Feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content of livestock and poultry and application of feed premix

Abstract

The invention provides a feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content of livestock and poultry and application of the feed premix. The premix comprises the following components: 1-10% of a quercetin metal chelate; 2 to 15% of tea polyphenol; 20-50% of soybean phospholipid; and the balance of a carrier and a diluent. The mass ratio of the quercetin metal chelate to the tea polyphenol to the soybean phospholipid is (1-2): (2-4): (10-20). Through a synergistic system of the quercetin metal chelate, the tea polyphenol and the soybean phospholipid, targeted efficient deposition of intramuscular fat is achieved, the meat quality is improved, and body fat distribution is not affected; the chelation of quercetin and divalent metal ions changes the molecular polarity of quercetin and improves the water solubility, the quercetin is not easily degraded by acid, alkali and enzyme in gastrointestinal tracts of livestock and poultry, the stability is obviously enhanced, and the in-vivo action time is prolonged; meanwhile, the metal ions can be used as a bridge to promote the combination of quercetin and a cell surface receptor or enzyme, improve the enrichment degree of quercetin in muscle tissue preadipocytes and enhance the regulation efficiency of a fat metabolism signal channel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of livestock and poultry feed technology, specifically to a feed premix that increases the intramuscular fat content of livestock and poultry and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Intramuscular fat, deposited between muscle bundles and fibers, is one of the most critical indicators affecting meat flavor, tenderness, and juiciness. Higher intramuscular fat content is closely related to ideal flavor compounds (such as volatile aromatics) and a good mouthfeel. However, in modern intensive farming, in pursuit of growth rate and lean meat percentage, intramuscular fat deposition in livestock and poultry is often insufficient, resulting in coarse meat texture and poor flavor.

[0003] Currently, traditional methods for increasing intramuscular fat mainly include nutritional regulation (such as increasing dietary energy levels later in the diet) and breed selection. However, increasing dietary energy often increases subcutaneous and abdominal fat simultaneously, reducing feed efficiency and contradicting healthy consumption trends. Furthermore, breed selection is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, developing feed additives that can specifically or preferentially promote intramuscular fat deposition is of great significance.

[0004] Quercetin and tea polyphenols are common plant polyphenols known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological functions. Quercetin has been reported to inhibit adipocyte differentiation and is primarily used for anti-obesity purposes. However, natural quercetin suffers from poor water solubility, low bioavailability, easy degradation in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, and limited binding ability to cellular targets, thus limiting its application in feed. Soybean lecithin is a natural emulsifier and energy source. Existing technologies involve the use of these components alone or as general additives in feed, but there are no reports clearly demonstrating that a specific combination of quercetin metal chelates, tea polyphenols, and soybean lecithin can produce a synergistic effect, specifically and efficiently promoting intramuscular fat deposition in livestock and poultry. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Technical Problem to be Solved: To address the aforementioned technical problems, the purpose of this invention is to provide a feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry, and its application. Through a synergistic system of quercetin metal chelates, tea polyphenols, and soybean phospholipids, it achieves targeted and efficient deposition of intramuscular fat, thereby improving meat quality without affecting body fat distribution. The mechanism lies in the interaction between quercetin and Zn... 2+ The chelating effect of divalent metal ions alters the molecular polarity of quercetin, increasing its water solubility by 40%–60% compared to natural quercetin. It is less susceptible to degradation by acids, alkalis, and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, significantly enhancing its stability and prolonging its duration of action in vivo. Simultaneously, metal ions can act as bridges, promoting the binding of quercetin to cell surface receptors or enzymes, increasing its accumulation in preadipocytes of muscle tissue, and enhancing its regulatory efficiency on lipid metabolism signaling pathways.

[0006] Technical solution: A feed premix that increases intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry, therefore, based on 100% total weight, has the following composition: Quercetin metal chelates: 1~10%; Tea polyphenols: 2~15%; Soybean lecithin: 20-50%; Carrier and diluent: balance.

[0007] Furthermore, the preparation method of the quercetin metal chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin with a purity ≥98% in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 5~10 mg / mL; dissolve a divalent metal salt in deionized water to prepare a metal ion solution with a concentration of 2~5 mg / mL; slowly add the metal ion solution dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution and stir until homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5-7, and stir at 40-60℃ for 2-4 hours, continuously monitoring the pH and keeping it stable during the process; S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge to collect the precipitate, and wash the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol alternately 3 to 5 times; S4. Vacuum dry at 60℃ to constant weight, then pulverize and pass through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain quercetin metal chelate.

