953results about "Metadata text retrieval" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of information retrieval, and discloses a multi-modal fusion and reinforcement learning collaborative retrieval enhancement generation method and system. The method comprises the following steps: receiving an original query input by a user, and generating a sub-query based on a large language model in combination with a multi-modal context of a current iteration step; forming a current state in combination with the sub-query and the multi-modal context, modeling a retrieval enhancement generation task as a Markov decision process, and adaptively selecting an optimal action from a predefined action set in the current state by utilizing a large language model according to a decision strategy; executing a corresponding multi-modal retrieval operation according to the optimal action, fusing the obtained multi-modal information, generating an intermediate answer or a final answer of the sub-query, and updating a multi-modal context by using the intermediate answer; off-line training optimization is carried out on the large language model through imitation learning and a calibration chain, and decision strategies and sub-queries are inferred online through the model after fine adjustment. According to the invention, more efficient and accurate complex query processing is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent retrieval and matching, in particular to a property intelligent retrieval and matching system based on a knowledge graph. The method comprises the following steps: a data acquisition and processing unit acquires property right data and preprocesses the property right data; the knowledge modeling and graph construction unit constructs the preprocessed property right data into a knowledge graph based on entity extraction, relation extraction and attribute labeling; the retrieval analysis and semantic understanding unit is used for receiving a retrieval request input by a user, converting the retrieval request into a structured retrieval statement matched with the knowledge graph based on a dynamic multi-hop reasoning intention path discovery scheme, and analyzing a retrieval intention of the retrieval request through a context modeling and semantic disambiguation method. According to the method, a semantic understanding mechanism combining a dynamic multi-hop reasoning intention path discovery scheme with context modeling and semantic disambiguation is introduced, so that a complex retrieval request input by a user in a natural language form can be accurately analyzed.

The invention provides a multi-modal heterogeneous model retrieval enhancement method and system, and the method comprises the steps: building a knowledge and application example double-corpus based on user multi-modal query, and designing a joint retrieval mechanism to obtain a result set; mapping and scheduling to obtain feature representation through special processing channels for texts, images and audios and a Spiking neural network with a segmented trapezoidal topological structure; constructing a three-stage cascade architecture of a basic model, an advanced model and human experts, and obtaining a decision path and answer candidate set in combination with a recursive and discarding decision mechanism; a Hamiltonian graph network is used for representing a multi-modal relation, and a gradient-free descent method is used for rapidly training and optimizing model parameters; an enhanced retrieval result is obtained through cross-modal semantic alignment and dynamic retrieval window adjustment; and high-quality response is obtained through context-aware sorting and retrieval enhanced reasoning. According to the method, the multi-modal information retrieval processing efficiency and the heterogeneous model reasoning response quality are improved.

The Trust-Informed Engagement and Restraint (TIER) system is a modular behavioral governance architecture for conversational AI that enables dynamic, real-time enforcement of trust-aligned interaction policies. The system comprises a Behavioral Governance Framework defining policy rules and an Enforcement Wrapper hosting Core Modules that operate externally to the AI model. These modules regulate behavioral traits including trust calibration, emotional tone, conversational containment, authority modulation, and cross-modal consistency. TIER continuously monitors interaction metrics and applies policy-driven constraints during live sessions without requiring model retraining or internal access. Unlike static filters or post-hoc moderation systems, TIER provides proactive, session-aware behavioral governance with auditable enforcement across domains. The architecture supports model-agnostic deployment in regulated and sensitive environments such as healthcare, finance, legal services, and intelligent assistance platforms.

The invention discloses an electronic archive intelligent retrieval method and system based on a block chain, and relates to the technical field of archive retrieval, and the method comprises the steps: extracting text features of an electronic archive, and generating metadata; generating a content hash value from the electronic file original text; writing the metadata, the content hash value and the ABE access strategy into the block chain smart contract; constructing a reverse index based on the metadata semantic tag, wherein an index entry is associated with a block chain storage address; calculating a root hash and anchoring the root hash to the block chain; analyzing a keyword and a digital identity certificate in the user retrieval request; calling an intelligent contract to verify whether the user attribute accords with the ABE access strategy of the target file; retrieving an encrypted hash list matched with the file in the distributed index; acquiring the encrypted file fragments from the distributed storage system; verifying data integrity; and combining the fragments to generate a final retrieval result. The method has the advantages that through deep coupling of the block chain and attribute encryption, an electronic archive management system considering security and intelligent retrieval is constructed.

