Ancient castanopsis hystrix tree resource collection and preservation evaluation method
Through multi-index evaluation and specific preservation treatment, the scientific and accurate issues of collecting and preserving ancient Chinese pine trees have been resolved, the survival rate of ancient trees and the ecological protection effect have been improved, and technical support has been provided for the rational development and utilization of ancient Chinese pine trees.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511784419.5
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-03
AI Technical Summary
The lack of scientific and accurate methods for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient Castanopsis fargesii trees has led to serious threats and a survival crisis for these trees. Furthermore, traditional evaluation methods are limited and subjective, making them difficult to effectively protect and manage.
Multiple indicators, such as tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown width, were used to collect and evaluate ancient Chinese pine trees. Each indicator was assigned a corresponding weight to calculate a comprehensive score. Branches or seeds were selected as samples to be preserved and treated with a specific soaking solution.
This has enabled the scientific and accurate collection and preservation of ancient Chinese pine tree resources, improved the survival rate of subsequent grafting or planting, maintained the ecological and biological characteristics of ancient trees, and provided a basis for scientific research decisions.
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Figure CN121599541A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of forestry resource protection technology, and in particular to a method for collecting, preserving and evaluating ancient Chinese red pine tree resources. Background Technology
[0002] The Chinese pine (Castanopsis chinensis) is a tall, evergreen broad-leaved tree belonging to the Fagaceae family. It is characterized by rapid growth, strong adaptability, excellent timber quality, strong ecological attributes, and high commercial value, making it an important and high-quality fast-growing timber species in South China. However, the ancient Chinese pine tree resource is currently facing a severe crisis and is being threatened from multiple angles. With the acceleration of urbanization and large-scale infrastructure construction, a large amount of natural land has been developed and utilized, severely compressing the living space of ancient Chinese pine trees. Many ancient trees are forced to relocate or even be felled. In some areas, in pursuit of short-term economic benefits, excessive exploitation of forest resources has led to the destruction of the ancient Chinese pine tree's growing environment, exacerbated soil erosion, and decreased soil fertility, affecting the normal growth and survival of these trees. Furthermore, pests and diseases also pose a significant threat to ancient Chinese pine trees. Due to their long lifespan, these trees have relatively weak resistance, and once attacked by pests and diseases such as termite infestation and fungal infections, they are often unable to effectively resist, easily leading to weakened trees or even death.
[0003] Furthermore, current research on Castanopsis farges out of proportion, focusing primarily on cultivation techniques, propagation methods, and wood properties, with few reports on systematic studies of ancient Castanopsis fargesii groves. Research on the collection, preservation, and evaluation of ancient Castanopsis fargesii resources is even scarcer. Traditional ancient tree evaluation methods yield inconsistent results depending on the evaluation indicators and methods used, and each indicator and method has its limitations. Therefore, establishing a scientific and accurate evaluation indicator system for ancient Castanopsis fargesii resources is essential to meet the current needs of ancient tree collection, preservation, and evaluation work, and to strengthen the protection and management of ancient tree resources. Summary of the Invention
[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient Castanopsis fargesii tree resources. This method can scientifically and accurately collect and evaluate ancient Castanopsis fargesii tree resources, and implement appropriate preservation measures for the collected resources. This method maximizes the survival rate of subsequent grafting or planting, maintains the original ecological and biological characteristics of the ancient trees, and provides a strong basis for decision-making regarding the rational development, sustainable utilization, and scientific research of ancient Castanopsis fargesii tree resources.
[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: This invention provides a method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees, comprising the following steps: (1) Collect ancient Chinese pine tree resources based on tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, and crown width; (2) The evaluation indicators are tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, north-south crown width, east-west crown width, height-to-diameter ratio, crown-to-height ratio, leaf density, tilt, dead and rotten branches, bark damage, cavity rate, tree vigor, pests and diseases, and growth space. The comprehensive score of the sample is calculated by assigning corresponding weights to each indicator. When the overall score of the sample is ≥3.22, it is a superior-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is 2.73-3.22, it is a good-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is ≤2.73, it is a general-grade ancient red pine tree resource. (3) Select branches or seeds from each sample as samples to be preserved and preserve them.
[0006] As a preferred option, the collection criteria in step (1) are: tree age ≥ 100 years, diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm, tree height ≥ 6 m, and crown width ≥ 3 m.
