Method for intercropping cassava and corn in wide and narrow rows

Abstract

The invention provides a method for intercropping cassava and corn in wide and narrow rows, which is characterized in that cassava adopts a wide and narrow row planting mode, the wide row spacing is 110-130cm, the narrow row spacing is 70-85cm, and the plant spacing is 70-90cm; corn is intercropped in the wide rows and the narrow rows of the cassava at the same time, the plant spacing is 45-55 cm, two rows of corn are intercropped in the wide rows of the cassava, and one row of corn is intercropped in the narrow rows of the cassava; the distance between the adjacent cassava and corn is 35-45 cm, and the cassava and the corn are pretreated before being planted. According to the method, through the design of'wide and narrow row combination and full space utilization '(corn is planted in both wide rows and narrow rows), high-density cassava and corn plants are contained in unit area at the same time, and the limitation that only wide rows are utilized in traditional intercropping is broken through, so that land resources are utilized to the maximum extent, and a foundation is laid for high yield.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural planting technology, and in particular to a method for planting corn between wide and narrow rows of cassava. Background Technology

[0002] Intercropping cassava with crops such as corn is a highly efficient agronomic model with significant importance and implications. This model not only directly increases total land productivity but also optimizes ecology and nutrient utilization at a systemic level. It improves the rhizosphere soil microbial environment, promoting the transformation of the soil into a highly fertile "bacterial" environment, and utilizes appropriate spacing to reduce interspecific competition and enhance root nutrient absorption and complementarity. Intercropping significantly outperforms monoculture in terms of yield, output value, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient utilization efficiency.

[0003] In terms of planting methods, wide-narrow row intercropping exhibits multiple advantages: by optimizing field structure, it effectively improves the root-to-shoot ratio, growth rate, leaf area index, and ultimately the yield and quality of fresh cassava and starch; at the same time, the wide rows greatly facilitate field management (such as weeding and fertilization). However, currently, wide-narrow row intercropping is mostly carried out only in the wide rows, which limits the improvement of intercrop yield. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention proposes a method for planting corn in cassava with wide and narrow rows to solve the above problems.

[0005] The technical solution of this invention is implemented as follows:

[0006] A method for intercropping cassava with maize using a wide-narrow row planting method, wherein the wide row spacing is 110-130cm, the narrow row spacing is 75-85cm, and the plant spacing is 70-90cm; maize is intercropped in both the wide and narrow rows of cassava, with a plant spacing of 45-55cm, wherein two rows of maize are intercropped in the wide rows of cassava and one row of maize is intercropped in the narrow rows of cassava; the spacing between adjacent cassava and maize plants in the intercropping treatment is 35-45cm, and pretreatment is carried out on both cassava and maize before planting.

[0007] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method of planting corn using cassava with wide and narrow rows includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Site selection and land preparation: Select a plot of land with loose, deep, well-drained soil and a pH of 4.5-7.0. Before planting, the land should be deeply plowed twice, followed by harrowing to break up the soil and make it level. Drainage ditches should be dug around the plot.

[0009] S2. Apply base fertilizer: Apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer. Mix the above fertilizers evenly and spread them evenly on the ground surface. Then rake the land to mix the fertilizer with the topsoil.

[0010] S3. Planning Unit: The fertilized land is planned in a unit consisting of one wide row and one narrow row, and the wide and narrow row units are planned repeatedly.

[0011] S4. Trench Planting: In mid-to-late March, dig two corn planting trenches at equal intervals in the middle of the wide rows and one corn planting trench in the middle of the narrow rows. Fertilize and cover with soil. Then, plant the pre-treated corn seeds in the corn planting trenches, sowing 2-3 seeds per hole and covering with soil. Mark the location of the cassava planting trenches after the corn is planted. 14-16 days later, dig cassava planting trenches at the marked locations of the wide and narrow rows, fertilize, cover with soil, and plant the pre-treated cassava seed stems in the cassava planting trenches with the same bud direction and cover with soil.

[0012] S5. Field management: Thin out corn seedlings after emergence, leaving one seedling per hole; thin out cassava seedlings 58-62 days after planting, leaving two main stems per plant;

[0013] S6. Spraying of probiotic powder in the canopy: Spray probiotic powder in the canopy 33-36 days and 65-70 days after corn planting, in the early morning or evening when there is no wind or a light breeze;

[0014] S7. Topdressing: Topdressing cassava after corn harvest;

[0015] S8. Corn stems and leaves returned to the field: After cassava topdressing, the remaining stems and leaves after corn harvest are crushed and evenly spread on the surface of the planting area;

[0016] S9. Harvesting: Corn is harvested 83-87 days after planting, and cassava is harvested 240-270 days after planting.

[0017] Furthermore, the deep tillage depth in S1 is 25-30cm, and the application rate of well-rotted organic fertilizer in S2 is 20-30t / hm. 2 Nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 60-80 kg N / hm. 2 The application rate of phosphate fertilizer is 40-50 kg P2O5 / hm. 2 Potassium fertilizer application rate is 40-60 kg K2O / hm. 2 In S4, the depth of the cassava planting furrow is 20-30cm, and the fertilizer application rate in the cassava planting furrow is 140-175Kg / hm. 2 After fertilizing, cover with 12-17cm of soil; the depth of the corn planting furrow should be 10-15cm; and the fertilizer application rate in the corn planting furrow should be 90-135Kg / hm². 2 After fertilizing, cover with 5-7cm of soil.

[0018] Furthermore, the nitrogen fertilizer applied in the cassava planting trench should be 30-40 kg N / hm². 2 Phosphate fertilizer 30-35 kg P2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 80-100 kg K2O / hm2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the furrows during corn planting should be 50-70 kg N / hm². 2 Phosphate fertilizer 10-15KgP2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 30-50 kg K2O / hm 2 .

