Device for simulating complex rock habitat of karst slope

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of test devices, and discloses a device for simulating a karst slope complex rock habitat, which comprises a rock surface confluence simulation assembly, a karst rock-soil composite habitat simulation assembly, a rainfall simulation assembly and a multi-path runoff separation and collection assembly. Integrated simulation of three core characteristics of'complex rock distribution ', 'rainfall' and'rock surface flow 'of the karst slope is realized in one device for the first time, and the authenticity and scientificity of indoor experiments are greatly improved. Meanwhile, due to the unique design of the reconfigurable rock module, the coverage rate, the spatial configuration, the exposure mode and other key parameters of the rock can be flexibly adjusted, various habitats from simple to complex can be simulated, and the applicable research range is wide.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of experimental device technology, and more specifically, to a device for simulating the complex rock habitat of karst slopes. Background Technology

[0002] In the karst region of Southwest China, the soil layer on slopes is shallow, the terrain is fragmented, and large areas of bedrock are exposed, leading to severe soil erosion. The mosaic distribution of exposed rock and soil is the most prominent feature of severely desertified areas. Compared to other regions, soil on desertified slopes is irregularly distributed in small patches within exposed rocks and fissures. This mosaic of exposed rock and soil increases the complexity of the terrain and the diversity of microhabitats, resulting in high spatial heterogeneity. Numerous impermeable exposed rock surfaces on the karst surface collect rainwater, forming surface runoff (the impermeable exposed rock surfaces become rainwater receiving surfaces and form surface runoff). Long-term erosion alters the slope erosion process. Simultaneously, gravel is widely distributed on karst slopes, influencing hydrological processes through a series of mechanisms, including increasing surface roughness and altering water infiltration rates.

[0003] Currently, most existing experimental simulation devices only consider the impact and mechanism of rocks or rock exposure on soil erosion. However, the actual situation in real karst mining areas is very complex. There are many large-diameter rocks exposed on the slopes with embedded gravel. These research conditions are quite different from the diverse rock surface morphology and soil-rock mosaic structure of karst rocky desertification slopes. Therefore, it is crucial to combine different rock conditions to study soil erosion and hydrological processes.

[0004] The unique dual structure of karst topography and subsurface makes the mechanism of soil erosion on slopes quite complex. Furthermore, the increasing frequency of extreme precipitation events globally in recent years, particularly in Southwest China, has exacerbated the uncertainty and complexity of soil erosion processes and their control. Therefore, there is a need for an indoor rainfall-erosion experimental device and method to simulate complex rock habitats, which can facilitate quantitative and qualitative research on the hydrodynamic mechanisms and soil erosion processes of karst slopes under extreme rainfall conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention proposes a device for simulating the complex rock habitat of karst slopes, which is suitable for indoor simulation of different rock combinations in karst areas and can promote the study of soil erosion mechanisms in karst slopes in Southwest China.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A device for simulating the complex rock habitat of a karst slope includes: The rock surface flow simulation component includes a rock surface flow simulation overflow trough supported by a rock surface flow bracket. The rock surface flow simulation overflow trough is connected to an external water injection pipe. Water in the rock surface flow simulation overflow trough flows out through the overflow port at the upper rear side of the trough. A rock surface simulation plate that is hinged to the outer bottom of the rear side of the rock surface flow simulation overflow trough and tilted downwards is provided. A karst rock-soil composite habitat simulation component includes a simulation tank supported by a main support frame. The lower end of the rock surface simulation plate is hinged to the upper front end of the simulation tank, and the simulation tank gradually slopes downward from front to back. The simulation tank is filled with test soil and multiple simulated rock blocks. Depending on the different simulation scenarios of the test plan, the simulated rock blocks can be flexibly and movablely arranged in the test soil or on the surface at a preset distribution density. The rainfall simulation component includes rainfall brackets evenly installed in an array on the left or right side of the simulation tank. A full-cone nozzle is installed on the top of the rainfall bracket. The full-cone nozzle is connected to an outer water storage tank through a water supply pipeline. The spray surface of the full-cone nozzle can completely cover the test soil in the simulation tank. A multi-path runoff separation and acquisition component is located at the rear end of the simulation trench to independently acquire surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater.

[0007] Preferably, the water injection pipe is equipped with a flow meter and a first valve. Through the cooperation of the first valve and the flow meter, a stable outflow can be achieved to simulate the flow posture of rock surface flow and to achieve precise control of the rock surface flow rate.

