Low molecular weight polymer soot dispersants

Abstract

A polymeric dispersant composition is described. The dispersant is represented by the general structure (I): (I) wherein A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic hydrocarbon or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and wherein the liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 1,500 to about 16,000.

Description

[0001] Invention Field This disclosure relates to lubricating additives and lubricating oil compositions containing such lubricating additives. More specifically, this disclosure relates to low molecular weight polymer dispersants that, when used as lubricating additives, can improve wear and / or soot dispersion. Background Technology

[0002] Internal combustion engines produce carbon soot due to incomplete combustion. Carbon soot formation is generally more prevalent in diesel engines than in gasoline engines due to differences in fuel injection and ignition methods. Carbon deposits can cause a host of problems, such as accelerated engine wear, leading to engine failure. Therefore, improving the dispersion of suspended carbon soot or sludge formed during engine operation or lubrication use is crucial for the continued operation of the engine. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In one aspect, this disclosure relates to a polymer dispersant composition, wherein the polymer dispersant can be represented by the following general structure:

[0004] A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and said liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

[0005] In another aspect, this disclosure relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising: a major amount of a base oil having a lubricating viscosity; and a polymeric dispersant represented by the following general structure:

[0006] A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and said liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

[0007] On the other hand, this disclosure relates to a method for improving wear or soot dispersion in an internal combustion engine, the method comprising lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition comprising: a major amount of a base oil; and a polymeric dispersant represented by the following general structure:

[0008] A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and said liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000. Detailed Implementation

[0009] definition

[0010] Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms will be used throughout the specification and will have the following meanings.

[0011] The term "major amount" of base oil refers to a base oil that constitutes at least 40 wt.% of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, "major amount" of base oil refers to a base oil that constitutes more than 50 wt.%, more than 60 wt.%, more than 70 wt.%, more than 80 wt.%, or more than 90 wt.% of the lubricating oil composition.

[0012] The term "Total Base Number" or "TBN" refers to the alkalinity level in an oil sample according to ASTM Standard D2896 or an equivalent procedure, indicating the composition's ability to continue neutralizing corrosive acids. This test measures the change in conductivity, and the result is expressed as mgKOH / g (the number of milligram equivalents of KOH required to neutralize 1 gram of product). Therefore, a high TBN reflects a strong over-alkalining of the product, and thus a higher base reserve for neutralizing acids.

[0013] "HOB" refers to hyperalkalinity with a TBN higher than 250 based on the active ingredient, while "LOB" refers to hypoalkalinity with a TBN lower than 100 based on the active ingredient.

[0014] The term "liquid polymer" and / or related terms, such as "liquid hydrocarbon polymer," refer to a polymer that is liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the liquid polymers of this disclosure exhibit a KV100 of less than 3000 cSt and can be chemically grafted (e.g., by free radical initiation, acylation agents, etc.). Specific examples of liquid hydrocarbon polymers include "liquid olefin copolymers," which refer to olefin copolymers that are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0015] This disclosure relates to low molecular weight polymer dispersants and lubricating oil compositions containing such dispersants. Low molecular weight polymer dispersants can be used as lubricating additives to impart one or more performance advantages to lubricating oil compositions.

[0016] polymer dispersants

[0017] Low molecular weight polymer dispersants can be used as lubricating additives to prevent wear in internal combustion engines and / or improve carbon soot dispersion in internal combustion engines.

[0018] In some embodiments, the polymer dispersant composition can be represented by the following general structure:

[0019]

[0020] Wherein A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and wherein the liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

[0021] The low molecular weight polymer dispersants disclosed herein can be synthesized or obtained in any compatible manner. For example, a compatible synthetic method includes a grafting reaction in which a low molecular weight polymer is reacted with a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of a free radical initiator.

[0022] In some embodiments, the low molecular weight polymer dispersant is a reaction product of: (a) having a number average molecular weight (Mi) of about 1,500 to about 16,000. n (a) liquid hydrocarbon polymers; and (b) vinyl aromatics. The Mn of the liquid hydrocarbon polymers can be measured by any compatible method, such as gel permeation chromatography.

