Antenna, antenna array, base station antenna, antenna module, antenna system and base station

Abstract

The invention provides an antenna, an antenna array, a base station antenna, an antenna module, an antenna system and a base station, a radiation layer of the antenna is provided with a radiation cavity, the radiation cavity comprises a first cavity, a second cavity and a third cavity which are sequentially arranged and communicated, and the second cavity and the first cavity are partially or completely stacked and communicated. And the second cavity and the third cavity are partially or completely stacked and communicated. Moreover, the length directions of the first cavity and the third cavity are perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer, and the length direction of the third cavity inclines by a first angle relative to the length direction of the first cavity. Wherein the opening of one side of the third cavity far away from the second cavity is located on the second surface of the radiation layer, and the opening of one side of the first cavity far away from the second cavity is located on the first surface of the radiation layer and is used for being coupled with a feed structure so as to excite the radiation cavity to radiate electromagnetic waves through the feed structure. The antenna provided by the embodiment of the invention has the functions of low loss, broadband, efficient transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beam forming, dual polarization and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to an antenna, antenna array, base station antenna, antenna module, antenna system and base station. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems and radar systems transmit and receive signals through antennas. Key antenna specifications include bandwidth, gain, beamwidth, feeder loss, and polarization. Higher antenna gain or lower feeder loss generally indicates a wider communication coverage area or a longer radar detection range.

[0003] With the enrichment and expansion of communication scenarios and the continuous innovation of antenna technology, the emergence of the millimeter-wave band has elevated communication speeds to new heights. Millimeter-wave communication commonly employs planar printed antennas and waveguide antennas. While planar printed antennas have mature manufacturing processes, they rely on feed lines for signal transmission. In the millimeter-wave band, feed line losses are high, resulting in low antenna efficiency, and the loss increases with higher operating frequencies, making it difficult to support high-frequency communication. Waveguide antennas, on the other hand, use waveguide structures for signal transmission. A waveguide structure is a hollow cavity structure enclosed by metal walls, containing no dielectric material (the dielectric material inside the waveguide structure is air, which can be approximated as having no dielectric due to its low dielectric constant). Compared to traditional planar printed antennas, waveguide antennas have lower feed line losses, supporting efficient transmission in the millimeter-wave band. Therefore, the application of waveguide antennas is becoming increasingly widespread.

[0004] Waveguide antennas are classified into substrate integrated waveguides (SIW), air waveguide antennas (or hollow waveguide antennas), and slotted waveguide antennas. SIW waveguides are formed by creating waveguide structures through metal vias on a printed circuit board, similar to microstrip lines in planar printed antennas, but with relatively high feed line losses. Slotted waveguide antennas have a narrow, elongated waveguide structure, requiring high manufacturing precision and having a narrow bandwidth. Air waveguide antennas, on the other hand, are waveguide structures formed from hollow metal, offering superior performance with significant advantages in low loss and high bandwidth. However, traditional air waveguide antennas are complex, involving multi-layered stacking, resulting in high design precision requirements and manufacturing costs.

[0005] On the other hand, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization are also important indicators for evaluating antenna performance. Horizontal scanning refers to the process by which an antenna scans its beam in the horizontal direction to achieve signal coverage or target detection in a specific area; it optimizes the antenna's horizontal signal coverage. Vertical beamforming adjusts the antenna's amplitude and phase to form a specific beam shape in the vertical direction, determining the antenna's vertical coverage. Dual polarization means that the antenna can simultaneously transmit and receive two mutually orthogonal polarized waves. Compared to single-polarized antennas, dual-polarized antennas can transmit two independent signals simultaneously at the same frequency, resulting in higher transmission efficiency. Furthermore, dual-polarized antennas can provide different signal coverage characteristics in different polarization directions, thus better adapting to complex wireless propagation environments. Planar printed antennas and substrate-integrated waveguide antennas can achieve dual polarization, but the resulting high feeder loss and narrow bandwidth are significant drawbacks. To achieve dual polarization, existing slot waveguide antennas and air waveguide antennas would inevitably occupy a large space, leading to an increase in the distance between radiating elements with the same polarization direction. This would affect the antenna's horizontal scanning and vertical beamforming capabilities, sacrificing signal coverage. Therefore, air waveguide antennas have not yet achieved wide bandwidth and wide angle dual polarization.

[0006] It is evident that existing antenna technologies cannot simultaneously achieve functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The antennas, antenna arrays, base station antennas, antenna modules, antenna systems, and base stations provided in this application's embodiments solve the problem that existing antennas cannot simultaneously achieve functions such as low-loss, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0008] A first aspect of this application provides an antenna including a radiating layer having a radiating cavity extending from a first surface to a second surface, the first surface and the second surface of the radiating layer being disposed opposite to each other, and the first surface, the second surface and the wall of the radiating cavity being conductive surfaces.

[0009] The radiation cavity includes a first cavity, a second cavity, and a third cavity that are sequentially arranged and communicate with each other along the thickness direction of the radiation layer. Along the thickness direction of the radiation layer, the second cavity is partially or completely stacked and communicates with the first cavity, and is also partially or completely stacked and communicates with the third cavity. Furthermore, the length directions of the first and third cavities are both perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer, and the length direction of the third cavity is inclined at a first angle relative to the length direction of the first cavity.

[0010] The opening of the third cavity on the side away from the second cavity is located on the second surface of the radiation layer, and the opening of the first cavity on the side away from the second cavity is located on the first surface of the radiation layer. It is used to couple with the feeding structure so as to excite the radiation cavity to radiate electromagnetic waves through the feeding structure.

[0011] In the antenna provided in this embodiment, the radiating layer can radiate electromagnetic signals. The first surface of the radiating layer is a feed surface, and the second surface is a radiating surface. The radiating cavity penetrates the entire radiating layer. Electromagnetic signals in the feed structure can be coupled from the feed surface into the radiating cavity, and then emitted from the radiating surface under the guidance of the radiating cavity. The walls of the radiating cavity are conductive, thereby forming an air waveguide structure, reducing feed line loss and improving transmission efficiency. Due to the use of the air waveguide structure, the bandwidth can be increased by increasing the width of the radiating cavity, thus optimizing the antenna's radiation effect.

[0012] The radiation cavity consists of three layers from the feed surface to the radiation surface: a first cavity, a second cavity, and a third cavity. The first cavity receives signals from the feed structure, the third cavity radiates signals outwards, and the second cavity, located between the first and third cavities, forms a torsion structure. Signals emitted from the first cavity are twisted in polarization within the second cavity before exiting from the third cavity. Specifically, "the second cavity is partially or completely stacked and connected to the first cavity, and partially or completely stacked and connected to the third cavity" can be understood as follows: the orthographic projection of the second cavity onto a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer at least partially coincides with the orthographic projections of the first and third cavities onto the same plane. Thus, signals within the first cavity can enter the second cavity from the region connected to it. Within the second cavity, the signal's polarization direction is changed by reflection from the conductive surface, and it then enters the third cavity from the region connecting the second and third cavities, finally exiting from the third cavity. The angle between the length directions of the first and third cavities (the first angle) is the angle at which the signal is twisted within the second cavity.

[0013] This structure allows for the arrangement of multiple radiating cavities on the radiating layer. By changing the first included angle, the polarization direction of the same feed signal is twisted to varying degrees, resulting in inconsistent signals emitted from different radiating cavities, thus achieving dual polarization (e.g., ±45° dual polarization). Directly using the radiating cavities as the twisting structure eliminates the need for additional twisting structures, achieving a high degree of antenna integration. Furthermore, the three cavities are arranged in layers along the thickness direction of the radiating layer. In a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiating layer, the radiating cavities occupy less space, allowing for a more compact arrangement within a given layout area. This reduces the distance between adjacent radiating cavities with the same polarization direction, ensuring the antenna's horizontal scanning and vertical beamforming capabilities.

[0014] As can be seen, the antenna provided in this application embodiment can take into account functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0015] In one possible implementation, portions of the first cavity and portions of the third cavity are stacked in the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

[0016] In one possible implementation, the projection formed by the orthographic projections of the first cavity and the third cavity onto the first plane completely coincides with the orthographic projection of the second cavity onto the first plane; the first plane is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

[0017] Using the above scheme, the shapes of the openings on both sides of the second cavity in the thickness direction of the radiation layer are matched with the shapes of the first cavity and the third cavity, respectively, which simplifies the torsion structure and facilitates production and processing.

[0018] In one possible implementation, the lengths of the first cavity and the third cavity are both 0.4λ-0.5λ, and the widths of the first cavity and the third cavity are both 0.25λ-0.3λ; where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0019] By adopting the above scheme, the size of the radiation cavity can be designed to be smaller while ensuring dual polarization, so that the radiation cavity can be arranged more closely and the area utilization rate can be improved.

[0020] In one possible implementation, each of the first and third cavities has a first side and a second side disposed opposite to each other along its width direction. One or both of the first and second side include a plane and a convex surface that is connected to and protrudes from the plane. The radiation layer has a protruding structure at the location of the convex surface. The plane is parallel to the length direction of the cavity in which it is located and the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

[0021] By adopting the above scheme, the physical lengths of the first and third cavities can be compressed while ensuring that the equivalent length (electrical length) remains unchanged.

[0022] In one possible implementation, each of the first and third cavities is U-shaped, I-shaped, or I-shaped.

[0023] In one possible implementation, the antenna further includes: a plurality of protrusions protruding from the second surface of the radiating layer, the outer surface of each protrusion being a conductive surface, the plurality of protrusions being arranged periodically at intervals on both sides of the opening of the third cavity along its width direction, and the opening of the third cavity having two protrusions located at both ends of the opening along its length direction on each side of its width direction.

[0024] Two bosses located at each end of the opening along its length are spaced apart relative to each other in the width direction of the opening and form a gap; wherein, in the length direction of the opening, the gap is entirely offset from the opening, or a portion of the gap overlaps with the opening and another portion is offset from the opening.

[0025] With the above scheme, the outer surface of the boss is a conductive surface that can generate induced current. Moreover, the area formed by the multiple bosses surrounding the opening of the third cavity is larger than the opening area of ​​the third cavity, which increases the equivalent radiation area of ​​the third cavity, improves the space utilization, thereby improving the aperture utilization of the antenna and thus improving the efficiency of the antenna.

[0026] In one possible implementation, multiple bosses are symmetrically arranged along the centerline of the width direction relative to the opening of the third cavity, and symmetrically arranged along the centerline of the length direction relative to the opening of the third cavity.

[0027] By adopting the above scheme, the protrusions outside the opening of the third cavity can be distributed more evenly, ensuring that the antenna pattern can meet the requirements.

[0028] In one possible implementation, the boss includes a first boss portion and a second boss portion that are connected together. The end of the first boss portion that is away from the second boss portion is connected to the second surface of the radiation layer. In the thickness direction of the radiation layer, the first boss portion covers the entire second boss portion and extends to the outer periphery of the second boss portion.

[0029] By adopting the above scheme and using a gradient structure, the bandwidth of the antenna's operating frequency band can be better extended.

[0030] In one possible implementation, the boss has a rectangular or circular cross-section, which is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer, making it easier to manufacture.

[0031] In one possible implementation, the height of the boss is less than or equal to 0.3λ; the length and width of the boss are both 0.2λ-0.28λ, or the diameter of the boss is 0.2λ-0.28λ; where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0032] By adopting the above scheme, the utilization rate of the antenna aperture can be improved.

[0033] In one possible implementation, the first angle is 40°-50°.

[0034] In one possible implementation, the first angle is 45°.

[0035] Using the above scheme, the polarization direction of the feed signal can be twisted by 45° to achieve ±45° dual polarization.

[0036] A second aspect of this application provides an antenna array including a radiating structure layer having a plurality of first antennas arranged in an array and a plurality of second antennas arranged in an array.

[0037] In this embodiment, each of the plurality of first antennas and the plurality of second antennas adopts the antenna provided by the first aspect and any implementation thereof, and the radiating layer of the antenna is formed by a radiating structure layer, wherein the radiating cavity of each first antenna is a first radiating cavity, the radiating cavity of each second antenna is a second radiating cavity, and the first radiating cavities of the plurality of first antennas and the second radiating cavities of the plurality of second antennas are distributed alternately.

[0038] Furthermore, the length direction of the first cavity of each first radiation cavity and the length direction of the first cavity of each second radiation cavity are parallel to the first direction. The direction in which the length direction of the third cavity in the first radiation cavity is inclined relative to the length direction of the first cavity is opposite to the direction in which the length direction of the third cavity in the second radiation cavity is inclined relative to the length direction of the first cavity. The first direction is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation structure layer.