[0007] Preferably, in step (2), the weights for tree age are 0.0391, tree height is 0.0468, diameter at breast height (DBH) is 0.3965, north-south crown width is 0.1243, east-west crown width is 0.0816, height-to-diameter ratio is 0.1223, crown-to-height ratio is 0.0126, leaf density is 0.0119, inclination is 0.0660, dead and rotten branches are 0.0273, bark damage is 0.1546, cavity rate is 0.0363, tree vigor is 0.0063, pests and diseases are 0.0016, and growth space is 0.0207.
[0008] As a preferred option, when the sample to be preserved is a branch, the selection criteria are: semi-lignified branch, 12-15cm in length, with 2-3 plump buds retained on the branch.
[0009] As a preferred option, when the sample to be preserved is a seed, the screening criteria are: intact and undamaged surface, dark brown color, thousand-seed weight of 650-830g, germination rate of ≥70% within one week, and seed endosperm moisture content of 30-45%.
[0010] Preferably, when the sample to be preserved is a branch, the preservation process is as follows: cut the branch cutting end at a 45° angle and soak it in soaking solution 1 for 20-30 minutes, and then preserve it by cutting.
[0011] Preferably, when the sample to be preserved is a seed, the preservation process is as follows: soak the seed in soaking solution 2 for 10-20 minutes, wash and dry it, then mix it with river sand at a volume ratio of 1:(2-4), and preserve it at an environment of 10-15℃.
[0012] Preferably, the soaking solution 1 is a mixed solution of 0.08-0.12% carbendazim + 200-250 mg / L gibberellin + 200-250 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid.
[0013] Preferably, the soaking solution 2 is a mixed solution of 0.2-0.4% carbendazim and 0.08-0.12% permethrin.
[0014] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The technical solution described in this invention can systematically collect ancient Chinese pine tree resources; implement proper preservation measures for the collected ancient Chinese pine tree resources to maximize the survival rate of subsequent grafting or planting, and maintain the original ecological and biological characteristics of the ancient trees; the constructed scientific evaluation system overcomes the one-sidedness and subjectivity of previous evaluation methods, and can objectively and accurately evaluate ancient Chinese pine tree resources from multiple dimensions.
[0015] The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient Castanopsis fargesii trees of the present invention has significant effects on improving the completeness of Castanopsis fargesii tree resource collection, the effectiveness of preservation, and the accuracy of evaluation, and provides strong technical support for the rational development, sustainable utilization, and scientific research of Castanopsis fargesii trees. Attached Figure Description
[0016] Figure 1 Cluster diagram of the phenotypic characteristics of the ancient red pine tree group ( Figure 1 (The numbers 1-25 in the original text represent the ancient Red Pine Tree numbers). Detailed Implementation
[0017] This invention provides a method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees, comprising the following steps: (1) Collect ancient Chinese pine tree resources based on tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, and crown width; (2) The evaluation indicators are tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, north-south crown width, east-west crown width, height-to-diameter ratio, crown-to-height ratio, leaf density, tilt, dead and rotten branches, bark damage, cavity rate, tree vigor, pests and diseases, and growth space. The comprehensive score of the sample is calculated by assigning corresponding weights to each indicator. When the overall score of the sample is ≥3.22, it is a superior-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is 2.73-3.22, it is a good-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is ≤2.73, it is a general-grade ancient red pine tree resource. (3) Select branches or seeds from each sample as samples to be preserved and preserve them.
[0018] In this invention, the collection criteria in step (1) are: tree age ≥ 100 years, diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm, tree height ≥ 6 m, and crown width ≥ 3 m.
[0019] In this invention, the weights of tree age (0.0391), tree height (0.0468), diameter at breast height (DBH) (0.3965), north-south crown width (0.1243), east-west crown width (0.0816), height-to-diameter ratio (0.1223), crown-to-height ratio (0.0126), leaf density (0.0119), tilt (0.0660), dead and rotten branches (0.0273), bark damage (0.1546), cavity rate (0.0363), tree vigor (0.0063), pests and diseases (0.0016), and growth space (0.0207) in step (2) are as follows:
[0020] In this invention, when the sample to be preserved is a branch, the selection criteria are: semi-lignified branch, 12-15cm in length, with 2-3 plump buds retained on the branch.
[0021] In this invention, when the sample to be preserved is a seed, the screening criteria are: intact and undamaged surface, dark brown color, 1000-seed weight of 650-830g, germination rate ≥70% within one week, and endosperm moisture content of 30-45%. The germination rate described in this invention is preferably measured in an environment of 25℃ and 80% humidity.