[0019] Furthermore, the corn seeds in S4 are pretreated as follows: Select plump, uniform-sized, and pest-free sweet and waxy corn seeds, immerse them in warm water at a temperature of 35-40℃, add 1% of the warm water mass of a 1wt% sodium hypochlorite solution, soak for 6-8 hours, after soaking, take out the corn seeds, wrap them in gauze, and place them in an incubator at 28-36℃ for 24-36 hours.

[0020] Furthermore, the cassava seed stems in S4 are pretreated as follows: Select healthy stem segments without disease spots and with 3-5 buds, soak them in a 200-300 times dilution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or a 500-600 times dilution of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 5-10 minutes for disinfection, and then take them out and air dry.

[0021] Furthermore, the cassava seed stem is an upright, non-branched cassava variety, and the cassava seed stem is 13-17cm long with healthy buds.

[0022] Furthermore, the application rate of probiotic powder in S6 is 1.5-2.0 kg / hm². 2 The probiotic powder is composed of Trichoderma harzianum spore powder, Bacillus subtilis spore powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore powder, Pseudomonas fluorescens freeze-dried powder, diatomaceous earth, humic acid powder, and gum arabic in a mass ratio of (14-16):(14-16):(7-9):(4.5-5.5):(45-55):(3-5):(2.5-3.5).

[0023] Furthermore, the probiotic powder is activated with 1-1.5% brown sugar water for 15-30 minutes before spraying. The ratio of the probiotic powder to the brown sugar water is 1:10-15, and the unit of the ratio is g / mL.

[0024] Furthermore, when applying topdressing cassava in S7, apply 20-30 kg N / hm of nitrogen fertilizer. 2 Potassium fertilizer 60-80 kg K2O / hm 2 .

[0025] Furthermore, in S8, the corn stalks and leaves are crushed to 3-6cm.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0027] 1. This invention, through the design of "combining wide and narrow rows and utilizing the entire space" (both wide and narrow rows are planted with corn), can simultaneously accommodate high-density cassava and corn plants within a unit area, breaking the limitation of traditional intercropping that only utilizes wide rows, thereby maximizing the use of land resources and laying the foundation for high yield.

[0028] 2. This invention utilizes stratified precision fertilization (deep application in cassava furrows, shallow application in corn furrows) to guide the roots of cassava and corn to develop in different soil layers in terms of physical space and nutrient supply, effectively reducing direct competition between the two for water and nutrients. This ensures both the deep nutrition and space required for cassava tuber enlargement and meets the needs of rapid growth of the shallow corn root system, ultimately leading to increased yields of fresh cassava tubers, starch, and fresh corn ears, while also improving the quality of cassava tubers.

[0029] 3. To address the increased disease rates caused by high-density intercropping, this invention innovatively introduces a proactive control measure: regular spraying of canopy probiotic powder. By spraying a compound microbial agent composed of Trichoderma, Bacillus, and other microorganisms, a beneficial "bioprotective film" is formed on the leaf surface. Through multiple mechanisms, including competition, antagonism, and induction of plant resistance, it significantly inhibits the occurrence and spread of diseases such as leaf spot and rust, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and ensuring healthy crop growth and agricultural product safety.

[0030] 4. This invention provides detailed and quantifiable specifications for key parameters such as row spacing, furrow depth, fertilizer application rate, and spraying time, forming a standardized operating procedure. Simultaneously, the unified adoption of furrow fertilization followed by planting concentrates the application of base fertilizer and seed fertilizer, improving fertilizer utilization and facilitating subsequent field management (such as weeding), thus promoting the large-scale application of this high-yield and high-efficiency model. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating monoculture of corn.

[0032] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating cassava cultivation alone.

[0033] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating wide-row intercropping (single-sided intercropping) of cassava and corn.

[0034] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating the simultaneous wide-row and narrow-row intercropping of cassava and corn (bilateral intercropping).

[0035] Figure 5 It is the land equivalent ratio between unilateral intercropping and bilateral intercropping.

[0036] Detailed Implementation

[0037] To better understand the technical content of this invention, specific embodiments are provided below to further illustrate the invention.

[0038] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the embodiments of this invention are all conventional methods.

[0039] Unless otherwise specified, all materials and reagents used in the embodiments of this invention are commercially available.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] A method for intercropping cassava with corn in wide and narrow rows is provided. The cassava is planted in a wide and narrow row pattern, with a row spacing of 110cm for the wide rows and 70cm for the narrow rows, and a plant spacing of 70cm. Corn is planted in both the wide and narrow rows of cassava at the same time, with a plant spacing of 45cm. Specifically, two rows of corn are intercropped in the wide rows of cassava and one row of corn is intercropped in the narrow rows of cassava. The spacing between adjacent cassava and corn plants in the intercropping treatment is 35cm. Pre-treatment is carried out on both cassava and corn plants before planting.

[0042] The above-mentioned method for planting cassava as corn using a wide and narrow row spacing specifically includes the following steps:

[0043] S1. Site selection and land preparation: Select a plot of land with loose, deep, well-drained soil and a pH of 4.5. Before planting, the land should be deeply plowed twice to a depth of 25cm. Then harrow the land to make the soil fine and level, and dig drainage ditches around the perimeter.

[0044] S2. Apply base fertilizer: Apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, according to the following application rates: 20t / hm² of well-rotted organic fertilizer 2 Nitrogen fertilizer 60Kg N / hm 2 40 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5 / hm) 2 Potassium fertilizer 40 kg K2O / hm 2 After mixing the above fertilizers evenly, spread them evenly on the ground surface, and then rake the ground to mix the fertilizers with the topsoil.