[0039] The antenna array provided in this application embodiment can take into account functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0040] In one possible implementation, the first radiation cavity has multiple sets, each set including at least two first radiation cavities arranged sequentially along a first direction. The second radiation cavity has multiple sets, each set including at least two second radiation cavities arranged sequentially along the first direction.

[0041] In this configuration, multiple sets of first radiation cavities and multiple sets of second radiation cavities are arranged alternately along a second direction. Furthermore, in adjacent sets of first radiation cavities and sets of second radiation cavities, at least two first radiation cavities and at least two second radiation cavities are arranged alternately along the first direction. The second direction is perpendicular to the first direction and the thickness direction of the radiation structure layer.

[0042] Using the above scheme, the first and second radiation cavities are arranged in a staggered manner in a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation structure layer. This can make full use of the layout area of ​​the radiation structure layer and avoid coupling interference caused by the close proximity of adjacent radiation units.

[0043] In one possible implementation, in the second direction, the center distance between two adjacent first radiating cavities is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, and the center distance between two adjacent second radiating cavities is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2, where λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the operating frequency bands of the first and second antennas, respectively, and the operating frequency bands of the first and second antennas are the same.

[0044] The above scheme meets the requirements for horizontal scanning, and horizontal scanning can be achieved by adjusting the phase of the radio frequency signal using a phase shifter.

[0045] In one possible implementation, each antenna further includes, when there are multiple protrusions protruding from the second surface of the radiating layer, at least one protrusion is shared by two adjacent antennas.

[0046] By adopting the above scheme, the center distance between adjacent radiation cavities can be reduced.

[0047] A third aspect of this application provides a base station antenna, including the antenna array provided in the second aspect and any implementation thereof. The base station antenna provided in this application can simultaneously achieve functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0048] In one possible implementation, the base station antenna also includes an antenna radome, with the antenna array disposed within the radome.

[0049] Using the above scheme, the radome can not only protect the antenna array, but also allow different antennas in the antenna array to be installed together.

[0050] A fourth aspect of this application provides an antenna module, including a feeding structure layer and an antenna array provided by the second aspect and any implementation thereof. The feeding structure layer and the radiating structure layer of the antenna array are stacked. The feeding structure layer has a first feeding structure and a second feeding structure. The end of the first feeding structure near the radiating structure layer is coupled to the first cavity of each first radiating cavity, and the end of the second feeding structure near the radiating structure layer is coupled to the first cavity of each second radiating cavity.

[0051] In one possible implementation, the first feeding structure includes a plurality of first coupling ports corresponding to the first radiating cavities of the plurality of first antennas. Each first coupling port is located on the surface of the feeding structure layer facing the radiating structure layer and is coupled to the first cavity of the corresponding first radiating cavity. The first feeding structure further includes: a first power divider cavity coupled to at least two first coupling ports adjacent to each other in the first direction, and a first feeding port coupled to the first power divider cavity. The first feeding port and the first power divider cavity are stacked in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer, and their length directions are parallel to the first direction.

[0052] The second feeding structure includes multiple second coupling ports corresponding to the second radiating cavities of multiple second antennas. Each second coupling port is located on the surface of the feeding structure layer facing the radiating structure layer and is coupled to the first cavity of the corresponding second radiating cavity. The second feeding structure also includes a second power distribution cavity coupled to at least two second coupling ports adjacent to each other in the first direction, and a second feeding port coupled to the second power distribution cavity. The second feeding port and the second power distribution cavity are stacked in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer, and their length directions are parallel to the first direction.

[0053] The antenna module provided in this application embodiment can take into account functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0054] In one possible implementation, the bottom surface of the first power distribution cavity and / or the bottom surface of the second power distribution cavity have conductive bosses at one or both ends along their length.

[0055] When the first cavity of the antenna has a protruding structure, the two sides of the first power divider cavity along its width direction and / or the two sides of the second power divider cavity along its width direction, at the positions corresponding to the protruding structure, are provided with protrusions, and the protrusions extend from the bottom surface of the power divider cavity along the thickness direction of the feed structure layer to the position where they connect with the protruding structure of the corresponding first cavity, and the surface of the protrusions is a conductive surface.

[0056] Using the above scheme, the conductive protrusion can compress the spacing between adjacent first feeding structures, adjust the guiding wavelength, and perform amplitude weighting on the signal.

[0057] In one possible implementation, the height of the protrusion protruding from the side of the power divider cavity where it is located is 0.05λ-0.1λ, and the height of the conductive protrusion is less than or equal to 0.25λ; λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0058] In one possible implementation, in the second direction, the center distance between two adjacent first feed ports is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, and the center distance between two adjacent second feed ports is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2, where λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the operating frequency bands of the first and second antennas, respectively.

[0059] The above scheme meets the requirements for horizontal scanning, and horizontal scanning can be achieved by adjusting the phase of the radio frequency signal using a phase shifter.

[0060] In one possible implementation, the antenna module further includes: a plurality of first conductive elements arranged around the outer periphery of the first feed port and spaced apart, and a plurality of first guide elements located on the side of the first feed port away from the first power divider cavity in the thickness direction of the feed structure layer.

[0061] The antenna module also includes: a plurality of second conductive elements arranged around the outer periphery of the second feed port and spaced apart, and a plurality of second guide elements located on the side of the second feed port away from the second power divider cavity in the thickness direction of the feed structure layer.

[0062] Using the above scheme, the first and second conductive components form an EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) structure on the outer periphery of the feed port, preventing electromagnetic waves from leaking out through the gap between the feed port and the circuit board, reducing transmission loss, and improving antenna efficiency.

[0063] The fifth aspect of this application provides an antenna system, including a radio frequency module and an antenna module provided in the fourth aspect and any implementation thereof, wherein the radio frequency module radiates signals through the antenna module.

[0064] In one possible implementation, when the antenna module includes a first feed port and a second feed port, the antenna system further includes a first waveguide adapter structure coupled to the first feed port and a second waveguide adapter structure coupled to the second feed port, wherein the first waveguide adapter structure and the second waveguide adapter structure are respectively coupled to the radio frequency module.

[0065] When the antenna module also includes a plurality of first conductive elements surrounding the outer periphery of the first feed port and a plurality of second conductive elements surrounding the outer periphery of the second feed port, the waveguide connection end of the first waveguide transition structure is located within the space enclosed by the plurality of first conductive elements, and the waveguide connection end of the second waveguide transition structure is located within the space enclosed by the plurality of second conductive elements.

[0066] The antenna system provided in this application embodiment can take into account functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0067] A sixth aspect of this application also provides a base station, including the antenna system provided in the fifth aspect and any implementation thereof. The base station antenna provided in this application can simultaneously achieve functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization. Attached Figure Description

[0068] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system architecture of the base station in an embodiment of this application;

[0069] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the system architecture of the antenna base station according to an embodiment of this application;

[0070] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the antenna system according to an embodiment of this application;

[0071] Figure 4This is an exploded view of the antenna system according to an embodiment of this application;

[0072] Figure 5a This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiating structure layer of the antenna array in an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 ;

[0073] Figure 5b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiating structure layer of the antenna array in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 ;

[0074] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiation module in the antenna module of this application embodiment. Figure 1 ;

[0075] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiation module in the antenna module of this application embodiment. Figure 2 ;

[0076] Figure 8a to Figure 8c This is a schematic diagram of the radiation cavity structure of the antenna in an embodiment of this application;

[0077] Figure 9a to Figure 9d This is a schematic diagram showing the projection relationship of the radiating cavity of the antenna in an embodiment of this application;

[0078] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram showing the projection relationship of another embodiment of the radiating cavity of the antenna in this application.

[0079] Figure 11a to Figure 11e This is a cross-sectional view of the radiating module in the antenna module of an embodiment of this application;

[0080] Figure 12a to Figure 12d This is a schematic diagram of the protrusion structure in the radiation cavity of the antenna according to an embodiment of this application;

[0081] Figure 13a to Figure 13c This is a schematic diagram showing the opening shape of the third cavity in the radiation cavity of the antenna according to an embodiment of this application;

[0082] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the boss in the antenna of an embodiment of this application;

[0083] Figure 15a to Figure 15b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the boss in the antenna of an embodiment of this application;

[0084] Figure 16 This is an S11 curve diagram of the antenna and the planar printed antenna in the embodiments of this application;

[0085] Figure 17 This is a gain curve diagram of the antenna and the planar printed antenna in the embodiments of this application;

[0086] Figure 18aThis is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed structure layer of the antenna module in an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 ;

[0087] Figure 18b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed structure layer of the antenna module in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 ;

[0088] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed module in the antenna module of this application embodiment;

[0089] Figure 20 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment;

[0090] Figure 21a to Figure 21b This is a schematic diagram of the principle structure of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment;

[0091] Figure 22a This is a cross-sectional view of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment;

[0092] Figure 22b This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the first feeding structure and the circuit board and radiating structure layer in the antenna module of this application embodiment;

[0093] Figure 23a to Figure 23d This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution structure of the first and second conductive components in the antenna module of an embodiment of this application;

[0094] Figure 24 This is a transmission loss curve of the antenna in an embodiment of this application;

[0095] Figure 25a to Figure 25b This is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle structure of another embodiment of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application.

[0096] Figure 26 This is the radiation pattern of the antenna in the YZ plane according to an embodiment of this application.

[0097] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0098] 1. Base station; 13. Antenna radome; 14. Processing unit;

[0099] 2. Antenna system; 21. Radio frequency module; 211. First radio frequency module; 212. Second radio frequency module;

[0100] 22. First waveguide transition structure;

[0101] 24. Circuit board; 25. Base plate; 26. Frame;

[0102] 3. Antenna module; 30. Feed structure layer; 301. First surface; 302. Second surface; 303. Feed module;

[0103] 31. First power supply structure; 311. First coupling port; 312. First power divider cavity; 3120. Bottom surface;

[0104] 313. First power supply port;

[0105] 314. Conductive boss; 315. Protrusion; 316. First conductive element; 317. Spacer;

[0106] 32. Second feeding structure; 321. Second coupling port; 322. Second feeding port; 323. Second conductive element;

[0107] 4. Antenna array; 40. Radiating structure layer; 401. Radiating module;

[0108] 41. First antenna; 411. First radiating cavity; 42. Second antenna; 421. Second radiating cavity; 43. Partition;

[0109] 5. Antenna;

[0110] 6. Radiation layer; 61. First surface; 62. Second surface;

[0111] 7. Radiation cavity; 71. First cavity; 711. First side surface; 712. Second side surface;

[0112] 713. Plane; 714. Convex surface; 715. Protruding structure;

[0113] 72. Second cavity; 73. Third cavity; 731. First side view; 732. Second side view;

[0114] 733. Plane; 734. Convex surface; 735. Protruding structure;

[0115] 8. Boss; 80. Gap; 81. First boss portion; 82. Second boss portion;

[0116] 9. Base station antenna; M, first plane;

[0117] Z: Thickness direction of the radiating structure layer; X: Length direction of the radiating structure layer; Y: Width direction of the radiating structure layer;

[0118] D1, First Direction; D2, Second Direction;

[0119] S1, the length direction of the first cavity; S2, the length direction of the third cavity; T, the width direction of the third cavity. Detailed Implementation

[0120] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of this application. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of this application from the content disclosed in this specification. Although the description of this application will be presented in conjunction with some embodiments, this does not mean that the features of this application are limited to this embodiment. On the contrary, the purpose of describing the application in conjunction with embodiments is to cover other options or modifications that may be derived based on the claims of this application. To provide a thorough understanding of this application, many specific details will be included in the following description. This application may also be implemented without using these details. Furthermore, to avoid confusion or obscuring the focus of this application, some specific details will be omitted in the description. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other.

[0121] It should be noted that in this specification, similar reference numerals and letters in the following figures indicate similar items. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

[0122] The following explains the terminology that may appear in the embodiments of this application.

[0123] In the description of this application, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0124] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0125] Coupling can be understood as direct coupling and / or indirect coupling. "Coupled connection" can be understood as a direct coupling connection and / or indirect coupling connection. Direct coupling, also known as "electrical connection," refers to components being in direct or indirect physical contact and electrically conductive. For example, in circuit construction, different components are connected through physical lines that can transmit electrical signals, such as copper foil or wires on a printed circuit board (PCB). "Indirect coupling" can be understood as two conductors conducting electricity through a gap or without contact. In one embodiment, indirect coupling can also be called capacitive coupling, for example, using the coupling between two conductive parts to form an equivalent capacitance to achieve signal transmission.