[0023] Liquid hydrocarbon polymers

[0024] The liquid hydrocarbon polymers disclosed herein are characterized by low molecular weights, particularly compared to olefin copolymers commonly used as viscosity index improvers. The number-average molecular weights (Mn) of the liquid hydrocarbon polymers are from about 1,500 to about 16,000, for example, from about 1,500 to about 15,500, from about 1,500 to about 15,000, from about 1,500 to about 14,500, from about 1,500 to about 14,000, from about 1,500 to about 13,500, from about 1,500 to about 13,000, from about 1,500 to about 12,500, from about 1,500 to about 12,000, from about 1,500 to about 11,500, from about 1,500 to about 11,000, from about 1,500 to about 10,500, from about 1,500 to about 10,000, from about 1,500 to about 9,500, and from about 1,500 to about 9,500. ,000, about 1,500 to about 8,500, about 1,500 to about 8,000, about 1,500 to about 7,500, about 1,500 to about 7,000, about 1,500 to about 6,500, about 1,500 to about 6,000, about 1,500 to about 5,500, about 1,500 to about 5,000, about 1,500 to about 4,500, about 1,500 to about 4,000, about 1,500 to about 3,500, about 1,500 to about 3,000, about 1,500 to about 2,500, about 1,500 to about 2,000, about 2,000 to about 16,000, about 2,000 to about 15,500, about 2,000 to About 15,000, about 2,000 to about 14,500, about 2,000 to about 14,000, about 2,000 to about 13,500, about 2,000 to about 13,000, about 2,000 to about 12,500, about 2,000 to about 12,000, about 2,000 to about 11,500, about 2,000 to about 11,000, about 2,000 to about 10,500, about 2,000 to about 10,000, about 2,000 to about 9,500, about 2,000 to about 9,000, about 2,000 to about 8,500, about 2,000 to about 8,000, about 2,000 to about 7,500, about 2,000 to about 7, 000, about 2,000 to about 6,500, about 2,000 to about 6,000, about 2,000 to about 5,500, about 2,000 to about 5,000, about 2,000 to about 4,500, about 2,000 to about 4,000, about 2,000 to about 3,500, about 2,000 to about 3,000, about 2,000 to about 2,500, about 2,500 to about 16,000, about 2,500 to about 15,500, about 2,500 to about 15,000, about 2,500 to about 14,500, about 2,500 to about 14,000, about 2,500 to about 13,500, about 2,500 to about 13,000, about 2,500 to about 12,500, about 2,500 to about 12,000, 2,500 to about 11,500, about 2,500 to about 11,000, about 2,500 to about 10,500, about 2,500 to about 10,000, about 2,500 to about 9,500, about 2,500 to about 9,000, about 2,500 to about 8,500, about 2,500 to about 8,000, about 2,500 to about 7,500, about 2,500 to about 7,000, about 2,500 to about 6,500, about 2,500 to about 6,000, about 2,500 to about 5,500, about 2,500 to about 5,000, about 2,500 to about 4,500, about 2,500 to about 4, 000, about 2,500 to about 3,500, about 2,500 to about 3,000, about 3,000 to about 16,000, about 3,000 to about 15,500, about 3,000 to about 15,000, about 3,000 to about 14,500, about 3,000 to about 14,000, about 3,000 to about 13,500, about 3,000 to about 13,000, about 3,000 to about 12,500, about 3,000 to about 12,000, 3,000 to about 11,500, about 3,000 to about 11,000, about 3,000 to about 10,500, about 3,000 to about 10,000, about 3,000 to about 9,500, about 3,000 to about 9, 000 about 3,000 to about 8,500, about 3,000 to about 8,000, about 3,000 to about 7,500, about 3,000 to about 7,000, about 3,000 to about 6,500, about 3,000 to about 6,000, about 3,000 to about 5,500, about 3,000 to about 5,000, about 3,000 to about 4,500, about 3,000 to about 4,000, about 3,000 to about 3,500, about 3,500 to about 16,000, about 3,500 to about 15,500, about 3,500 to about 15,000, about 3,500 to about 14,500, about 3,500 to about 14,000, about 3,500 to about 13,500, about 3, 500 to about 13,000, about 3,500 to about 12,500, about 3,500 to about 12,000, 3,500 to about 11,500, about 3,500 to about 11,000, about 3,500 to about 10,500, about 3,500 to about 10,000, about 3,500 to about 9,500, about 3,500 to about 9,000, about 3,500 to about 8,500, about 3,500 to about 8,000, about 3,500 to about 7,500, about 3,500 to about 7,000, about 3,500 to about 6,500, about 3,500 to about 6,000, about 3,500 to about 5,500, about 3,500 to about 5,000, about 3,500 to about 4,500, about 3,500 to about 4,000, about 4,000 to about 16,000, about 4,000 to about 15,500, about 4,000 to about 15,000, about 4,000 to about 14,500, about 4,000 to about 14,000, about 4,000 to about 13,500, about 4,000 to about 13,000, about 4,000 to about 12,500, about 4,000 to about 12,000, about 4,000 to about 11,500, about 4,000 to about 11,000, about 4,000 to about 10,500, about 4,000 to about 10,000, about 4,000 to about 9,500, about 4,000 to about 9,000, about 4,000 to about 9,000 8,500, about 4,000 to about 8,000, about 4,000 to about 7,500, about 4,000 to about 7,000, about 4,000 to about 6,500, about 4,000 to about 6,000, about 4,000 to about 5,500, about 4,000 to about 5,000, about 4,000 to about 4,500, about 4,500 to about 16,000, about 4,500 to about 15,500, about 4,500 to about 15,000, about 4,500 to about 14,500, about 4,500 to about 14,000, about 4,500 to about 13,500, about 4,500 to about 13,000, about 4,500 to about 12,500, about 4,500 to about 12, 000, about 4,500 to about 11,500, about 4,500 to about 11,000, about 4,500 to about 10,500, about 4,500 to about 10,000, about 4,500 to about 9,500, about 4,500 to about 9,000, about 4,500 to about 8,500, about 4,500 to about 8,000, about 4,500 to about 7,500, about 4,500 to about 7,000, about 4,500 to about 6,500, about 4,500 to about 6,000, about 4,500 to about 5,500, about 4,500 to about 5,000, about 5,000 to about 16,000, about 5,000 to about 15,500, about 5,000 to about 15,000, about 5,000 to about 14,500, about 5,000 to about 14,000, about 5,000 to about 13,500, about 5,000 to about 13,000, about 5,000 to about 12,500, about 5,000 to about 12,000, about 5,000 to about 11,500, about 5,000 to about 11,000, about 5,000 to about 10,500, about 5,000 to about 10,000, about 5,000 to about 9,500, about 5,000 to about 9,000, about 5,000 to about 8,500, about 5,000 to about 8,000, about 5,000 to about 7,500, about 5,000 to about 7,000, about 5,000 to about 6,500, about 5,000 to about 6,000, about 5,000 to about 5,500, about 5,500 to about 16,000, about 5,500 to about 15,500, about 5,500 to about 15,000, about 5,500 to about 14,500, about 5,500 to about 14,000, about 5,500 to about 13,500, about 5,500 to about 13,000, about 5,500 to about 12,500, about 5,500 to about 12,000, about 5,500 to about 11,500, about 5,500 to about 11,000 Approximately 5,500 to approximately 10,500; approximately 