[0045] S3. Planning Unit: The fertilized land is planned in a unit consisting of one wide row and one narrow row. The row spacing of the wide row is 110cm and the row spacing of the narrow row is 70cm. The wide and narrow row units are planned repeatedly.

[0046] S4. Trench Planting: In mid-to-late March, dig two corn planting trenches at equal intervals in the middle of the wide rows and one corn planting trench in the middle of the narrow rows. The depth of the corn planting trenches should be 10cm. Fertilize the corn planting trenches at a rate of 90kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the corn planting furrow is 50 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 10Kg P2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 30 kg K2O / hm 2After fertilizing, cover with 5cm of soil and plant the pretreated corn seeds in the corn planting furrows, sowing 2 seeds per hole and covering with soil. The corn seeds are pretreated as follows: Select plump, uniform-sized, and pest-free sweet and waxy corn seeds, immerse them in warm water at 35℃, add 1% of the warm water to a 1wt% sodium hypochlorite solution, soak for 8 hours, after soaking, remove the corn seeds, wrap them in gauze, and place them in a 28℃ incubator for 36 hours.

[0047] Mark the locations of the cassava planting trenches after planting corn. 14 days later, dig cassava planting trenches 20cm deep along the sides of both wide and narrow rows, and apply fertilizer at a rate of 140kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the cassava planting trench is 30 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 30Kg P2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 80 kg K2O / hm 2 After fertilizing, cover with 12cm of soil. Plant the pre-treated cassava stems, arranging them in the cassava planting trench with uniform bud direction, and cover with soil. The cassava stems are pre-treated as follows: Select healthy stem segments without disease spots and with 3 buds, soak them in a 200-fold dilution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 5 minutes for disinfection, then remove and air dry. The cassava stems must be of an upright, non-branching variety, 13cm long, and have healthy buds.

[0048] S5. Field management: After corn seedlings emerge, thin them out, leaving one seedling per hole; 58 days after cassava planting, thin them out, leaving two main stems per plant.

[0049] S6. Canopy Probiotic Powder Spraying: Apply probiotic powder to the canopy 33 days and 65 days after corn planting, in the early morning when there is no wind; the application rate of probiotic powder is 1.5 kg / hm². 2 The probiotic powder is composed of Trichoderma harzianum spore powder, Bacillus subtilis spore powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore powder, Pseudomonas fluorescens freeze-dried powder, diatomaceous earth, humic acid powder, and gum arabic in a mass ratio of 14:14:7:4.5:45:3:2.5. Before spraying, the probiotic powder is activated with a 1% concentration of brown sugar water for 30 minutes. The ratio of probiotic powder to brown sugar water is 1:10, and the unit for the ratio is g / mL.

[0050] S7. Topdressing: Apply topdressing fertilizer to cassava after corn harvest, using 20 kg / hm² of nitrogen fertilizer. 2 Potassium fertilizer 60 kg / hm 2 .

[0051] S8. Corn stems and leaves returned to the field: After cassava topdressing, the remaining stems and leaves after corn harvest are crushed to 3cm and evenly spread on the surface of the planting area.

[0052] S9. Harvest: Corn is harvested 83 days after planting, and cassava is harvested 240 days after planting.

[0053] Example 2

[0054] A method for intercropping cassava with corn in wide and narrow rows is provided. The cassava is planted in a wide and narrow row pattern, with a row spacing of 120cm for the wide rows and 80cm for the narrow rows, and a plant spacing of 80cm. Corn is intercropped in both the wide and narrow rows of cassava at the same time, with a plant spacing of 50cm. Specifically, two rows of corn are intercropped in the wide rows of cassava and one row of corn is intercropped in the narrow rows of cassava. The spacing between adjacent cassava and corn plants in the intercropping treatment is 40cm. Pre-treatment is carried out on both cassava and corn before planting.

[0055] The above-mentioned method for planting cassava as corn using a wide and narrow row spacing specifically includes the following steps:

[0056] S1. Site selection and land preparation: Select a plot of land with loose, deep, well-drained soil and a pH of 4.7. Before planting, the land is deep-plowed twice to a depth of 28cm, and then the land is harrowed to make the soil fine and level. Drainage ditches are dug around the site.

[0057] S2. Apply base fertilizer: Apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, according to the following application rates: 25 t / hm of well-rotted organic fertilizer 2 Nitrogen fertilizer 70Kg N / hm 2 Phosphate fertilizer 45KgP2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 40 kg K2O / hm 2 After mixing the above fertilizers evenly, spread them evenly on the ground surface, and then rake the ground to mix the fertilizers with the topsoil.

[0058] S3. Planning Unit: The fertilized land is planned in a unit consisting of one wide row and one narrow row. The row spacing of the wide row is 120cm and the row spacing of the narrow row is 80cm. The wide and narrow row units are planned repeatedly.

[0059] S4. Trench Planting: In mid-to-late March, dig two corn planting trenches at equal intervals in the middle of the wide rows and one corn planting trench in the middle of the narrow rows. The depth of the corn planting trenches should be 12cm. Fertilize the corn planting trenches at a rate of 92kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the corn planting furrow is 50 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 12KgP2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 30KgK2O / hm 2After fertilizing, cover with 6cm of soil and plant the pretreated corn seeds in the corn planting furrows, sowing 2 seeds per hole and covering with soil. The corn seeds are pretreated as follows: Select plump, uniform-sized, and pest-free sweet and waxy corn seeds, immerse them in warm water at 38℃, add 1% of the warm water to a 1wt% sodium hypochlorite solution, soak for 7 hours, after which remove the corn seeds, wrap them in gauze, and place them in a 32℃ incubator for 30 hours.