[0126] The term "end" in the context of the antenna radiator's first end / second end / feed end / ground end should not be narrowly interpreted as necessarily a single point. It can also be considered as a segment of the antenna radiator including its endpoints; nor should it be narrowly interpreted as necessarily an endpoint or end disconnected from other radiators. It can also be considered as a point or segment on a continuous radiator. In one embodiment, "end" can include the endpoint of the antenna radiator at a certain gap. For example, the end of the antenna radiator can be considered as a segment of the radiator within 5 mm (e.g., 2 mm) of a certain gap. In another embodiment, "end" can include a connection point on the antenna radiator that connects to other conductive structures. For example, a feed end can be a connection point on the antenna radiator coupled to a feed structure, and a ground end can be a connection point on the antenna radiator coupled to a ground structure.

[0127] A radiator, or radiating structure, referred to as a radiating cavity in this application, is a device in an antenna used to receive / transmit electromagnetic wave radiation. In some cases, the term "antenna" is narrowly interpreted as a radiator, which converts guided wave energy from a transmitter into radio waves, or converts radio waves into guided wave energy, for radiating and receiving radio waves. The modulated high-frequency current energy (or guided wave energy) generated by the transmitter is transmitted to the transmitting radiator via a feed line, where it is converted into electromagnetic wave energy of a certain polarization and radiated in the desired direction. The receiving radiator converts the electromagnetic wave energy of a certain polarization from a specific direction in space back into modulated high-frequency current energy, which is then transmitted to the receiver input via a feed line.

[0128] Ground / Ground Layer / Ground Floor: This term can broadly refer to at least a portion of any ground layer, grounding layer, or grounding metal layer within an electronic device, or at least a portion of any combination of the aforementioned ground layers, grounding layers, or grounding components. "Ground / Ground Layer" can be used for grounding components within an electronic device. In one embodiment, "Ground / Ground Layer" may include any one or more of the following: a ground layer of a circuit board of an electronic device, a ground layer formed by the housing of an electronic device, a conductive ground layer of a battery, and a conductive component or metal component electrically connected to the aforementioned ground layer / grounding layer / metal layer. In one embodiment, the circuit board may include a printed circuit board (PCB), such as an 8-layer, 10-layer, or 12-14-layer board having 8, 10, 12, 13, or 14 layers of conductive material, or components separated and electrically insulated by dielectric or insulating layers such as glass fiber or polymer. In one embodiment, the PCB includes a dielectric substrate, a ground layer, and a trace layer, with the trace layer and ground layer electrically connected via vias. The dielectric substrate in the PCB board can be a flame-retardant material (FR-4) dielectric board, a Rogers dielectric board, or a hybrid dielectric board of Rogers and FR-4. In one embodiment, components such as processors, memory, batteries, charging circuits, and system-on-chip (SoC) structures can be mounted on or connected to the circuit board; or electrically connected to trace layers and / or ground layers in the circuit board. For example, radio frequency units are disposed on trace layers.

[0129] Any of the aforementioned grounding layers, or grounding metal layers, is made of a conductive material. In one embodiment, the conductive material may be any of the following: copper, aluminum, stainless steel, brass and their alloys, copper foil on an insulating substrate, aluminum foil on an insulating substrate, gold foil on an insulating substrate, silver-plated copper, silver-plated copper foil on an insulating substrate, silver foil on an insulating substrate and tin-plated copper, cloth impregnated with graphite powder, a graphite-coated substrate, a copper-plated substrate, a brass-plated substrate, and an aluminum-plated substrate. Those skilled in the art will understand that the grounding layer / grounding metal layer may also be made of other conductive materials.

[0130] Grounding: refers to coupling with the aforementioned ground / ground layer / floor through a grounding structure and / or grounding circuit. In one embodiment, grounding can be achieved through physical grounding, such as physical grounding at a specific location through a portion of a structural component (or, physical ground). In another embodiment, grounding can be achieved through device grounding, such as grounding through devices like capacitors / inductors / resistors connected in series or parallel (or, device ground).

[0131] Relative / Relative Setting: A and B relative setting can refer to A and B being face-to-face. For example, when two radiators are set relative to each other, the two radiators overlap in at least a partial area along a certain direction. In one embodiment, the two relatively set radiators are adjacent to each other and there are no other radiators or conductors other than antenna structures between them.

[0132] Antenna pattern: also known as radiation pattern. It refers to the graph showing how the relative field strength (normalized modulus) of the antenna's radiated field changes with direction at a certain distance from the antenna.

[0133] Main lobe and side lobe: Antenna radiation patterns typically have multiple radiated waves, with the beam of radiation having the highest intensity called the main lobe, and the remaining beams called side lobes. Among the side lobes, the one in the opposite direction to the main lobe is also called the back lobe.

[0134] Antenna beamwidth: Divided into horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth. Horizontal beamwidth refers to the angle between two directions on either side of the direction of maximum radiation, where the radiated power decreases by 3dB. Vertical beamwidth refers to the angle between two directions on either side of the direction of maximum radiation, where the radiated power decreases by 3dB.

[0135] Antenna gain: Characterizes the degree to which an antenna concentrates the radiated input power. Generally, the narrower the main lobe and the smaller the side lobes of the antenna pattern, the higher the antenna gain.

[0136] System efficiency: refers to the ratio of the power radiated into space by the antenna (i.e., the power effectively converted into electromagnetic waves) to the antenna's input power. System efficiency is the actual efficiency after considering antenna port matching; that is, the system efficiency of an antenna is its actual efficiency (i.e., overall efficiency).

[0137] Radiation efficiency: refers to the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna into space (i.e., the power that effectively converts the electromagnetic wave portion) to the active power input to the antenna. The active power input to the antenna equals the antenna's input power minus the return loss power; the loss power mainly includes return loss power, ohmic loss power of the metal, and / or dielectric loss power.

[0138] Antenna return loss can be understood as the ratio of the signal power reflected back to the antenna port after passing through the antenna circuit to the transmit power at the antenna port. The smaller the reflected signal, the larger the signal radiated into space through the antenna, and the higher the antenna's radiation efficiency. Conversely, the larger the reflected signal, the smaller the signal radiated into space through the antenna, and the lower the antenna's radiation efficiency. Antenna return loss can be represented by the S11 parameter, which is typically negative. A smaller S11 parameter indicates lower antenna return loss and higher antenna system efficiency; a larger S11 parameter indicates higher antenna return loss and lower antenna system efficiency.

[0139] The limitations mentioned in the embodiments of this application, such as parallel, perpendicular, and identical (e.g., identical length, identical width, etc.), are all relative to the current technological level, and not absolute and strict definitions in a mathematical sense. There may be a deviation within a predetermined angular range between two mutually parallel or perpendicular radiators. In one embodiment, the predetermined angle is 10°, and for example, the deviation may be within the range of ±5°.

[0140] The terms collinear, coaxial, coplanar, symmetrical (e.g., axially symmetrical, or centrally symmetrical), parallel, perpendicular, and identical (e.g., identical length, identical width, etc.) mentioned in the embodiments of this application are all relative to the current technological level, and are not absolutely strict definitions in a mathematical sense. There may be a predetermined angle (e.g., ±5°, ±10°) of deviation between two mutually parallel or perpendicular structures.

[0141] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the embodiments of this application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0142] To address the issue that antennas cannot simultaneously achieve low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization, embodiments of this application provide an antenna, antenna array, base station antenna, antenna module, antenna system, and base station. By utilizing an air waveguide to form a torsional structure within the radiating layer, the polarization direction of electromagnetic waves is reversed. This not only enables the coexistence of dual polarization, horizontal scanning, and vertical beamforming, but also reduces feeder loss and ensures efficient transmission and bandwidth of high-frequency signals.

[0143] It should be noted that the technical solution of this application can be applied to any one or more of the following communication systems: radar systems, 5th generation (5G) systems or new radio (NR), device-to-device (D2D) systems, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, and future communication systems, etc.

[0144] The base station provided in this application embodiment can be a device for communicating with terminal equipment, including a base transceiver station (BTS) in a global system for mobile communications (GSM) or code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a Node B (NB) in a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) system, an evolved Node B (eNB or eNodeB) in an LTE system, a radio controller in a cloud radio access network (CRAN) scenario, or the base station can include a relay station, access point, vehicle-mounted equipment, wearable device, and a base station in a future communication network or a base station in a future evolved public land mobile network (PLMN) network, etc. This application embodiment is not limited.

[0145] Please see Figure 1 to Figure 2 , Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system architecture of the base station in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the system architecture of the antenna base station according to an embodiment of this application.

[0146] like Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a base station 1, which includes an antenna system 2 for signal transmission in space. The antenna system 2 includes a radio frequency (RF) module 21 and an antenna module 3. The RF module 21 can transmit RF signals to the antenna module 3 and radiate signals outwards through the antenna module 3. The RF module 21 can be, for example, a remote radio unit (RRU), and this application does not limit its specific type. The antenna module 3 includes a feed structure layer 30 and an antenna array 4. The feed structure layer 30 is provided with a feed structure (e.g., ...). Figure 19 The first feed structure 31 and the second feed structure 32 in the figure are used to feed the RF module 21 to the antenna array 4 through the feed structure on the feed structure layer 30. The antenna array 4 includes a radiating structure layer 40, on which antennas are disposed, such as the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 shown in the figure. The RF signal of the RF module 21 is fed to the radiating structure layer 40 of the antenna array 4 through the feed structure layer 30 to excite the antenna to radiate signals.

[0147] It should be noted that base station 1, antenna system 2, antenna module 3 and antenna array 4 may include more or fewer components than shown in the figure, and this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0148] like Figure 1 As shown, in one possible implementation, base station 1 may further include an radome 13 and a processing device 14. The radome 13 possesses good electromagnetic wave penetration characteristics and environmental weather resistance, providing protection for components installed within it. In one possible implementation, the antenna system 2 is entirely installed within the radome 13. For example, the radio frequency module 21 and antenna module 3 of the antenna system 2 can be integrated into a single module and assembled together within the radome 13. In another possible implementation, the radio frequency module 21 and antenna module 3 can be separated; for example, only antenna module 3 can be installed within the radome 13, while the radio frequency module 21 is installed outside the radome 13. This application does not impose any limitations on this approach.

[0149] The processing device 14 includes signal processing circuitry, capable of receiving signals and performing amplification, modulation and decoupling, interference filtering, encoding and decoding, transmission control, etc. The processing device 14 can be, for example, a building baseband unit (BBU), but this application does not limit its specific form.

[0150] like Figure 1 As shown, in one possible implementation, the overall transmission path of the signal transmitted by base station 1 is as follows: the processing device 14 controls the radio frequency module 21 to emit a radio frequency signal, which is fed to the feeding structure layer 30 and then coupled into the radiating structure layer 40, exciting the antenna on the radiating structure layer 40 to radiate the signal. The transmission path of the signal received by base station 1 is the opposite, and will not be described in detail here.

[0151] like Figure 1As shown, in one possible implementation, the radiating structure layer 40 has a first antenna 41 and a second antenna 42. The radio frequency module 21 includes a first radio frequency module 211 and a second radio frequency module 212. The first antenna 41 is communicatively connected to the first radio frequency module 211, and the second antenna 42 is communicatively connected to the second radio frequency module 212. The first radio frequency module 211 is used to transmit signals of a first frequency band to the first antenna 41, and the second radio frequency module 212 is used to transmit signals of a second frequency band to the second antenna 42. The first frequency band and the second frequency band can be the same frequency band or different frequency bands; this application does not impose any limitation on this. In one possible implementation, the first frequency band and the second frequency band are the same, and the polarization directions of the signals radiated outward by the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 are different; that is, the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 together constitute a dual-polarized antenna operating in the same frequency band. The dual-polarized antenna can be ±45° dual-polarized or 0° and 90° dual-polarized; this application does not impose any limitation on this. Dual-polarized antennas combine two polarization directions and can operate simultaneously in transmit / receive full-duplex mode. This can save the number of antennas required for a single directional base station. Using dual-polarized antennas in mobile communication networks can reduce interference and improve the overall service quality of the network.

[0152] In one possible implementation, each radio frequency (RF) module includes an RF circuit and an RF transceiver. The RF transceiver can be, for example, an RF IC (Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit). The RF transceiver is communicatively connected to the corresponding antenna through the RF circuit. The RF circuit may include, for example, a filter, an RF switch, a power amplifier, a low-noise amplifier, etc., and this application does not limit this. In one possible implementation, the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 may also share a single RF module, and this application does not limit this.

