3 The optical chip for atomic array regulation comprises a chip substrate 10, a seventh optical waveguide 207, an eighth optical waveguide 208, a third acousto-optic modulator 303, a third external port 503, and a third port 403 facing the atomic array.

[0058] The seventh optical waveguide 207 and the eighth optical waveguide 208 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and are configured to guide the transmission of the optical signal along a specific path.

[0059] The third acousto-optic modulator 303 is connected with the seventh optical waveguide 207 and the eighth optical waveguide 208 and is integrated on the chip substrate 10 and is configured to adjust the transmission direction of the optical signal. The third acousto-optic modulator 303 comprises a second interdigital transducer 3031 and a second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032.

[0060] The second interdigital transducer 3031 comprises a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied to the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0061] The second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032 is used for receiving acoustic waves and guiding the transmission of the optical signal along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032 through the cascade effect of the photoelastic effect, the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect and the moving boundary effect, and further change the transmission direction of the optical signal from forward transmission to reverse transmission.

[0062] The acoustic waves generated by the second interdigital transducer 3031 are coupled into the second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032, and the acoustic waves are confined in the second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032, and in the second acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3032, the acoustic waves and the reverse transmission of the optical signal.

[0063] The third external port 503 is an optical waveguide end face configured to input the external optical signal into the seventh optical waveguide 207 and output the reverse transmission of the optical signal in the seventh optical waveguide 207 to the outside.

[0064] The third port 403 facing the atomic array is a grating coupler configured to output the optical signal in the eighth optical waveguide 208 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on the atomic array outside the chip, and the free-space optical beam covers a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0065] The seventh optical waveguide 207 connects the third external port 503 and the third acousto-optic modulator 303, and the eighth optical waveguide 208 connects the third acousto-optic modulator 303 and the third atom-array-facing port 403.

[0066] According to an embodiment of the present application, the atom array is regulated by the following way:

[0067] The optical signal is input into the seventh optical waveguide 207 through the third external port 503, and the transmission direction of the optical signal is forward transmission; the seventh optical waveguide 207 guides the forward-transmitted optical signal to the third acousto-optic modulator 303; the third acousto-optic modulator 303 does not change the transmission direction of the optical signal, or changes the transmission direction of part of the optical signal from forward transmission to reverse transmission, or changes the transmission direction of all the optical signal from forward transmission to reverse transmission; the seventh optical waveguide 207 guides the reverse-transmitted optical signal back to the third external port 503; the third external port 503 outputs the reverse-transmitted optical signal in the seventh optical waveguide 207 to the outside; the eighth optical waveguide 208 guides the forward-transmitted optical signal from the third acousto-optic modulator 303 to the third atom-array-facing port 403; the third atom-array-facing port 403 outputs the optical signal in the eighth optical waveguide 208 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on the atom array outside the chip, and the free-space optical beam covers a certain atom site in the atom array.

[0068] In some embodiments, the cross-sectional geometry of the acousto-optic interaction waveguide varies periodically along the transmission direction. The periodic variation of the cross-sectional geometry of the acousto-optic interaction waveguide along the transmission direction can achieve an efficient acousto-optic interaction process.

[0069] Figure 4 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atom array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0070] As shown in Figure 4 An optical chip for atom array regulation includes a chip substrate 10, a ninth optical waveguide 209, a tenth optical waveguide 210, an eleventh optical waveguide 211, a fourth acousto-optic modulator 304, a fourth external port 504, a fourth atom-array-facing port 404, and a filter 620.

[0071] The ninth optical waveguide 209 to the eleventh optical waveguide 211 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and are configured to guide the transmission of the optical signal along a specific path.

[0072] The fourth acousto-optic modulator 304 is connected with the ninth optical waveguide 209 and the tenth optical waveguide 210, is integrated on the chip substrate 10, and is configured to adjust the frequency of the optical signal. The fourth acousto-optic modulator 304 includes a third interdigital transducer 3041 and a third acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3042.