The invention relates to the technical field of equipment operation and maintenance intelligent retrieval, and provides an equipment operation and maintenance data enhanced retrieval method based on a knowledge graph and a large language model, which comprises the following steps: (1) constructing and dynamically maintaining the knowledge graph containing equipment operation and maintenance field entities and relationships; (2) analyzing natural language query of a user, performing multi-hop association retrieval in the knowledge graph, and screening out a related evidence set; (3) constructing a structured cue word based on the evidence set, and driving a large language model to generate a preliminary diagnosis report; and verifying, correcting and formatting the preliminary diagnosis report into a final visual report. According to the method, deep intention understanding and multi-hop association mining of natural language query of a user are realized by constructing a dynamically evolved equipment operation and maintenance knowledge graph, and a reliable evidence chain and a structured cue word constraint mechanism based on the knowledge graph are introduced to ensure that the generated diagnosis report is strictly based on field professional knowledge; the problem that the real semantic intention of user query cannot be deeply understood in traditional retrieval is effectively solved.

The invention discloses a text retrieval method and device, equipment, a storage medium and a product. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a question input by a user and at least one candidate text; for each candidate text, determining semantic similarity and keyword similarity between the question and the candidate text; sentence features of the questions and document features of the candidate texts are extracted respectively, and the weight of semantic similarity and the weight of keyword similarity are determined according to the sentence features and the document features; based on the weight of the semantic similarity and the weight of the keyword similarity, according to the semantic similarity and the keyword similarity of the question and each candidate text, calculating the comprehensive similarity of the question and each candidate text; at least one candidate text with the maximum comprehensive similarity is screened out, and an answer candidate set is obtained; and inputting the answer candidate set and the question into a preset large language model, and outputting a retrieval result. According to the method, the accuracy and efficiency of long text retrieval can be improved.

The invention discloses a structured data retrieval system and method based on semantic matching and hierarchical indexing, and the related retrieval system comprises a first construction module which is used for extracting slice data in a preset vector library and meta-information corresponding to the slice data, and constructing a text node object containing an id; the second construction module is used for traversing a text node object to obtain meta-information subjected to hierarchical structure processing, and constructing a nested index tree; the directory decomposition module is used for receiving an input text, performing decomposition based on a hierarchical structure and generating a corresponding query vector; the retrieval module is used for performing semantic retrieval and hierarchical retrieval on the text in sequence to obtain a retrieval result; the grouping and sorting module is used for grouping the retrieval results according to the hit hierarchy, sorting the retrieval results in each group according to a descending order, and combining all groups to obtain a final retrieval result list; and the data backtracking module is used for acquiring an original text field from the vector database according to the id corresponding to the retrieval result.

The invention discloses a water conservancy design archive retrieval system and method based on a local lightweight large model, and the method comprises the steps: S1, constructing a Python automatic preprocessing assembly line, extracting texts for PDF and Word multi-format archives, correcting metadata, and outputting standardized data; s2, constructing a full-text retrieval and semantic retrieval dual-mode cross-document retrieval service by relying on a Weavi ate local vector database and a lightweight text embedding model; s3, analyzing a user query intention through a local large model, synchronously triggering metadata accurate retrieval and content semantic retrieval, and generating a structured result; and S4, integrating the core module into a local area network Web platform, adopting Docker containerization deployment, and combining an RBAC permission model and JWT authentication to guarantee security. The system comprises a preprocessing module, a cross-document retrieval module, an intelligent agent module and a background management module, and collaboration is achieved through a standardized API. According to the method, the problem of archive fragmentation is solved, multi-mode retrieval breaks through keyword limitation, an intelligent agent reduces manual intervention, a localized architecture prevents secret-related leakage, background management adapts to an existing I T environment, and full-process intelligent archive service is provided for water conservancy design.