[0060] Mark the locations of the cassava planting trenches after planting corn. Fifteen days later, dig cassava planting trenches 25cm deep along the sides of both wide and narrow rows. Apply fertilizer at a rate of 143kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the cassava planting trench is 30 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 33Kg P2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 80 kg K2O / hm 2 After fertilizing, cover with 15cm of soil and plant the pre-treated cassava. Plant the cassava stems in the planting trench with all buds facing the same direction and cover with soil. Pre-treat the cassava stems as follows: Select healthy stem segments without disease spots and with 4 buds, soak them in a 250-fold dilution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 8 minutes, then remove and air dry. The cassava stems should be of an upright, non-branching variety, 15cm long, and with healthy buds.

[0061] S5. Field management: After corn seedlings emerge, thin them out, leaving one seedling per hole; 60 days after cassava planting, thin them out, leaving two main stems per plant.

[0062] S6. Canopy Probiotic Powder Spraying: Apply probiotic powder to the canopy 35 days and 68 days after corn planting, in the evening when there is no wind; the application rate of probiotic powder is 1.8 kg / hm². 2 The probiotic powder is composed of Trichoderma harzianum spore powder, Bacillus subtilis spore powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore powder, Pseudomonas fluorescens freeze-dried powder, diatomaceous earth, humic acid powder, and gum arabic in a mass ratio of 15:15:8:5.0:50:4:3.0. Before spraying, the probiotic powder is activated with a 1.2% concentration of brown sugar water for 22 minutes. The ratio of probiotic powder to brown sugar water is 1:12, and the unit for the ratio is g / mL.

[0063] S7. Topdressing: Apply topdressing fertilizer to cassava after corn harvest, using 20 kg / hm² of nitrogen fertilizer. 2 Potassium fertilizer 60 kg / hm 2 .

[0064] S8. Corn stems and leaves returned to the field: After cassava topdressing, crush the remaining stems and leaves of corn after harvest to 5cm and spread them evenly on the surface of the planting area.

[0065] S9. Harvest: Harvest corn 85 days after planting and cassava 250 days after planting.

[0066] Example 3

[0067] A method for intercropping cassava with corn in wide and narrow rows is disclosed. The cassava is planted in a wide and narrow row pattern, with a row spacing of 130cm for the wide rows and 85cm for the narrow rows, and a plant spacing of 90cm. Corn is intercropped in both the wide and narrow rows of cassava at the same time, with a plant spacing of 55cm. Specifically, two rows of corn are intercropped in the wide rows of cassava and one row of corn is intercropped in the narrow rows of cassava. The spacing between adjacent cassava and corn plants in the intercropping treatment is 42.5cm. Pre-treatment is carried out on both cassava and corn plants before planting.

[0068] The above-mentioned method for planting cassava as corn using a wide and narrow row spacing specifically includes the following steps:

[0069] S1. Site selection and land preparation: Select a plot of land with loose, deep, well-drained soil and a pH of 7.0. Before planting, the land should be deeply plowed twice to a depth of 30cm. Then harrow the land to make the soil fine and level, and dig drainage ditches around the perimeter.

[0070] S2. Apply base fertilizer: Apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, according to the following application rates: 30t / hm of well-rotted organic fertilizer 2 Nitrogen fertilizer 80Kg N / hm 2 Phosphate fertilizer 50KgP2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 60KgK2O / hm 2 After mixing the above fertilizers evenly, spread them evenly on the ground surface, and then rake the ground to mix the fertilizers with the topsoil.

[0071] S3. Planning Unit: The fertilized land is planned in a unit consisting of one wide row and one narrow row. The row spacing of the wide row is 130cm and the row spacing of the narrow row is 85cm. The wide and narrow row units are planned repeatedly.

[0072] S4. Trench Planting: In mid-to-late March, dig two corn planting trenches at equal intervals in the middle of the wide rows and one corn planting trench in the middle of the narrow rows. The depth of the corn planting trenches should be 15cm. Apply fertilizer at a rate of 135kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the corn planting furrow is 70 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 15Kg P2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 50 kg K2O / hm 2After fertilizing, cover with 7cm of soil and plant the pretreated corn seeds in the corn planting furrows, sowing 3 seeds per hole and covering with soil. The corn seeds are pretreated as follows: Select plump, uniform-sized, and pest-free sweet and waxy corn seeds, immerse them in warm water at 40℃, add 1% of the warm water to a 1wt% sodium hypochlorite solution, soak for 6 hours, after which remove the corn seeds, wrap them in gauze, and place them in a 36℃ incubator for 24 hours.

[0073] Mark the locations of the cassava planting trenches after planting corn. Sixteen days later, dig cassava planting trenches 30cm deep along the sides of both wide and narrow rows, and apply fertilizer at a rate of 175kg / hm². 2 The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the cassava planting trench is 40 kg N / hm. 2 Phosphate fertilizer 35KgP2O5 / hm 2 Potassium fertilizer 100KgK2O / hm 2 After fertilizing, cover with 17cm of soil and plant the pre-treated cassava. Plant the cassava stems in the planting trench with all buds facing the same direction and cover with soil. The cassava stems are pre-treated as follows: select healthy stem segments without disease spots and with 5 buds, soak them in a 600-fold dilution of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 10 minutes for disinfection, then remove and air dry. The cassava stems must be of an upright, non-branching variety, 17cm long, and have healthy buds.