[0022] In this invention, when the sample to be preserved is a branch, the preservation process is as follows: the cutting end of the branch is obliquely cut at 45° and then immersed in soaking solution 1, followed by preservation. The soaking time is preferably 20-30 minutes, more preferably 22-28 minutes, and even more preferably 25 minutes. Preferably, the cuttings are preserved at 5-10°C.
[0023] In this invention, when the sample to be preserved is seeds, the preservation process is as follows: the seeds are soaked in soaking solution 2, washed and dried, then mixed with river sand at a volume ratio, and preserved at an environment of 10-15℃. The soaking time is preferably 10-20 min, more preferably 12-18 min, and even more preferably 15 min. The volume ratio of the dried seeds to the river sand is preferably 1:(2-4), more preferably 1:(2.5-3.5), and even more preferably 1:3.
[0024] In this invention, the soaking solution 1 is preferably a mixed solution of 0.08-0.12% carbendazim + 200-250 mg / L gibberellin + 200-250 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid, more preferably a mixed solution of 0.09-0.11% carbendazim + 210-240 mg / L gibberellin + 210-240 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid, and even more preferably a mixed solution of 0.1% carbendazim + 220 mg / L gibberellin + 230 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid.
[0025] In this invention, the soaking solution 2 is preferably a mixed solution of 0.2-0.4% carbendazim + 0.08-0.12% permethrin, more preferably a mixed solution of 0.25-0.35% carbendazim + 0.09-0.11% permethrin, and even more preferably a mixed solution of 0.3% carbendazim + 0.1% permethrin.
[0026] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0027] Example 1 (one)
[0029] The test site is located in the Guangdong Huaiji Sanyue Nature Reserve in Lanzhong Town, Huaiji County, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province. It has a humid subtropical monsoon climate with abundant rainfall and sunshine. The average annual temperature is 21.8℃, with an average temperature of 28.6℃ in July and 12.8℃ in January. The average annual precipitation is 1652.6 mm, mainly concentrated in April to September.
[0030] Based on the screening criteria of tree age ≥100 years, diameter at breast height ≥20cm, tree height ≥6m, and crown width ≥3m, samples of ancient Chinese pine trees were collected in this area, and 25 ancient Chinese pine trees were selected.
[0031] The 25 ancient Chinese pine trees selected were evaluated using the following evaluation indicators: tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), north-south crown width, east-west crown width, height-to-diameter ratio, crown-to-height ratio, leaf density, tilt, dead and rotten branches, bark damage, cavity rate, tree vigor, pests and diseases, and growing space. The specific evaluation indicators, measurement methods, or quantification methods are shown in Table 1.
[0032] Table 1. Measurement methods and quantification techniques for different evaluation indicators
[0033] Based on the aforementioned 15 traits as evaluation indicators, the entropy weight method was used to calculate the weight of each trait of the ancient Chinese pine trees. The indicator values of each trait were then standardized, and a comprehensive score was calculated using each weight. Finally, the overall condition of each ancient Chinese pine tree was ranked according to the comprehensive score.
[0034] The calculation formula is as follows:
[0035] Where: Wj is the indicator weight value, m is the number of indicators, Dj is the indicator difference coefficient, D is the comprehensive score, n is the number of samples, and Hij is the standardized value of the j-th indicator in the i-th sample.
[0036] Table 2 Entropy weights of ancient red pine trees
[0037] Table 3. Overall scores and ranking of 25 ancient Chinese pine trees.
[0038] The above results indicate that the 25 ancient trees are in good overall condition, with vigorous growth, high leaf density, and low cavity rate except for tree No. 1. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of each trait of the *Castanopsis fargesii* trees. Based on the comprehensive score, the health status of the 25 individual trees was ranked (Tables 2 and 3). Tree No. 3 had the highest comprehensive score, strong growth, significantly higher crown ratio and leaf density than other individual trees, and a significantly lower cavity rate. Tree No. 1 ranked 24th in health, with the largest tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown width, but the highest cavity rate and a low crown ratio.
[0039] The resources were classified according to the evaluation criteria: "A comprehensive score ≥ 3.22 indicates a superior-grade ancient Chinese pine tree resource; a comprehensive score between 2.73 and 3.22 indicates a good-grade ancient Chinese pine tree resource; and a comprehensive score ≤ 2.73 indicates a general-grade ancient Chinese pine tree resource." The results show that trees No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are superior-grade ancient Chinese pine trees, tree No. 1 is a general-grade ancient Chinese pine tree resource, and the remaining trees are good-grade ancient Chinese pine trees. (two)
[0041] Factor analysis was used to obtain the comprehensive score of each ancient tree. Euclidean distance was applied to measure the differences between individual trees, and ancient trees with similar comprehensive scores were grouped into the same category. R 4.3.3 was used for data statistical analysis and to construct a health assessment model. The constructed health assessment model was then used to validate the above evaluation results.