5,500 to approximately 10,000; approximately 5,500 to approximately 9,500; approximately 5,500 to approximately 9,000; approximately 5,500 to approximately 8,500; approximately 5,500 to approximately 8,000; approximately 5,500 to approximately 7,500; approximately 5,500 to approximately 7,000; approximately 5,500 to approximately 6,500; approximately 5,500 to approximately 6,000; approximately 6,000 to approximately 16,000; approximately 6,000 to approximately 15,500; approximately 6,000 to approximately 15,000; approximately 6, 000 to about 14,500, about 6,000 to about 14,000, about 6,000 to about 13,500, about 6,000 to about 13,000, about 6,000 to about 12,500, about 6,000 to about 12,000, about 6,000 to about 11,500, about 6,000 to about 11,000, about 6,000 to about 10,500, about 6,000 to about 10,000, about 6,000 to about 9,500, about 6,000 to about 9,000, about 6,000 to about 8,500, about 6,000 to about 8,000, about 6,000 to about 7,500, about 6,000 to about 7,000, about 6,000 to about 6,500, about 6,500 to about 16,000, about 6,500 to about 15,500, about 6,500 to about 15,000, about 6,500 to about 14,500, about 6,500 to about 14,000, about 6,500 to about 13,500, about 6,500 to about 13,000, about 6,500 to about 12,500, about 6,500 to about 12,000 6,500 to about 11,500, about 6,500 to about 11,000, about 6,500 to about 10,500, about 6,500 to about 10,000, about 6,500 to about 9,500, about 6,500 to about 9,000, about 6,500 to about 8,500, about 6,500 to about 8,000, about 6,500 to about 7,500, about 6,500 to about 7,000, about 7,000 to about 16,000, about 7,000 to about 15,500, about 7,000 to about 15,000, about 7,000 to about 14,500, about 7,000 to about 14,000, about 7,000 to about 13,500, about 7,000 to about 13,000, about 7,000 to about 12,500, about 7,000 to about 12,000, about 7,000 to about 11,500, about 7,000 to about 11,000, about 7,000 to about 10,500, about 7,000 to about 10,000, about 7,000 to about 9,500, about 7,000 to about 9,000, about 7,000 to about 8,500, about 7,000 to about 8, 000, about 7,000 to about 7,500, about 7,500 to about 16,000, about 7,500 to about 15,500, about 7,500 to about 15,000, about 7,500 to about 14,500, about 7,500 to about 14,000, about 7,500 to about 13,500, about 7,500 to about 13,000, about 7,500 to about 12,500, about 7,500 to about 12,000 7,500 to about 11,500, about 7,500 to about 11,000, about 7,500 to about 10,500, about 7,500 to about 10,000, about 7,500 to about 9,500, about 7,500 to about 9,000, about 7,500 to about 8,500, about 7,500 to about 8,000, about 8,000 to about 16,000, about 8,000 to about 15,500, about 8,000 to about 15,000, about 8,000 to about 14,500, about 8,000 to about 14,000, about 8,000 to about 13,500, about 8,000 to about 13,000, about 8,000 to about 12,500, about 8,000 to about 1 2,000, about 8,000 to about 11,500, about 8,000 to about 11,000, about 8,000 to about 10,500, about 8,000 to about 10,000, about 8,000 to about 9,500, about 8,000 to about 9,000, about 8,000 to about 8,500, about 8,500 to about 16,000, about 8,500 to about 15,500, about 8,500 to about 15,000, about 8,500 to about 14,500, about 8,500 to about 14,000, about 8,500 to about 13,500, about 8,500 to about 13,000, about 8,500 to about 12,500, about 8,500 to about 12,000 8,500 to about 11,500, about 8,500 to about 11,000, about 8,500 to about 10,500, about 8,500 to about 10,000, about 8,500 to about 9,500, about 8,500 to about 9,000, about 9,000 to about 16,000, about 9,000 to about 15,500, about 9,000 to about 15,000, about 9,000 to about 14,500, about 9,000 to about 14,000, about 9,000 to about 13,500, about 9,000 to about 13,000, about 9,000 to about 12,500, about 9,000 to about 12,000, about 9,000 to about 11,500, about 9,000 to about 11,000, about 9,000 to about 10,500, about 9,000 to about 10,000, about 9,000 to about 9,500, about 9,500 to about 16,000, about 9,500 to about 15,500, about 9,500 to about 15,000, about 9,500 to about 14,500, about 9,500 to about 14,000, about 9,500 to about 13,500, about 9,500 to about 13,000, about 9,500 to about 12,500, about 9,500 to about 12,000, about 9,500 to about 11,500, about 9,500 From about 11,000, about 9,500 to about 10,500, about 9,500 to about 10,000, about 10,000 to about 16,000, about 10,000 to about 15,500, about 10,000 to about 15,000, about 10,000 to about 14,500, about 10,000 to about 14,000, about 10,000 to about 13,500, about 10,000 to about 13,000, about 10,000 to about 12,500, about 10,000 to about 12,000, about 10,000 to about 11,500, about 10,000 to about 11,000, about 10,000 to about 10,500, about 10,500 to about 16,000, about 1 0,500 to about 15,500, about 10,500 to about 15,000, about 10,500 to about 14,500, about 10,500 to about 14,000, about 10,500 to about 13,500, about 10,500 to about 13,000, about 10,500 to about 12,500, about 10,500 to about 12,000, about 10,500 to about 11,500, about 10,500 to about 11,000, about 11,000 to about 16,000, about 11,000 to about 15,500, about 11,000 to about 15,000, about 11,000 to about 14,500, about 11,000 to about 14,000, about 11,000 to about 13 ,500, about 11,000 to about 13,000, about 11,000 to about 12,500, about 11,000 to about 12,000, about 11,000 to about 11,500, about 11,500 to about 16,000, about 11,500 to about 15,500, about 11,500 to about 15,000, about 11,500 to about 14,500, about 11,500 to about 14,000, about 11,500 to about 13,500, about 11,500 to about 13,000, about 11,500 to about 12,500, about 11,500 to about 12,000, about 12,000 to about 16,000, about 12,000 to about 15,500, about 12,000 to about 15,000, about 12,000 to about 14,500, about 12,000 to about 14,000, about 12,000 to about 13,500, about 12,000 to about 13,000, about 12,000 to about 12,500, about 12,500 to about 16,000, about 12,500 to about 15,500, about 12,500 to about 15 ,000, about 12,500 to about 14,500, about 12,500 to about 14,000, about 12,500 to about 13,500, about 12,500 to about 13,000, about 13,000 to about 16,000, about 13,000 to about 15,500, about 13,000 to about 15,000, about 13,000 to about 14,500, about 1 3,000 to about 14,000, about 13,000 to about 13,500, about 13,500 to about 16,000, about 13,500 to about 15,500, about 13,500 to about 15,000, about 13,500 to about 14,500, about 13,500 to about 14,000, about 14,000 to about 16,000, about 14,000 to about 15,500, about 14,000 to about 15,000, about 14,000 to about 14,500, about 14,500 to about 16,000, about 14,500 to about 15,500, about 14,500 to about 15,000, about 15,000 to about 16,000, about 15,000 to about 15,500, or about 15,500 to about 16,000.