[0073] The third interdigital transducer 3041 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied on the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0074] The third acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3042 is configured to receive the acoustic waves and guide the optical signal to propagate along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the third acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3042 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the third acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3042 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, thereby changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0075] The acoustic waves generated by the third interdigital transducer 3041 pass through the third acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3042 from the side.

[0076] The fourth external port 504 is an optical waveguide end face configured to input an external optical signal into the ninth optical waveguide 209.

[0077] The fourth port 404 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to output the optical signal in the eleventh optical waveguide 211 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip, the free-space optical beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0078] The filter 620 is configured to filter out the optical signal with the frequency of .

[0079] The ninth optical waveguide 209 connects the fourth external port 504 and the fourth acousto-optic modulator 304, the tenth optical waveguide 210 connects the fourth acousto-optic modulator 304 and the filter 620, and the eleventh optical waveguide 211 connects the filter 620 and the fourth port 404 facing the atomic array.

[0080] According to the embodiment of the present application, the atomic array is regulated by the following way:

[0081] The optical signal with the frequency of is input into the ninth optical waveguide 209 through the fourth external port 504; the ninth optical waveguide 209 guides the optical signal to the fourth acousto-optic modulator 304; the fourth acousto-optic modulator 304 does not change the frequency of the optical signal, or changes the frequency of part of the optical signal from to , or changes the frequency of all the optical signal from to ; the tenth optical waveguide 210 guides the optical signal from the fourth acousto-optic modulator 304 to the filter 620; the filter 620 filters out the optical signal with the frequency of .

[0082] Figure 5 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atomic array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0083] As shown in Figure 5 , the optical chip for atomic array regulation includes a chip substrate 10, a twelfth optical waveguide 212, a thirteenth optical waveguide 213, a fourteenth optical waveguide 214, a fifteenth optical waveguide 215, a sixteenth optical waveguide 216, a fifth acousto-optic modulator 305, a fifth external port 505, a sixth external port 506, a fifth atomic array facing port 405, a first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631, a frequency division multiplexer 640.

[0084] The twelfth optical waveguide 212 to the sixteenth optical waveguide 216 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and are configured to guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path.

[0085] The fifth acousto-optic modulator 305 is connected with the thirteenth optical waveguide 213 and the fourteenth optical waveguide 214, is integrated on the chip substrate 10, and is configured to adjust the frequency of the optical signal. The fifth acousto-optic modulator 305 includes a fourth interdigital transducer 3051 and a fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052.

[0086] The fourth interdigital transducer 3051 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied to the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters. The piezoelectric material generates stress and in turn generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0087] The fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052 is used to receive acoustic waves and guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, thereby changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0088] The acoustic wave generated by the fourth interdigital transducer 3051 is coupled into the fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052, the acoustic wave is confined in the fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052, and in the fourth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3052, the acoustic wave and the optical signal are co-directional.

[0089] The fifth external port 505 is an optical waveguide end face, configured to input an external optical signal into the twelfth optical waveguide 212.

[0090] The sixth external port 506 is an optical waveguide end face, configured to output an optical signal in the sixteenth optical waveguide 216 to the outside.

[0091] The fifth port 405 facing the atomic array is a grating coupler, configured to output an optical signal in the fifteenth optical waveguide 215 in the form of a free-space light beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip, the free-space light beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0092] The first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631 is an optical waveguide made of nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate 10, having a periodic polarization structure, for doubling the frequency of the passing optical signal, i.e., changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0093] The frequency division multiplexer 640 is configured to couple an optical signal with a frequency of from the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 to the fifteenth optical waveguide 215, and couple an optical signal with a frequency of from the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 to the sixteenth optical waveguide 216.

[0094] The twelfth optical waveguide 212 connects the fifth external port 505 and the first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631, the thirteenth optical waveguide 213 connects the first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631 and the fifth acousto-optic modulator 305, the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 connects the fifth acousto-optic modulator 305 and the frequency division multiplexer 640, the fifteenth optical waveguide 215 connects the frequency division multiplexer 640 and the fifth port 405 facing the atomic array, and the sixteenth optical waveguide 216 connects the frequency division multiplexer 640 and the sixth external port 506.