[0008] Furthermore, the molar ratio of quercetin to divalent metal ions in S1 is 1:(1~2).

[0009] Furthermore, the divalent metal ion mentioned in S1 is one or more of zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous chloride, and ferrous sulfate.

[0010] Furthermore, the divalent metal ion mentioned in S1 is zinc chloride or zinc sulfate.

[0011] Furthermore, the mass ratio of the quercetin metal chelate, tea polyphenols, and soybean lecithin is (1~2):(2~4):(10~20).

[0012] Furthermore, the mass ratio of the quercetin metal chelate to tea polyphenols is 1:(1.5~3).

[0013] Furthermore, the carrier and diluent are one or more of defatted rice bran, wheat bran, bentonite, and silica.

[0014] The application of the above-mentioned feed premixes in complete compound feed for livestock and poultry.

[0015] Furthermore, the amount of the feed premix added to the complete compound feed for livestock and poultry is 0.1~2.0%. Beneficial effects

[0016] 1. This invention utilizes a synergistic system of quercetin metal chelates, tea polyphenols, and soybean lecithin to achieve targeted and efficient deposition of intramuscular fat, thereby improving meat quality without affecting body fat distribution. The mechanism lies in the interaction between quercetin and Zn... 2+ The chelating effect of divalent metal ions alters the molecular polarity of quercetin, increasing its water solubility by 40%–60% compared to natural quercetin. It is less susceptible to degradation by acids, alkalis, and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, significantly enhancing its stability and prolonging its duration of action in vivo. Simultaneously, metal ions can act as bridges, promoting the binding of quercetin to cell surface receptors or enzymes, increasing its accumulation in preadipocytes of muscle tissue, and enhancing its regulatory efficiency on lipid metabolism signaling pathways. Building upon this, quercetin metal chelates significantly enhance the efficiency of regulating the AMPK / PGC-1α pathway, with a more prominent induction effect on the differentiation of precursor cells into mature adipocytes. Furthermore, metal ions can act as coenzymes for lipid synthesis-related enzymes such as FAS and SREBP, further activating the lipid synthesis pathway. Combined with tea polyphenols as AMPK activators, a synergistic signaling network is formed, nonlinearly amplifying the pathway activation effect and promoting metabolic reprogramming, shifting the focus of cell metabolism towards energy storage. In addition, soybean phospholipids, as major components of cell membranes and fat droplets, provide carriers for the intracellular transport of active ingredients and provide a phospholipid matrix as a structural scaffold for fat droplet formation. Ultimately, a closed-loop synergistic system of efficient absorption-signal enhancement-matrix supply is formed, specifically promoting intramuscular fat deposition and avoiding excessive increase in subcutaneous and abdominal fat.

[0017] 2. This invention utilizes a synergistic antioxidant enhancement technology combining quercetin metal chelates and tea polyphenols to create a stable microenvironment for intramuscular fat deposition, thereby improving the retention rate of flavor compounds in meat products. Quercetin itself possesses antioxidant properties; after chelating with divalent metal ions, the resulting chelate exhibits 30%–50% increased antioxidant activity. This synergistic effect with tea polyphenols effectively scavenges reactive oxygen free radicals in muscle tissue, reducing the oxidative decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids in intramuscular fat due to oxidative stress and protecting flavor precursors from degradation. Simultaneously, the anti-inflammatory effects of tea polyphenols improve the muscle tissue microenvironment, complementing the antioxidant effects of quercetin metal chelates. This reduces oxidative damage to muscle cells, maintains normal cellular metabolic function, and provides stable physiological conditions for the continuous deposition of intramuscular fat, thereby enhancing the flavor richness of meat products.

[0018] 3. This invention, through the synergistic effect of quercetin metal chelates, tea polyphenols, and soybean lecithin, can significantly upregulate the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes such as SREBP and the activity of enzymes such as FAS, promoting the uniform deposition of intramuscular fat between muscle bundles and muscle fibers, forming a "fat bridge" structure, reducing the adhesion force between muscle fibers, thereby reducing the shear force of meat and improving tenderness. At the same time, the filling effect of intramuscular fat can reduce the gaps in muscle tissue and reduce water loss channels, and soybean lecithin has cell membrane repair and stabilization effects, which can further reduce dripping water loss of meat after slaughter and significantly improve water retention. In addition, the emulsifying properties of soybean lecithin can improve the dispersibility and absorption efficiency of quercetin metal chelates, further enhancing the metabolic regulation effect and achieving simultaneous optimization of meat quality indicators.

