Feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production
By designing an automatic filter bag breaking and bag-removing mechanism, the problem of filter bag dust accumulation and difficulty in replacement during pesticide production has been solved, enabling fast and safe filter bag replacement and avoiding the safety hazards of manual operation.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202610013996.2
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-27
AI Technical Summary
In the current pesticide production process, the filter bags of pulse dust collectors accumulate dust due to malfunctions in the dust removal system, making them difficult to replace, posing safety hazards, and being time-consuming and labor-intensive.
A pulse dust collector for pesticide production feed inlet was designed, comprising a moving mechanism, a bag-breaking mechanism, and an opening mechanism. It automatically breaks the filter bag and uses the skeleton cylinder to quickly discharge dust, avoiding manual operation inside the hopper.
It enables rapid replacement of filter bags, avoids the harm of medicine powder to human health, and improves replacement efficiency and safety.
Smart Images

Figure CN121570894A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of pesticide dust removal technology, and more particularly to a pulse dust collector for the feed inlet of pesticide production. Background Technology
[0002] During long-term use, filter bags in pulse jet dust collectors may become unusable due to malfunctions in the cleaning system (such as damaged pulse valves, insufficient air tank pressure, clogged blowpipes, or excessively long cleaning cycles). This dust accumulation on the filter bag surface prevents timely removal and eventually builds up inside, rendering the filter bag unusable and necessitating replacement. Because the filter bag often contains excessive powder, it is difficult to remove, making replacement time-consuming and labor-intensive. Manual entry into the hopper is required to break the filter bag and separate the powder. However, this powder poses a significant health risk. Summary of the Invention
[0003] This invention proposes a pulse dust collector for the feed inlet of pesticide production to address the aforementioned shortcomings of the prior art.
[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A pulse dust collector for pesticide production includes a filtration mechanism. The filtration mechanism includes a housing with a partition fixed to the inner wall of the housing. The partition has multiple filter bag installation ports. Filter bags are installed inside the filter bag installation ports. A skeleton cylinder is fitted inside the filter bag. The top of the skeleton cylinder is fixedly connected to the partition.
[0005] Also includes: A moving mechanism is installed on the inner wall of the housing, and the moving mechanism includes screw one and screw two; A bag-squeezing mechanism, which is connected to a moving mechanism, the bag-squeezing mechanism includes a moving ring, the inner wall of which is fixed with a flexible material; An opening mechanism connected to a bag-squeezing mechanism, the opening mechanism comprising multiple blades with the backs of the multiple blades abutting each other.
[0006] Furthermore, the filtration mechanism also includes a support frame, the housing is fixed to the inner wall of the support frame, a hopper is fixed to the bottom of the housing, and a discharge pipe is connected to the bottom of the hopper; The partition divides the box into an upper area and a lower area; An air intake pipe is connected to one side of the housing, and the air intake pipe is connected to the lower area; The other side of the box is connected to an air outlet pipe, which is connected to the upper area; The top of the partition is provided with multiple air pipes, the bottom of which are connected to multiple pulse valves. The pulse valves are located on the top of the filter bag. The multiple air pipes are fixedly connected to the box body, and one end of each air pipe is connected to an air storage bag, which is fixed to the outer wall of the box body.
[0007] Furthermore, the moving mechanism includes a motor fixed to the inner wall of the box, the output end of the motor being fixedly connected to a screw, one end of the screw being rotatably connected to the box, and a moving plate being threaded onto the outer side of the screw. A guide rod is fixed to the inner wall of the box. A movable plate is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod. A motor is fixed inside the movable plate. The output end of the motor is fixedly connected to a screw. One end of the screw is rotatably connected to the movable plate. A guide rod is fixed between the movable plate and the movable plate. The screw rod 2 has a movable plate 3 threaded on its outer side, and the movable plate 3 is fitted on the outside of the guide rod 2.
[0008] Furthermore, the bag-making mechanism also includes a structural box fixed to the top of the movable plate three; A motor is fixed to the top inner wall of the structural box, and a gear is fixed to the output end of the motor.
[0009] Furthermore, the bag-making mechanism also includes a reciprocating screw 1 rotatably connected to the top of the structural box, and a one-way gear 1 is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw 1, one side of the one-way gear 1 meshing with a gear; The movable ring is threaded onto the outside of the reciprocating screw; The top of the structural box is fixed with a guide rod three, and the movable ring is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod three.