[0095] According to an embodiment of the present application, the atomic array is regulated by the following way:

[0096] The optical signal with a frequency of is input into the twelfth optical waveguide 212 through the fifth external port 505; the twelfth optical waveguide 212 guides the optical signal to the first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631; the first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631 doubles the frequency of the optical signal, changing the frequency of the optical signal from to ; the thirteenth optical waveguide 213 guides the optical signal from the first nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 631 to the fifth acousto-optic modulator 305; the fifth acousto-optic modulator 305 does not change the frequency of the optical signal, or changes the frequency of part of the optical signal from to , or changes the frequency of all the optical signal from to ; the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 guides the optical signal from the fifth acousto-optic modulator 305 to the frequency division multiplexer 640; the frequency division multiplexer 640 couples the optical signal with the frequency of from the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 to the fifteenth optical waveguide 215, and couples the optical signal with the frequency of from the fourteenth optical waveguide 214 to the sixteenth optical waveguide 216; the fifteenth optical waveguide 215 guides the optical signal to the fifth atom-array-facing port 405; the fifth atom-array-facing port 405 outputs the optical signal in the fifteenth optical waveguide 215 in the form of a free-space light beam to act on an atom array outside the chip, the free-space light beam covering a certain atom site in the atom array; the sixteenth optical waveguide 216 guides the optical signal to the sixth external port 506; the sixth external port 506 outputs the optical signal in the sixteenth optical waveguide 216 to the outside.

[0097] Figure 6 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atom array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0098] As shown in Figure 6 , the optical chip for atom array regulation includes a chip substrate 10, a seventeenth optical waveguide 217, an eighteenth optical waveguide 218, a nineteenth optical waveguide 219, a twentieth optical waveguide 220, a sixth acousto-optic modulator 306, a seventh external port 507, a sixth atom-array-facing port 406, a second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632, a filter 620.

[0099] The seventeenth optical waveguide 217-twentieth optical waveguide 220 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and are configured to guide the transmission of the optical signal along a specific path.

[0100] The sixth acousto-optic modulator 306 is connected with the eighteenth optical waveguide 218 and the nineteenth optical waveguide 219, is integrated on the chip substrate 10, and is configured to adjust the frequency of the optical signal. The sixth acousto-optic modulator 306 includes a fifth interdigital transducer 3061 and a fifth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3062.

[0101] The fifth interdigital transducer 3061 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied on the strip electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between and around the strip electrode clusters. The piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0102] The fifth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3062 is configured to receive the acoustic waves and guide the optical signal to propagate along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the fifth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3062 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the fifth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3062 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, thereby changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0103] The acoustic waves generated by the fifth interdigital transducer 3061 pass through the fifth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3062 from the side.

[0104] The seventh external port 507 is an end surface of an optical waveguide and is configured to input an external optical signal into the seventeenth optical waveguide 217.

[0105] The sixth port 406 facing the atomic array is a grating coupler and is configured to output the optical signal in the twentieth optical waveguide 220 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip, the free-space optical beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0106] The second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632 is an optical resonant cavity integrated on the chip substrate 10 and made of a nonlinear optical material, having a periodic polarization structure, and is configured to cause a frequency doubling process of the passing optical signal, i.e., changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0107] The filter 620 is configured to filter out the optical signal with the frequency of .

[0108] The seventeenth optical waveguide 217 connects the seventh external port 507 and the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632, the eighteenth optical waveguide 218 connects the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632 and the sixth acousto-optic modulator 306, the nineteenth optical waveguide 219 connects the sixth acousto-optic modulator 306 and the filter 620, and the twentieth optical waveguide 220 connects the filter 620 and the sixth port 406 facing the atomic array.