[0025] Suitable examples of liquid hydrocarbon polymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene-based olefin copolymers, such as ethylene-propylene copolymers. Copolymers as used herein may include mixtures or reaction products of ethylene with one or more C3 to C28 α-olefins, and optionally additionally include other dienes or polyolefins; therefore, terpolymers and other more advanced forms may also be included herein.

[0026] In some embodiments, the ethylene content of the copolymer is in the range of 10% to 80% by weight, for example 10% to 75%, 10% to 70%, 10% to 65%, 10% to 60%, 10% to 50%, 10% to 45%, 10% to 40%, 10% to 35%, 10% to 30%, or 10% to 25%. 10% to 20%, 10% to 15%, 15% to 80%, 15% to 75%, 15% to 70%, 15% to 65%, 15% to 60%, 15% to 55%, 15% to 50%, 15% to 45%, 15% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 15% to 30%, 15% to 25%, 15% to 20%, 20% to 80%, 20% to 75%, 20% to 70%, 20% to 65%, 20% to 60%, 20% to 55%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, 20% to 30%, 20% to 25%, 25% to 80%, 25% to 75%, 25% to 70%, 25% to 65%, 25% to 60%, 25% to 55%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 80%, 30% to 75%, 30% to 70%, 30% to 65%, 30% to 60%, 30% to 55%, 30% to 50%, 30% to 45%, 30% to 40%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 80%, 35% to 75%, 35% to 70%, 35% to 65%, 35% to 60%, 35% to 55%, 35% to 50%, 35% to 45%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 80%, 40% to 75%, 40% to 70%, 40% to 65%, 40% to 60%, 40% to 55%, 40% to 50%, 40% to 45%, 45% to 80%, 45% to 75%, 45% to 70%, 45% to 65%, 45% to 60% %, 45% to 55%, 45% to 50%, 50% to 80%, 50% to 75%, 50% to 70%, 50% to 65%, 50% to 60%, 50% to 55%, 55% to 80%, 55% to 75%, 55% to 70%, 55% to 65%, 55% to 60%, 60% to 80%, 60% to 75%, 60% to 70%, 60% to 65%, 65% to 80%, 65% to 75%, 65% to 70%, 70% to 80%, 70% to 75% or 75% to 80%.

[0027] In some embodiments, the ethylene-based copolymer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer. The propylene content of the ethylene-propylene copolymer ranges from 20% to 90% by weight, for example, 20% to 85%, 20% to 80%, 20% to 75%, 20% to 70%, 20% to 65%, 20% to 60%, 20% to 50%, 20% to 45%, 20% to 40%, 20% to 35%, and 20% to 30%. 20% to 25%, 25% to 90%, 25% to 85%, 25% to 80%, 25% to 75%, 25% to 70%, 25% to 65%, 25% to 60%, 25% to 55%, 25% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 25% to 40%, 25% to 35%, 25% to 30%, 30% to 90%, 30% to 85%, 30% to 80%, 30% to 75%, 30% to 70%, 30% to 65%, 30% to 60%, 30% to 55%, 30% to 50% 30% to 45%, 30% to 40%, 30% to 35%, 35% to 90%, 35% to 85%, 35% to 80%, 35% to 75%, 35% to 70%, 35% to 65%, 35% to 60%, 35% to 55%, 35% to 50%, 35% to 45%, 35% to 40%, 40% to 90%, 40% to 85%, 40% to 80%, 40% to 75%, 40% to 70%, 40% to 65%, 40% to 60%, 40% to 55%, 40% to 50% 40% to 45%, 45% to 90%, 45% to 85%, 45% to 80%, 45% to 75%, 45% to 70%, 45% to 65%, 45% to 60%, 45% to 55%, 45% to 50%, 50% to 90%, 50% to 85%, 50% to 80%, 50% to 75%, 50% to 70%, 50% to 65%, 50% to 60%, 50% to 55%, 55% to 90%, 55% to 85%, 55% to 80%, 55% to 75%, 55% to 70% 55% to 65%, 55% to 60%, 60% to 90%, 60% to 85%, 60% to 80%, 60% to 75%, 60% to 70%, 60% to 65%, 65% to 90%, 65% to 85%, 65% to 80%, 65% to 75%, 65% to 70%, 70% to 90%, 70% to 85%, 70% to 80%, 70% to 75%, 75% to 90%, 75% to 85%, 75% to 80%, 80% to 90%, 80% to 85%, or 85% to 90%.

[0028] Vinyl aromatics

[0029] The vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons disclosed herein can be represented by the following general structure (A):

[0030]

[0031] (A)

[0032] Where X is an aromatic group and Y is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

[0033] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are characterized by having two or more aromatic rings. Aromatic hydrocarbons may also include one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, boron, etc. Non-limiting examples of PAHs include naphthalene (I), anthracene (II), biphenyl (III), triphenylmethane (IV), carbazole (V), etc.

[0034]

[0035] Specific examples of vinyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons include 1-vinylnaphthalene (VI), 2-vinylnaphthalene (VII), 2-(1-methylvinyl)naphthalene (VIII), 9-vinylanthracene (IX), 4-vinylbiphenyl (X), 4-diphenylmethylstyrene (XI), 9-vinylcarbazole (XII) and 9-(1-methylvinyl)-9H-carbazole (XIII).

[0036]

[0037] Free radical initiators

[0038] Grafting reactions can be catalyzed by free radical initiators. Examples of free radical initiators include peroxides, hydroperoxides, peresters, and azo compounds, preferably compounds with boiling points greater than 100°C and that undergo thermal decomposition within the grafting temperature range to provide free radicals. Representatives of these free radical initiators are peroxides (diacyl peroxides, such as benzoyl peroxide; dialkyl peroxides, such as 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, dicumyl peroxide, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxide, bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, di-tert-butylperoxide (D... TBP), di-tert-amyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne, hydroperoxide, peroxide esters (e.g., tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl peracetate), O,O-tert-butyl-O-(2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate, peroxide ketals (e.g., n-butyl 4,4-di(tert-butylperoxy)valerate), etc. The amount of initiator is from about 0.005% to about 1% by weight, based on the weight of the reaction mixture solution. Grafting is preferably carried out in an inert atmosphere, such as under nitrogen sealing. The resulting polymer intermediate is characterized by the presence of acylation groups in its structure, typically carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides. The amount of initiator is generally from about 0.005% to about 1% by weight, based on the weight of the reaction mixture solution.