[0153] like Figure 2 As shown in the illustration, this application also provides a base station antenna 9, including an antenna array 4. The antenna array 4 may only include a first antenna 41 and a second antenna 42, or it may include other antennas besides the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42. The first antenna 41, the second antenna 42, and other antennas may be integrated on the same radiating structure layer 40, or they may be disposed on different radiating structure layers; this application does not impose any limitations on this. In one possible implementation, the antenna array 4 may also include other antennas, such as planar printed antennas, waveguide antennas, metasurface antennas, dipole antennas, etc.; this application does not impose any limitations on this. In one possible implementation, the base station antenna 9 further includes an antenna radome 13, within which the antenna array 4 is disposed. The antenna radome 13 not only protects the antenna array 4 but also allows for the centralized mounting of different antennas within the antenna array 4. The base station antenna 9 may also be without an antenna radome 13; this application does not impose any limitations on this.

[0154] Please see Figure 3 to Figure 4 , Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the antenna system according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 4 This is an exploded view of the antenna system according to an embodiment of this application.

[0155] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, in one possible implementation, the feed structure layer 30 and the radiating structure layer 40 of the antenna array 4 are stacked. Specifically, they can be stacked in the thickness direction Z of the radiating structure layer. The radiating structure layer 40 also has a length direction and a width direction. In one possible implementation, the length direction X of the radiating structure layer corresponds to the width direction of the radome 13. Figure 3 The radiating structure layer's width direction (Y) corresponds to the length direction of the radome 13 (i.e., the height direction of base station 1, or a direction tilted at a certain angle to the height direction). This can be understood as the radiating structure layer's length direction (X) being horizontal (i.e., parallel to the ground), and its width direction (Y) being vertical (i.e., perpendicular to the ground, or approximately vertical). In one possible implementation, the radiating structure layer's thickness direction (Z) corresponds to the thickness direction of the feed structure layer 30, the radiating structure layer's length direction (X) corresponds to the length direction of the feed structure layer 30, and the radiating structure layer's width direction (Y) corresponds to the width direction of the feed structure layer 30; this will not be elaborated further below. It should be noted that in other possible implementations, the radiating structure layer's width direction (Y) can be horizontal, and its length direction (X) can be vertical; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0156] The horizontal scanning mentioned above refers to the dynamic scanning of the antenna beam within the XZ plane. Generally, it is required that the main lobe beam of the antenna covers ±60° within the XZ plane. For example, the phase of the RF signal can be adjusted using a phase shifter, thereby adjusting the beam direction of the antenna within the XZ plane and optimizing signal coverage and quality. The vertical beamforming mentioned above refers to increasing the amplitude of the main lobe beam and suppressing the amplitude of the sidelobe beams in the antenna pattern within the YZ plane, thus optimizing the radiation effect. Vertical beamforming can be achieved by adjusting the phase and amplitude weighting of the RF signal.

[0157] In one possible implementation, the antenna system 2 may further include a circuit board 24, which is stacked with the antenna module 3 and located on the side closer to the feed structure layer 30. The radio frequency module 21 is integrated on the circuit board 24. Those skilled in the art will understand that when the first radio frequency module 211 and the second radio frequency module 212 are separately configured, they can be integrated on the same circuit board 24, or multiple circuit boards 24 can be configured to integrate different radio frequency modules on different circuit boards 24; this application does not limit this. The circuit board 24 may be, for example, a TRX (Transceiver) board, etc.; this application does not limit this. In one possible implementation, the radio frequency module 21 is mounted on the circuit board 24 in the form of a radio frequency chip and is located on the surface of the circuit board 24 away from the antenna module 3. The radio frequency module 21 may also be mounted on the surface of the circuit board 24 closer to the antenna module 3; this application does not limit this. In one possible implementation, the circuit board 24 is provided with a heat dissipation structure for heat dissipation of the antenna system 2.

[0158] In one possible implementation, the antenna system 2 may further include a base plate 25, which is used to mount the circuit board 24 and the antenna module 3, and to fix the circuit board 24 and the antenna module 3 to the radome 13. In one possible implementation, the base plate 25 is made of metal to facilitate heat dissipation. In other possible implementations, the base plate 25 may also be made of non-metallic material, and this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0159] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, those skilled in the art will understand that the feed structure layer 30 is relatively large and inconvenient to manufacture. Furthermore, the feed structure layer 30 has multiple feed ports, and the circuit board 24 has multiple corresponding ports. When mounting the feed structure layer 30 onto the circuit board 24, it is necessary to ensure that each feed port of the feed structure layer 30 is aligned with its corresponding port on the circuit board 24, which places high demands on the manufacturing precision of the feed structure layer 40. For example, each first feed port 313 (see...) Figure 19 ) and the corresponding first waveguide transition structure 22 (see Figure 22b Align the waveguide connection ends of the second feed ports 322 (see...). Figure 19 Align it with the waveguide connection end of the corresponding second waveguide transition structure.

[0160] On the other hand, the radiating structure layer 40 has a first antenna 41 and a second antenna 42 distributed on it, and the feeding structure layer 30 has a feeding structure that feeds the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42. The feeding structure layer 30 and the radiating structure layer 40 need to be fixedly connected, and the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 in the antenna array 4 need to be aligned with the feeding structure on the feeding structure layer 30. If the entire radiating structure layer 40 is directly installed on the feeding structure layer 30, the manufacturing precision requirements for both structure layers are very high. In one possible implementation, the two structure layers are modularized to reduce the assembly and manufacturing difficulty. For example, in the figure, the radiating structure layer 40 is divided into 8 radiating modules 401 in a 2*4 format, and the feeding structure layer 30 is divided into 8 feeding modules 303 in a 2*4 format, with the 8 radiating modules 401 and 8 feeding modules 303 corresponding one-to-one. During the assembly process, the 8 feeding modules 303 can be installed sequentially on the circuit board 24 first, and then the 8 radiating modules 401 can be installed sequentially on the feeding structure layer 30. In this manner, each power supply module 303 only needs to be aligned with a corresponding portion of the circuit board 24, and each radiation module 401 only needs to be aligned with one corresponding power supply module 303 in the power supply structure layer 30. This reduces the alignment precision, increases the tolerance value in manufacturing processes, lowers the processing precision requirements of the power supply structure layers 30 and 40, and reduces manufacturing costs. The specific modularization method is not limited; for example, the two structural layers can be modularized in the form of 1*2, 4*4, 3*5, etc.

[0161] It should be noted that the power supply structure layer 30 and the radiation structure layer 40 may not be modularized, or only the power supply structure layer 30 may be modularized, or only the radiation structure layer 40 may be modularized. This application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0162] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, in one possible implementation, the antenna system 2 may further include a frame 26. The frame 26 is located on the surface of the circuit board 24 near the antenna module 3 and surrounds the outer periphery of the feed structure layer 30 in the antenna module 3. The frame 26 is a frame structure, which facilitates the positioning of the modular feed structure layer 30 and improves assembly accuracy. In one possible implementation, the frame 26 may also surround the entire outer periphery of the antenna module 3 to facilitate the assembly and positioning of the modular feed structure layer 30 and the radiating structure layer 40; this application does not limit this. The frame 26 can be made of metal, non-metal, or a combination of metal and non-metal; this application does not limit its specific material. In one possible implementation, the frame 26 is made of aluminum.

[0163] In one possible implementation, both the radiating structure layer 40 and the feeding structure layer 30 are electrically connected to the ground plane of the circuit board 24. For example, both the radiating structure layer 40 and the feeding structure layer 30 can be configured as surface-conductive structures, and they are fixedly connected and maintain electrical connection by means of bonding, welding, or other methods. The feeding structure layer 30 can be pressed onto the circuit board 24 and contact the ground plane of the circuit board 24. The radiating structure layer 40 and the feeding structure layer 30 can also be electrically connected to the ground plane of the circuit board 24 in other ways, which are not limited in this application.

[0164] Please see Figure 5a to Figure 7 , Figure 5a This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiating structure layer of the antenna array in an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 ; Figure 5b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiating structure layer of the antenna array in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 ; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiation module in the antenna module of this application embodiment. Figure 1 ; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the radiation module in the antenna module of this application embodiment. Figure 2 .

[0165] like Figure 5a to Figure 6 As shown, this application embodiment also provides an antenna 5. Each first antenna 41 and each second antenna 42 in the antenna array 4 adopts the antenna 5 provided in this application embodiment. The antenna 5 includes a radiating layer 6, which has a radiating cavity 7 extending from its first surface 61 to its second surface 62. The first surface 61 and the second surface 62 of the radiating layer 6 are disposed opposite to each other, and the walls of the first surface 61, the second surface 62, and the radiating cavity 7 are all conductive surfaces.

[0166] The radiating layer 6 of antenna 5 can radiate electromagnetic signals. The first surface 61 of the radiating layer 6 is a feed surface, the second surface 62 is a radiating surface, and the radiating cavity 7 penetrates the entire radiating layer 6. Electromagnetic signals in the feed structure layer 30 can be coupled from the feed surface into the radiating cavity 7, and then emitted from the radiating surface under the guidance of the radiating cavity 7. The first surface 61, the second surface 62, and the walls of the radiating cavity 7 are all conductive surfaces; that is, the inner and outer walls of the entire radiating layer 6 are all conductive surfaces. The conductive walls of the radiating cavity 7 allow for the formation of an air waveguide structure, which is filled with air. This reduces feed line loss and improves transmission efficiency. Due to the use of the air waveguide structure, the antenna bandwidth can be increased by increasing the width of the radiating cavity 7, thus optimizing the antenna's radiation effect. In one possible implementation, the entire radiating layer 6 can be made of a metallic material. In another possible implementation, a conductive surface can also be formed by plating a metallic layer onto a non-metallic material. This application does not limit the specific material and formation method of the conductive surface.

[0167] like Figure 5a to Figure 5b As shown, the radiating layer 6 of antenna 5 is formed by the radiating structure layer 40 of antenna array 4. The radiating cavity 7 of each first antenna 41 is a first radiating cavity 411, and the radiating cavity 7 of each second antenna 42 is a second radiating cavity 421. The first radiating cavities 411 of the multiple first antennas 41 and the second radiating cavities 421 of the multiple second antennas 42 are distributed alternately. Alternatively, it can be understood that the first antennas 41 and the second antennas 42 share the radiating structure layer 40 as their respective radiating layers 6. The two types of antennas share a common aperture, which not only improves the compactness of the antenna array 4 layout but also allows the same antenna aperture to operate in two polarization directions, increasing the number of communication channels and improving communication efficiency.

[0168] This application does not impose any restrictions on the specific manner in which the first radiation cavity 411 and the second radiation cavity 421 are staggered. Figure 6 , Figure 7 The following diagram illustrates a possible arrangement using a single radiation module 401 as an example. Figure 7 The left side is the radiation surface (second surface 62) of the radiation module 401, and the right side is the feeding surface (first surface 61) of the radiation module 401. The radiation module 401 on the right side can be regarded as the radiation module 401 on the left side flipped along the axis O1. The structure in the dashed box on the right side is the reverse of the structure in the dashed box on the left side.

[0169] like Figure 6 , Figure 7 As shown, in one possible implementation, the first radiating cavity 411 has multiple sets (one column in the figure represents one set), and each set of first radiating cavities 411 includes at least two first radiating cavities 411 arranged sequentially along a first direction D1. The first direction D1 is perpendicular to the thickness direction Z of the radiating structure layer. In one possible implementation, the first direction D1 is parallel to the width direction Y of the radiating structure layer, which can also be understood as corresponding to the length direction of the radome, i.e., parallel to the vertical direction (perpendicular to the ground), or inclined relative to the vertical direction. The second radiating cavity 421 has multiple sets (one column in the figure represents one set), and each set of second radiating cavities 421 includes at least two second radiating cavities 421 arranged sequentially along the first direction D1. The specific number of radiating cavities in each set of first radiating cavities 411 and each set of second radiating cavities 421 is not limited; the figures are for illustrative purposes only.

[0170] Multiple sets of first radiation cavities 411 and multiple sets of second radiation cavities 421 are arranged alternately along a second direction D2, which is perpendicular to the first direction D1 and the thickness direction Z of the radiation structure layer. The second direction D2 can be, for example, the length direction X of the radiation structure layer. Figure 6 , Figure 7As shown in the diagram, this can also be understood as corresponding to the width direction of the radome, i.e., the horizontal direction (parallel to the ground). In an adjacent set of first radiating cavities 411 and a set of second radiating cavities 421, at least two first radiating cavities 411 and at least two second radiating cavities 421 are staggered in the first direction D1. Alternatively, it can be understood that an adjacent set of first radiating cavities 411 and second radiating cavities 421 are misaligned in the first direction D1. With this structure, the first radiating cavities 411 and second radiating cavities 421 are staggered in a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction Z of the radiating structure layer, which can fully utilize the layout area of ​​the radiating structure layer 40 and avoid coupling interference caused by the close proximity of adjacent radiating elements with the same polarization direction. In one possible implementation, an adjacent set of first radiating cavities 411 and second radiating cavities 421 can also be aligned in the first direction D1; this application does not limit this arrangement.