[0109] According to the embodiment of the present application, the atomic array is regulated by the following way:

[0110] the frequency of The light signal of the seventh external port 507 is input into the seventeenth optical waveguide 217; the seventeenth optical waveguide 217 guides the light signal to the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632; the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632 causes the light signal to undergo a frequency doubling process, and the frequency of the light signal is changed from to ; the eighteenth optical waveguide 218 guides the light signal from the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 632 to the sixth acousto-optic modulator 306; the sixth acousto-optic modulator 306 does not change the frequency of the light signal, or changes the frequency of part of the light signal from to , or changes the frequency of all the light signal from to ; the nineteenth optical waveguide 219 guides the light signal from the sixth acousto-optic modulator 306 to the filter 620; the filter 620 filters out the light signal with a frequency of ; the twentieth optical waveguide 220 guides the light signal from the filter 620 to the sixth atom-array-facing port 406; the sixth atom-array-facing port 406 outputs the light signal in the twentieth optical waveguide 220 in the form of a free-space light beam to act on an atom array outside the chip, and the free-space light beam covers a certain atom site in the atom array.

[0111] In some embodiments, at least a part of the optical waveguide made of nonlinear optical material or at least a part of the optical resonant cavity has a periodic polarization structure, through which a high-efficiency nonlinear optical frequency conversion process can be achieved.

[0112] Figure 7 A structural schematic diagram of an optical chip and an atom array according to another embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0113] As shown in Figure 7 , the optical chip for atom array regulation includes a chip substrate 10, twenty-first to thirty-eighth optical waveguides 221-238, a seventh acousto-optic modulator 307, an eighth acousto-optic modulator 308, a ninth acousto-optic modulator 309, an eighth external port 508, a ninth external port 509, a tenth external port 510, an eleventh external port 511, a twelfth external port 512, a thirteenth external port 513, a fourteenth external port 514, a seventh atom-array-facing port 407, an eighth atom-array-facing port 408, a ninth atom-array-facing port 409, a tenth atom-array-facing port 410, an eleventh atom-array-facing port 411, a twelfth atom-array-facing port 412, a third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633, a fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634, a fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635, a first beam splitter 651, a second beam splitter 652, a filter 620, and a mode division multiplexer 610.

[0114] The twenty-first optical waveguide 221 to the thirty-eighth optical waveguide 238 are integrated on the chip substrate 10 and configured to guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path.

[0115] The seventh acousto-optic modulator 307 is connected with the twenty-third optical waveguide 223 and the twenty-fourth optical waveguide 224, integrated on the chip substrate 10, and configured to adjust the frequency of the optical signal. The seventh acousto-optic modulator 307 includes a sixth interdigital transducer 3071 and a sixth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3072.

[0116] The sixth interdigital transducer 3071 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied to the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0117] The sixth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3072 is used to receive acoustic waves and guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path. When the optical signal and the acoustic waves exist in the sixth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3072 at the same time, the acoustic waves change the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the sixth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3072 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, thereby changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0118] The acoustic waves generated by the sixth interdigital transducer 3071 pass through the sixth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3072 from the side.

[0119] The eighth acousto-optic modulator 308 is connected with the twenty-sixth optical waveguide 226 and the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227, integrated on the chip substrate 10, and configured to adjust the transverse mode of the optical signal. The eighth acousto-optic modulator 308 includes a seventh interdigital transducer 3081 and a seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082.

[0120] The seventh interdigital transducer 3081 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied to the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates acoustic waves due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0121] The seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082 is configured to receive the acoustic wave and guide the light signal to propagate along a specific path. When the light signal and the acoustic wave exist in the seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082 at the same time, the acoustic wave changes the effective refractive index of the light signal in the seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, and further changes the transverse mode of the light signal from the TE00 mode to the TE10 mode.

[0122] The acoustic wave generated by the seventh interdigital transducer 3081 is coupled into the seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082, and the acoustic wave is confined in the seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082 and co-propagates with the light signal in the seventh acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3082.

[0123] The ninth acousto-optic modulator 309 is connected with the thirty-first optical waveguide 231 and the thirty-second optical waveguide 232, is integrated on the chip substrate 10, and is configured to adjust the transmission direction of the light signal. The ninth acousto-optic modulator 309 includes an eighth interdigital transducer 3091 and an eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092.

[0124] The eighth interdigital transducer 3091 includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on the chip substrate 10 and two groups of interlaced strip-shaped electrode clusters arranged on the piezoelectric material layer. When a voltage is applied to the strip-shaped electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between the strip-shaped electrode clusters and near the strip-shaped electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress and further generates an acoustic wave due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field.