The invention belongs to the technical field of text processing, and particularly relates to a method and system for retrieving DOCX document content based on keywords, which comprises the following steps: analyzing an Office Open XML structure of a DOCX document, combining with multi-dimensional features such as style names, and utilizing a title classification score model to accurately distinguish a title and a text, so that a semantic hierarchical structure of the document is effectively reserved; and secondly, a multi-level semantic extension mechanism is introduced, and a Sension-BERT, a HowNet knowledge base and a Word2Vec model are fused, so that intelligent extension of synonyms and synonyms of keywords is realized, and the recall rate and semantic understanding ability of retrieval are remarkably improved. And in addition, a BM25 model is combined with paragraph length normalization and structure position weight to calculate a correlation score, so that retrieval results are sorted more accurately and reasonably. The construction of the reverse index is combined with the position coding and compression optimization strategy, and the retrieval efficiency and the storage performance are both considered.

The invention discloses an insurance clause knowledge base self-maintenance method, system and device based on a large model, and relates to the technical field of data processing. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining an associated segmentation term fragment set; carrying out vector conversion, and storing the vector into a cloud database to obtain a vectorized cloud knowledge base; after the vectorized cloud knowledge base receives a user retrieval request, performing knowledge base clause priority adjustment through a secondary retrieval mechanism to obtain an updated vector cloud knowledge base; responding to a user retrieval request based on the updated vector cloud knowledge base to obtain a clause fragment retrieval result; and inputting the Prompt construction result and the clause fragment retrieval result into a large language model constructed based on an RAG enhanced generation technology to perform retrieval enhanced generation, and obtaining a target retrieval interpretation analysis result. The technical problems that in the prior art, an insurance clause knowledge base is low in maintenance efficiency and poor in retrieval accuracy are solved, and the technical effect of improving the self-maintenance efficiency and the retrieval accuracy of the insurance clause knowledge base is achieved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a multi-modal fusion entity retrieval enhancement generation method and device, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the blocking and adaptive text extraction of multi-modal data in an offline stage, obtaining the text block data corresponding to each modal data, extracting the entity and relation of the text block data according to a language model, constructing an entity triple, and carrying out the segmentation and adaptive text extraction of the entity triple. Fusing the entity triad with the text block data to obtain an offline knowledge graph, and constructing a data index; in the present stage, a query statement of a user is received, text block data most similar to the query statement are retrieved in a knowledge graph through a data index, after entity aggregation is carried out on the retrieved text block data, the text block data are reordered according to retrieval scores, an entity aggregation result is obtained, entity ordering is carried out according to the entity aggregation result, and the entity aggregation result is obtained. By means of the multi-modal retrieval method and device, the efficiency and accuracy of multi-modal retrieval can be improved.

The invention relates to the field of text processing, in particular to a retrieval system for a bidding law document large language model. Comprising a document preprocessing module, a semantic dicing module, an entity and relation recognition module, a knowledge graph construction module, a multi-strategy mixed retrieval module and a retrieval result preferential module. During working, the bidding law document is preprocessed, based on document word number judgment, a chapter-level slicing strategy or a clause-level slicing strategy is adopted for cutting, a LateChunking algorithm is used for determining cutting points, semantic units are extracted, entity elements are recognized, a knowledge graph is constructed, and an optimal retrieval result is obtained through multi-strategy mixed retrieval and preferential processing. According to the method, the limitation of a traditional single retrieval mode in bidding legal chief document processing is overcome, and the provision retrieval accuracy and context coherence are improved, so that the illusion risk caused by information missing or misunderstanding of a large language model is greatly reduced, and the credibility and practicability of a legal intelligent question and answer result are enhanced.

The invention discloses a financial user portrait analysis method and system based on a knowledge graph, and the method comprises the steps: recognizing a financial entity through an FNER algorithm, carrying out the relation embedding through employing a TransFinE algorithm, integrating the time weight attenuation and risk propagation constraints, constructing a financial knowledge graph, calculating the user influence distribution through employing a FinRank algorithm, and carrying out the analysis of the financial user portrait. And finally carrying out semantic clustering and grouping to obtain a user portrait classification result. The technical problems that an existing financial user portrait analysis method cannot effectively process a multi-dimensional semantic association relationship, lacks a user network influence quantification mechanism and neglects time sequence evolution characteristics are solved.