[0074] S5. Field management: After corn seedlings emerge, thin them out, leaving one seedling per hole; 62 days after cassava planting, thin them out, leaving two main stems per plant.

[0075] S6. Canopy Probiotic Powder Spraying: Apply probiotic powder to the canopy 36 days and 70 days after corn planting, spraying in the early morning when there is a light breeze; the application rate of probiotic powder is 2.0 kg / hm². 2 The probiotic powder is composed of Trichoderma harzianum spore powder, Bacillus subtilis spore powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore powder, Pseudomonas fluorescens freeze-dried powder, diatomaceous earth, humic acid powder, and gum arabic in a mass ratio of 16:16:9:5.5:55:5:3.5. Before spraying, the probiotic powder is activated for 15 minutes with a 1.5% concentration of brown sugar water. The ratio of probiotic powder to brown sugar water is 1:15, and the unit for the ratio is g / mL.

[0076] S7. Topdressing: Apply topdressing fertilizer to cassava after corn harvest, using 25 kg / hm² of nitrogen fertilizer. 2 Potassium fertilizer 70 kg / hm 2 .

[0077] S8. Corn stems and leaves returned to the field: After cassava topdressing, crush the remaining stems and leaves of corn after harvest to 6cm and spread them evenly on the surface of the planting area.

[0078] S9. Harvest: Corn is harvested 87 days after planting, and cassava is harvested 270 days after planting.

[0079] Comparative Example 1

[0080] The difference between this comparative example and Example 2 is that only corn was grown.

[0081] Comparative Example 2

[0082] Compared with Example 2, the difference in this comparative example is that cassava is planted alone, and cassava is planted in wide and narrow rows.

[0083] Comparative Example 3

[0084] Compared with Example 2, the difference in this comparative example is that cassava is planted in wide and narrow rows, but corn is only planted between the wide rows.

[0085] 1. Field Trial 1

[0086] 1.1 Overview of the Experimental Area

[0087] The experiment was conducted from March to December 2025 at the Hongxing Base of the National Cassava Germplasm Resource Nursery in Danzhou City, Institute of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The physicochemical properties of the topsoil in the 0-20cm layer of the experimental site were as follows: pH 4.72, organic matter 20.56 g / kg, total nitrogen 0.83 g / kg, total phosphorus 0.83 g / kg, available nitrogen 81.20 mg / kg, available phosphorus 3.00 mg / kg, and available potassium 48.30 mg / kg.

[0088] 1.2 Experimental Design

[0089] The domestically grown, upright, non-branching cassava variety SC15 and the locally cultivated sweet and waxy corn variety National Approval No. 2020528 were selected. Four treatments were established: Comparative Example 1 (T1), Comparative Example 2 (T2), Comparative Example 3 (T3), and Example 2 (T4), arranged in a randomized block design with each treatment replicated three times. Both monoculture and intercropping of cassava were carried out using a wide-narrow row planting pattern. Planting was conducted according to the methods used in Comparative Examples 1-3 and Example 2, respectively.

[0090] After calibration on March 28, 2025, corn was planted first, and the positions of the cassava rows were marked and reserved. Six rows of cassava were planted in each plot (3 narrow rows + 3 wide rows), with 8 plants in each row; 0.5 m drainage ditches were dug between plots and around the experimental field.

[0091] 1.3 Measurement Items

[0092] Plant height and stem diameter of cassava and maize were investigated at 65 days (50 days after cassava planting), 85 days (maize harvest, 70 days after cassava planting), and 90, 140, 190, and 250 days (cassava harvest) after cassava planting. Maize and cassava samples were collected at the maize and cassava harvest periods, and plant biomass was measured. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of maize were analyzed. Starch content in fresh cassava was determined using a fresh cassava starch analyzer manufactured in Thailand. Nutrient accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in maize, cassava starch yield, and land equivalent ratio were calculated. Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of maize and cassava were collected from each plot at 85 days (maize harvest, 70 days after cassava planting) and 140 days after cassava planting for analysis of soil physicochemical properties.

[0093] 1.4 Results and Analysis

[0094] 1.4.1 Effects on agronomic traits of cassava and maize

[0095] Table 1. Agronomic traits of maize under different planting patterns

[0096]

[0097] Table 2. Agronomic traits of cassava under different planting patterns

[0098]

[0099] Under different planting patterns, there was no significant difference in maize plant height at 65 and 85 days; there was no significant difference in maize stem diameter at 65 days, but at 85 days, T3 was significantly lower than T4. In the early growth stages of cassava (50 and 70 days), the plant height of T4 was significantly higher than that of T2; in the middle and late growth stages (140-250 days), the plant height of T2 was significantly higher than that of T4, and T3 was slightly higher than T4; the stem diameter of T2 was significantly higher than both T3 and T4.

[0100] 1.4.2 Impact on maize biomass

[0101] Table 3. Maize biomass under different cropping patterns

[0102]

[0103] The fresh and dry weights of ears, stems, leaves, and aboveground parts of monoculture maize were significantly higher than those of intercropping treatments. The biomass of ears and aboveground parts of maize in treatment T3 was the lowest. Among the different intercropping treatments, the biomass of ears and aboveground parts of maize in treatment T4 was significantly higher than that in treatment T3. The fresh weight of ears and aboveground parts increased by 54.78% and 16.72%, respectively, and the dry weight increased by 51.01% and 19.01%, respectively, reaching 63.87% and 62.88% of the fresh weight of ears and aboveground parts of T1, and 62.34% and 60.17% of the dry weight of T1, respectively.

[0104] 1.4.3 Effects on nutrient content and accumulation in maize

[0105] Table 4. Nutrient content and nutrient accumulation of maize under different planting patterns.