[0125] The eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092 is configured to receive the acoustic wave and guide the light signal to propagate along a specific path. When the light signal and the acoustic wave exist in the eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092 at the same time, the acoustic wave changes the effective refractive index of the light signal in the eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092 through the photoelastic effect, the cascade effect of the piezoelectric effect and the electro-optic effect, and the moving boundary effect, and further changes the transmission direction of the light signal from the forward transmission to the reverse transmission.

[0126] The acoustic wave generated by the eighth interdigital transducer 3091 is coupled into the eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092, and the acoustic wave is confined in the eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092 and reversely transmits with the light signal in the eighth acousto-optic interaction waveguide 3092.

[0127] The eighth external port 508 is an optical waveguide end face configured to input an external light signal into the twenty-first optical waveguide 221.

[0128] The ninth external port 509 is an optical waveguide end face configured to output the light signal in the twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229 to the outside.

[0129] The tenth external port 510 is an optical waveguide facet configured to input an optical signal from outside into the thirtieth optical waveguide 230 and output an optical signal reversely transmitted in the thirtieth optical waveguide 230 to outside.

[0130] The eleventh external port 511 is an optical waveguide facet configured to output an optical signal in the thirty-third optical waveguide 233 to outside.

[0131] The twelfth external port 512 is an optical waveguide facet configured to output an optical signal in the thirty-fourth optical waveguide 234 to outside.

[0132] The thirteenth external port 513 is an optical waveguide facet configured to input an optical signal from outside into the thirty-fifth optical waveguide 235.

[0133] The fourteenth external port 514 is an optical waveguide facet configured to output an optical signal in the thirty-eighth optical waveguide 238 to outside.

[0134] The seventh port 407 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to output an optical signal in the twenty-fifth optical waveguide 225 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip.

[0135] The eighth port 408 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to output an optical signal in the twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip.

[0136] The ninth port 409 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to output an optical signal in the thirty-second optical waveguide 232 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip.

[0137] The free-space optical beams emitted by the seventh port 407 facing the atomic array, the eighth port 408 facing the atomic array and the ninth port 409 facing the atomic array cover certain atomic sites in the atomic array respectively.

[0138] The tenth port 410 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to collect an optical signal emitted by an atomic array back into the thirty-third optical waveguide 233.

[0139] The eleventh port 411 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to collect an optical signal emitted by an atomic array back into the thirty-fourth optical waveguide 234.

[0140] The twelfth port 412 facing the atomic array is an optical grating coupler configured to collect an optical signal emitted by an atomic array back into the thirty-sixth optical waveguide 236.

[0141] The third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633 is an optical waveguide made of nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate 10, and has a periodic polarization structure for causing the passing optical signal to undergo a frequency doubling process, i.e., changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0142] The fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634 is an optical resonant cavity made of nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate 10, and has a periodic polarization structure for causing the passing optical signal to undergo a frequency doubling process, i.e., changing the frequency of the optical signal from to .

[0143] The fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 is an optical waveguide made of nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate 10, and has a periodic polarization structure for causing the passing optical signal to undergo a frequency difference process, i.e., when the optical signal passing through the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 contains both a component with a frequency of and a component with a frequency of , the optical signal component with a frequency of is consumed, the optical signal component with a frequency of is enhanced, and an optical signal component with a frequency of is additionally generated.

[0144] The first beam splitter 651 is a multimode interferometer configured to split the optical signal in the twenty-second optical waveguide 222 into the twenty-third optical waveguide 223 and the twenty-sixth optical waveguide 226.

[0145] The second beam splitter 652 is a multimode interferometer configured to combine the optical signals in the thirty-fifth optical waveguide 235 and the thirty-sixth optical waveguide 236 into the thirty-seventh optical waveguide 237.

[0146] The filter 620 is configured to filter out the optical signal with a frequency of .

[0147] The mode division multiplexer 610 is configured to couple the optical signal with a transverse mode of TE10 mode from the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 to the twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228, and couple the optical signal with a transverse mode of TE00 mode from the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 to the twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229.