[0171] like Figure 7 As shown in the figure, the radiation cavities a1 and b1 on the left side correspond to the radiation cavities a2 and b2 on the right side. It can be seen that the opening extension directions of each radiation cavity on the first surface 61 and the second surface 62 are different. This is because the radiation cavity 7 adopts a torsion structure, which can torsion the polarization direction of the signal. The following is a detailed explanation in conjunction with the attached figure.

[0172] Please see Figure 8a to Figure 10 , Figure 8a to Figure 8c This is a schematic diagram of the radiation cavity structure of the antenna in an embodiment of this application; Figure 9a to Figure 9d This is a schematic diagram showing the projection relationship of the radiating cavity of the antenna in an embodiment of this application; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram showing the projection relationship of another embodiment of the radiating cavity of the antenna in this application.

[0173] like Figure 7 to Figure 10 As shown, the radiation cavity 7 includes a first cavity 71, a second cavity 72, and a third cavity 73, which are sequentially arranged and communicate with each other along the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6. The thickness direction of the radiation layer 6 corresponds to the thickness direction Z of the radiation structure layer, which is perpendicular to the plane of the paper in the figure. The thickness direction of the radiation layer 6 in the following text can be understood as the thickness direction Z of the radiation structure layer. Along the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6, the second cavity 72 is partially or completely stacked and communicates with the first cavity 71, and is also partially or completely stacked and communicates with the third cavity 73. Furthermore, the length directions S1 and S2 of the first cavity are both perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6, and the length direction S2 of the third cavity is inclined at a first angle α relative to the length direction S1 of the first cavity. The opening of the third cavity 73 on the side away from the second cavity 72 is located on the second surface 62 of the radiation layer 6, and the opening of the first cavity 71 on the side away from the second cavity 72 is located on the first surface 61 of the radiation layer 6. These openings are used for coupling with a feeding structure to excite the radiation cavity 7 to radiate electromagnetic waves.

[0174] This can be understood as follows: the radiation cavity 7 is divided into three layers from the feeding surface (second surface 62) to the radiation surface (first surface 61): a first cavity 71, a second cavity 72, and a third cavity 73. The first cavity 71 receives signals from the feeding structure, the third cavity 73 radiates signals outwards, and the second cavity 72, located between the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73, forms a torsion structure. The signal emitted from the first cavity 71 is torsionally polarized in the second cavity 72 and then emitted from the third cavity 73. The statement that "the second cavity 72 is partially or completely stacked and connected with the first cavity 71, and partially or completely stacked and connected with the third cavity 73" can be understood as follows: the orthographic projection of the second cavity 72 onto a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6 (the first plane M shown in the figure) at least partially coincides with the orthographic projections of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 onto the first plane M. Thus, the signal in the first cavity 71 can enter the second cavity 72 from the region where it is connected to the second cavity 72. The polarization direction of the signal is changed by the reflection of the conductive surface in the second cavity 72, and then enters the third cavity 73 from the region where the second cavity 72 is connected to the third cavity 73, and finally exits from the third cavity 73.

[0175] Figure 8a to Figure 8c The arrow shown inside the cavity indicates the direction of the electric field, for example. Figure 8a The electric field within the first cavity 71 is perpendicular to the length direction S1 of the first cavity. Figure 8b The direction of the electric field in the middle is reversed. Figure 8c The electric field direction is perpendicular to the length direction S2 of the third cavity. It can be seen that the angle (first angle α) between the length direction S1 of the first cavity and the length direction S2 of the third cavity is the angle at which the signal is twisted in the second cavity 72. Therefore, the polarization direction of the signal emitted from the radiation cavity 7 can be adjusted by changing the first angle α. Furthermore, the first angle α of the first radiation cavity 411 and the second radiation cavity 421 can be designed to be inconsistent, thereby achieving dual polarization (e.g., ±45° dual polarization).

[0176] On the other hand, by directly using the radiating cavity 7 as a torsion structure, no additional torsion structure is needed, thus achieving a high degree of integration of the antenna 5 structure. Furthermore, the three cavities of the radiating cavity 7 are arranged in layers along the thickness direction of the radiating layer 6. In a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiating layer 6, the radiating cavity 7 occupies a small space, allowing it to be arranged more compactly within a certain layout area. This reduces the distance between adjacent radiating cavities 7 with the same polarization direction, ensuring the horizontal scanning and vertical beamforming capabilities of the antenna 5.

[0177] As can be seen, the antenna 5 provided in this application embodiment can take into account functions such as low loss, wide bandwidth, high-efficiency transmission, horizontal scanning, vertical beamforming, and dual polarization.

[0178] Furthermore, since the three chambers of the radiating cavity 7 are interconnected, the radiating layer 6 can be integrally molded without the need to separately process each chamber and then fix several layers together. This also reduces the number of stacked layers in the antenna module 3, reducing assembly errors. For example, Figure 4 In the antenna module 3 shown, the entire radiating structure layer 40 is a single layer, and the entire feeding structure layer 30 can also be a single layer. The antenna module 3 only needs to be set with two layers. During the assembly process, the two layers only need to be docked once, resulting in higher assembly precision. The production and processing tolerance of each layer is large, which can reduce production costs.

[0179] It should be noted that this application does not limit the specific value of the first angle. In one possible implementation, the first angle α is 40°-50°. This can be understood as adding a ±5° error range to 45°, which can twist the polarization direction of the feed signal by 45°, achieving ±45° dual polarization. In another possible implementation, the direction in which the length direction S2 of the third cavity in the first radiation cavity 411 is inclined relative to the length direction S1 of the first cavity is opposite to the direction in which the length direction S2 of the third cavity in the second radiation cavity 421 is inclined relative to the length direction S1 of the first cavity. Therefore, the first radiation cavity 411 and the second radiation cavity 421 twist the signal in opposite directions, thereby achieving dual polarization. In another possible implementation, the first angle α is 42°-48°. This can be understood as adding a ±3° error range to 45°. For example, the first angle α is 45°. The polarization direction of the feed signal can be 0°. The first radiating cavity 411 twists the feed signal by 45°, and the second radiating cavity 421 twists the feed signal by -45°. The first antenna 41 can be understood as a +45° polarized antenna, and the second antenna 42 can be understood as a -45° polarized antenna, thus the antenna array 4 is a ±45° dual-polarized antenna. In some possible implementations, the first angle α can also be less than 40° or greater than 50°, such as 30°, 55°, etc., and this application does not limit this.

[0180] like Figure 7 , Figure 8a As shown, in one possible implementation, the length direction S1 of the first cavity of the first radiation cavity 411 and the length direction S1 of the first cavity of the second radiation cavity 421 are both parallel to the first direction D1. With this structure, the first cavity 71 of each radiation cavity 7 can be arranged parallel to the length direction X or width direction of the radiation structure layer, achieving horizontal scanning and facilitating docking with the coupling port on the feed structure layer 30, reducing manufacturing difficulty. In some possible implementations, the length direction S1 of the first cavity of the first radiation cavity 411 may not be parallel to the first direction D1, and the length direction S1 of the first cavity of the second radiation cavity 421 may also not be parallel to the first direction D1; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0181] likeFigure 9a As shown, the shaded area represents the region where the first cavity 71 and the second cavity 72 are stacked. In one possible implementation, the second cavity 72 is completely stacked and connected to the first cavity 71. With this structure, the stacked area of ​​the first cavity 71 and the second cavity 72 is larger, the signal interface diameter between them is wider, and the signal transmission rate is higher. Figure 10 As shown, in one possible implementation, the second cavity 72 may also be partially stacked and connected to the first cavity 71; this application does not impose any limitations on this. Figure 9b As shown, in one possible implementation, the second cavity 72 and the third cavity 73 are completely stacked and connected. Alternatively, the second cavity 72 may also be partially stacked and connected to the third cavity 73; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0182] like Figure 9c As shown, the shaded area represents the region where the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 are stacked. In one possible implementation, portions of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 are stacked in the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6. Alternatively, it can be understood that the orthographic projections of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 on the first plane M partially overlap. In another possible implementation, the orthographic projections of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 on the first plane M may not overlap; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0183] like Figure 9d As shown, in one possible implementation, the projection formed by the orthographic projections of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 onto the first plane M completely coincides with the orthographic projection of the second cavity 72 onto the first plane M, i.e., the shaded area in the figure. With this structure, the shapes of the openings on both sides of the second cavity 72 in the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6 match the shapes of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73, respectively, simplifying the torsional structure and facilitating manufacturing. Figure 10 As shown, in some possible implementations, the projection formed by the orthographic projections of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 on the first plane M may not completely coincide with the orthographic projection of the second cavity 72 on the first plane M. This application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0184] Please see Figure 11a to Figure 11e , Figure 11a to Figure 11e This is a cross-sectional view of the radiation module in the antenna module of an embodiment of this application.

[0185] like Figure 11a to Figure 11e As shown, to more clearly demonstrate the shape changes of each chamber in the radiation cavity 7, four cross-sections are sequentially taken from the feeding surface (first surface 61) to the radiation surface (second surface 62) of the radiation structure layer 40. Figure 11b and Figure 11c A cross-section was taken at the location of the first cavity 71. Figure 11dA cross-section was taken at the location of the second cavity 72. Figure 11e A cross-section was taken at the location of the third cavity 73. From Figure 11b to Figure 11e The evolution shows the shape evolution of the radiation cavity 7.

[0186] in, Figure 11c and Figure 11b The difference is, Figure 11b In the length direction X of the radiation structure layer, the first cavity 71 is divided into two groups of two, with the two first cavities 71 in the same group being connected. Figure 11c A partition 43 is provided between two first cavities 71 located in the same group, separating the two first cavities 71. In this way, the radiation cavities 7 are divided into pairs, with the two openings on the radiation surface of the two radiation cavities 7 within the same group separated, while the openings on the feed surface are connected. This is related to the shape of the coupling port on the feed structure layer 30, facilitating matching and docking with the coupling port, which will be further described later in conjunction with the structure of the feed structure layer 30. In one possible implementation, the two openings on the radiation surface of the two radiation cavities 7 within the same group can also be directly separated; this application does not limit this.

[0187] Please see Figure 12a to Figure 13c , Figure 12a to Figure 12d This is a schematic diagram of the protrusion structure in the radiation cavity of the antenna according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 13a to Figure 13c This is a schematic diagram of the opening shape of the third cavity in the radiation cavity of the antenna according to an embodiment of this application.

[0188] This application does not impose any limitations on the specific shape of the radiation cavity 7. For example... Figure 12b to Figure 12d As shown, in one possible implementation, the first cavity 71 has a first side surface 711 and a second side surface 712 disposed opposite to each other along its width direction. One or both sides of the first side surface 711 and the second side surface 712 include a plane 713 and a convex surface 714 that is adjacent to and protrudes from the plane 713. The radiating layer 6 has a protruding structure 715 formed at the position of the convex surface 714. The plane 713 is parallel to the length direction of the cavity and the thickness direction of the radiating layer 6. Alternatively, it can be understood that the inner wall of the first cavity 71 is provided with a protruding structure 715 protruding from its side. Using this structure, the physical length of the first cavity 71 can be compressed while maintaining the equivalent length (electrical length) unchanged. Figure 12a As shown, in one reference design, the inner wall of the first cavity 71 does not have a protruding structure 715, such as... Figure 12b As shown, both the first side 711 and the second side 712 of the first cavity 71 are provided with protruding structures 715. In comparison, under the condition of the same equivalent length, Figure 12b The length L2 of the first cavity 71 is less than Figure 12a The length L1 of the first cavity 71.

[0189] The first side 711 and the second side 712 of the first cavity 71 can both be provided with protruding structures 715, or only one side can be provided with a protruding structure 715 (e.g. Figure 13b This application does not impose any restrictions on this. Figure 12b to Figure 12d As shown, in one possible implementation, protruding structures 715 are provided on both sides of the first cavity 71. The shape of the protruding structure 715 is not limited; for example, it can be a rectangular block (e.g., Figure 12b It can also be a semi-cylindrical protrusion. Figure 12c ), or triangular prism-shaped protrusions ( Figure 12d The raised structures 715 on the two sides (top side) can be the same. Figure 12b , Figure 12c ) or different ( Figure 12d This application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0190] Similarly, such as Figure 11e As shown, the third cavity 73 also has a first side surface 731 and a second side surface 732 arranged opposite to each other along its width direction. One or both sides of the first side surface 731 and the second side surface 732 include a plane 733 and a convex surface 734 that is connected to and protrudes from the plane 733. The radiation layer 6 has a protruding structure 735 formed at the position of the convex surface 734. The plane 733 is parallel to the length direction of the cavity and the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6. By adding the protruding structure 735 to the inner wall of the third cavity 73, the physical length of the third cavity 73 can be reduced while ensuring that the equivalent length remains unchanged. The dimensions of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 are reduced, and the overall size of the radiation cavity 7 can also be reduced, which can better achieve dual polarization in a compact space.