[0106]

[0107] Among the treatments, except for the T3 treatment where the N content in maize kernels was significantly higher than other treatments, there were no significant differences in the N, P, and K nutrient contents among different parts. The N and P contents among different parts were in the order of kernels > stems and leaves > cob, while the K contents were in the order of stems and leaves > kernels > cob. Nutrient accumulation in all parts and the whole plant was significantly higher in the T1 treatment than in the T3 and T4 treatments. Specifically, the overall N, P, and K accumulation in the aboveground parts of the T4 treatment reached 39.30 kg / hm², 5.19 kg / hm², and 38.98 kg / hm², respectively. Although significantly lower than T1, these were still 62.87%, 55.20%, and 64.20% of T1's, respectively, and 17.26%, 11.91%, and 4.05% higher than T3, respectively. The N, P, and K accumulation in all parts was in the order of stems and leaves > kernels > cob.

[0108] 1.4.4 Effects on fresh cassava yield and starch yield

[0109] Table 5. Fresh cassava yield and starch yield under different planting patterns

[0110]

[0111] There were no significant differences in fresh cassava yield and starch yield among the different treatments.

[0112] 1.4.5 Impact on Land Equivalent Ratio

[0113] The land equivalent ratios for T3 and T4 were 1.41 and 1.66, respectively, with T4 being significantly higher than T3.

[0114] 1.4.6 Effects on soil physicochemical properties

[0115] Table 6 Soil physicochemical properties under different planting patterns

[0116]

[0117] Analysis of the physicochemical properties of maize rhizosphere soil showed that, 70 days after cassava planting (co-existence period), the total phosphorus, total potassium, and available potassium contents of treatment T4 were 0.19 g / kg, 24.28 g / kg, and 50.00 mg / kg, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of treatments T1 (0.22 g / kg, 26.39 g / kg, and 64.50 mg / kg) and T3 (0.22 g / kg, 28.29 g / kg, and 62.70 mg / kg). Compared with T1, intercropping increased the available phosphorus content in maize rhizosphere soil, with the available phosphorus content of T3 (5.17 mg / kg) being significantly higher than that of T1 (3.94 mg / kg) and T4 (4.54 mg / kg).

[0118] Analysis of the soil physicochemical properties of cassava rhizosphere showed that, 70 days after planting (symbiotic period), the soil pH of treatments T3 and T4 (4.76 and 4.67, respectively) was significantly higher than that of treatment T2 (4.54), while there were no significant differences among treatments at 140 days post-planting. At 70 and 140 days post-planting, the total potassium content of treatments T3 and T4 was significantly higher than that of treatment T2; while the available potassium content of treatments T3 and T4 was significantly lower than that of treatment T2.

[0119] Analysis of the physicochemical properties of non-rhizosphere soil revealed that, at 70 and 140 days after cassava planting, the pH of treatment T2 was significantly lower than that of treatments T3 and T4. The total phosphorus content of treatment T3 (0.22 g / kg) was significantly higher than that of other treatments, but the trend reversed at 140 days, with total phosphorus in treatment T3 significantly lower than that in other treatments. At 70 days, the total potassium content of treatments T3 and T4 was higher than that of treatments T1 and T2, with the total potassium content of treatment T2 (25.57 g / kg) being significantly lower than that of treatment T3 (27.75 g / kg). The available phosphorus (5.04 mg / kg) and available potassium (75.73 mg / kg) of treatment T2 were significantly higher than those of treatments T3 (4.13 mg / kg, 63.43 mg / kg) and T4 (4.30 mg / kg, 43.57 mg / kg). 140 days after cassava planting, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and available nitrogen in treatment T4 (23.85 g / kg, 0.91 g / kg, 0.24 g / kg, 30.79 g / kg, and 75.37 mg / kg, respectively) were significantly higher than those in treatment T3.

[0120] In summary, the intercropping of cassava with maize in wide-narrow row double-sided rows (T4) significantly increased maize ear yield, aboveground biomass, and nutrient accumulation compared to wide-row single-sided intercropping (T3). Specifically, the fresh yield of maize ears and the fresh aboveground biomass reached 63.87% and 62.88% of those of monoculture maize, respectively. Compared to monoculture cassava, there were no significant differences in fresh cassava yield and starch yield among the different intercropping patterns. Compared to monoculture maize and monoculture cassava, all intercropping patterns significantly increased the land equivalent ratio, demonstrating clear advantages. The wide-narrow row double-sided intercropping of cassava with maize (T4) had the highest land equivalent ratio, significantly higher than that of wide-row single-sided intercropping (T3), indicating that T4's intercropping advantage was superior to T3. Therefore, the wide-narrow row double-sided intercropping of cassava with maize (T4) is superior in increasing intercropping system yield, land use efficiency, and promoting complementary resource utilization.

[0121] Cassava / maize intercropping increases the content of available phosphorus in the rhizosphere of maize, the pH and total potassium in the rhizosphere of cassava, as well as the pH and total potassium in the non-rhizosphere during the symbiotic period (maize harvest). After maize harvest, bilateral intercropping increases the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and available nitrogen in the non-rhizosphere soil.

[0122] Comparative Example 4

[0123] The difference between this comparative example and Example 2 is that step S6 is not performed, i.e., the probiotic powder is not sprayed onto the canopy.