[0148] The twenty-first optical waveguide 221 connects the eighth external port 508 and the third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633, the twenty-second optical waveguide 222 connects the third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633 and the first beam splitter 651, the twenty-third optical waveguide 223 connects the first beam splitter 651 and the seventh acousto-optic modulator 307, the twenty-fourth optical waveguide 224 connects the seventh acousto-optic modulator 307 and the filter 620, the twenty-fifth optical waveguide 225 connects the filter 620 and the seventh port 407 facing the atomic array, the twenty-sixth optical waveguide 226 connects the first beam splitter 651 and the eighth acousto-optic modulator 308, the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 connects the eighth acousto-optic modulator 308 and the mode division multiplexer 610, the twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228 connects the mode division multiplexer 610 and the eighth port 408 facing the atomic array, the twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229 connects the mode division multiplexer 610 and the ninth external port 509, the thirtieth optical waveguide 230 connects the tenth external port 510 and the fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634, the thirty-first optical waveguide 231 connects the fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634 and the ninth acousto-optic modulator 309, the thirty-second optical waveguide 232 connects the ninth acousto-optic modulator 309 and the ninth port 409 facing the atomic array, the thirty-third optical waveguide 233 connects the tenth port 410 facing the atomic array and the eleventh external port 511, the thirty-fourth optical waveguide 234 connects the eleventh port 411 facing the atomic array and the twelfth external port 512, the thirty-fifth optical waveguide 235 connects the thirteenth external port 513 and the second beam splitter 652, the thirty-sixth optical waveguide 236 connects the twelfth port 412 facing the atomic array and the second beam splitter 652, the thirty-seventh optical waveguide 237 connects the second beam splitter 652 and the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635, and the thirty-eighth optical waveguide 238 connects the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 and the fourteenth external port 514.

[0149] According to an embodiment of the present application, the atoms are regulated by:

[0150] The frequency of the light signal is The light signal is input into the twenty-first optical waveguide 221 through the eighth external port 508, and the transverse mode of the light signal is a TE00 mode.

[0151] The twenty-first optical waveguide 221 guides the light signal to the third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633.

[0152] The third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633 doubles the frequency of the light signal, i.e., the frequency of the light signal is changed from to .

[0153] The twenty-second optical waveguide 222 guides the light signal from the third nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 633 to the first beam splitter 651.

[0154] The first beam splitter 651 splits the optical signal in the twenty-second optical waveguide 222 into the twenty-third optical waveguide 223 and the twenty-sixth optical waveguide 226.

[0155] The twenty-third optical waveguide 223 guides the optical signal to the seventh acousto-optic modulator 307.

[0156] The seventh acousto-optic modulator 307 does not change the frequency of the optical signal, or changes the frequency of part of the optical signal from to , or changes the frequency of all of the optical signal from to .

[0157] The twenty-fourth optical waveguide 224 guides the optical signal from the seventh acousto-optic modulator 307 to the filter 620.

[0158] The filter 620 filters out the optical signal with the frequency of .

[0159] The twenty-fifth optical waveguide 225 guides the optical signal from the filter 620 to the seventh port 407 facing the atomic array.

[0160] The seventh port 407 facing the atomic array outputs the optical signal in the twenty-fifth optical waveguide 225 in the form of a free-space light beam to act on the atomic array outside the chip, the free-space light beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0161] The twenty-sixth optical waveguide 226 guides the optical signal to the eighth acousto-optic modulator 308.

[0162] The eighth acousto-optic modulator 308 does not change the transverse mode of the optical signal, or changes the transverse mode of part of the optical signal from the TE00 mode to the TE10 mode, or changes the transverse mode of all of the optical signal from the TE00 mode to the TE10 mode.

[0163] The twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 guides the optical signal from the eighth acousto-optic modulator 308 to the mode division multiplexer 610.

[0164] The mode division multiplexer 610 couples the optical signal with the transverse mode of the TE10 mode from the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 to the twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228, and couples the optical signal with the transverse mode of the TE00 mode from the twenty-seventh optical waveguide 227 to the twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229.