[0010] Furthermore, the opening mechanism also includes a reciprocating screw two rotatably connected to the inner wall of the top of the structural box, and a one-way gear two is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw two, one side of the one-way gear two meshing with a gear; The reciprocating screw 2 has a movable plate 4 threaded on its outer side, and a guide rod 4 is fitted inside the movable plate 4. The guide rod 4 is fixed to the top inner wall of the structural box.
[0011] Furthermore, the opening mechanism also includes a square rod fixed to the top of the movable plate, the square rod being sleeved through the top of the structural box; A support plate is fixed to the outside of the square rod, a spring is fixed to the top of the support plate, a fixing plate is fixed to the top of the spring, the fixing plate is sleeved on the outside of the square rod, a square frame is fixed to the top of the fixing plate, the square frame is sleeved on the outside of the square rod, and multiple connectors are rotatably connected to the outside of the square frame. One side of each connector is rotatably connected to a blade, and the sides of the multiple blades that are close to each other are rotatably connected to the square rod. Multiple pull ropes are fixed to the bottom of the fixing plate, and the bottom ends of the pull ropes are fixedly connected to the top of the structural box.
[0012] Furthermore, a controller is fixed to one side of the support frame, and the controller is electrically connected to motor one, motor two and motor three.
[0013] Compared with existing technologies, the beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention features an opening mechanism that automatically breaks down the filter bag when dust accumulates inside and maintenance is required, allowing the dust to detach quickly without requiring manual entry into the hopper, thus preventing the powder from harming human health. Furthermore, a bag-lifting mechanism lifts the open filter bag upwards, exposing the filter basket. Once the filter bag is removed, the internal dust leaks out quickly through the gaps in the filter basket, significantly improving replacement efficiency. Attached Figure Description
[0014] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0015] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of the feed port pulse dust collector for pesticide production proposed in this invention.
[0016] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the filter bag structure of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0017] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of the filter bag of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0018] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the moving mechanism of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0019] Figure 6 This is an exploded structural diagram of the feed inlet pulse dust collector for pesticide production proposed in this invention.
[0020] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the opening mechanism of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0021] Figure 8This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the pull rope and the structural box of the pulse dust collector for pesticide production based on the present invention.
[0022] In the diagram: 1. Filtering mechanism; 11. Support frame; 12. Housing; 13. Inlet pipe; 14. Outlet pipe; 15. Air pipe; 16. Air storage tank; 17. Partition plate; 18. Filter bag; 19. Frame cylinder; 110. Pulse valve; 111. Hopper; 2. Moving mechanism; 21. Motor 1; 22. Screw 1; 23. Moving plate 1; 24. Guide rod 1; 25. Moving plate 2; 26. Motor 2; 27. Screw 2; 28. Guide rod 2; 29. Moving plate 3; 3. Bag-making mechanism; 31. Structural box; 32. Motor 3; 33. Gear; 34. Reciprocating screw 1; 35. One-way gear 1; 36. Guide rod 3; 37. Moving ring; 38. Flexible material; 4. Opening mechanism; 41. Reciprocating screw 2; 42. One-way gear 2; 43. Guide rod 4; 44. Moving plate 4; 45. Square rod; 46. Support plate; 47. Spring; 48. Fixing plate; 49. Square frame; 410. Connector; 411. Blade; 412. Pull rope. Detailed Implementation
[0023] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.
[0024] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.
[0025] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the stated features. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified. Furthermore, the terms "installed," "connected," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly; for example, they may refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they may refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they may refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they may refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.
[0026] Example: Refer to Figures 1-8 A pulse dust collector for pesticide production includes a filter mechanism 1. The filter mechanism 1 includes a housing 12. A partition 17 is fixed to the inner wall of the housing 12. Multiple filter bag installation ports are opened on the partition 17. Filter bags 18 are installed inside the filter bag installation ports. A skeleton cylinder 19 is fitted inside the filter bag 18. The top of the skeleton cylinder 19 is fixedly connected to the partition 17.
[0027] Also includes: The moving mechanism 2 is installed on the inner wall of the housing 12. The moving mechanism 2 includes a first screw 22 and a second screw 27. The bag-squeezing mechanism 3 is connected to the moving mechanism 2. The bag-squeezing mechanism 3 includes a moving ring 37, and a flexible material 38 is fixed on the inner wall of the moving ring 37. The opening mechanism 4 is connected to the bag-squeezing mechanism 3. The opening mechanism 4 includes multiple blades 411 with their backs touching.