[0019] 4. The core functional components of this invention are all derived from natural substances. Quercetin and tea polyphenols are plant polyphenols, soybean lecithin is a natural lipid, and Zn... 2+ Divalent metal ions are essential trace elements for livestock and poultry growth. After chelation modification and scientific formulation, no toxic or harmful substances are produced, and each component can be normally absorbed and utilized by livestock and poultry during metabolism, with no risk of residue. At the same time, the carrier and diluent are made from common feed raw materials such as defatted rice bran and wheat bran, which have strong compatibility and will not have a negative impact on the palatability and processing performance of the feed. It is suitable for various livestock and poultry farming scenarios such as pigs, cattle, and sheep, and can improve meat quality without changing the existing farming model.

[0020] 5. This invention avoids the limitations of single-component effects. The metabolic regulation of quercetin metal chelates, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of tea polyphenols, and the structural support and emulsifying transport functions of soybean phospholipids complement each other. Through specific ratios, functional amplification is achieved. It not only increases intramuscular fat content through a closed-loop system of efficient absorption-signal enhancement-matrix supply, but also improves multiple meat quality indicators such as meat color, tenderness, and water retention through antioxidant synergy and cell membrane stabilization, making the meat products more in line with market consumption demands. At the same time, meat quality upgrades can be achieved without increasing breeding costs (such as increasing diet energy), thereby increasing product added value and improving the economic benefits and market competitiveness of breeding enterprises. Detailed Implementation

[0021] This invention proposes a feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry, and its application. To make the objectives, technical solutions, and effects of this invention clearer and more explicit, the following will provide a more detailed description of the invention with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for explaining the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0022] The purity of the following quercetin is ≥98%.

[0023] Example 1 The preparation method of quercetin-Zn chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 5 mg / mL; dissolve zinc chloride in deionized water to prepare a zinc ion solution with a concentration of 2 mg / mL; according to the reaction of quercetin and Zn... 2+ The molar ratio is 1:1. The zinc ion solution is slowly added dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution while stirring until the mixture is homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5.0, and stir at 40℃ for 2 hours. During this period, monitor the pH every 30 minutes. If it deviates, use acid or alkali solution to fine-tune and maintain stability. S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min to collect the precipitate, wash the precipitate twice with deionized water, and then wash it once with ethanol. Repeat this process three times to remove unreacted quercetin and zinc chloride. S4. The washed precipitate was vacuum dried at 60°C to constant weight, pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain the quercetin-Zn chelate.

[0024] Example 2 The preparation method of quercetin-Zn chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 7 mg / mL; dissolve zinc chloride in deionized water to prepare a zinc ion solution with a concentration of 2 mg / mL; according to the reaction of quercetin and Zn... 2+ The molar ratio is 1:2. The zinc ion solution is slowly added dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution while stirring until the mixture is homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.0, and stir at 40℃ for 2 hours. During this period, monitor the pH every 30 minutes. If it deviates, use acid or alkali solution to fine-tune and maintain stability. S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min to collect the precipitate, wash the precipitate twice with deionized water, and then wash it once with ethanol. Repeat this process three times to remove unreacted quercetin and zinc chloride. S4. The washed precipitate was vacuum dried at 60°C to constant weight, pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain the quercetin-Zn chelate.

[0025] Example 3 The preparation method of quercetin-Zn chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 7 mg / mL; dissolve zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a zinc ion solution with a concentration of 3 mg / mL; according to the reaction of quercetin and Zn... 2+ The molar ratio is 1:1.5. The zinc ion solution is slowly added dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution while stirring until the mixture is homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5.8 with 0.1 mol / L HCl solution, and stir at 48℃ for 2.5 h, monitoring the pH every 30 minutes to maintain the pH stability of the system. S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min to collect the precipitate, wash the precipitate twice with deionized water, and then wash it once with ethanol. Repeat this process 4 times to remove unreacted quercetin and zinc sulfate. S4. The washed precipitate was vacuum dried at 60°C to constant weight, pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain the quercetin-Zn chelate.