[0039] A more detailed discussion of free radical initiators can be found in S. Al-Malaika's ReactiveModifiers for Polymers (1997 1st edition, paperback reprint), the relevant sections of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0040] Other additives

[0041] Optionally, the lubricating oil composition may also contain additives that impart or improve any desired properties of the lubricating oil composition. Any additives known to those skilled in the art may be used in the lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein. Suitable additives are described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, 2nd ed., London, Springer, (1996) and Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications”, New York, Marcel Dekker (2003), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the additive may be selected from the group consisting of: antioxidants, anti-wear agents, detergents, rust inhibitors, demulsifiers, friction modifiers, multifunctional additives, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, metal deactivators, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity improvers, thermal stability improvers, antifogging additives, icing inhibitors, dyes, markers, antistatic agents, biocides, and combinations thereof.

[0042] Generally, when used, the concentration of each additive in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, can range from about 0.001 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, from about 0.01 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%. Furthermore, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, the total amount of additives in the lubricating oil composition can range from about 0.001 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, from about 0.01 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%.

[0043] Cleaning agent

[0044] The lubricating oil composition may contain a metal detergent, such as a metal salicylate, metal phenolate, or metal sulfonate. The metal can be any metal suitable for preparing the detergent. Non-limiting examples of suitable metals include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals. In some embodiments, the metal is Ca, Mg, Ba, K, Na, Li, etc.

[0045] Typically, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of detergent is from about 0.001 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, from about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.%.

[0046] Optionally, the lubricating oil composition may contain additional detergents known in the art. Some suitable detergents have been described in the following literature: Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, 2nd ed., London, Springer, Chapter 3, pp. 75-85 (1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapter 4, pp. 113-136 (2003), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Examples of these detergents include phenolates, salicylates, phosphonates, etc.

[0047] In some implementations, the detergent contains at least one highly alkaline substance (TBN greater than 250 based on the active ingredient).

[0048] Overly basic metal detergents are typically produced by carbonating a mixture of hydrocarbons, detergent acids (e.g., sulfonic acids, alkyl hydroxybenzoates, etc.), metal oxides or hydroxides (e.g., calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide), and accelerators such as xylene, methanol, and water. For example, to prepare overly basic calcium sulfonate, calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide reacts with gaseous carbon dioxide during carbonation to form calcium carbonate. The sulfonic acid is then neutralized with excess CaO or Ca(OH)₂ to form a sulfonate salt.

[0049] Generally, over-alkaline detergents can be low-over-alkaline (LOB), such as over-alkaline salts based on an active material having a TBN of less than 100. In one aspect, the TBN of a low-over-alkaline salt can be about 10 to about 100. In another aspect, the TBN of a low-over-alkaline salt can be about 10 to about 80. Over-alkaline detergents can be moderately over-alkaline (MOB), such as over-alkaline salts based on an active material having a TBN of about 100 to about 250. In one aspect, the TBN of a moderately over-alkaline salt can be about 100 to about 200. In another aspect, the TBN of a moderately over-alkaline salt can be about 125 to about 175. Over-alkaline detergents can be high-over-alkaline (HOB), such as over-alkaline salts based on an active material having a TBN greater than 250. In one aspect, the TBN of a high-over-alkaline salt based on an active material can be about 250 to about 800.

[0050] In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition contains low levels of sulfur-containing calcium phenolate (e.g., about 40 mmol or less of Ca from sulfurized phenolate, such as 35 mmol or less, 30 mmol or less, 25 mmol or less, 20 mmol or less, 10 mmol or less, 5 mmol or less and 0 mmol).

[0051] anti-wear agent

[0052] Optionally, the lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein may contain one or more anti-wear agents. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil compositions contain little or no sulfur-containing anti-wear compositions.

[0053] Anti-wear agents reduce wear on metal parts. Suitable anti-wear agents include dialkyl dithiophosphate metal salts, such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) having the following structure:

[0054] Zn[SP(=S)(OR 1 (OR) 2 )]2

[0055] Where R 1 and R 2 These can be the same or different hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 18 (e.g., 2 to 12) carbon atoms, and include groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, and alicyclic groups. Particularly preferred is R. 1 and R 2 The group is an alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., alkyl can be ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl). To obtain oil solubility, R... 1 and R 2The average molar carbon number of the mixture is at least 4.5. Therefore, dialkyl zinc dithiophosphate can comprise a dialkyl zinc dithiophosphate composition. Dialkyl zinc dithiophosphate is a primary alkyl zinc dithiophosphate, a secondary alkyl zinc dithiophosphate, or a combination thereof. ZDDP can be present at 3 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.1 wt.% to 1.5 wt.%, or 0.5 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%) of the lubricating oil composition.

[0056] dispersant

[0057] Optionally, the lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein may also include dispersants. The dispersants remain in a suspension of material insoluble in oil, generated by oxidation during engine operation, thereby preventing soot and sludge from flocculating and settling or depositing on metal parts. Dispersants suitable for use herein include nitrogen-containing, ash-free (metal-free) dispersants known to effectively reduce deposit formation when used in gasoline and diesel engines. Suitable dispersants include alkyl succinimides, alkyl succinamides, mixed esters / amides of alkyl-substituted succinic acids, hydroxy esters of alkyl-substituted succinic acids, and Mannich condensation products of alkyl-substituted phenols, formaldehydes, and polyamines. Condensation products of polyamines and alkyl-substituted phenyl acids are also suitable. Mixtures of these dispersants may also be used. More specifically, succinimide-based dispersants include borated succinimides, non-borinated succinimides, post-treated succinimides, etc.

[0058] Basic, nitrogen-containing, ashless dispersants are well-known lubricant additives, and their preparation methods are extensively described in patent literature. Preferred dispersants are alkenyl succinimides and succinamides, wherein the alkenyl substituent is preferably a long chain with more than 40 carbon atoms. These materials are readily prepared by reacting a dicarboxylic acid material with a hydrocarbon-substituted group with a molecule containing an amine functional group. Examples of suitable amines are polyamines, such as polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxylated polyamines, and polyoxyalkylene polyamines. As is known in the art, dispersants can be post-treated (e.g., with borosilicates, epoxides, ethylene carbonates, or cyclic carbonates). Nitrogen-containing, ashless (metal-free) dispersants are basic and contribute to the TBN of lubricant compositions to which they are added without introducing additional sulfated ash. Based on the level of active material, the dispersant may be present in the lubricating oil composition at a concentration of 0.1 wt.% to 10 wt.% (e.g., 0.5 wt.% to 8 wt.%, 0.7 wt.% to 7 wt.%, 0.7 wt.% to 6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.% to 6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.7 wt.% to 4 wt.%). Based on the weight of the dispersant in the finished oil product, nitrogen from the dispersant is present in amounts greater than 0.0050 wt.% to 0.30 wt.% (e.g., greater than 0.0050 wt.% to 0.10 wt.%, 0.0050 wt.% to 0.080 wt.%, 0.0050 wt.% to 0.060 wt.%, 0.0050 wt.% to 0.050 wt.%, 0.0050 wt.% to 0.040 wt.%, 0.0050 wt.% to 0.030 wt.%).