The invention discloses an energy field intelligent knowledge base question answering system based on multi-model cooperation, and aims to solve the problems of data type identification, image structured extraction and cross-modal indexing in energy field multi-modal document question answering. The system comprises 13 core modules, dynamic cooperation of a multi-mode large model and a large language model is achieved through a collaborative scheduling module, data types involved in user problems can be recognized, and corresponding modules can be called; structured information of images such as charts and flow charts can be extracted from documents and coded; and cross-modal retrieval is realized through a unified semantic vector. When answers are integrated, an attached source is quoted, and traceability is ensured. The system improves the accuracy and efficiency of complex document question answering in the energy field, and is suitable for professional document question answering scenes containing multiple types of images.

The invention discloses an appearance patent graph retrieval method and infringement detection system based on a multi-modal large model, and relates to the technical field of intelligent retrieval, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the feature extraction of each patent picture in an appearance patent database through a multi-modal large language model, and storing the features in a vector database; generating an embedded vector of the target picture and a description text for describing the appearance characteristics of the target picture by utilizing a multi-modal large language model; calculating the similarity between a target picture embedding vector and each picture embedding vector in a vector database, performing retrieval to form a preliminary candidate set, and then calculating the semantic similarity between a target picture description text and a patent text corresponding to each picture in the preliminary candidate set; performing fusion to obtain a retrieval result of comprehensive sorting; correlating the corresponding patent law text, positioning and marking related text description, and forming a visual evidence chain combining vision and text evidence. According to the method, the vision and text bimodal information is fused, so that the whole-process intelligentization from image understanding to infringement judgment is realized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of cross-modal information retrieval, and provides a quick cross-modal retrieval method and system fused with fine-grained semanteme, multi-modal data to be retrieved are obtained, a trained cross-modal retrieval model is used for learning to obtain continuous Hash features, discrete Hash codes are generated according to the continuous Hash features, and the multi-modal data to be retrieved are retrieved according to the discrete Hash codes. Performing cross-modal matching and retrieval based on Hamming distance matching, and feeding back a retrieval result; in the training process of the cross-modal retrieval model, the fusion loss function, the cross-modal alignment loss function and the shared subspace loss function are subjected to weighted fusion, and corresponding parameters are optimized with the purpose of minimizing the total loss function after weighted fusion until training requirements are met. According to the method, the cross-modal semantic consistency among different modal features is optimized, so that the generated Hash code can reflect semantic association among multi-modal data more accurately, and the precision and efficiency of cross-modal retrieval are improved.

The invention discloses a knowledge document-oriented method for structurally and stably presenting large language model output. The method comprises the following steps of: preprocessing a knowledge document and converting the knowledge document into a text by a system; the back-end service module adopts a prompt word engineering technology based on a preset JSON mode, constructs a structured prompt containing clear instructions and output format constraints, calls a large language model to carry out analysis and information extraction on text contents, and forces the model to generate structured JSON data following the preset mode; the back-end service provides access to the structured JSON data for the front-end application; and the front end executes templated mapping rendering according to a preset user interface component template isomorphic to the JSON mode, and fills the content of each field of the JSON into a corresponding visual component. According to the method, through the cooperation of the back-end constraint prompt word engineering and the front-end modularized template rendering, the defects that the output content format of a large language model is unstable and is difficult to be directly applied to standardized interface presentation are relieved.

The invention relates to an intelligent document information real-time retrieval method and system based on the RAG technology, and the method comprises the steps: analyzing documents of various formats, extracting a text, maintaining the content continuity through adaptive semantic partitioning processing, and building a character-level position index at the same time; after vectorizing the text blocks, generating a plurality of rewriting queries for the original query; respectively carrying out mixed retrieval (combining keywords and semantic retrieval) for each rewriting query, and fusing and reordering results to obtain candidate text blocks; after correlation filtering, inputting a large language model according to correlation to generate an answer, and if the result is negative, triggering secondary retrieval and reordering; and finally, outputting a structured answer containing position information and supporting front-end visualization. According to the method, the semantic integrity maintenance, the multi-format document processing efficiency and the key information retrieval accuracy are effectively improved.