[0026] Example 4 The preparation method of quercetin-Cu chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare an 8 mg / mL quercetin ethanol solution; dissolve copper chloride in deionized water to prepare a 4 mg / mL copper ion solution; according to the reaction of quercetin and Cu... 2+ The molar ratio is 1:1.6. The copper ion solution is slowly added dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution while stirring until the mixture is homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.2 with 0.1 mol / L NaOH solution, and stir at 52℃ for 3 hours. During this period, monitor the pH every 30 minutes and adjust it in time to maintain stability. S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min to collect the precipitate, wash the precipitate twice with deionized water, and then wash it once with ethanol. Repeat this process 4 times to remove unreacted quercetin and copper chloride. S4. The washed precipitate was vacuum dried at 60°C to constant weight, pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain quercetin-Cu chelate.

[0027] Example 5 The preparation method of quercetin-Fe chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 10 mg / mL; dissolve ferrous sulfate in deionized water to prepare an iron ion solution with a concentration of 5 mg / mL; according to the reaction of quercetin and Fe... 2+ The molar ratio is 1:2. The iron ion solution is slowly added dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution while stirring until the mixture is homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.0 with 0.1 mol / L HCl solution, and stir at 60℃ for 4 hours. During this period, monitor the pH every 30 minutes to maintain the pH stability of the system. S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min to collect the precipitate, wash the precipitate 3 times with deionized water, then wash it 2 times with ethanol, and repeat the process 5 times to remove unreacted quercetin and ferrous sulfate. S4. The washed precipitate was vacuum dried at 60°C to constant weight, pulverized and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain quercetin-Fe chelate.

[0028] Performance testing: (a) Determination of chelation rate (EDTA titration method) Accurately weigh 0.1g of the chelate sample to be tested, place it in a 100mL volumetric flask, add 50mL of deionized water, sonicate for 30min, dilute to the mark, and shake well to obtain the sample solution; Transfer 20 mL of sample solution into an Erlenmeyer flask, add 10 mL of ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution (pH=10), add 3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator, and titrate with 0.01 mol / L EDTA standard solution until the solution changes from purple-red to pure blue. Record the volume V1 of EDTA standard solution consumed. Blank control: Transfer 20 mL of blank solution without chelates (same as the standard solution solvent system), titrate according to the above steps, and record the volume V0 of EDTA standard solution consumed; Calculation: Chelation rate (%) = [(V1-V0)×c×M×100] / (m×ω×1000); Where c is the concentration of the EDTA standard solution (mol / L), M is the molar mass of the metal ion (g / mol), m is the sample mass (g), and ω is the theoretical metal ion content (%).

[0029] (ii) Purity was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

[0030] (III) Determination of water solubility (equilibrium solubility method) Take an excess of the chelate sample to be tested, add 10 mL of deionized water, and place it in a 37℃ constant temperature water bath shaker for 24 h to reach dissolution equilibrium; After removal, centrifuge at 8000 r / min for 15 min, collect the supernatant, and filter through a 0.22 μm filter membrane; The concentration of the chelate in the supernatant was determined by HPLC, which is the equilibrium solubility at that temperature.

[0031] (iv) Antioxidant activity assay (DPPH free radical scavenging method) Prepare a 0.1 mmol / L LPPH ethanol solution and store it protected from light; Chelate sample solutions and natural quercetin control solutions with a concentration of 50 μg / mL were prepared respectively. Mix 2 mL of sample solution with 2 mL of DPPH solution, react in the dark for 30 min, and measure the absorbance A1 at 517 nm. Blank control: Mix 2 mL of ethanol with 2 mL of DPPH solution and measure the absorbance A0; Negative control: Mix 2 mL of sample solution with 2 mL of ethanol and measure the absorbance A2; Calculation: DPPH free radical scavenging rate (%) = [1-(A1-A2) / A0]×100.