[0008] Preferably, the different simulated rock blocks need to be processed into different geometric shapes and different sizes.

[0009] Preferably, the rock-soil space configuration modes in the simulation trench include a fully exposed mode where the rock is completely placed on the soil surface, a semi-embedded mode where the rock is partially buried in the soil, and a fully embedded mode where the rock is completely buried in the soil as gravel.

[0010] Preferably, the rock flow support, the main support, and the rainfall support are all made of aluminum alloy; the simulation tank is made of transparent acrylic sheet; the simulated rock block is made of high-density foam or concrete, and the surface of the simulated rock block needs to be roughened.

[0011] Preferably, a telescopic cylinder is installed at the upper end of the main support, and the upper end of the telescopic rod of the telescopic cylinder is hinged to the bottom of the corresponding side of the simulation tank. By controlling each of the telescopic cylinders, the tilt angle of the simulation tank can be adjusted.

[0012] Preferably, the rain support adopts a liftable structure, and the water supply pipeline is equipped with a variable frequency water pump, a high-precision pressure gauge, and a second valve.

[0013] Preferably, the multi-path runoff separation and collection component includes a surface runoff collection structure with a hollow triangular prism structure and a soil interflow collection structure; the front wide inlet of the surface runoff collection structure is connected to the uppermost layer at the rear end of the simulation trough, and the rear narrow outlet of the surface runoff collection structure is connected to a first collection bucket to collect water and sand mixed runoff from the soil and rock surfaces; the front wide inlet of the soil interflow collection structure is connected to the middle layer at the rear end of the simulation trough, and the rear narrow outlet of the soil interflow collection structure is connected to a second collection bucket to collect lateral seepage from the soil layer.

[0014] Preferably, the multi-path runoff separation and collection component further includes a groundwater collection structure. A row of water outlets arranged in the front-to-back direction is opened on the left and right sides of the bottom surface of the simulation tank. The groundwater collection structure includes a left groundwater collection ditch and a right groundwater collection ditch installed below the bottom of the simulation tank and respectively aligned with the water outlets on the left and right sides. The rear outlets of the two groundwater collection ditches are connected to a third collection bucket to collect infiltration water flow at the soil-rock interface or fissures.

[0015] Preferably, the rear outlets of the two underground flow collection ditches are connected to a water collection pipe extending in a left-right direction. The water collection pipe is supported by a pipe support below, and the outlet of the water collection pipe is connected to the third collection bucket.

[0016] Compared with existing technologies, the device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes, as described in this invention, has the following advantages: (1) This invention is the first to realize the integrated simulation of the three core characteristics of karst slopes, namely “complex rock distribution”, “rainfall” and “rock surface flow”, in a single device, which greatly enhances the authenticity and scientific nature of the indoor experiment.

[0017] (2) The unique “reconfigurable rock module” design of this invention allows key parameters such as rock coverage, spatial configuration and exposure mode to be flexibly adjusted, which can simulate various habitats from simple to complex and is applicable to a wide range of research.

[0018] (3) The flow rate and intensity of rainfall and rock surface flow can be controlled independently and precisely. The movable layout of simulated rock blocks and the adjustable slope of the simulated trough provide controllable experimental conditions for revealing the primary and secondary effects and interactive influences of various factors.

[0019] (4) The modular design of the present invention facilitates installation, debugging and maintenance; at the same time, the transparent simulation tank also makes the erosion process visible, which is helpful for mechanism research. Attached Figure Description

[0020] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of a device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes according to the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 This is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes according to the present invention.

[0023] Figure 3 This is a side view of a device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes according to the present invention.

[0024] Figure 4 This is a top view of a device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes according to the present invention.

[0025] In the figure: 1-rock surface flow support, 2-rock surface flow simulation overflow trough, 3-overflow outlet, 4-rock surface simulation plate, 5-main support, 6-simulation trough, 7-experimental soil, 8-simulated rock block, 9-rainfall support, 10-full cone nozzle, 11-surface runoff collection structure, 12-subsurface flow collection structure, 13-left subsurface flow collection ditch, 14-right subsurface flow collection ditch, 15-water collection pipeline, 16-pipeline support. Detailed Implementation

[0026] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0027] Example: See Figures 1-4 The present invention provides a device for simulating complex rock habitats on karst slopes, including a rock surface runoff simulation component, a karst rock-soil composite habitat simulation component, a rainfall simulation component, and a multi-path runoff separation and acquisition component.