[0191] like Figure 13a As shown, in one possible implementation, the first cavity 71 has an I-shaped structure, and both its first side 711 and second side 712 are provided with rectangular protrusions 715. For example... Figure 13b As shown, in one possible implementation, the first cavity 71 has a U-shaped structure, with only one side having a rectangular protrusion 715. For example... Figure 13c As shown, in one possible implementation, the first cavity 71 has an I-shaped structure, with rectangular protrusions 715 on both sides. Unlike the I-shaped structure, the protrusions 715 in the I-shaped structure have a larger dimension along the length S1 of the first cavity. The first cavity 71 can also have other shapes, which will not be listed here. Similarly, the third cavity 73 can also be configured as a U-shaped, I-shaped, or I-shaped structure, which is not limited here.

[0192] In one possible implementation, the lengths of both the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 are 0.4λ-0.5λ, and the widths of both are 0.25λ-0.3λ, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the antenna 5's operating frequency band. The operating frequency band of the antenna 5 is not limited; in one possible implementation, the operating frequency bands of both the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 are 24GHz-27.5GHz, resulting in a center frequency of 25.75GHz and λ of 0.116m.

[0193] For example, Figure 12b The length of the I-shaped structure is L2, and the width is W, where 0.4λ≤L2≤0.5λ and 0.25λ≤W≤0.3λ. By designing the length and width of the first cavity 71 and the third cavity 73 within the above range, the size of the radiation cavity 7 can be designed to be smaller while ensuring dual polarization, allowing for a more compact arrangement of the radiation cavities 7 and improving area utilization. In some possible implementations, the length of the first cavity 71 and / or the third cavity 73 may be less than 0.4λ or greater than 0.5λ, and the width may be less than 0.25λ or greater than 0.3λ; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0194] In one possible implementation, in the second direction D2, the center distance between two adjacent first radiating cavities 411 is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, and the center distance between two adjacent second radiating cavities 421 is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2, where λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the operating frequency bands of the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42, respectively. In another possible implementation, λ1 and λ2 can be the same, for example, both being the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the 24GHz-27.5GHz frequency band. For example, Figure 13a to Figure 13c In this context, d1 represents the center distance between two adjacent first radiation cavities 411, and 0.55λ1≤d1≤0.6λ1. Figure 13a In this paper, d2 represents the center distance between two adjacent second radiation cavities 421, where 0.55λ2 ≤ d2 ≤ 0.6λ2. Designing the center distance between adjacent co-polarized radiation cavities 7 within the above range satisfies the requirements for horizontal scanning. Horizontal scanning can be achieved by adjusting the phase of the radio frequency signal using a phase shifter. In some possible implementations, the center distance between two adjacent first radiation cavities 411 can also be less than 0.55λ1 or greater than 0.6λ1, for example, values ​​close to the above range such as 0.5λ1 or 0.65λ1. The center distance between two adjacent second radiation cavities 421 can also be less than 0.55λ2 or greater than 0.6λ2; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0195] Please see Figure 14 to Figure 15b , Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the boss in the antenna of an embodiment of this application; Figure 15a to Figure 15b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the boss in the antenna of an embodiment of this application.

[0196] like Figure 14 to Figure 15b As shown, in one possible implementation, the antenna 5 further includes a plurality of protrusions 8 protruding from the second surface 62 of the radiating layer 6, wherein the outer surface of each protrusion 8 is a conductive surface, such as a metal surface. The protrusions 8 can be made entirely of metal, or a metal plating can be processed on a non-metallic material. The protrusions 8 can be integrally formed with the radiating layer 6, or they can be processed separately; this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0197] Multiple bosses 8 are arranged at periodic intervals along the width direction of the opening of the third cavity 73 (i.e., Figure 14 Outside the width direction T of the third cavity, the opening of the third cavity 73 has on each side along its width direction: located on the opening along its length direction (i.e. Figure 14 The third cavity 73 has two protrusions 8 at both ends along its length direction S2. Alternatively, it can be understood that multiple protrusions 8 are provided around the opening of the third cavity 73, distributed along the length direction S2 and the width direction T of the third cavity, with protrusions 8 at both ends of the length direction S2. For example, four protrusions 8 are provided outside the opening of the third cavity 73 in the figure, located at the four corners of the opening. In some possible implementations, six, eight, or more protrusions 8 may be provided outside the opening of the third cavity 73; this application does not limit this.

[0198] Two protrusions 8 located at each end of the opening along its length are spaced apart relative to each other in the width direction of the opening, forming a gap 80. Specifically, in the length direction of the opening, the gap 80 is entirely offset from the opening, or a portion of the gap 80 overlaps with the opening while another portion is offset from it. Alternatively, it can be understood that the gap 80 between the two protrusions 8 at each end of the opening of the third cavity 73 along its length is located outside the opening or partially outside the opening.

[0199] With the above structure, the outer surface of the boss 8 is a conductive surface, which can generate induced current, and the area formed by the multiple bosses 8 surrounding the opening of the third cavity 73 ( Figure 15a The area J in the antenna 5 is larger than the opening area of ​​the third cavity 73, which increases the equivalent radiation area of ​​the third cavity 73, improves space utilization, and thus improves the aperture utilization of the antenna 5, thereby improving the efficiency of the antenna 5. Furthermore, the protrusion 8 reduces the signal coupling between adjacent third cavities 73, thereby improving the isolation between adjacent co-polarized radiating elements.

[0200] The specific distribution of the protrusions 8 on the outside of the third cavity 73 is not limited. In one possible implementation, multiple protrusions 8 are symmetrically arranged with respect to the opening of the third cavity 73 along its width direction centerline P1, and symmetrically arranged with respect to the opening of the third cavity 73 along its length direction centerline P2. Alternatively, it can be understood that the protrusions 8 outside the third cavity 73 are centrally symmetrically distributed along the center of the opening of the third cavity 73. This arrangement can make the distribution of the protrusions 8 outside the opening of the third cavity 73 more uniform, ensuring that the radiation pattern of the antenna 5 meets the requirements.

[0201] It should be noted that the structure of boss 8 is not limited. For example... Figure 14 As shown, in one possible implementation, the protrusion 8 includes a first protrusion portion 81 and a second protrusion portion 82 that are connected. The end of the first protrusion portion 81 away from the second protrusion portion 82 is connected to the second surface 62 of the radiating layer 6. In the thickness direction of the radiating layer 6, the first protrusion portion 81 covers the entire second protrusion portion 82 and extends to the outer periphery of the second protrusion portion 82. Alternatively, it can be understood that the protrusion 8 has a tapered structure, with the first protrusion portion 81 disposed on the second surface 62, and the area of ​​the first protrusion portion 81 in the plane perpendicular to the thickness direction Z of the radiating structure layer being larger than that of the second protrusion portion 82. The tapered structure can better extend the bandwidth of the operating frequency band of the antenna 5. In one possible implementation, the center line of the first protrusion portion 81 and the second protrusion portion 82 ( Figure 14 The O3 in the two protrusions may coincide. The center lines of the two protrusions may not coincide, and this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0202] like Figure 14 , Figure 15a As shown, in one possible implementation, the boss 8 has a rectangular cross-section, which is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer 6. Figure 15b As shown, in one possible implementation, the cross-section of the boss 8 can also be circular. Designing the cross-section of the boss 8 as rectangular or circular facilitates manufacturing. In some possible implementations, the cross-section of the boss 8 can also be triangular, hexagonal, irregular, etc., and this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0203] In one possible implementation, the height H1 of the boss 8 is less than or equal to 0.3λ, and the length H2 and width H3 of the boss 8 are both 0.2λ-0.28λ, or the diameter D0 of the boss 8 is 0.2λ-0.28λ. Limiting the size of the boss 8 to the above range can improve the utilization of the antenna aperture.

[0204] like Figure 14 to Figure 15b As shown, in one possible implementation, two adjacent antennas 5 share at least one protrusion 8. For example, Figure 15bThe two antennas 5 selected in the middle frame share two protrusions 8. The sharing of protrusions 8 between adjacent antennas 5 can reduce the center distance between adjacent radiating cavities 7.

[0205] Please see Figure 16 to Figure 17 , Figure 16 This is an S11 curve diagram of the antenna and the planar printed antenna in the embodiments of this application; Figure 17 This is a gain curve diagram of the antenna and the planar printed antenna in the embodiments of this application.

[0206] like Figure 16 As shown in the figure, the solid line represents the S11 curve of antenna 5 of this application, and the dashed line represents the S11 curve of a conventional planar printed antenna. The S11 parameter represents the reflection coefficient, which reflects the return loss of the antenna. Antenna return loss can be understood as the ratio of the signal power reflected back to the antenna port after passing through the antenna circuit to the transmit power of the antenna port. The smaller the reflected signal, the larger the signal radiated into space through the antenna, and the higher the antenna's radiation efficiency. Conversely, the larger the reflected signal, the smaller the signal radiated into space through the antenna, and the lower the antenna's radiation efficiency. For example, -15dB can be used as a benchmark to measure the antenna's return loss; below -15dB, the antenna can be considered to be working normally. As can be seen from the figure, antenna 5 of this application has a wider bandwidth below -15dB compared to conventional planar printed antennas, and therefore has a better radiation effect.

[0207] like Figure 17 As shown in the figure, the three lines represent the gain curve of the antenna 5 of this application, the gain curve of a conventional planar printed antenna, and the idealized curve, respectively. Antenna gain is used to characterize the degree to which the antenna concentrates the radiation of input power. Under the same size, the higher the antenna gain, the higher the utilization rate of the antenna's equivalent aperture, and the higher the system efficiency. As can be seen from the figure, the gain of the antenna of this application is higher than that of the conventional planar printed antenna and is closer to the ideal curve, thus resulting in higher efficiency.

[0208] In summary, the antenna 5 provided in this application embodiment not only achieves multiple functions such as dual polarization, horizontal scanning, and vertical beamforming, but also has lower feeder loss and higher transmission efficiency. Furthermore, the antenna 5 provided in this application embodiment has high integration, a compact structure, and fewer stacking layers, which can increase assembly tolerance, reduce assembly difficulty, and compress production costs.

[0209] Those skilled in the art will understand that the feed structure layer 30 of the antenna module 3 needs to be provided with an interface corresponding to the radiation structure layer 40 so that the signal is coupled to each radiation cavity 7 of the radiation structure layer 40. The structure of the feed structure layer 30 in the antenna module 3 of this application embodiment will be further described below.

[0210] Please see Figure 18a to Figure 21b , Figure 18aThis is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed structure layer of the antenna module in an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 ; Figure 18b This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed structure layer of the antenna module in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 ; Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the feed module in the antenna module of this application embodiment; Figure 20 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment; Figure 21a to Figure 21b This is a schematic diagram of the principle structure of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment.

[0211] like Figure 18a to Figure 19 As shown, the feeding structure layer 30 has a first feeding structure 31 and a second feeding structure 32. The end of the first feeding structure 31 near the radiating structure layer 40 is coupled to the first cavity 71 of each first radiating cavity 411, and the end of the second feeding structure 32 near the radiating structure layer 40 is coupled to the first cavity 71 of each second radiating cavity 421. It can be understood that the first feeding structure 31 is coupled to the first antenna 41 and transmits signals to each of the first radiating cavities 411 of the first antenna 41. The second feeding structure 32 is coupled to the second antenna 42 and transmits signals to each of the second radiating cavities 421 of the second antenna 42. In one possible implementation, the same feeding structure can be used to feed both the first antenna 41 and the second antenna 42 simultaneously; this application does not limit this.

[0212] Figure 19 Taking a power supply module 303 as an example, the two surfaces (first surface 301 and second surface 302) of the power supply structure layer 30 are illustrated. The power supply module 303 in the right figure can be regarded as the power supply module 303 in the left figure reversed along the axis O2. The structure in the dashed box on the left corresponds to the structure in the dashed box on the right.

[0213] like Figure 19 As shown, in one possible implementation, the first feeding structure 31 includes a plurality of first coupling ports 311 corresponding to the first radiating cavities 411 of the plurality of first antennas 41. Each first coupling port 311 is located on the surface of the feeding structure layer 30 facing the radiating structure layer 40, i.e., the first surface 301 shown in the figure. The first coupling port 311 is coupled to the first cavity 71 of the corresponding first radiating cavity 411. The second feeding structure 32 includes a plurality of second coupling ports 321 corresponding to the second radiating cavities 421 of the plurality of second antennas 42. Each second coupling port 321 is located on the surface of the feeding structure layer 30 facing the radiating structure layer 40 (first surface 301), and the second coupling port 321 is coupled to the first cavity 71 of the corresponding second radiating cavity 421. That is, each first coupling port 311 is connected to the corresponding first radiating cavity 411, and each second coupling port is connected to the corresponding second radiating cavity 421.