[0059] antioxidants

[0060] Optionally, the lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein may also contain additional antioxidants that can reduce or prevent oxidation of the base oil. Any antioxidants known to those skilled in the art may be used in lubricating oil compositions. Non-limiting examples of suitable antioxidants include amine-based antioxidants (e.g., alkyl diphenylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkyl or aralkyl-substituted phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkylated p-phenylenediamine, tetramethyl-diaminodiphenylamine, etc.), phenolic antioxidants (e.g., 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4,4'-methylenebis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-di-tert-butyl-o-cresol) etc.), sulfur-based antioxidants (e.g., dilauryl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, etc.), phosphorus-based antioxidants (e.g., phosphites, etc.), zinc dithiophosphate, oil-soluble copper compounds, and combinations thereof. The amount of antioxidant can vary from about 0.01 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or about 0.1 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, depending on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Suitable antioxidants are described in Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications”, New York. Marcel Dekker, Chapter 1, pp. 1-28 (2003), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0061] Foam inhibitors

[0062] The lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein may optionally contain foam inhibitors or defoamers capable of disrupting foam in the oil. Any foam inhibitor or defoamer known to those skilled in the art may be used in lubricating oil compositions. Non-limiting examples of suitable defoamers include silicone oils or polydimethylsiloxanes, fluorosilicones, alkoxylated fatty acids, polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol), branched polyethylene ethers, alkyl acrylate polymers, alkyl methacrylate polymers, polyalkoxyamines, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the defoamer comprises glyceryl monostearate, polyethylene glycol palmitate, trialkyl monothiophosphate, sulfonated castor oil ester, benzoyl acetone, methyl salicylate, glyceryl monooleate, or glyceryl dioleate. The amount of defoamer may vary from about 0.0005 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, from about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Some suitable defoamers are described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, 2nd ed., London, Springer, Chapter 6, pp. 190-193 (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0063] molybdenum additives

[0064] In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition comprises a molybdenum additive. Some non-limiting examples of suitable molybdenum additives include molybdenum succinimide, sulfurized molybdenum dithiocarbamate, sulfurized organic molybdenum dithiophosphate, molybdenum monooxyglyceride, diethylamide molybdenum, amine-molybdenum complexes, and sulfur-containing molybdenum complexes.

[0065] Oil with lubricating viscosity

[0066] The lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein typically contain at least one oil having a lubricating viscosity. Any base oil known to those skilled in the art can be used as the lubricating viscosity oil disclosed herein. Some base oils suitable for preparing lubricating oil compositions are described in the following literature: Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, 2nd ed., London, Springer, Chapters 1 and 2 (1996); and A. Sequeria, Jr., “Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing”, New York, Marcel Decker, Chapter 6 (1994); and DV Brock, Lubrication Engineering, Vol. 43, pp. 184-5, (1987), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the amount of base oil in a lubricating oil composition can be from about 70 wt.% to about 99.5 wt.% based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, the amount of base oil in the lubricating oil composition is about 75 wt.% to about 99 wt.%, about 80 wt.% to about 98.5 wt.%, or about 80 wt.% to about 98 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0067] In some embodiments, the base oil is or comprises any natural or synthetic lubricating base oil fraction. Some non-limiting examples of synthetic oils include oils prepared by polymerization of at least one α-olefin (e.g., ethylene) or by hydrocarbon synthesis processes using carbon monoxide and hydrogen (e.g., the Fisher-Tropsch process), such as polyalphaolefins or PAO. In some embodiments, the base oil contains less than about 10 wt.% of one or more heavy fractions based on the total weight of the base oil. A heavy fraction is a lubricating oil fraction with a viscosity of at least about 20 cSt at 100°C. In some embodiments, the heavy fraction has a viscosity of at least about 25 cSt or at least about 30 cSt at 100°C. In other embodiments, the amount of one or more heavy fractions in the base oil is less than about 10 wt.%, less than about 5 wt.%, less than about 2.5 wt.%, less than about 1 wt.%, or less than about 0.1 wt.% based on the total weight of the base oil. In still other embodiments, the base oil does not contain heavy fractions.

[0068] In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition comprises a major amount of a base oil having a lubricating viscosity. In some embodiments, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 2.5 centiliters (cSt) to about 20 cSt, about 4 centiliters (cSt) to about 20 cSt, or about 5 cSt to about 16 cSt. The kinematic viscosity of the base oil or lubricating oil composition disclosed herein can be measured according to ASTM D 445 (incorporated herein by reference).

[0069] In other embodiments, the base oil is or comprises a base oil stock or a blend of base oil stocks. In further embodiments, the base oil stock is manufactured using various methods, including but not limited to distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerization, esterification, and refining. In some embodiments, the base oil stock includes refined oil stocks. In other embodiments, the refined oil stock should be substantially free of materials introduced through manufacturing, contamination, or prior use.

[0070] In some implementations, the base oil comprises one or more base oils from Groups I through V as defined in American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1509, Fourteenth Edition, December 1996 (i.e., API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils), which is incorporated herein by reference. The API guidelines define base oils as lubricant components that can be manufactured using various methods. Group I, II, and III base oils are mineral oils, each with a specific range of saturated mass, sulfur content, and viscosity index. Group IV base oils are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V base oils include all other base oils not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV.

[0071] In some embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more base oils selected from Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more base oils selected from Group II, Group III, Group IV, or combinations thereof. In still other embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more base oils selected from Group II, Group III, Group IV, or combinations thereof, wherein the kinematic viscosity of the base oil at 100°C is about 2.5 centistokes (cSt) to about 20 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 20 cSt, or about 5 cSt to about 16 cSt.