[0028] In this embodiment, the rock surface flow simulation component is specifically used to simulate the rock surface flow flowing down from the upstream exposed rock area. It includes a rock surface flow simulation overflow trough 2 supported by a rock surface flow support 1. The rock surface flow simulation overflow trough 2 is connected to an external water injection pipe. The water in the rock surface flow simulation overflow trough 2 flows out through the overflow port 3 at the upper rear side of the trough. The rock surface simulation plate 4, which is hinged to the lower outer bottom of the rock surface flow simulation overflow trough 2, is inclined downward.

[0029] In a further specific embodiment, a flow meter and a first valve are installed on the water injection pipe. Through the cooperation of the first valve and the flow meter, a stable outflow can be achieved to simulate the flow posture of rock surface flow and to achieve precise control of the rock surface flow rate. The flow rate adjustment range precisely covers 0-30 L / min, specifically simulating the rock surface confluence process in the exposed rock area of ​​the upstream karst region.

[0030] It should be noted that the rock surface confluence simulation component and the rainfall simulation component in this embodiment must be independent of each other, and there should be no coupling interference between them.

[0031] In this embodiment, the karst rock-soil composite habitat simulation component includes a simulation tank 6 supported by a main support 5. The lower end of the rock surface simulation plate 4 is hinged to the upper front end of the simulation tank 6 (i.e., the simulation tank is located downstream of the rock surface flow simulation overflow tank), and the simulation tank 6 also gradually slopes downward from front to back to simulate the slope gradient of the karst area. The simulation tank 6 is filled with test soil 7 and multiple simulated rock blocks 8. According to different simulation scenarios of the test plan, the simulated rock blocks 8 are flexibly and movablely arranged in the test soil or on the surface with a preset distribution density.

[0032] In a further specific embodiment, different simulated rock blocks 8 need to be processed into different geometric shapes (such as angular or rounded shapes) and different sizes (such as cubes with side lengths of 5cm, 15cm, and 25cm, or irregular bodies of corresponding volume).

[0033] The simulated rock block 8 is made of high-density foam or concrete, and its surface needs to be roughened to simulate a real rock surface.

[0034] Meanwhile, the simulation tank 6 is made of transparent acrylic sheet, which facilitates observation throughout the process. The standard dimensions of the simulation tank 6 are length × width × height = 200cm × 100cm × 30cm.

[0035] In this embodiment, the rock-soil spatial configuration modes within the simulation trench include a fully exposed mode where the rock is completely placed on the soil surface, a semi-embedded mode where the rock is partially buried in the soil, and a fully embedded mode where the rock is completely buried in the soil as gravel. By flexibly arranging simulated rock blocks within the simulation trench, various scenarios such as "fully exposed" (rock completely placed on the soil surface), "semi-embedded" (rock partially buried in the soil), and "fully embedded (as gravel)" can be simulated. Furthermore, their distribution density and spatial pattern can be adjusted, thereby highly replicating the complex rock habitat of karst slopes and facilitating the visualization and observation of rock-soil interface processes.

[0036] In a further specific embodiment, a telescopic cylinder is installed at the upper end of the main support 5. The upper end of the telescopic rod of the telescopic cylinder is hinged to the bottom of the corresponding side of the simulation tank 6. By controlling each telescopic cylinder, the tilt angle of the simulation tank can be precisely adjusted with an adjustment accuracy of ±0.5° to simulate the different slope gradient characteristics of the karst region.

[0037] In this embodiment, the rainfall simulation component includes rainfall brackets 9 evenly installed in an array on the left or right side of the simulation tank. A full-cone nozzle 10 is installed on the top of the rainfall bracket 9. The full-cone nozzle 10 is connected to the outer water storage tank through a water supply pipeline. The spray surface of the full-cone nozzle 10 can fully cover the test soil in the simulation tank to simulate the rainfall process.

[0038] In a further specific embodiment, the rock surface flow support 1, the main support 5, and the rainfall support 9 are all made of aluminum alloy to have a strong load-bearing capacity and ensure the stable operation of the rock surface flow simulation component, the karst rock-soil composite habitat simulation component, and the rainfall simulation component.

[0039] In a further specific embodiment, the rain support 9 adopts a liftable structure, for example, the rain height can be adjusted to 5 meters to ensure that the kinetic energy of the raindrop at the end point conforms to the laws of nature.

[0040] Meanwhile, the water supply pipeline in the rainfall simulation component is equipped with a variable frequency water pump, a high-precision pressure gauge, and a second valve. Through the synergy of these three components, a wide range of rainfall intensity simulation with high stability, ranging from 5 to 200 mm / h, can be achieved.

