Environment-friendly switch vacuum arc-extinguishing chamber contact temperature monitoring method and system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion

Abstract

The invention relates to an environment-friendly switch vacuum arc-extinguishing chamber contact temperature monitoring method and system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion, and belongs to the field of electrical monitoring. In order to solve the problem that in the prior art, non-intrusive and high-reliability monitoring of the contact temperature of the vacuum arc-extinguishing chamber is difficult to realize due to vacuum sealing and metal shielding, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an acoustic surface wave sensor array comprising three or more sensing nodes is constructed on the outer wall of the vacuum arc-extinguishing chamber, and the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution of the outer wall is captured in a lossless manner. A narrow-band flat-plate reader antenna is adopted to realize array signal parallel transmission with a high signal-to-noise ratio, and the steady-state temperature of an internal contact is accurately inverted through a pre-trained physical information neural network (PINN) model by utilizing multi-source data fusion and array characteristics. According to the method, a non-intrusive monitoring function from external sensing to internal deduction is realized, the problem that the temperature of the contact cannot be measured in a high-voltage closed environment is solved, and a key technical support is provided for safe operation of environment-friendly switch equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of electrical monitoring and relates to a method and system for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion. Background Technology

[0002] The 252kV single-break vacuum circuit breaker is a crucial component in the field of vacuum switches, and the vacuum interrupter is its core component. Because the vacuum interrupter is in a vacuum-sealed state, the moving and stationary contacts are prone to overheating due to increased contact resistance during long-term high-current operation. This overheating can further lead to material aging or even insulation breakdown. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the temperature status of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter of the environmental protection switch is of paramount importance for the safe operation of the equipment.

[0003] The existing temperature measurement technology for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) contacts faces the following challenges and limitations: Infrared thermometry: Due to the obstruction of the metal casing and the limited penetration of infrared radiation, it is difficult to directly measure the internal contact temperature.

[0004] Fiber optic temperature measurement and thermocouple temperature measurement: wiring is required inside the arc extinguishing chamber, which not only increases the difficulty of the process, but also reduces the insulation reliability and airtightness of high-voltage equipment, posing serious safety hazards.

[0005] In recent years, surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensing technology has attracted widespread attention due to its passive wireless and high-temperature resistance characteristics.

[0006] Existing surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensing technology patents mainly suffer from the following problems: Patent CN115876348A discloses a passive wireless contact temperature online monitoring system for GIS. This patent employs a combination of SAW temperature and vibration sensors, with the sensors positioned on the surface of the conductor contacts and powered by a thermoelectric generator. However, mounting the sensors on the contact surface may cause internal electric field distortion, affecting insulation performance. Furthermore, it requires placing the sensors inside the arc-extinguishing chamber during assembly, resulting in extremely high manufacturing costs and potential damage to the original sealing structure.

[0007] Patent CN108645533A discloses a GIS contact temperature monitoring system and method based on SAW technology. This system directly mounts the SAW sensor on a guide rod near the contact within the GIS cavity. The system uses a cylindrical reader antenna to communicate with the back-end processing system. However, this cylindrical antenna has a wide bandwidth, making it prone to receiving interference noise from the environment, such as partial discharge and mechanical vibration, causing the SAW echo signal to be overwhelmed by noise, resulting in data loss or false alarms. Furthermore, its omnidirectional radiation characteristics lead to low energy utilization.

[0008] However, existing patent documents all target traditional GIS equipment filled with SF6 gas, not vacuum-environmentally friendly GIS. Vacuum-environmentally friendly GIS differs significantly from traditional GIS equipment in structure. Unlike circuit breakers exposed to SF6 gas, the vacuum interrupter contacts of environmentally friendly GIS equipment are enclosed by a shielding cover, and the contacts are in a vacuum environment. Therefore, sensors cannot be directly installed on the contacts and the surrounding area.