[0214] likeFigure 19 to Figure 21b As shown, the first power supply structure 31 further includes: a first power divider cavity 312 coupled to at least two first coupling ports 311 adjacent to each other in the first direction D1 (see...). Figure 20 The second power supply structure 32 further includes: a second power distribution cavity (not shown in the figure, but understood with reference to the first power distribution cavity 312) coupled to at least two second coupling ports 321 adjacent to the first power distribution cavity 312 in the first direction D1, and a second power supply port 322 coupled to the second power distribution cavity. The second power supply port 322 and the second power distribution cavity are stacked in the thickness direction of the power supply structure layer 30, and their length directions are both parallel to the first direction D1.

[0215] In this design, the first feed port 313 of the first feed structure 31 can be considered as the input terminal of the first feed structure 31, and the coupling port can be considered as the output terminal of the first feed structure 31. The first power divider cavity 312 can distribute the power of the input signal. The first power divider cavity 312 and the first feed port 313 are coupled to at least two adjacent first coupling ports 311, that is, the first input terminal of the first feed structure 31 corresponds to at least two output terminals. The entire first feed structure 31 constitutes a power divider, distributing one input signal to at least two output ports for output. Similarly, the second feed structure 32 is also a power divider, distributing the input signal to at least two output ports for output. By adopting this structure, the feed structure is set as a power divider, realizing one input and multiple outputs. This simplifies the unrestricted structure on the circuit board 24, reduces the number of transmission lines in the RF circuit, and thus reduces feed loss. For example, antenna array 4 includes two polarization directions, each polarization direction includes Nc channels (i.e., Nc feed ports), each channel has Nv output ports (i.e. coupling ports), and antenna array 4 includes a total of 2*Nc*Nv radiating elements (antennas).

[0216] The length directions of both the first feed port 313 and the second feed port 322 are parallel to the first direction D1, in order to match the first cavity 71 of the first radiation cavity 411 and the first cavity 71 of the second radiation cavity 421 in the radiation structure layer 40. In some possible implementations, the length directions of the first feed port 313 and / or the second feed port 322 may also be inclined to the first direction D1, and this application does not limit this.

[0217] In one possible implementation, the walls of the first coupling port 311, the first power divider cavity 312, the first feed port 313, the second coupling port 321, the second power divider cavity, and the second feed port 322 are all conductive surfaces. The first feed structure 31 and the second feed structure 32 are both waveguide structures with air as the internal medium, minimizing dielectric loss.

[0218] like Figure 19 As shown, in one possible implementation, in the second direction D2, the center distance m1 between two adjacent first feed ports 313 is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, and the center distance m2 between two adjacent second feed ports 322 is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2. Setting the center distances of adjacent first feed ports 313 and adjacent second feed ports 322 within the above range corresponds to the center distances of adjacent co-polarized radiation cavities 7, enabling horizontal scanning.

[0219] It should be noted that the specific structures of the first power supply structure 31 and the second power supply structure 32 are not limited. The following uses the first power supply structure 31 as an example to illustrate several possible implementation methods. The structure of the second power supply structure 32 can be understood with reference to the first power supply structure 31. It will not be elaborated again in the following text.

[0220] Please see Figure 22a to Figure 22b , Figure 22a This is a cross-sectional view of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application embodiment; Figure 22b This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the first feeding structure and the circuit board and the radiating structure layer in the antenna module of this application embodiment.

[0221] like Figure 21a to Figure 22b As shown, in one possible implementation, the first power supply structure 31 has one input terminal and two output terminals, that is, one first power supply port 313 corresponds to two first coupling ports 311. For example... Figure 21a As shown, in one possible implementation, the two first coupling ports 311 can be separated by a partition 317. Figure 21b to Figure 22b As shown, in one possible implementation, the two first coupling ports 311 can also be connected, which facilitates fabrication. For example... Figure 11c As shown, when the two first coupling ports 311 are connected, the input signals of the two coupling ports can also be separated by setting a partition 43 between the first cavities 71 of the two adjacent radiation cavities 7 in the radiation layer 6. This application does not restrict whether the first coupling ports 311 in the first feed structure 31 are connected.

[0222] like Figure 21a to Figure 22bAs shown, in one possible implementation, the bottom surface 3120 of the first power divider cavity 312 has conductive protrusions 314 at one or both ends along its length. The bottom surface 3120 of the first power divider cavity 312 is its wall surface near the end of the first feed port 313. The conductive protrusions 314 can compress the spacing between adjacent first feed structures 31. Without the conductive protrusions 314, the physical length of the power divider cavity would be longer, resulting in a longer feed structure, which in turn would lead to a longer corresponding radiation cavity 7, increasing the center distance between adjacent co-polarized radiation cavities 7, which is not conducive to the realization of horizontal scanning. In another direction, the setting of conductive protrusions 314 can adjust the guiding wavelength and perform amplitude weighting on the signal. The number of conductive protrusions 314 is not limited; it can be one, two, or more, and this application does not impose any restrictions on this. Similarly, the second feed structure 32 can also be provided with conductive protrusions, which will not be described in detail in this application.

[0223] like Figure 21a As shown, in one possible implementation, the height h1 of the conductive boss 314 is less than or equal to 0.25λ. The desired power division ratio (the power division ratio refers to the proportion of input power distributed to each output terminal by the power divider) can be achieved by setting the height of the conductive boss 314. In some possible implementations, the height h1 of the conductive boss 314 may also be greater than 0.25λ, and this application does not impose any limitation on this.

[0224] like Figure 20 , Figure 22a , Figure 22b As shown, in one possible implementation, when the first cavity 71 of the radiating cavity 7 of the antenna 5 has a protruding structure 715, the first power divider cavity 312 has protrusions 315 on both sides along its width direction at positions corresponding to the protruding structure 715. The protrusions 315 extend from the bottom surface 3120 of the power divider cavity along the thickness direction of the feed structure layer 30 to a position where they connect with the protruding structure 715 of the corresponding first cavity 71. The surface of the protrusions 315 is a conductive surface. Protrusions 315 in the feed structure make the output port surface of the first feed structure 31 more closely match the shape of the first cavity 71, preventing signal leakage. Similarly, the second feed structure 32 can also have protrusions 315; this application does not limit this.

[0225] In one possible implementation, the height h2 of the protrusion 315 protruding from the corresponding side of the power divider cavity is 0.05λ-0.1λ. In some possible implementations, the height h2 of the protrusion 315 protruding from the corresponding side of the power divider cavity may be less than 0.05λ or greater than 0.1λ, and this application does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0226] Please see Figure 23a to Figure 24 , Figure 23a to Figure 23d This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution structure of the first and second conductive components in the antenna module of an embodiment of this application;Figure 24 This is a transmission loss curve of the antenna in an embodiment of this application.

[0227] like Figure 18b , Figure 22b to Figure 23d As shown, in one possible implementation, the antenna module 3 further includes a plurality of first conductive elements 316 arranged around the outer periphery of the first feed port 313 and spaced apart. The plurality of first guiding elements are located on the side of the first feed port 313 away from the first power divider cavity 312 in the thickness direction of the feed structure layer 30. The first conductive elements 316 form an EBG structure (Electromagnetic Band Gap) on the outer periphery of the first feed port 313 to prevent electromagnetic waves from leaking out through the gap between the first feed port 313 and the circuit board 24, reducing transmission loss and improving antenna efficiency. The EBG structure also reduces the installation requirements between the circuit board 24 and the feed structure layer 30, supporting an air gap error of 200µm (the gap between the circuit board 24 and the feed structure layer 30). The circuit board 24 and the feed structure layer 30 can be directly crimped, avoiding electrical connections such as welding.

[0228] The shape of the first conductive element 316 is not limited. In one possible implementation, the first conductive element 316 is a quadrangular prism. In other possible implementations, the first conductive element 316 can also be a cylinder, a semi-cylinder, etc. The specific number of the first conductive elements 316 around the first feed port 313 is not limited; the figure is for illustrative purposes only.

[0229] like Figure 23a As shown, in one possible implementation, a plurality of second conductive elements 323 are also arranged around the outer periphery of the second power supply port 322. For example... Figure 23a As shown, in one possible implementation, the first power supply port 313 and the second power supply port 322 are staggered in the first direction D1 and the second direction D2, respectively, and the first conductive element 316 on the outer periphery of the adjacent first power supply port 313 and the second conductive element 323 on the outer periphery of the second power supply port 322 are independently arranged. Figure 23b As shown, in one possible implementation, the first feed port 313 and the second feed port 322 are staggered in the second direction D2 and aligned in the first direction D1. Adjacent first feed ports 313 and second feed ports 322 share a conductive element. Figure 23c As shown, in one possible implementation, the first power supply port 313 and the second power supply port 322 are staggered in the second direction D2 and aligned in the first direction D1. The first conductive element 316 on the outer periphery of adjacent first power supply ports 313 and the second conductive element 323 on the outer periphery of second power supply ports 322 are independently arranged, and adjacent first conductive elements 316 and second conductive elements 323 are staggered in the first direction D1. Figure 23dAs shown, in one possible implementation, the first power supply port 313 and the second power supply port 322 are staggered in the second direction D2 and aligned in the first direction D1. The first conductive element 316 on the outer periphery of adjacent first power supply ports 313 and the second conductive element 323 on the outer periphery of adjacent second power supply ports 322 are independently arranged, and adjacent first conductive elements 316 and second conductive elements 323 are aligned. The power supply ports and conductive elements can also be arranged in other forms, which will not be listed in this application.

[0230] The dimensions of the first conductive element 316 and the second conductive element 323 are not limited, such as Figure 23a As shown, in one possible implementation, the first conductive element 316 includes two conductive elements F1 and F2 with different shapes. The conductive element F1 has a dimension of 0.1λ * 0.1λ in a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the feed structure layer 30, and the conductive element F2 has a dimension of 0.1λ * 0.2λ in the same plane as the thickness direction of the feed structure layer 30. The second conductive element 323 may have the same or different shape and dimensions as the first conductive element 316, which will not be elaborated further in this application.

[0231] like Figure 24 As shown in the figure, curves 1, 2, and 3 represent the S21 curves of the antenna under different air gaps. The S21 parameter is the transmission loss; the closer the value is to 0, the lower the transmission loss. Curve 2 has an air gap of 200µm, curve 1 is less than 200µm, curve 3 is greater than 200µm, curve 4 is the ideal state curve, and curve 5 is the curve obtained without the first conductive element 316 and the second conductive element 323. It can be seen from the figure that the antenna loss is highest when the first conductive element 316 and the second conductive element 323 are not set. When conductive elements are set, the smaller the air gap between the conductive element and the circuit board 24, the lower the transmission loss and the closer it is to the ideal curve.

[0232] like Figure 22b As shown, in one possible implementation, the antenna system 2 further includes a first waveguide adapter structure 22 coupled to the first feed port 313 and a second waveguide adapter structure (not shown) coupled to the second feed port 322, and the first waveguide adapter structure 22 and the second waveguide adapter structure are respectively coupled to the radio frequency module 21. The function of the waveguide adapter structure is to couple the transmission line structure on the circuit board 24 with the waveguide structure (first feed structure 31 and second feed structure 32) on the feed structure layer 30, coupling the signal in the transmission line to the waveguide cavity. Figure 22bAs shown, in one possible implementation, the first waveguide adapter structure 22 is located within the space enclosed by a plurality of first conductive elements 316, which can prevent signal leakage of the first waveguide adapter structure 22. Similarly, the second waveguide adapter structure can also be disposed within the space enclosed by a plurality of second conductive elements 323, which can prevent signal leakage of the second waveguide adapter structure. The first waveguide adapter structure 22 can be connected to the RF module 21 (e.g., the first RF module 211) via a microstrip line, and the second waveguide adapter structure can also be connected to the RF module 21 (e.g., the second RF module 212) via a microstrip line. In some possible implementations, the first waveguide adapter structure 22 and the second waveguide adapter structure can also be connected to the RF module 21 through metal vias on the circuit board 24, which is not limited in this application. Furthermore, the specific structure of the first waveguide adapter structure 22 and the second waveguide adapter structure is not limited, for example, it can be a metal pattern structure.

[0233] Please see Figure 25a to Figure 26 , Figure 25a to Figure 25b This is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle structure of another embodiment of the first feeding structure in the antenna module of this application. Figure 26 This is the radiation pattern of the antenna in the YZ plane according to an embodiment of this application.