[0165] The twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228 guides the optical signal to the eighth port 408 facing the atomic array.

[0166] The eighth port 408 facing the atomic array outputs the optical signal in the twenty-eighth optical waveguide 228 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip, the free-space optical beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0167] The twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229 guides the optical signal to a ninth external port 509.

[0168] The ninth external port 509 outputs the optical signal in the twenty-ninth optical waveguide 229 to the outside.

[0169] The optical signal with a frequency of is input into the thirtieth optical waveguide 230 through a tenth external port 510, and the transmission direction of the optical signal is forward transmission.

[0170] The thirtieth optical waveguide 230 guides the forward-transmitted optical signal to a fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634.

[0171] The fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634 doubles the frequency of the forward-transmitted optical signal, i.e., changes the frequency of the forward-transmitted optical signal from to .

[0172] The thirty-first optical waveguide 231 guides the forward-transmitted optical signal from the fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634 to a ninth acousto-optic modulator 309.

[0173] The ninth acousto-optic modulator 309 does not change the transmission direction of the optical signal, or changes the transmission direction of part of the optical signal from forward transmission to reverse transmission, or changes the transmission direction of all the optical signal from forward transmission to reverse transmission.

[0174] The thirty-first optical waveguide 231 guides the reverse-transmitted optical signal back to the fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634.

[0175] The fourth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 634 spontaneously parametrically down-converts the reverse-transmitted optical signal, i.e., changes the frequency of the reverse-transmitted optical signal from to .

[0176] The thirtieth optical waveguide 230 guides the reverse-transmitted optical signal back to the tenth external port 510.

[0177] The tenth external port 510 outputs the reverse-transmitted optical signal to the outside.

[0178] The thirty-second optical waveguide 232 guides the forward-transmitted optical signal from the ninth acousto-optic modulator 309 to the ninth port 409 facing the atomic array.

[0179] The ninth port 409 facing the atomic array outputs the optical signal in the thirty-second optical waveguide 232 in the form of a free-space optical beam to act on an atomic array outside the chip, the free-space optical beam covering a certain atomic site in the atomic array.

[0180] The tenth port 410 facing the atomic array is configured to collect the optical signal emitted by the atomic array back to the thirty-third optical waveguide 233.

[0181] The thirty-third optical waveguide 233 guides the optical signal to the eleventh external port 511.

[0182] The eleventh port 411 facing the atomic array is configured to collect the optical signal emitted by the atomic array back to the thirty-fourth optical waveguide 234.

[0183] The thirty-fourth optical waveguide 234 guides the optical signal to the twelfth external port 512.

[0184] The optical signal with a frequency of is input into the thirty-fifth optical waveguide 235 through the thirteenth external port 513.

[0185] The thirty-fifth optical waveguide 235 guides the optical signal to the second beam splitter 652.

[0186] The twelfth port 412 facing the atomic array is configured to collect the optical signal emitted by the atomic array back to the thirty-sixth optical waveguide 236, the optical signal having a frequency of .

[0187] The thirty-sixth optical waveguide 236 guides the optical signal to the second beam splitter 652.

[0188] The second beam splitter 652 combines the optical signals in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth optical waveguides 235 and 236 into the thirty-seventh optical waveguide 237.

[0189] The thirty-seventh optical waveguide 237 guides the optical signal from the second beam splitter 652 to the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635.

[0190] The fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 causes a difference frequency process to occur to the passing optical signal, that is, when the optical signal passing through the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 contains both a component with a frequency of and a component with a frequency of , an optical signal component with a frequency of is consumed, an optical signal component with a frequency of is enhanced, and an optical signal component with a frequency of is additionally generated.

[0191] The thirty-eighth optical waveguide 238 directs the optical signal from the fifth nonlinear optical frequency conversion module 635 to the fourteenth external port 514.

[0192] The fourteenth external port 514 outputs the optical signal in the thirty-eighth optical waveguide 238 to the outside.

[0193] It should be understood that the various forms of flow shown above can be re-ordered, added to, or have steps deleted, for example. The steps recited in the present disclosure can be performed in parallel, in series, or in a different order, as long as the desired results of the claimed technical solution are achieved, and are not limited herein.