[0124] 2. Field Trial 2

[0125] The experiment was conducted from March to December 2025 at the Hongxing Base of the National Cassava Germplasm Resource Nursery in Danzhou City, Institute of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The experiment used the superior domestic upright, non-branching cassava variety SC15 and the locally cultivated sweet and waxy corn variety, Guoshenyu 2020528. Two groups were set up: Example 2 and Comparative Example 4, arranged in a randomized block design, with each group replicated three times. Planting was carried out according to the methods described in Example 2 and Comparative Example 4, respectively. After calibration on March 28, 2025, corn was planted first, and the positions for cassava rows were marked and reserved. Six rows of cassava were planted in each plot (3 narrow rows + 3 wide rows), with 8 plants per row; 0.5 m drainage ditches were dug between plots and around the perimeter of the experimental field. Disease incidence was investigated 42 days and 75 days after corn planting. A five-point sampling method was used, with 9 corn plants and 4 cassava plants randomly selected at each point for investigation. The 3rd to 5th fully expanded functional leaves from the top were uniformly investigated. Leaf spot disease of cassava and corn was evaluated according to the following criteria:

[0126] Grade 0: No lesions;

[0127] Grade 1: Lesions cover less than 5% of the leaf area;

[0128] Grade 2: Lesions cover 5%-25% of the leaf area;

[0129] Grade 3: Lesions cover 26%-50% of the leaf area;

[0130] Level 4: The area of ​​lesions covers more than 50% of the leaf area.

[0131] Meanwhile, corn rust should be assessed according to the following criteria:

[0132] Level 0: No uredinia;

[0133] Grade 1: Scattered uredinia, covering less than 5% of leaf area;

[0134] Grade 2: Uredinium covers 5%-15% of leaf area;

[0135] Grade 3: Uredinium covers 16%-40% of leaf area;

[0136] Level 4: Uredinium covers more than 40% of the leaf area.

[0137] Record the disease severity of each leaf under investigation, and calculate the disease rate and disease index. The average of the disease rate and disease index results is recorded in Table 7.

[0138] Disease incidence rate (%) = (Number of diseased leaves / Total number of leaves surveyed) × 100%

[0139] Disease Index (DI) = [Σ(Number of diseased leaves × Relative grade value) / (Total number of leaves surveyed × Highest disease grade value)] × 100

[0140] Table 7 Diseased Leaf Prevalence and Disease Index

[0141]

[0142] The disease rate and disease index of the embodiment group of this invention were significantly lower than those of Comparative Example 4, indicating that the compound probiotic powder sprayed on the canopy of this invention effectively inhibited the occurrence and development of diseases. This invention achieves continuous protection by successfully establishing a protective layer on the leaves through spraying the compound probiotic powder on the canopy. Later, the disease in Comparative Example 4 worsened rapidly, while the disease progression in Example 2 was relatively slow, highlighting the stabilizing effect of probiotics under adverse conditions. After germination, the probiotic spores of this invention rapidly colonize the leaf surface and wounds, seizing the living space and nutrients needed by pathogens and forming a physical barrier. Furthermore, the antibacterial substances secreted during the metabolism of probiotics (such as trichomoniasis, surfactants, and iturobrine) can directly inhibit or dissolve the hyphae and spores of pathogens, or interfere with their normal physiological activities. Furthermore, probiotics and their metabolites can act as elicitors, activating defense signaling pathways such as jasmonic acid and ethylene in cassava and maize, putting the plants in an "early warning" state, strengthening cell walls, and producing more antibacterial substances, thereby more effectively resisting subsequent pathogen infection. Therefore, in high-density cassava / maize intercropping systems, regular canopy spraying of compound probiotic powder is a key and effective innovative measure. It constructs a living "green protective shield" through biological means, significantly reducing the leaf disease pressure exacerbated by field closure and increased humidity, laying an important foundation for maintaining plant health and stable yield while pursuing high yields.

[0143] Comparative Example 5

[0144] Compared with Example 2, the difference in this comparative example is that in step S4, the planting trenches for cassava and corn are at the same depth, which is 25cm.

[0145] 3. Field Trials

[0146] The experiment was conducted from March to December 2025 at the Hongxing Base of the National Cassava Germplasm Resource Nursery in Danzhou City, Institute of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The experiment used the superior domestic upright, non-branching cassava variety SC15 and the locally cultivated sweet and waxy corn variety, Guoshenyu 2020528. Two groups were set up: Example 2 and Comparative Example 5, arranged in a randomized block design, with each group replicated three times. Planting methods were followed for Example 2 and Comparative Example 5, respectively. After calibration on March 28, 2025, corn was planted first, and the positions for cassava rows were marked and reserved. Six rows of cassava were planted in each plot (3 narrow rows + 3 wide rows), with 8 plants per row. 0.5 m drainage ditches were dug between plots and around the perimeter of the experimental field. After the corn and cassava harvests, the yields of fresh corn and cassava tubers were recorded, and the yield per mu (unit of land area) was calculated. The average value was recorded in Table 8. Subsequently, five fresh cassava tubers were randomly selected and their starch content was measured using a fresh cassava starch analyzer produced in Thailand. The starch yield was then calculated, and the average value was recorded in Table 8.

[0147] Table 8. Effects of stratified fertilization on maize ear yield, cassava tuber yield, and starch yield.

[0148]

[0149] As can be seen from Table 8, this invention effectively coordinates the competitive relationship between cassava and corn by optimizing the spatial location of nutrients, ultimately achieving high yields of both corn and cassava, and significantly increasing the starch yield of cassava.

[0150] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of intercropping cassava with maize, characterized by, The cassava is planted in wide and narrow rows, the wide row has a row spacing of 110-130 cm, the narrow row has a row spacing of 70-85 cm, and the plant spacing is 70-90 cm; corn is planted in the wide row and the narrow row of the cassava at the same time, and the plant spacing is 45-55 cm, wherein two rows of corn are planted in the wide row of the cassava, and one row of corn is planted in the narrow row of the cassava; the spacing between the adjacent cassava and corn in the interplanting treatment is 35-45 cm, and the cassava and the corn are pretreated respectively before planting.