[0072] Base oils can be selected from the group consisting of natural oils having a lubricating viscosity, synthetic oils having a lubricating viscosity, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, base oils include base oils obtained by isomerization of synthetic waxes and porous waxes, and hydrocracked base oils produced by hydrocracking (rather than solvent extraction) the aromatic and polar components of crude oil. In other embodiments, base oils having a lubricating viscosity include natural oils such as animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils (e.g., liquid petroleum and solvent-treated or acid-treated paraffin, naphthenic, or mixed paraffin-naphthenic mineral oils), oils derived from coal or shale, and combinations thereof. Some non-limiting examples of animal oils include bone oil, lanolin, fish oil, lard, dolphin oil, seal oil, shark oil, tallow, and whale oil. Some non-limiting examples of vegetable oils include castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, hemp oil, flaxseed oil, tung oil, oiticica oil, jojoba oil, and meadowfoam seed oil. These oils may be partially or fully hydrogenated.

[0073] In some embodiments, the synthetic oil having a lubricating viscosity includes hydrocarbon oils and halogen-substituted hydrocarbon oils, such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkylbenzenes, polybenzenes, alkylated diphenyl ethers, alkylated diphenyl sulfides, and their derivatives, analogs, and homologues. In other embodiments, the synthetic oil includes epoxide polymers, interpolymers, copolymers, and their derivatives, wherein the terminal hydroxyl groups may be modified by esterification, etherification, etc. In still other embodiments, the synthetic oil includes esters of dicarboxylic acids and various alcohols. In some embodiments, the synthetic oil includes C5 to C6... 12 Esters prepared from monocarboxylic acids, polyols, and polyol ethers. In another embodiment, the synthetic oil includes trialkyl phosphate oils, such as tributyl phosphate and triisobutyl phosphate.

[0074] In some embodiments, the synthetic oil having a lubricating viscosity includes silicone-based oils (e.g., polyalkyl-siloxanes, polyaryl-siloxanes, polyalkoxy-siloxanes, polyaryloxy-siloxane oils, and silicate oils). In other embodiments, the synthetic oil includes phosphoric acid-containing liquid esters, polymeric tetrahydrofurans, polyalphaolefins, etc.

[0075] Base oils derived from wax hydroisomerization can also be used, either alone or in combination with the aforementioned natural and / or synthetic base oils. These wax isomerized oils are produced by hydroisomerizing natural or synthetic waxes or mixtures thereof on a hydroisomerization catalyst.

[0076] In another embodiment, the base oil comprises a poly-α-olefin (PAO). Generally, poly-α-olefins can be derived from α-olefins having about 2 to about 30, about 4 to about 20, or about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable poly-α-olefins include those derived from octene, decene, mixtures thereof, etc. These poly-α-olefins have viscosities at 100°C ranging from about 2 centipoise to about 15 centipoise, from about 3 centipoise to about 12 centipoise, or from about 4 centipoise to about 8 centipoise. In some cases, poly-α-olefins can be used with other base oils (e.g., mineral oils).

[0077] In another embodiment, the base oil comprises a polyalkylene glycol or a polyalkylene glycol derivative, wherein the terminal hydroxyl groups of the polyalkylene glycol may be modified by esterification, etherification, acetylation, etc. Non-limiting examples of suitable polyalkylene glycols include polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyisopropylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable polyalkylene glycol derivatives include ethers of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., methyl ether of polyisopropylene glycol, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol, etc.), monocarboxylic acid esters and polycarboxylic acid esters of polyalkylene glycols, and combinations thereof. In some cases, polyalkylene glycols or polyalkylene glycol derivatives may be used with other base oils, such as poly-α-olefins and mineral oils.

[0078] In another embodiment, the base oil comprises any one of the following esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, octanoic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc.) and various alcohols (e.g., butanol, hexanol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.). Non-limiting examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, di(eicosyl) sebacate, 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, etc.

[0079] In another embodiment, the base oil comprises hydrocarbons prepared via the Fischer-Tropsch process. The Fischer-Tropsch process uses a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to produce hydrocarbons from a gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These hydrocarbons may require further processing to be usable as base oils. For example, methods known to those skilled in the art can be used to dewax, hydroisomerize, and / or hydrocracking the hydrocarbons.

[0080] In another embodiment, the base oil includes unrefined oil, refined oil, re-refined oil, or mixtures thereof. Unrefined oil is oil obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification. Non-limiting examples of unrefined oil include shale oil obtained directly from a dry distillation operation, petroleum obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from esterification methods and used without further processing. Refined oil is similar to unrefined oil, except that it has been further processed by one or more purification methods to improve one or more properties. Many such purification methods are known to those skilled in the art, such as solvent extraction, double distillation, acid or alkali extraction, filtration, percolation, etc. Re-refined oil is obtained by applying methods similar to those used to obtain refined oil to refined oil. Such re-refined oils are also called regenerated oils or reprocessed oils and are typically subjected to additional treatment by methods designed to remove waste additives and oil decomposition products.

[0081] The following embodiments are presented to illustrate implementation methods, but are not intended to limit this application to the specific embodiments described. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. All values ​​are approximate. When numerical ranges are given, it should be understood that embodiments outside the stated ranges are still within the scope of this application. Specific details described in each embodiment should not be construed as essential features.

[0082] Example

[0083] The following examples are intended for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope in any way.

[0084] Example 1

[0085] As described in this article, a 9-vinylcarbazole-grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer was synthesized.

[0086]

[0087] The ethylene-propylene copolymer (2669.8 g, KV100 approximately 600 cSt) was transferred to a 4-liter stirred stainless steel reactor equipped with feed lines for 9-vinylcarbazole and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane and sealed with nitrogen. The copolymer was heated to 155°C. Next, over a 2-hour period, 54.49 g of 9-vinylcarbazole in 149.6 mL of acetone solution and 3.65 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane were simultaneously fed into the stirred zone of the reactor.

[0088] After the 9-vinylcarbazole and peroxide were fed, the reactor was maintained at that temperature for another 30 minutes. The resulting carbazole-grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer had a KV100 of 642.35 cSt. Measurement of the reaction products by gel permeation chromatography using UV detection confirmed the presence of carbazole groups on the polymer.

[0089] Example 2

[0090] The ethylene-propylene copolymer of milled 2-vinylnaphthalene was prepared as described herein.