[0042] Eigenvalues and contribution rates are the basis for selecting principal components. Based on the standard that the contribution rate reaches 80%, principal component analysis is used to extract common factors. Three common factors are extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reaches 82.21% (Table 4).
[0043] The results are shown in Table 5. The absolute values of the coefficients for principal factor F1 in tree age, diameter at breast height (DBH), north-south crown width, bark damage, cavity rate, tree vigor, and growth space were higher than other factors, with loading weights of 0.919, 0.970, 0.816, 0.916, 0.907, 0.916, and 0.916, respectively. This indicates that principal factor F1 mainly reflects information about tree age, tree height, and growth status, and its variance contribution rate is 54.850%. The absolute values of the coefficients for east-west crown width and crown height ratio of principal factor F2 were higher than other factors, with loading weights of 0.759 and 0.770, respectively. This indicates that principal factor F2 mainly reflects information about the crown width of ancient trees, such as east-west crown width and crown height ratio, and its variance contribution rate is 16.098%. The leaf density, tilt, and dead and decayed branch load weights of principal factor F3 were 0.646, 0.737, and 0.548, respectively, which were higher than those of other factors. This indicates that principal factor F3 mainly reflects the information of the overall morphological indicators of ancient tree crowns and trunks. The variance contribution rate of this common factor was 11.262%.
[0044] Table 4. Principal Component Variance Contribution Rate of Each Indicator
[0045] Table 5 Principal component loading matrices for each index
[0046] Based on the coefficient matrix of the factor scores, the functional expressions for the three principal factors are as follows: F 1 =0.320X1+0.255X2+0.338X3+0.285X4+0.209X5-0.228X6+0.176X7-0.122X 8+0.042X9-0.151X10-0.319X11-0.316X12-0.319X13-0.255X14+0.319X15 F 2 =-0.040X1+0.264X2-0.016X3+0.353X4+0.488X5-0.094X6+0.495X7+0.173 X8+0.160X9+0.175X10+0.204X11+0.18X12+0.204X13+0.256X14-0.204X15 F 3=-0.106X1-0.289X2-0.066X3-0.047X4-0.007X5+0.118X6+0.193X7+0.497 X8+0.567X9-0.421X10-0.084X11+0.113X12-0.084X13-0.260X14+0.084X15 Based on the variance contribution rates of each common factor in Table 4, a comprehensive evaluation model (F) for the health of ancient trees is constructed: F =0.5485 F 1 +0.16098 F 2 +0.11262 F 3 .
[0047] Based on the above, the intra-group linkage method was further used to perform systematic clustering on individual ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees, resulting in three types (e.g., ...). Figure 1 Type I (General): 1 ancient tree, classified as a first-level ancient tree, accounting for 4% of the total surveyed. This type of ancient tree exhibits average growth, is the oldest, has the highest cavity rate reaching 92%, and has average vigor and overall condition. Type II (Good): 20 ancient trees, all classified as third-level ancient trees, accounting for 80% of the total surveyed. Their age, height, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown width, and overall condition are generally normal. Type III (Excellent): 4 ancient trees, including 2 second-level and 2 third-level ancient trees, accounting for 16% of the total surveyed. This type of ancient tree is relatively old, has dense foliage, strong vigor, low height-to-diameter ratio, and high crown-to-height ratio. (three)
[0049] The ancient Chinese pine tree samples analyzed and evaluated above were screened, and suitable branches or seeds were selected as samples to be preserved for future use of the ancient Chinese pine tree resources.
[0050] 1. Preserve the branches
[0051] Select semi-lignified branches, 12-15cm in length, from the broken branches of each ancient red pine tree, and retain 2-3 plump buds on each branch as samples to be preserved.
[0052] Cut the lower end (cutting end) of the branch sample to be preserved into a 45° oblique cut and the upper end into a flat cut. Then, soak the cutting end in soaking solution 1, which is a mixture of 0.1% carbendazim + 220 mg / L gibberellin + 230 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid, for 25 minutes. Then insert the cutting and store it in an environment with a temperature of 5-10℃ and a relative humidity of 75-85%.