The invention discloses a psychological counseling intelligent recommendation method and system based on artificial intelligence, and relates to the field of psychological counseling cross technology, and the method comprises the steps: calculating a three-dimensional emotion vector according to an emotion axis space and a syntactic structure, constructing a psychological semantic tensor by using a tensor outer product, generating a user intention tensor by using a prototype weight, and carrying out a flattening operation. Obtaining a final intention vector; combining the structural potential energy deviation and the spectral distance to construct a matching factor tensor; constructing a factorization machine model, predicting a matching score, generating a prediction score matrix, screening by using a Top-K selection method, generating recommended content, and constructing a visual interface to display the recommended content. According to the method, the fine granularity and accuracy of emotional representation are improved through emotional axis space and syntactic dependency analysis, the matching precision of intention and resources is improved through comprehensive calculation of semantic gravitation intensity and spectral distance, and the expression ability of matching factor tensor is enhanced through fusion of structural potential energy deviation and spectral distance.

The invention is suitable for the technical field of natural language processing, relates to a hierarchical memory and context awareness retrieval method of a large role model and a related product, and aims to solve the problems of limited model memory duration, insufficient retrieval correlation and insufficient personality consistency in a long dialogue. According to the invention, a short-term-middle-term-long-term three-level memory architecture is adopted, and a memory attenuation and migration mechanism is combined, so that dynamic metabolism of memory is realized; related memories are recalled accurately through a context semantics and role personality double-sensitive double-stage retrieval algorithm; relying on a personality-linked memory fusion and response generation strategy, the reply is ensured to fit personality setting; and a closed-loop adaptive learning mechanism of dialogue-memory-retrieval-generation-feedback is constructed, and the memory quality is continuously optimized. According to the method, the role large model can have the human-like continuous memory ability, the continuity, retrieval accuracy and personality consistency of long dialogues are remarkably improved, and the long-term personalized interaction requirements of scenes such as digital personality assistants and dialogue agents are met.

A text processing method includes obtaining a query text, invoking a search engine interface based on the query text to obtain a plurality of text search results corresponding to the query text, obtaining, from the plurality of text search results, a plurality of answer text segments matching the query text, determining a relevance between the query text and each of the plurality of answer text segments, determining one of the plurality of answer text segments that corresponds to a maximum relevance as a reference text of the query text, and invoking a language model based on the query text and the reference text to obtain a reply text of the query text.

The invention relates to the technical field of archive management, and discloses an archive life cycle full-process digital supervision method, which comprises the following steps: constructing an archive digital twinborn framework, loading a metadata standard, and generating an initial holographic archive mapping model; a life cycle state transition rule is configured, and a whole-process dynamic tracking model is obtained by combining entity associated parameter fusion data; executing compliance deduction to generate a trajectory chain and simulation data; a metadata conflict resolution mechanism is established, a supervision strategy optimization model is trained and generated, and governance parameters including entity association degree weights and the like are output; generating file increment simulation information; constructing a multi-target decision model to iteratively adjust the supervision framework to obtain an optimal supervision path parameter; and verifying and updating the supervision strategy through the real-time holographic mapping network. According to the method, full-process dynamic supervision of archives is realized, and the management efficiency and the intelligent level are improved.

The invention relates to a toxic text collection method and system based on retrieval enhancement generation, and the method comprises the steps: firstly obtaining target text data through a crawling platform, manually constructing a small-scale initial data set through a cold start mode, and injecting the initial data set into a knowledge base as basic data; and performing semantic retrieval on each batch of target texts, obtaining the first k texts with semantic similarity from the knowledge base, reasoning by adopting a plurality of large language models through thinking chain reasoning in combination with the texts, generating a toxic label, and labeling the target texts to be labeled in the current batch. And injecting the labeled target text into a knowledge base, continuously collecting and labeling data in an iteration mode, and continuously optimizing the performance of a retriever through an incremental learning mechanism in the iteration process so as to realize toxic text collection. According to the method, large-scale, fine-grained and high-consistency toxic text tagging corpora can be efficiently accumulated, and the problems of high tagging cost, inconsistent quality and poor expansibility in traditional toxic text data collection are remarkably relieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of information retrieval, and provides an intelligent searching and sorting method and system for a library. Obtaining environment parameters of a search terminal and query statements and historical retrieval records input by a user; generating a dynamic environment matrix based on the environment parameters, and generating an intention vector based on a query statement and the historical retrieval record; constructing a knowledge graph based on the metadata of the library, extracting a literature feature vector from the knowledge graph, and performing linear processing on the intention vector and the literature feature vector to generate a literature association graph; generating a comprehensive weight vector based on the statistical parameters extracted from the literature association map and the dynamic environment matrix; and performing comprehensive evaluation based on the comprehensive weight vector and the score of the literature in the preset dimension, and displaying a search result on a user interface according to the retrieval score of the literature. According to the scheme, the search result is highly matched with the user requirement and the scene, and the accuracy and the search efficiency of library intelligent search are remarkably improved.