[0091]

[0092] 518.7 g of ethylene-propylene copolymer (KV100 approximately 600 cSt) was transferred to a 1-liter stirred stainless steel reactor equipped with feed lines for 2-vinylnaphthalene and di-tert-amyl peroxide, and sealed with nitrogen. The copolymer was heated to 170 °C. Over a 2-hour period, 2-vinylnaphthalene (25.68 g in 84.8 mL toluene solution) and di-tert-amyl peroxide (3.85 g) were simultaneously fed into the stirred zone of the reactor at a constant rate. After the feeding of 2-vinylnaphthalene and peroxide was complete, the reactor was maintained at this temperature for another 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtered and vacuum stripped. The reaction products were measured by gel permeation chromatography using UV detection, confirming the presence of naphthyl groups on the polymer.

[0093] Example 3

[0094] The 9-vinylcarbazole-grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer was prepared as described in this article.

[0095]

[0096] The ethylene-propylene copolymer (504.6 g, KV100 approximately 2000 cSt) was transferred to a 1-liter stirred stainless steel reactor equipped with feed lines for 9-vinylcarbazole and di-tert-amyl peroxide, and sealed with nitrogen. The copolymer was heated to 170°C. Over a 2-hour period, 9-vinylcarbazole (31.71 g in 83.39 mL toluene solution) and di-tert-amyl peroxide (4.76 g) were simultaneously fed into the stirred zone of the reactor at a constant rate. After the feeding of 9-vinylcarbazole and peroxide was complete, the reactor was maintained at this temperature for another 30 minutes. The reaction products were measured by gel permeation chromatography using UV detection, confirming the presence of carbazole groups on the polymer.

[0097] LUMiSizer® Settlement Rate

[0098] The soot removal capacity of oil samples was tested by measuring the settling velocity of LUMiSizer®. Each oil sample included a baseline formulation (detergent, antioxidant, anti-wear agent, viscosity modifier, pour point depressant, and defoamer) and 4 wt.% of an active polymer dispersant. The oil sample was mixed with 3 wt.% carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R) using an acoustic mixer. The samples were tested with LUMiSizer® at 80°C. Extinction of transmitted light was measured, which is due to differences in settling rates related to particle size and dispersion stability. Poorly stable dispersions formed larger particles that settling faster. More stable dispersions had lower settling velocities. The results summarized in Table 1 below show that the soot dispersibility of polymers grafted with 9-vinylcarbazole or 2-vinylnaphthalene is significantly improved compared to unfunctionalized polymers.

[0099] Table 1

[0100]

[0101] It should be understood that various modifications can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. Therefore, the foregoing description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as examples of embodiments of the invention. For example, the functions described above and implemented for operational purposes are for illustrative purposes only. Other arrangements and methods can be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this application. Furthermore, other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A polymer dispersant composition, wherein the polymer dispersant can be represented by the following general structure: Wherein A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and wherein the liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

2. The polymer dispersant composition of claim 1, wherein A is an ethylene-propylene copolymer, an ethylene-based polymer, or a propylene-based polymer.

3. The polymer dispersant composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer dispersant composition is prepared by reacting the following: (a) Having a number-average molecular weight (Mi) of about 1,500 to about 16,000 n Liquid hydrocarbon polymers; and (b) Vinyl aromatics.

4. The polymer dispersant composition of claim 3, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon comprises two or more aromatic rings.

5. The polymer dispersant composition of claim 3, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is given by the following general structure: Where X is an aromatic group and Y is hydrogen or methyl.

6. The vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon of claim 5, wherein X is naphthyl, anthracene, biphenyl, triphenylmethane, or carbazole.

7. The polymer dispersant composition of claim 3, wherein the vinyl aromatics grafted onto the polymer dispersant are 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 2-(1-methylvinyl)naphthalene, 9-vinylanthracene, 4-vinylbiphenyl, 4-diphenylmethylstyrene, 9-vinylcarbazole or 9-(1-methylvinyl)-9H-carbazole.

8. A lubricating oil composition, said lubricating oil composition comprising: The main component is a base oil with lubricating viscosity; and Polymer dispersants, wherein the polymer dispersants are represented by the following general structure: Wherein A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and wherein the liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the polymer dispersant is formed by the reaction of: (a) Having a number-average molecular weight (Mi) between approximately 1,500 and approximately 16,000 n Liquid hydrocarbon polymers; and (b) Vinyl aromatics.

10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 9, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon comprises two or more aromatic rings.

11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 9, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is given by the following general structure: Where X is an aromatic group and Y is hydrogen or methyl.

12. The lubricating oil composition of claim 11, wherein X is naphthyl, anthraceneyl, biphenyl, triphenylmethane, or carbazole.

13. The lubricating oil composition of claim 9, wherein the vinyl aromatics grafted onto the polymeric dispersant are 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 2-(1-methylvinyl)naphthalene, 9-vinylanthracene, 4-vinylbiphenyl, 4-diphenylmethylstyrene, 9-vinylcarbazole or 9-(1-methylvinyl)-9H-carbazole.

14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein A is an ethylene-propylene copolymer, an ethylene-based polymer, or a propylene-based polymer.

15. A method for improving wear or carbon soot dispersion in an internal combustion engine, the method comprising lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition comprising: The main amount of base oil; and Polymer dispersants, wherein the polymer dispersants are represented by the following general structure: Wherein A is a liquid hydrocarbon polymer and B is independently an alkyl polyaromatic or alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, n is 1 to 15; and wherein the liquid hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 1,500 to about 16,000.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymer dispersant is formed by a reaction of: (a) Having a number-average molecular weight (Mi) between approximately 1,500 and approximately 16,000 n Liquid hydrocarbon polymers; and (b) Vinyl aromatics.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon comprises two or more aromatic rings.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is given by the following general structure: Where X is an aromatic group and Y is hydrogen or methyl.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein X is naphthyl, anthraceneyl, biphenyl, triphenylmethane, or carbazole.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the vinyl aromatics grafted onto the polymeric dispersant are 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 2-(1-methylvinyl)naphthalene, 9-vinylanthracene, 4-vinylbiphenyl, 4-diphenylmethylstyrene, 9-vinylcarbazole, or 9-(1-methylvinyl)-9H-carbazole.

21. The method of claim 15, wherein A is an ethylene-propylene copolymer, an ethylene-based polymer, or a propylene-based polymer.

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