[0053] Fifty ancient pine branches preserved for 15 days were randomly selected as scions and grafted using the cleft grafting method. The survival rate was recorded one month after grafting.
[0054] Table 1. Survival rate of grafted branches from the ancient red pine tree.
[0055] 2. Preserve the seeds
[0056] Seeds from various ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees were selected for preservation. These seeds were characterized by intact, undamaged surfaces, a dark brown color, a thousand-seed weight of 650-830g, a germination rate ≥70% within one week, and an endosperm moisture content of 30-45%. The germination rate was determined through a germination test conducted in an incubator at 25℃ and 80% humidity.
[0057] Soak the seed samples to be preserved in a soaking solution (2) consisting of 0.3% carbendazim and 0.1% permethrin for 15 minutes, then rinse thoroughly with clean water and air dry until the seed surface is dry. Next, mix the dried seeds with river sand at a volume ratio of 1:3, and pack the mixture into a perforated plastic box (with 1cm diameter ventilation holes drilled in the box walls, spaced 5cm apart). Lay a 5cm layer of river sand at the bottom of the box, then layer the seed-river sand mixture in the middle (each layer ≤15cm thick), and finally cover the top with a 10cm layer of river sand. Store the mixture in an environment with a temperature of 5-8℃ and a relative humidity of 85%-90%.
[0058] One hundred seeds of the ancient Conifer chinensis tree, which had been stored for one month, were randomly selected, sown, and their germination rate was measured.
[0059] Table 2. Survival rate of grafted branches of *Castanopsis fargesii*
[0060] In summary, the present invention, through the aforementioned technical solution, can systematically collect ancient Chinese pine tree resources and implement proper preservation measures for the collected ancient Chinese pine tree resources, maximizing the survival rate of subsequent grafting or planting. The constructed scientific evaluation system can scientifically, comprehensively, and accurately evaluate ancient Chinese pine trees.
[0061] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* tree resources, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: (1) Collect ancient Chinese pine tree resources based on tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, and crown width; (2) The evaluation indicators are tree age, tree height, diameter at breast height, north-south crown width, east-west crown width, height-to-diameter ratio, crown-to-height ratio, leaf density, tilt, dead and rotten branches, bark damage, cavity rate, tree vigor, pests and diseases, and growth space. The comprehensive score of the sample is calculated by assigning corresponding weights to each indicator. When the overall score of the sample is ≥3.22, it is a superior-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is 2.73-3.22, it is a good-grade ancient red pine tree resource; when the overall score of the sample is ≤2.73, it is a general-grade ancient red pine tree resource. (3) Select branches or seeds from each sample as samples to be preserved and preserve them.
2. The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees according to claim 1, characterized in that, The collection criteria in step (1) are: tree age ≥ 100 years, diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm, tree height ≥ 6 m, and crown width ≥ 3 m.
3. The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the weights for tree age are 0.0391, tree height is 0.0468, diameter at breast height (DBH) is 0.3965, north-south crown width is 0.1243, east-west crown width is 0.0816, height-to-diameter ratio is 0.1223, crown-to-height ratio is 0.0126, leaf density is 0.0119, tilt is 0.0660, dead and rotten branches are 0.0273, bark damage is 0.1546, cavity rate is 0.0363, tree vigor is 0.0063, pests and diseases are 0.0016, and growth space is 0.0207.
4. The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the sample to be preserved is a branch, the selection criteria are: semi-lignified branch, 12-15cm in length, with 2-3 plump buds retained on the branch; When the sample to be preserved is a seed, the screening criteria are: intact and undamaged surface, dark brown color, thousand-seed weight of 650-830g, germination rate of ≥70% within one week, and seed endosperm moisture content of 30-45%.
5. The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the sample to be preserved is a branch, the preservation process is as follows: cut the branch cutting end at a 45° angle and soak it in soaking solution 1 for 20-30 minutes, and then preserve it by cutting. When the sample to be preserved is a seed, the preservation process is as follows: soak the seed in soaking solution 2 for 10-20 minutes, wash and dry it, then mix it with river sand at a volume ratio of 1:(2-4) and preserve it at an environment of 10-15℃.
6. The method for collecting, preserving, and evaluating ancient *Castanopsis fargesii* trees according to claim 5, characterized in that, The soaking solution 1 is a mixed solution of 0.08-0.12% carbendazim + 200-250 mg / L gibberellin + 200-250 mg / L naphthaleneacetic acid; The soaking solution 2 is a mixed solution of 0.2-0.4% carbendazim and 0.08-0.12% permethrin.