[0032] The results are shown in Table 1 below: Table 1

[0033] As shown in Table 1, the five quercetin metal chelates prepared in this invention exhibit significant performance advantages compared to natural quercetin. The water solubility of natural quercetin is only 0.32 mg / mL, while the water solubility of the five chelates ranges from 1.42 to 2.37 mg / mL, representing an increase of 343.8% to 640.6%. Among them, the quercetin-Zn chelate prepared in Example 3 has the best water solubility (2.37 mg / mL). This demonstrates that quercetin metal chelates can significantly promote the dissolution and absorption of chelates in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, thereby addressing the core defect of low bioavailability of natural quercetin. The DPPH free radical scavenging rates of all chelates (78.5%~91.2%) were significantly higher than those of natural quercetin (62.4%). The quercetin-Fe chelate in Example 5 exhibited the highest scavenging rate (91.2%), while the quercetin-Zn chelate in Example 3 reached 86.8%. This demonstrates that the chelation effect between metal ions and quercetin synergistically enhances antioxidant capacity, helps reduce oxidative stress in muscle tissue, and provides a stable environment for intramuscular fat deposition. The chelation rates of all five chelates were above 82%, and their purities all exceeded 90%. The quercetin-Zn chelate in Example 3 had the highest chelation rate (92.5%) and purity (95.7%), indicating that the quercetin and Zn chelate chelates obtained using the method of this invention... 2+ The high binding efficiency and low impurity content of the product ensure safety and effectiveness in feed applications. The quercetin-Zn chelates prepared in Examples 1-3 exhibit a better balance in terms of water solubility, chelation rate, purity, and antioxidant activity. In particular, Example 3 shows top performance in all aspects. Furthermore, zinc, as an essential trace element for livestock and poultry growth, not only regulates fat metabolism but also synergistically improves livestock and poultry growth performance. Compared to the quercetin-Cu chelate (Example 4) and the quercetin-Fe chelate (Example 5), it has advantages in terms of safety and compatibility in feed applications.

[0034] Taking into account the product's water solubility, chelation efficiency, purity, antioxidant activity, and safety and synergistic value in feed application, the quercetin-Zn chelate prepared in Example 3 was subsequently used in livestock and poultry feeding trials.

[0035] Example 6 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 1g; Tea polyphenols: 2g; Soy lecithin: 20g; Defatted rice bran: 77g. Example 7

[0036] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 2g; Tea polyphenols: 3g; Soy lecithin: 25g; Bran: 70g. Example 8

[0037] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Bentonite: 61g. Example 9

[0038] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 4g; Tea polyphenols: 8g; Soy lecithin: 35g; Silicon dioxide: 53g. Example 10

[0039] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 5g; Tea polyphenols: 10g; Soy lecithin: 40g; Defatted rice bran + wheat bran (1:1): 45g. Example 11

[0040] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 6g; Tea polyphenols: 9g; Soy lecithin: 42g; Bentonite + silica (2:1): 43g. Example 12

[0041] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 7g; Tea polyphenols: 14g; Soy lecithin: 45g; Bran: 34g. Example 13

[0042] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 8g; Tea polyphenols: 12g; Soy lecithin: 48g; Defatted rice bran: 32g. Example 14

[0043] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 9g; Tea polyphenols: 13.5g; Soy lecithin: 45g; Silicon dioxide: 32.5g. Example 15

[0044] The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 10g; Tea polyphenols: 15g; Soy lecithin: 50g; Defatted rice bran + bentonite (3:2): 25g.

[0045] Comparative Example 1 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Natural quercetin: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Defatted rice bran: 61g.

[0046] Comparative Example 2 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 0.5g; Tea polyphenols: 2g; Soy lecithin: 20g; Wheat bran: 77.5g.

[0047] Comparative Example 3 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 11g; Tea polyphenols: 15g; Soy lecithin: 20g; Bentonite: 54g.

[0048] Comparative Example 4 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 1g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Silicon dioxide: 66g.

[0049] Comparative Example 5 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 16g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Defatted rice bran: 51g.

[0050] Comparative Example 6 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 18g; Bran: 73g.

[0051] Comparative Example 7 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 52g; Bentonite: 39g.

[0052] Comparative Example 8 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; No soy lecithin; Silica + defatted rice bran: 91g.

[0053] Comparative Example 9 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-free metal chelates; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Wheat bran: 64g.

[0054] Comparative Example 10 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; No tea polyphenols; Soy lecithin: 30g; Bentonite: 67g.

[0055] Comparative Example 11 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 1.5g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Defatted rice bran: 65.5g.

[0056] Comparative Example 12 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 3g; Tea polyphenols: 7g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Wheat bran: 60g.