[0041] In this embodiment, the multi-path runoff separation and acquisition component is located at the rear end of the simulation tank 6 to independently acquire surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater.

[0042] In a further specific embodiment, the multi-path runoff separation and collection component includes a surface runoff collection structure 11 with a hollow triangular prism structure and a soil interflow collection structure 12. The front wide inlet of the surface runoff collection structure 11 is connected to the uppermost layer at the rear end of the simulation trough, and the rear narrow outlet of the surface runoff collection structure 11 is connected to the first collection bucket to collect water and sand mixed runoff from the soil and rock surfaces. The front wide inlet of the soil interflow collection structure 12 is connected to the middle layer at the rear end of the simulation trough, and the rear narrow outlet of the soil interflow collection structure 12 is connected to the second collection bucket to collect lateral seepage from the soil layer.

[0043] Furthermore, the multi-path runoff separation and collection component also includes a groundwater collection structure. The bottom surface of the simulation tank 6 has a row of water outlets arranged in the front-to-back direction on the left and right sides. The groundwater collection structure includes a left groundwater collection ditch 13 and a right groundwater collection ditch 14 installed below the bottom of the simulation tank and aligned with the water outlets on the left and right sides respectively. The rear outlets of the two groundwater collection ditches are connected to a third collection bucket to collect infiltration water flow from the soil-rock interface or fissures.

[0044] More specifically, the rear outlets of the two underground flow collection ditches are connected to a water collection pipe 15 extending in the left-right direction. The water collection pipe 15 is supported by the pipe support 16 below, and the outlet of the water collection pipe 15 is connected to the third collection bucket.

[0045] In this embodiment, the surface runoff collection structure 11, the interflow collection structure 12, and the groundwater collection structure are each connected to an independent collection bucket, which can realize the physical separation of the three runoff paths, facilitating independent and accurate measurement and analysis of runoff volume, sediment content, water quality, etc.

[0046] The following is a specific embodiment of an experimental method for simulating karst rock habitats using the device of the present invention, which includes the following steps: S1. Device Debugging and Calibration: Start the device control system to control each telescopic cylinder, precisely adjust the initial slope of the simulation tank to 15.0°±0.5°, and the initial slope of the rock surface simulation plate to 45°±0.5°; control the second valve and the variable frequency water pump to set the target rainfall intensity to 60, 90, and 120 mm / h respectively, and calibrate the rainfall simulation system. Under no-load conditions, use a standard rain gauge to measure the rainfall intensity at different positions in the simulation tank for 10 minutes to ensure that the rainfall uniformity coefficient is >0.85 and the intensity error is <±5%; control the first valve to set the target flow rate to 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 L / min respectively, and use a measuring cylinder and stopwatch to calibrate at the water outlet of the water injection pipe to calibrate the rock surface confluence simulation system, ensuring that the flow rate is stable and the error is <±3%; finally, fix the slope of the simulation tank to 15°; S2. Soil sample preparation and filling: Take typical limestone soil from karst areas that has been air-dried and sieved (5mm) beforehand, and fill it into the simulation tank in layers according to the predetermined soil bulk density (e.g., 1.2 g / cm³). After each layer of soil is filled, use a scraper to roughen the soil surface to eliminate the layer interface and ensure the uniformity of the soil structure. S3. Rock Module Layout: According to the experimental design, three rock coverage rates of 15%, 30%, and 50% were respectively implemented. All simulated rock blocks were semi-embedded, meaning approximately half of their volume was buried in the soil. The center coordinates of each simulated rock block within the simulated trench were determined using a random number table to ensure the randomness and repeatability of the placement. The positions of key simulated rock blocks were recorded using a measuring tape and marker pen for post-experiment verification. S4. Pre-rainfall: To avoid the impact of soil infiltration on the movement of sediment-laden water, the simulation tank was fully rained on before each experiment to make the soil basically saturated; then the simulation tank was covered with a tarpaulin to prevent water evaporation, and the soil moisture was kept consistent after 24 hours of natural sedimentation. S5. Start the formal test: Adjust the structural parameters according to the design requirements, start the rainfall simulation component and the rock surface runoff simulation component, and at the same time use the multi-path runoff separation and acquisition component to collect multiple samples and back them up. S6. Post-test cleanup: After the predetermined time has elapsed, shut down the rainfall simulation component and the rock surface runoff simulation component, stop sample collection, screen backup data, collect runoff samples, dismantle and inspect the components according to the procedure, and classify and store the components for future use.