[0028] The filter mechanism 1 also includes a support frame 11, a housing 12 fixed to the inner wall of the support frame 11, a hopper 111 fixed to the bottom of the housing 12, and a discharge pipe connected to the bottom of the hopper 111. The partition 17 divides the box 12 into an upper area and a lower area; An air intake pipe 13 is connected to one side of the housing 12, and the air intake pipe 13 is connected to the lower area; The other side of the housing 12 is connected to an air outlet pipe 14, which is connected to the upper area; The top of the partition 17 is provided with multiple air pipes 15, and the bottom end of the air pipes 15 is connected to multiple pulse valves 110. The pulse valves 110 are located on the top of the filter bag 18. The multiple air pipes 15 are fixedly connected to the box body 12. One end of the multiple air pipes 15 is connected to an air storage bag 16, and the air storage bag 16 is fixed to the outer wall of the box body 12.
[0029] The moving mechanism 2 includes a motor 21 fixed to the inner wall of the housing 12. The output end of the motor 21 is fixedly connected to a screw 22. One end of the screw 22 is rotatably connected to the housing 12. A moving plate 23 is threaded onto the outer side of the screw 22. A guide rod 24 is fixed to the inner wall of the housing 12. A movable plate 25 is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod 24. A motor 26 is fixed inside the movable plate 23. The output end of the motor 26 is fixedly connected to the screw 27. One end of the screw 27 is rotatably connected to the movable plate 25. A guide rod 28 is fixed between the movable plate 23 and the movable plate 25. The screw 27 has a movable plate 3 29 threaded on its external thread, and the movable plate 3 29 is fitted on the outside of the guide rod 28.
[0030] The bag-making mechanism 3 also includes a structural box 31 fixed to the top of the movable plate 3 29; A motor 32 is fixed to the top inner wall of the structural box 31, and a gear 33 is fixed to the output end of the motor 32.
[0031] The bag-making mechanism 3 also includes a reciprocating screw 34 rotatably connected to the top of the structure box 31. A one-way gear 35 is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw 34, and one side of the one-way gear 35 meshes with the gear 33. The movable ring 37 is threaded onto the outside of the reciprocating screw 34; A guide rod 36 is fixed to the top of the structural box 31, and a movable ring 37 is sleeved on the outside of the guide rod 36.
[0032] The opening mechanism 4 also includes a reciprocating screw 41 rotatably connected to the inner wall of the top of the structural box 31. A one-way gear 42 is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw 41, and one side of the one-way gear 42 meshes with the gear 33. The reciprocating screw 41 has a movable plate 44 threaded on its outer side, and a guide rod 43 is fitted inside the movable plate 44. The guide rod 43 is fixed to the top inner wall of the structural box 31.
[0033] The opening mechanism 4 also includes a square rod 45 fixed to the top of the movable plate 44, and the square rod 45 is sleeved through the top of the structural box 31; A support plate 46 is fixed to the outside of the square rod 45. A spring 47 is fixed to the top of the support plate 46. A fixing plate 48 is fixed to the top of the spring 47. The fixing plate 48 is sleeved on the outside of the square rod 45. A square frame 49 is fixed to the top of the fixing plate 48. The square frame 49 is sleeved on the outside of the square rod 45. Multiple connectors 410 are rotatably connected to the outside of the square frame 49. One side of the connector 410 is rotatably connected to the blade 411. The side of the multiple blades 411 that are close to each other is rotatably connected to the square rod 45. Multiple pull ropes 412 are fixed to the bottom of the fixing plate 48, and the bottom ends of the pull ropes 412 are fixedly connected to the top of the structure box 31.
[0034] A controller is fixed on one side of the support frame 11, and the controller is electrically connected to motor 1 21, motor 2 26 and motor 3 32.
[0035] Working principle: Gas containing medicinal powder flows into the chamber 12 through the air inlet pipe 13. The air pump is connected to one end of the air outlet pipe 14, creating a negative pressure inside the chamber 12. Under the action of negative pressure, the gas inside the chamber 12 penetrates the filter bag 18, enters the partition 17, and is discharged through the air outlet pipe 14. The medicinal powder in the gas is blocked outside the filter bag 18.
[0036] During long-term use, malfunctions in the dust removal system (such as damage to the pulse valve 110, insufficient air tank pressure, blockage of the blowpipe, or excessively long dust removal cycle) can prevent the timely removal of dust from the surface of the filter bag 18, which gradually accumulates inside, causing dust accumulation inside the filter bag 18 and rendering it unusable. It needs to be replaced. Because there is a lot of dust inside the filter bag 18, it is difficult to pull it out, and the replacement process is time-consuming and laborious.