The following relates generally to using generative AI to: (i) classify documents; (ii) generate prompts to classify documents; (iii) evaluate the classification performance of prompts; (iv) generate updates to prompts; and / or (v) train classifiers. In some embodiments, one or more processors: generate a prompt for input to the generative AI model; generate classifications for a set of documents from the corpus of documents by inputting the set of documents and the prompt to the generative AI model; based on the classifications, provide the set of documents to a review platform for manual review by a reviewer; obtain review data associated with a subset of documents from the set of documents; and train, by executing a training algorithm, a classifier using the review data as ground truth data, wherein the training algorithm is configured to analyze extracted relevant document portions of the subset of documents to train the classifier.

The invention discloses a document retrieval method and device, equipment, a medium and a program product, and relates to the technical field of document processing. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a query statement of a document retrieval party, at least two candidate documents and candidate abstract vectors and candidate full-text vectors of the candidate documents; performing keyword extraction on the query statement to obtain a query keyword, and performing vectorization on the query statement to obtain a query statement vector; according to the query keyword, the query statement vector, each candidate document and a candidate abstract vector of each candidate document, performing coarse screening on each candidate document to obtain at least two coarse screening documents; and according to the query statement vector and the candidate full-text vector of each coarse screening document, performing fine arrangement on each coarse screening document to obtain a target retrieval document. According to the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention, the accuracy of document retrieval is improved.

A designated commodity detection method, a designated commodity detection system, and a program are provided. [Solution] A specified product detection method including: at least one processor acquiring multiple product datasets, each of the multiple product datasets including product descriptions for multiple products, the product descriptions including descriptions of the ingredients contained in the corresponding products; acquiring one or more keywords, each of the one or more keywords indicating one or more specified ingredients; extracting one or more suspect products from the multiple products by performing a keyword search using the one or more keywords on the multiple product datasets; detecting one or more non-containing products from the one or more suspect products; and outputting a list of containing products by excluding the one or more non-containing products from the one or more suspect products.

The invention relates to the technical field of three-dimensional modeling, in particular to an on-orbit three-dimensional modeling method and system. The method comprises the following steps: mapping a task demand input by a user into a task specification object; carrying out mixed retrieval on the task template library, carrying out atlas consistency verification on the retrieved task templates, and sorting candidate templates after the verification is passed; expanding the high-score candidate template into an executable high-score operator sequence to serve as a task chain to be output; mapping each operator in the task chain into an MCP calling node to obtain an MCP calling chain; and calling a data processing tool and a three-dimensional modeling tool to generate a preliminary three-dimensional model, then performing incremental correction and local optimization through a dynamic feedback updating mechanism, and downloading the updated incremental three-dimensional data to a ground data center. Automatic task analysis is achieved, and manual intervention is not needed. The method has the lightweight modeling capability, knowledge-driven complementation can be realized, and a collaborative mode of on-orbit quick response and ground fine reconstruction is realized.

The invention discloses a knowledge graph construction method which comprises the following steps: acquiring document data from different sources, extracting long content from the document data, and segmenting the long content into a plurality of semantic text blocks; for each semantic text block, extracting all entities from the semantic text block by using a large language model, and analyzing the relationship between the entities; constructing a global semantic association graph based on all entities and the relationship between the entities, and dividing the global semantic association graph by using a graph clustering algorithm to form a plurality of knowledge communities; and creating corresponding entity nodes for the entities, creating corresponding edges for relationships between the entities, creating corresponding community nodes for the knowledge communities, and establishing belonging relationships between the community nodes and the corresponding entity nodes to form a knowledge graph, and storing the knowledge graph in a graph database system. On the basis, the knowledge extraction precision and the cross-domain generalization ability can be improved, and a hierarchical knowledge system can be formed.