[0047] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on its differences from other embodiments. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to interchangeably. For the apparatus disclosed in the embodiments, since they correspond to the methods disclosed in the embodiments, the description is relatively simple; relevant parts can be referred to the method section.

[0048] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A device for simulating a complex rock habitat of a karst slope, characterized in that, The device comprises: a rock surface flow simulation assembly, which comprises a rock surface flow simulation overflow tank supported by a rock surface flow support, is connected with an external water injection pipe, and has an overflow port at the upper end of the back side of the tank through which water in the tank flows out, and a rock surface simulation plate is hingedly connected to the outer bottom of the back side of the tank and is arranged to be downwardly inclined; a karst rock-soil complex habitat simulation assembly, which comprises a simulation tank supported by a main support, the lower end of the rock surface simulation plate is hingedly connected to the upper side of the front end of the simulation tank, and the simulation tank is gradually downwardly inclined from front to back; the simulation tank is filled with test soil and a plurality of simulation rock blocks, which can be flexibly and movably arranged in the test soil or on the surface of the test soil at a preset distribution density according to different simulation scenarios of a test scheme; a rainfall simulation assembly, which comprises rainfall supports installed in an array on the left side or the right side of the simulation tank, the top of each of the rainfall supports is provided with a full-cone-shaped nozzle, the full-cone-shaped nozzle is connected with an external water storage tank through a water supply pipeline, and the spraying surface of the full-cone-shaped nozzle can fully cover the test soil in the simulation tank; a multi-path runoff separation and collection assembly arranged at the rear end of the simulation tank to separately and independently collect surface runoff, interflow and groundwater.

2. The device for simulating the complex rock habitat of karst slope surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The water injection pipe is provided with a flow meter and a first valve, and the first valve and the flow meter are cooperated to achieve stable outflow to simulate the flow posture of rock surface flow and realize accurate control of the flow rate of rock surface flow.

3. The device for simulating the complex rock habitat of karst slope surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The simulation rock blocks are processed into different geometric shapes and different sizes.

4. The device for simulating the complex rock habitat of the karst slope surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rock-soil space configuration mode in the simulation tank includes a full-exposure mode in which rocks are completely exposed on the soil surface, a half-embedded mode in which rocks are partially embedded in the soil, and a full-embedded mode in which rocks are completely embedded in the soil as gravel.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein, The rock surface flow support, the main support and the rainfall support are made of aluminum alloy, the simulation tank is made of transparent acrylic plate, the simulation rock blocks are made of high-density foam or concrete, and the surface of the simulation rock blocks needs to be roughened.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein, The upper end of the main support is provided with telescopic air cylinders, the upper end of the telescopic rod of each telescopic air cylinder is hingedly connected to the corresponding side bottom of the simulation tank, and the inclination angle of the simulation tank can be adjusted by controlling each telescopic air cylinder.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein, The rainfall support adopts a liftable structure, and the water supply pipeline is provided with a variable frequency water pump, a high-precision pressure gauge and a second valve.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein, The multi-path runoff separation and collection assembly comprises a hollow three-prism structure of a surface runoff collection structure and an interflow collection structure, the front end of the surface runoff collection structure is connected with the uppermost layer at the rear end of the simulation tank through a wide inlet, the rear end of the surface runoff collection structure is connected with a first flow collection barrel through a narrow outlet to collect water and sand mixed runoff on the surface of the soil and the rock blocks, and the front end of the interflow collection structure is connected with the middle layer at the rear end of the simulation tank through a wide inlet, the rear end of the interflow collection structure is connected with a second flow collection barrel through a narrow outlet to collect lateral seepage of the soil layer.

9. The device according to claim 8, characterized in that, The multi-path runoff separation and collection assembly further comprises an underground flow collection structure, the bottom of the simulation tank is provided with a row of water outlets arranged in the front-rear direction on the left and right sides, the underground flow collection structure comprises a left underground flow collection trench and a right underground flow collection trench installed below the bottom of the simulation tank and aligned with the left and right water outlets respectively, and the rear outlets of the two underground flow collection trenches are connected to a third collection barrel to collect the infiltrated water flow at the soil-rock interface or fissure.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein, The rear outlets of the two underground flow collection trenches are connected to a water collection pipeline extending in the left-right direction, the water collection pipeline is supported by a lower pipeline support, and the outlet of the water collection pipeline is connected to the third collection barrel.

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