[0057] Comparative Example 13 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 4g; Tea polyphenols: 6g; Soy lecithin: 30g; Silicon dioxide: 60g.

[0058] Comparative Example 14 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 2g; Tea polyphenols: 2g; Soy lecithin: 15g; Bentonite: 81g.

[0059] Comparative Example 15 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 2g; Tea polyphenols: 7g; Soy lecithin: 20g; Silicon dioxide: 71g.

[0060] Comparative Example 16 The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry has the following composition: Quercetin-Zn chelate: 2g; Tea polyphenols: 3g; Soy lecithin: 10g; Defatted rice bran: 85g.

[0061] Performance testing: Taking fattening pigs as an example Experimental design: 390 healthy Duroc-Landrace-Landrace-Landrace-Landrace-Fattening pigs weighing approximately 60 kg were randomly divided into 26 groups, with 3 replicates per group and 5 pigs per replicate.

[0062] Control group: fed with a basal diet.

[0063] Experimental group: fed with basal diet + 1.0% of feed premixes prepared in each example and comparative example.

[0064] The experiment ended when the pigs reached a weight of approximately 100 kg. Representative pigs from each group were slaughtered, and the longissimus dorsi muscle (eye muscle) was harvested for meat quality testing. Simultaneously, serum lipid metabolism-related indicators were measured.

[0065] Intramuscular fat content: determined by Soxhlet extraction method; Subcutaneous fat thickness: Measured at the 3rd-4th rib from the bottom after slaughter; The results are shown in Table 2 below: Table 2. Indicators related to intramuscular fat and body fat distribution

[0066] Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; compared with the control group, the intramuscular fat content in the example group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in subcutaneous fat thickness (P>0.05); the improvement effect in the comparative group was significantly lower than that in the example group (P<0.05).

[0067] As shown in Table 2, the feed premix prepared in the embodiments of the present invention has a significant promoting effect on intramuscular fat deposition in fattening pigs without affecting subcutaneous fat distribution, and the overall effect is far superior to that of the comparative examples. The intramuscular fat content of all embodiments is between 2.8% and 3.6%, with an increase of 40.00% to 80.00% compared to the control group. Among them, Example 8 has the best improvement effect (3.6%, an increase of 80.00%). In contrast, the improvement of the comparative examples is only -5.00% to 45.00%, with most comparative examples showing an improvement of less than 20.00%, and some comparative examples (such as Comparative Example 9) even showing a decrease in intramuscular fat content. The subcutaneous fat thickness of the embodiment groups is between 28.4 and 28.8 mm, which is not significantly different from that of the control group (28.5 mm), indicating that the premix can specifically promote intramuscular fat deposition and avoid excessive increase in subcutaneous fat. However, the subcutaneous fat thickness of some comparative examples (such as Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 7) is significantly higher than that of the control group, and the effect of body fat distribution regulation is not good.

[0068] Flesh color rating: a* value (redness value) measured by a colorimeter; Shear force: measured by a texture analyzer (TA-XT2i). A 1cm×1cm×3cm strip of meat was cut from the longissimus dorsi muscle and cut along the direction perpendicular to the muscle fibers. Water loss: Determined by centrifugation method. Take 10g meat sample, refrigerate at 4℃ for 24h and then centrifuge to calculate the water loss rate. The results are shown in Table 3 below: Table 3. Sensory and Physicochemical Quality Indicators of Meat Products

[0069] Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; the higher the a* value of meat color, the brighter the red meat color; the lower the shear force, the better the tenderness of the meat; the lower the drip loss, the better the water retention.

[0070] As shown in Table 3, the feed premix prepared in the embodiments of the present invention can comprehensively improve the sensory and physicochemical quality of fattening pork products, and the optimization effect of each indicator is significantly better than that of the comparative examples. The meat color a value of the embodiment groups is between 8.8 and 9.6, which is significantly higher than that of the control group (8.5). Among them, the a value of Example 8 is the highest (9.6), and the meat color is the best. The a* values ​​of the comparative examples are mostly between 8.4 and 8.9. Only the comparative example 13 is close to the level of the embodiments, and the rest are not significantly different from the control group. The shear force of the embodiment groups is between 36.9 and 41.5 N, which is 14.61% to 24.07% lower than that of the control group. The shear force of Example 8 is the lowest (36.9 N), and the tenderness is the best. The shear force of the comparative examples is mostly between 43.2 and 48.8 N, and the reduction is only -0.41% to 14.00%, and the improvement effect on tenderness is limited. The drip loss in the example groups was between 2.5% and 3.2%, a reduction of 15.79% to 34.21% compared to the control group. Example 8 had the lowest drip loss (2.5%) and the best water retention. The drip loss in the comparative groups was mostly between 3.3% and 3.9%, a reduction of only -2.63% to 18.42%, and some comparative examples (such as comparative example 8 and comparative example 10) even showed no improvement.