[0037] When the filter bag 18 needs to be replaced, the data of the filter bag 18 is input through the controller. The controller controls the motor 21 to drive the screw 22 to rotate, so that the moving plate 23 drives the motor 26, screw 27, bag rolling mechanism 3 and opening mechanism 4 to move laterally. At the same time, the motor 26 is started to drive the screw 27 to rotate, so that the bag rolling mechanism 3 and opening mechanism 4 move longitudinally, so that the reciprocating screw 34 and guide rod 36 move out of the gap of the filter bag 18, so that the bag rolling mechanism 3 moves to the bottom of the filter bag 18. At this time, the filter bag 18 is located between the reciprocating screw 34 and guide rod 36. The starting motor 32 drives gear 33 to reverse. The reverse rotation of gear 33 satisfies the rotation direction of the unidirectional gear 42 driving the reciprocating screw 41, causing the moving plate 44 to push the square rod 45 upward. The square rod 45 pushes multiple blades 411 and other structures upward synchronously. The sharp edges of the blades 411 pierce into the bottom of the filter bag 18. When the square rod 45 moves upward, the fixing plate 48 moves upward as well, straightening the pull rope 412. If it continues to move upward, the pull rope 412 will limit the fixing plate 48. Because the support plate 46 can continue to move upward with the square rod 45, the fixing plate 48 and the support plate 46 will compress the spring 47. After the fixing plate 48 is limited, the square frame 49 can no longer move upward. When the frame 49 cannot move upward, the square rod 45 drives one corner of the blade 411 to continue moving upward through the connection point with the blade 411. However, the frame 49 limits the other corner of the blade 411. So when the square rod 45 continues to move upward, the multiple blades 411 will slowly open from a gathered state. During the opening process, the blades of the blades 411 cut the bottom of the filter bag 18, causing the bottom of the filter bag 18 to open. At this time, the moving plate 44 moves to the top end of the reciprocating screw 41, and then drives the square rod 45 to move downward, causing the multiple blades 411 to gather again and then move away from the bottom of the filter bag 18. At this time, the dust inside the filter bag 18 leaks out from the bottom opening, but the leakage is relatively slow. The starting motor 32 drives the gear 33 to rotate forward, which is in the same direction as the one-way gear 35 drives the reciprocating screw 34 to rotate. This causes the reciprocating screw 34 to move the moving ring 37 and the flexible material 38 upward. When the flexible material 38 moves upward, it contacts the outer wall of the filter bag 18 and pushes the filter bag 18 upward with the help of friction, exposing the skeleton cylinder 19. After the filter bag 18 is removed, the internal dust is quickly discharged through the gaps in the skeleton cylinder 19, which significantly improves the replacement efficiency. After the dust is discharged, the reciprocating screw 34 continues to rotate, causing the moving ring 37 to move upward to the top screw tail, and then move downward to reset.
[0038] The process begins with changing the coordinates and cleaning the dust inside the next filter bag 18. Then, the released filter bag 18 is manually replaced. This makes replacing the filter bag 18 much easier. The invention utilizes an opening mechanism 4. When dust accumulates inside the filter bag 18 and maintenance is needed, this mechanism automatically breaks the filter bag 18, causing the dust to quickly detach. Separation can be achieved without manual entry into the hopper 111, avoiding the risk of powder harming workers' health. Furthermore, the bag-lifting mechanism 3 lifts the open filter bag 18 upwards, exposing the frame cylinder 19. After removing the constraints of the filter bag 18, the internal dust quickly leaks out through the gaps in the frame cylinder 19, significantly improving replacement efficiency. The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production, comprising a filtering mechanism (1), characterized in that, The filtering mechanism (1) comprises a box body (12), the inner wall of the box body (12) is fixedly provided with a partition plate (17), a plurality of filter bag installation openings are formed in the partition plate (17), a filter bag (18) is installed in the filter bag installation opening, a skeleton cylinder (19) is sleeved in the filter bag (18), and the top of the skeleton cylinder (19) is fixedly connected with the partition plate (17); Further comprising: A moving mechanism (2) is installed on the inner wall of the box body (12), and the moving mechanism (2) comprises a screw rod one (22) and a screw rod two (27); A bag rolling mechanism (3) is connected with the moving mechanism (2), and the bag rolling mechanism (3) comprises a moving ring (37), and the inner wall of the moving ring (37) is fixedly provided with a flexible material (38); An opening mechanism (4) is connected with the bag rolling mechanism (3), and the opening mechanism (4) comprises a plurality of blades (411), and the backs of the plurality of blades (411) are adjacent to each other.
2. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The filtering mechanism (1) further comprises a support frame (11), the box body (12) is fixed on the inner wall of the support frame (11), the bottom of the box body (12) is fixedly provided with a hopper (111), and the bottom of the hopper (111) is communicated with a discharge pipe; The partition plate (17) divides the box body (12) into an upper region and a lower region; One side of the box body (12) is communicated with an air inlet pipe (13), and the air inlet pipe (13) is communicated with the lower region; The other side of the box body (12) is communicated with an air outlet pipe (14), and the air outlet pipe (14) is communicated with the lower region; A plurality of air pipes (15) are arranged on the top of the partition plate (17), the bottom ends of the air pipes (15) are communicated with a plurality of pulse valves (110), the pulse valves (110) are located on the top of the filter bag (18), the air pipes (15) are fixedly connected with the box body (12), one end of the air pipes (15) is communicated with a gas storage bag (16), and the gas storage bag (16) is fixed on the outer wall of the box body (12).
3. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 2, characterized in that, The moving mechanism (2) comprises a motor one (21) fixed on the inner wall of the box body (12), the output end of the motor one (21) is fixedly connected with the screw rod one (22), one end of the screw rod one (22) is rotationally connected with the box body (12), and the outer thread of the screw rod one (22) is sleeved with a moving plate one (23); The inner wall of the box body (12) is fixedly provided with a guide rod one (24), the outer thread of the guide rod one (24) is sleeved with a moving plate two (25), the inner wall of the moving plate one (23) is fixedly provided with a motor two (26), the output end of the motor two (26) is fixedly connected with the screw rod two (27), one end of the screw rod two (27) is rotationally connected with the moving plate two (25), and the guide rod two (28) is fixed between the moving plate one (23) and the moving plate two (25); The outer thread of the screw rod two (27) is sleeved with a moving plate three (29), and the moving plate three (29) is sleeved on the outer wall of the guide rod two (28).
4. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 3, characterized in that, The bag rolling mechanism (3) further comprises a structure box (31) fixed on the top of the moving plate three (29). The top inner wall of the structure box (31) is fixed with a third motor (32), and an output end of the third motor (32) is fixed with a gear (33).
5. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 4, characterized in that, The bag pulling mechanism (3) further comprises a reciprocating screw one (34) rotatably connected to the top of the structure box (31), and a one-way gear one (35) is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw one (34), one side of the one-way gear one (35) is engaged with the gear (33); The moving ring (37) is threadedly sleeved outside the reciprocating screw one (34); The top of the structure box (31) is fixed with a guide rod three (36), and the moving ring (37) is sleeved outside the guide rod three (36).
6. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 5, characterized in that, The opening mechanism (4) further comprises a reciprocating screw two (41) rotatably connected to the top inner wall of the structure box (31), and a one-way gear two (42) is installed at the bottom end of the reciprocating screw two (41), one side of the one-way gear two (42) is engaged with the gear (33); The outside of the reciprocating screw two (41) is threadedly sleeved with a moving plate four (44), the inside of the moving plate four (44) is sleeved with a guide rod four (43), and the guide rod four (43) is fixed to the top inner wall of the structure box (31).
7. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 6, characterized in that, The opening mechanism (4) further comprises a square rod (45) fixed to the top of the moving plate four (44), and the square rod (45) penetrates through the top of the structure box (31); The outside of the square rod (45) is fixed with a support plate (46), the top of the support plate (46) is fixed with a spring (47), the top end of the spring (47) is fixed with a fixed plate (48), the fixed plate (48) is sleeved outside the square rod (45), the top of the fixed plate (48) is fixed with a square frame (49), the square frame (49) is sleeved outside the square rod (45), a plurality of connecting pieces (410) are rotatably connected to the outer side of the square frame (49), one side of the connecting piece (410) is rotatably connected with a blade (411), and one side of the plurality of blades (411) close to each other is rotatably connected with the square rod (45); The bottom of the fixed plate (48) is fixed with a plurality of pull ropes (412), and the bottom end of the pull rope (412) is fixedly connected with the top of the structure box (31).
8. The feeding port pulse dust collector based on pesticide production according to claim 7, characterized in that, One side of the support frame (11) is fixed with a controller, and the controller is electrically connected with the first motor (21), the second motor (26) and the third motor (32).