2. The method of intercropping maize with cassava according to claim 1, wherein, The method comprises the following steps: S1. Selecting and preparing the land: select a land with loose and deep soil, convenient drainage, and pH of 4.5-7.0, plough the land twice before planting, then harrow the land to make the soil fine and flat, and dig drainage ditches around the land; S2. Applying base fertilizer: apply rotten organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, mix the above-mentioned fertilizers, and then evenly spread them on the ground, and immediately harrow the land to mix the fertilizers with the surface soil; S3. Planning the unit: plan the land after fertilization to take one wide row and one narrow row as one unit, and repeat the planning of the wide and narrow row unit; S4. Digging and planting: in the middle ten days of March, dig two corn planting trenches in the middle of the wide row at equal intervals, dig one corn planting trench in the middle of the narrow row, apply fertilizer, cover the soil after applying the fertilizer, then plant the pretreated corn seeds in the corn planting trenches, 2-3 seeds per hole, and cover the soil; mark the positions of the cassava planting trenches after planting the corn, dig the cassava planting trenches at the marked positions of the wide row and the narrow row after 14-16 days, apply fertilizer, cover the soil after applying the fertilizer, and plant the pretreated cassava stems in the cassava planting trenches with the uniform bud direction, and cover the soil; S5. Field management: thin the corn seedlings after the corn seedlings emerge, and leave one seedling per hole; thin the cassava stems 58-62 days after planting the cassava, and leave two main stems per cassava; S6. Spraying the probiotic powder on the canopy: spray the probiotic powder on the canopy 33-36 days and 65-70 days after planting the corn, and spray in the morning or evening when there is no wind or light wind; S7. Topdressing: topdress the cassava after harvesting the corn; S8. Returning the corn stems and leaves to the field: after topdressing the cassava, pulverize the corn stems and leaves left after harvesting the corn, and evenly spread them on the surface of the planting area; S9. Harvesting: harvest the corn 83-87 days after planting the corn, and harvest the cassava 240-270 days after planting the cassava.

3. A method of intercropping maize with cassava as claimed in claim 2, wherein, The deep plowing depth of S1 is 25-30 cm, the composted organic fertilizer application amount of S2 is 20-30 t / hm 2 , the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 60-80 Kg N / hm 2 , the phosphorus fertilizer application amount is 40-50 Kg P2O5 / hm 2 , the potassium fertilizer application amount is 40-60 Kg K2O / hm 2 , the cassava planting ditch depth of S4 is 20-30 cm, the cassava planting ditch application amount is 140-175 Kg / hm 2 , the soil covering depth after fertilization is 12-17 cm, the corn planting ditch depth is 10-15 cm, and the corn planting ditch application amount is 90-135 Kg / hm 2 , the soil covering depth after fertilization is 5-7 cm.

4. The method of intercropping maize with cassava according to claim 3, wherein, Cassava planting furrow applied fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer 30-40 Kg N / hm 2 , phosphorus fertilizer 30-35 Kg P2O5 / hm 2 , potassium fertilizer 80-100 Kg K2O / hm 2 , corn planting furrow applied fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer 50-70 Kg N / hm 2 , phosphorus fertilizer 10-15 Kg P2O5 / hm 2 , potassium fertilizer 30-50 Kg K2O / hm 2 .

5. The method of intercropping maize with cassava according to claim 2, wherein, The corn seeds in S4 are pretreated in the following manner: select sweet and waxy corn seeds with full grains, uniform size, and no insect pests, immerse the corn seeds in warm water with a temperature of 35-40℃, add a sodium hypochlorite solution with a concentration of 1wt% to the warm water at a concentration of 1% of the mass of the warm water, soak the corn seeds for 6-8 hours, take out the corn seeds after soaking, wrap the corn seeds with gauze, and place the corn seeds in a incubator with a temperature of 28-36℃ for 24-36 hours.

6. A method of intercropping maize with cassava as claimed in claim 2, wherein, The cassava stems in S4 are pretreated in the following manner: select healthy stems with 3-5 bud eyes and no disease spots, immerse the stems in a 50% carbendazim wettable powder with a concentration of 200-300 times or a 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder with a concentration of 500-600 times for 5-10 minutes, take out the stems, and dry the stems.

7. A method of intercropping maize with cassava as claimed in claim 6, wherein, The cassava stems are upright and non-forked, the length of the cassava stems is 13-17 cm, and the bud eyes of the cassava stems are healthy.

8. The method of intercropping maize with cassava according to claim 1, wherein, The spraying amount of the probiotic powder in S6 is 1.5-2.0 Kg / hm 2 The probiotic powder is composed of Trichoderma harzianum spore powder, Bacillus subtilis spore powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore powder, Pseudomonas fluorescens freeze-dried powder, diatomite, humic acid powder and gum arabic with a mass ratio of (14-16):(14-16):(7-9):(4.5-5.5):(45-55):(3-5):(2.5-3.5).

9. A method of intercropping maize with cassava as claimed in claim 8, wherein, The probiotic powder is activated with brown sugar water with a concentration of 1-1.5% for 15-30 minutes before spraying, and the probiotic powder and brown sugar water have a ratio of 1:10-15, and the ratio unit is g / mL.

10. The method of intercropping maize with cassava according to claim 2, wherein, The S7 cassava topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 20-30Kg N / hm 2 , potassium fertilizer 60-80Kg K2O / hm 2 , the S8 corn stem leaf is crushed to 3-6cm.

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