[0234] like Figure 25a to Figure 25b As shown, in one possible implementation, the first power supply structure 31 can also be one input terminal and four output terminals, that is, one first power supply port 313 corresponds to four first coupling ports 311. Among the four first coupling ports 311, adjacent first coupling ports 311 can all be spaced apart by a partition 317. Alternatively, as... Figure 25b As shown, in one possible implementation, the two first coupling ports 311 on the left are connected to each other, the two first coupling ports 311 on the right are connected to each other, and the two first coupling ports 311 in the middle are separated by a partition 317. This application does not limit this.

[0235] Vertical beamforming can be achieved by adjusting the beam of antenna 5 through spacing weighting and amplitude weighting. Amplitude weighting (such as Taylor or Chebyshev methods for sidelobe suppression) is used to achieve beamforming by adjusting the transmit power or receive sensitivity (amplitude) of each antenna 5. Different amplitude weightings can change the radiation intensity distribution of antenna array 4 in the vertical direction, thereby achieving a specific beam shape. For example, a narrower vertical beam can be formed by reducing the amplitude of the edge antenna elements and increasing the amplitude of the center antenna element. In this application, amplitude weighting can be achieved by adjusting the size of the conductive protrusion 314.

[0236] Spacing weighting refers to adjusting the spacing between coupled ports. For example, unequal spacing can be set between adjacent output ports to perform dimensional perturbation, i.e., multiple output ports are arranged with non-equidistant spacing. For example, Figure 25aThe coordinates of the four output ports in the first direction D1 are y1, y2, y3, and y4, respectively. The current intensities output by the four output ports are I1, I2, I3, and I4, respectively. Table 1 below reflects the influence of the change in the coordinate ratio of the four output ports on the ratio of current intensities and the difference between the peak value of the sidelobe and the peak value of the main lobe in the antenna YZ plane pattern. k represents half of the reference guide wavelength.

[0237] Table 1

[0238]

[0239] As shown in the table above, the four output ports of the first group are arranged at equal intervals. In this scheme, the difference between the peak value of the sidelobes and the peak value of the main lobe in the antenna YZ plane radiation pattern is the smallest, resulting in the worst sidelobe suppression effect. The second, third, and fourth groups all underwent size perturbation, with the fourth group having the largest difference between the peak value of the main lobe and the peak value of the sidelobes, thus exhibiting the best sidelobe suppression effect.

[0240] Figure 26 The radiation pattern of the fourth antenna group in the YZ plane is shown, where +45° corresponds to the direction towards the sky and -45° corresponds to the direction towards the ground. q2 is the peak value of the sidelobe and q1 is the peak value of the main lobe. q2-q1=-20.5dB, which has the best effect on suppressing the sidelobe.

[0241] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, if such modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this application and their equivalents, this application also intends to include such modifications and variations.

Claims

1. An antenna, characterized by The antenna comprises a radiation layer, the radiation layer has a radiation cavity extending from a first surface to a second surface, the first surface and the second surface of the radiation layer are oppositely arranged, and the first surface, the second surface and the wall surface of the radiation cavity are all conductive surfaces; The radiation cavity comprises a first cavity, a second cavity and a third cavity arranged in sequence and communicated in the thickness direction of the radiation layer, the second cavity is partially or wholly laminated with the first cavity and communicated, and the second cavity is partially or wholly laminated with the third cavity and communicated in the thickness direction of the radiation layer, the length direction of the first cavity and the third cavity are both perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer, and the length direction of the third cavity is inclined to the length direction of the first cavity by a first angle; The opening of the third cavity away from the second cavity is located on the second surface of the radiation layer, and the opening of the first cavity away from the second cavity is located on the first surface of the radiation layer and is used for coupling with a feeding structure to excite the radiation cavity to radiate electromagnetic waves through the feeding structure.

2. The antenna of claim 1, wherein Part of the first cavity and part of the third cavity are laminated in the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

3. The antenna of claim 2, wherein, The projection formed by the orthographic projections of the first cavity and the third cavity on a first plane is completely coincident with the orthographic projection of the second cavity on the first plane, and the first plane is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

4. The antenna of any one of claims 1-3, wherein, The length of the first cavity and the third cavity is 0.4λ-0.5λ, and the width of the first cavity and the third cavity is 0.25λ-0.3λ, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the working frequency band of the antenna.

5. The antenna according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein Each of the first cavity and the third cavity has a first side and a second side oppositely arranged along the width direction thereof, one side or both sides of the first side and the second side comprise a plane and a convex surface connected to the plane and protruding from the plane, and the radiation layer is formed with a protruding structure at the position of the convex surface, and the plane is parallel to the length direction of the cavity and the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

6. The antenna of claim 5, wherein, Each of the first cavity and the third cavity is in the shape of a concave letter, a capital letter H or a capital letter I.

7. The antenna according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein The antenna further comprises a plurality of bosses protruding from the second surface of the radiation layer, the outer surface of each boss is a conductive surface, the plurality of bosses are periodically and spaced arranged on both sides of the opening of the third cavity along the width direction thereof, and each side of the opening of the third cavity along the width direction thereof has two bosses located at both ends of the opening along the length direction thereof; The two bosses located at each end of the opening along the length direction thereof are oppositely arranged and spaced in the width direction of the opening, and a gap is formed therebetween, and in the length direction of the opening, the gap is wholly staggered with the opening, or part of the gap is overlapped with the opening and the other part is staggered with the opening.

8. The antenna of claim 7, wherein, The plurality of bosses are symmetrically arranged with respect to the center line of the opening of the third cavity along the width direction thereof and symmetrically arranged with respect to the center line of the opening of the third cavity along the length direction thereof.

9. The antenna according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that The boss includes a first boss portion and a second boss portion which are connected, and the first boss portion is connected to the second surface of the radiation layer at an end away from the second boss portion, and the first boss portion covers the entire second boss portion in the thickness direction of the radiation layer and extends to the outer circumferential side of the second boss portion.

10. An antenna as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein The boss has a rectangular or circular cross section which is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation layer.

11. The antenna according to any of claims 7-10, wherein The height of the boss is less than or equal to 0.3λ, the length and width of the boss are each 0.2λ-0.28λ, or the diameter of the boss is 0.2λ-0.28λ, and λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the operating frequency band of the antenna.

12. The antenna of any one of claims 1-11, wherein, The first angle is 40°-50°.

13. The antenna of claim 12, wherein, The first angle is 45°.

14. An antenna array, characterized by The antenna array includes a radiation structure layer having a plurality of first antennas arranged in an array and a plurality of second antennas arranged in an array. Each of the plurality of first antennas and the plurality of second antennas is an antenna as claimed in any one of claims 1-13, the radiation layer of the antenna is formed by the radiation structure layer, the radiation cavity of each first antenna is a first radiation cavity, the radiation cavity of each second antenna is a second radiation cavity, the first radiation cavities of the plurality of first antennas and the second radiation cavities of the plurality of second antennas are arranged in an alternating and spaced manner, and the length direction of the first cavity of each first radiation cavity and the length direction of the first cavity of each second radiation cavity are parallel to a first direction, the length direction of the third cavity of the first radiation cavity is opposite to the length direction of the third cavity of the second radiation cavity relative to the length direction of the first cavity, and the first direction is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the radiation structure layer. Each group of first radiation cavities includes at least two first radiation cavities arranged in sequence along the first direction.

15. The antenna array of claim 14, wherein, Each group of second radiation cavities includes at least two second radiation cavities arranged in sequence along the first direction. The plurality of groups of first radiation cavities and the plurality of groups of second radiation cavities are arranged in an alternating manner along a second direction, and the at least two first radiation cavities and the at least two second radiation cavities in an adjacent group of first radiation cavities and an adjacent group of second radiation cavities are arranged in an alternating manner along the first direction. The second direction is perpendicular to the first direction and the thickness direction of the radiation structure layer. In the second direction, the center distance between two adjacent first radiation cavities is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, the center distance between two adjacent second radiation cavities is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2, λ1 and λ2 are respectively the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the operating frequency bands of the first antenna and the second antenna, and the operating frequency band of the first antenna and the operating frequency band of the second antenna are the same.

16. The antenna array of claim 15, wherein, When each of the antennas further includes a plurality of bosses protruding from the second surface of the radiation layer, adjacent two antennas share at least one boss.

17. The antenna array of any of claims 14-16, wherein, The antenna array includes the antenna array as claimed in any one of claims 14-17.

18. A base station antenna, comprising: ​ 19. The base station antenna of Claim 18, wherein, The base station antenna further comprises a radome, and the antenna array is arranged in the radome.

20. An antenna module, characterized by The antenna array comprises a feeding structure layer and the antenna array as claimed in any one of claims 14-17; the feeding structure layer and the radiation structure layer of the antenna array are arranged in a stack, and the feeding structure layer has a first feeding structure and a second feeding structure, the first feeding structure is coupled to the first cavity of each first radiation cavity near one end of the radiation structure layer, and the second feeding structure is coupled to the first cavity of each second radiation cavity near one end of the radiation structure layer.

21. The antenna module of claim 20, wherein, The first feeding structure comprises a plurality of first coupling ports arranged corresponding to the first radiation cavities of the plurality of first antennas, each first coupling port is located on a surface of the feeding structure layer facing the radiation structure layer and coupled to the first cavity of the corresponding first radiation cavity, and the first feeding structure further comprises a first power division cavity coupled to at least two first coupling ports adjacent in the first direction and a first feeding port coupled to the first power division cavity, the first feeding port and the first power division cavity are arranged in a stack in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer, and the length directions of the first feeding port and the first power division cavity are both parallel to the first direction. The second feeding structure comprises a plurality of second coupling ports arranged corresponding to the second radiation cavities of the plurality of second antennas, each second coupling port is located on a surface of the feeding structure layer facing the radiation structure layer and coupled to the first cavity of the corresponding second radiation cavity, and the second feeding structure further comprises a second power division cavity coupled to at least two second coupling ports adjacent in the first direction and a second feeding port coupled to the second power division cavity, the second feeding port and the second power division cavity are arranged in a stack in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer, and the length directions of the second feeding port and the second power division cavity are both parallel to the first direction.

22. The antenna module of claim 21, wherein, The bottom surface of the first power division cavity and / or the bottom surface of the second power division cavity has a conductive boss at one or both ends along the length direction thereof; When the first cavity of the antenna has a protruding structure, the two side surfaces of the first power division cavity along the width direction thereof and / or the two side surfaces of the second power division cavity along the width direction thereof are provided with protrusions corresponding to the position of the protruding structure, and the protrusions extend from the bottom surface of the power division cavity where the protrusions are located to the position where the protrusions meet the protruding structure of the corresponding first cavity in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer, and the surface of the protrusions is a conductive surface.

23. The antenna module of claim 22, wherein, The height of the protrusions protruding from the corresponding side surface of the power division cavity is 0.05λ-0.1λ, and the height of the conductive boss is less than or equal to 0.25λ; λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the operating frequency band of the antenna.

24. The antenna module of any of claims 21-23, wherein, In the second direction, the center distance between two adjacent first feeding ports is 0.55λ1-0.6λ1, and the center distance between two adjacent second feeding ports is 0.55λ2-0.6λ2, λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths corresponding to the center frequencies of the operating frequency bands of the first antenna and the second antenna, respectively.

25. The antenna module of any of claims 21-24, wherein, The antenna module further comprises a plurality of first conductive members arranged around the periphery of the first feeding port and spaced apart, the plurality of first conductive members being located on a side of the first feeding port away from the first power division cavity in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer; The antenna module further comprises a plurality of second conductive members arranged around the periphery of the second feeding port and spaced apart, the plurality of second conductive members being located on a side of the second feeding port away from the second power division cavity in the thickness direction of the feeding structure layer.

26. An antenna system, characterized by An antenna system comprising a radio frequency module and an antenna module as claimed in any one of claims 21-25, the radio frequency module radiating signals through the antenna module.

27. The antenna system of claim 26, wherein, When the antenna module comprises a first feeding port and a second feeding port, the antenna system further comprises a first waveguide adapter structure coupled to the first feeding port and a second waveguide adapter structure coupled to the second feeding port, and the first waveguide adapter structure and the second waveguide adapter structure are respectively coupled to the radio frequency module; When the antenna module further comprises a plurality of first conductive members arranged around the periphery of the first feeding port and a plurality of second conductive members arranged around the periphery of the second feeding port, a waveguide connection end of the first waveguide adapter structure is located within a space enclosed by the plurality of first conductive members, and a waveguide connection end of the second waveguide adapter structure is located within a space enclosed by the plurality of second conductive members.

28. A base station, comprising: An antenna system as claimed in claim 26 or 27.

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