[0194] The specific embodiments described above are not to be taken as limiting the scope of the application. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alternatives can be made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and principles of the application. Any further modifications, changes or improvements that come within the spirit and principles of the application are intended to fall within the scope of the application.

Claims

1. An optical chip for atomic control, characterized in that, include: Chip substrate; At least one optical waveguide, integrated on the chip substrate, is configured to guide an optical signal to transmit along a specific path; At least one acousto-optic modulator, connected to at least one of the optical waveguides, is integrated on the chip substrate and configured to adjust at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode, and transmission direction of the optical signal; At least one port facing the atomic array is configured to output the optical signal in the optical waveguide as a free-space beam to act on the atomic array outside the optical chip, the free-space beam covering one or more atomic sites in the atomic array; and / or collect the optical signal emitted by the atomic array back to the optical waveguide.

2. The optical chip according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acousto-optic modulator includes: An interdigitated transducer includes a piezoelectric material layer integrated on or inside the chip substrate, and two or more sets of interlaced strip electrode clusters disposed near the piezoelectric material layer; when a voltage is applied to the strip electrode clusters, an electric field is generated between and near the strip electrode clusters, and the piezoelectric material generates stress due to the piezoelectric effect under the electric field, thereby generating sound waves; An acousto-optic waveguide is used to receive the acoustic wave and guide the optical signal to transmit along a specific path. When both the optical signal and the acoustic wave are present in the acousto-optic waveguide, the acoustic wave causes the effective refractive index of the optical signal in the acousto-optic waveguide to change through at least one of the following effects: photoelastic effect, piezoelectric effect and electro-optic effect cascade effect and boundary movement effect, thereby adjusting at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode and transmission direction of the optical signal.

3. The optical chip according to claim 2, characterized in that, The acoustic wave generated by the interdigitated transducer is coupled into the acousto-optic waveguide, where it is confined and propagates in the same or opposite direction as the optical signal.

4. The optical chip according to claim 2, characterized in that, The acoustic waves generated by the interdigitated transducer pass through the acousto-optic waveguide from the side.

5. The optical chip according to claim 2, characterized in that, The cross-sectional geometry of the acousto-optic waveguide changes periodically along the direction of optical signal transmission.

6. The optical chip according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The optical chip also includes a nonlinear optical frequency conversion module, which is an optical waveguide or optical resonant cavity made of nonlinear optical material integrated on the chip substrate. It is used to cause the passing optical signal to undergo at least one of the following processes: a second harmonic generation process, a higher harmonic generation process, a spontaneous parametric downconversion process, a sum frequency process, and a difference frequency process.

7. The optical chip according to claim 6, characterized in that, At least a portion of the optical waveguide made of nonlinear optical material or at least a portion of the optical resonant cavity has a periodic polarization structure.

8. The optical chip according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The optical chip further includes at least one external port, configured to input an external optical signal into the optical waveguide, and / or output the optical signal in the optical waveguide to the outside; The port facing the atom array or the external port can be either an optical waveguide end face or a grating coupler.

9. The optical chip according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The optical chip further includes an optical signal multiplexing module, which includes at least one of the following components: The beam splitter is any one of a directional coupler, a multimode interferometer, and a bifurcation structure, and is configured to split the optical signal in one optical waveguide into two or more optical waveguides, or to merge the optical signals in two or more optical waveguides into one optical waveguide; The filter is configured to filter out the optical signal at a specific frequency; A frequency division multiplexer is configured to couple an optical signal of a specific frequency from one optical waveguide to another optical waveguide; A mode divider multiplexer is configured to couple a specific transverse mode of the optical signal from one optical waveguide to another optical waveguide.

10. A method for controlling an atomic array, applied to an optical chip as described in any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, The control method includes: The optical signal is introduced into the optical waveguide on the chip substrate; Using an acousto-optic modulator, at least one of the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, transverse mode, and transmission direction of the optical signal in the optical waveguide is adjusted; and The adjusted optical signal is output as a free-space beam through a port partially facing the atomic array to act on the atomic array.

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