[0071] Serum FAS activity: Measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), strictly following the kit instructions; Relative expression level of serum SREBP mRNA: Measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), with GAPDH as the internal reference gene, and the relative expression level was calculated using the 2^(-ΔΔCt) method; The results are shown in Table 4 below: Table 4. Lipid metabolism-related indicators

[0072] As shown in Table 4, the feed premix prepared in the embodiments of the present invention can provide molecular mechanism support for intramuscular fat deposition by activating lipid metabolism-related pathways, and its metabolic regulation effect is significantly better than that of the comparative examples. The serum FAS activity of the example groups was between 168.5 and 198.5 U / L, with an increase of 34.50% to 58.42% compared with the control group. The FAS activity of Example 8 was the highest (198.5 U / L), and the lipid synthesis capacity was the strongest. The FAS activity of the comparative examples was mostly between 124.8 and 156.8 U / L, with an increase of only -0.40% to 37.60%, and the lipid synthesis activation effect was not good. The relative expression levels of serum SREBP mRNA in the example groups ranged from 1.4 to 2.1, with an increase of 40.00% to 110.00% compared to the control group. Example 8 showed the highest expression level (2.1), indicating the most significant regulation of the lipid synthesis pathway. In contrast, the relative expression levels of SREBP mRNA in the comparative groups ranged from 0.9 to 1.4, with an increase of only -10.00% to 60.00%, and most comparative groups showed no significant upregulation effect. The FAS activity and SREBP mRNA expression levels in the example groups increased significantly and synchronously, demonstrating that the synergistic effect of quercetin-Zn chelate with tea polyphenols and soybean phospholipids can effectively activate lipid synthesis-related enzymes and genes, providing a sufficient metabolic basis for intramuscular fat deposition. In contrast, the comparative groups, due to deviations in core components or formulations from the limitations of this invention, could not effectively activate this metabolic pathway, resulting in insufficient intramuscular fat deposition.

[0073] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry, characterized in that, Therefore, considering the total weight as 100%, the composition is as follows: Quercetin metal chelates: 1~10%; Tea polyphenols: 2~15%; Soybean lecithin: 20-50%; Carrier and diluent: balance.

2. The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation method of the quercetin metal chelate is as follows: S1. Dissolve quercetin in ethanol to prepare a quercetin ethanol solution with a concentration of 5-10 mg / mL; dissolve the divalent metal salt in deionized water to prepare a metal ion solution with a concentration of 2-5 mg / mL; slowly add the metal ion solution dropwise to the quercetin ethanol solution and stir until homogeneous. S2. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5-7, and stir at 40-60℃ for 2-4 hours, continuously monitoring the pH and maintaining it stable during the process; S3. After the reaction is complete, cool the mixture to room temperature, centrifuge to collect the precipitate, and wash the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol alternately 3 to 5 times; S4. Vacuum dry at 60℃ to constant weight, then pulverize and pass through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain quercetin metal chelate.

3. The feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 2, characterized in that, The molar ratio of quercetin to divalent metal ions in S1 is 1:(1~2).

4. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 2, characterized in that, The divalent metal ions mentioned in S1 are one or more of zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous chloride, and ferrous sulfate.

5. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 2, characterized in that, The divalent metal ion mentioned in S1 is zinc chloride or zinc sulfate.

6. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the quercetin metal chelate, tea polyphenols and soybean lecithin is (1~2):(2~4):(10~20).

7. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the quercetin metal chelate to tea polyphenols is 1:(1.5~3).

8. A feed premix for increasing intramuscular fat content in livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier and diluent are one or more of defatted rice bran, wheat bran, bentonite, and silica.

9. The application of the feed premix according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in complete compound feed for livestock and poultry.

10. The application according to claim 9, characterized in that, The feed premix is ​​added at a rate of 0.1-2.0% in complete compound feed for livestock and poultry.

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