[0009] In summary, existing technologies cannot meet the following three key requirements: Non-invasive, non-destructive external array sensing function for the temperature of vacuum interrupter contacts; Narrowband wireless communication with high signal-to-noise ratio in complex electromagnetic environments; Internal contact temperature inversion function based on external multi-source data.

[0010] This invention successfully solves the above-mentioned problems by constructing a surface acoustic wave sensor array on the outer wall of the vacuum arc interrupter, and combining narrowband flat panel antenna technology with temperature inversion algorithm. It achieves accurate inference of internal contact temperature without changing the original structure of the equipment or damaging the insulation performance. Summary of the Invention

[0011] In view of the difficulties in monitoring the contact temperature of vacuum interrupters in the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring method and system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion.

[0012] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion includes the following steps: Surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing: A surface acoustic wave sensor sensing array containing three or more sensing nodes is constructed on the outer wall of the vacuum arc interrupter, and the flattened and packaged surface acoustic wave sensor is non-destructively attached to multiple key gradient points on the outer wall that are strongly correlated with the internal contact thermal field in order to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution of the outer wall. Parallel transmission of arrayed signals based on narrowband radio frequency technology: A narrowband flat-panel reader antenna is configured at a certain distance from the outer shell of the vacuum interrupter. The reader antenna uses its directional radiation characteristics to cover the entire sensing array area of ​​the surface acoustic wave sensor. The reader drives the reader antenna to transmit narrowband radio frequency interrogation signals and receive multiple echo signals from each sensor in the array, thereby realizing parallel physical modulation and high-fidelity acquisition of the array temperature information. Contact temperature inversion calculation based on multi-source data fusion and array features: The multi-echo signal is demodulated to obtain the distributed temperature data of each sensing node in the external array. This data is then used as the core feature quantity to input into the pre-trained physical information neural network PINN model. Combined with load current, ambient temperature and air chamber pressure parameters, the steady-state temperature value of the internal contact of the vacuum interrupter is accurately calculated through multi-source data fusion.

[0013] Furthermore, in the surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing step, the surface acoustic wave sensor sensing array is arranged outside the ceramic shell and shielding cover of the vacuum interrupter.

[0014] Furthermore, the surface acoustic wave sensor array includes: A surface acoustic wave sensor T1 is arranged at the upper end of the ceramic shell; Surface acoustic wave sensor T2 is arranged at the corresponding position of the main shield; A surface acoustic wave sensor T3 is arranged at the lower end of the ceramic shell; The surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor T1, SAW sensor T2, and SAW sensor T3 are used to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient characteristics.

[0015] Furthermore, in the arrayed signal parallel transmission step based on narrowband radio frequency technology, the reader antenna utilizes its narrowband filtering characteristics to filter out broadband partial discharge signals and high-frequency noise in the environment.

[0016] Furthermore, in the contact temperature inversion calculation step based on multi-source data fusion and array characteristics, the PINN model uses the temperature difference relationship and evolution trend between each sensing node in the external array to accurately calculate the steady-state temperature value of the internal contact of the vacuum interrupter.

[0017] An environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion includes: Surface acoustic wave sensor array: Composed of three or more flat-packaged surface acoustic wave sensors, the array is non-destructively attached to multiple key gradient points on the outer wall of the vacuum interrupter that are strongly correlated with the internal contact thermal field, in order to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution of the outer wall. Narrowband flat panel reader antenna: disposed at a certain distance from the outer shell of the vacuum interrupter, using its directional radiation characteristics to cover the sensing array area of ​​the surface acoustic wave sensor, for receiving the multi-echo signals reflected by the sensing array of the surface acoustic wave sensor; Reader: Connected to the narrowband planar reader antenna via an RF coaxial cable, used to drive the narrowband planar reader antenna to transmit narrowband RF interrogation signals and receive the multi-echo signals; Temperature inversion calculation unit: used to demodulate the multi-echo signals, obtain the distributed temperature data of the array, input the data as the core feature quantity into the pre-trained physical information neural network PINN model, and combine the load current, ambient temperature and air chamber pressure parameters to accurately calculate the steady-state temperature value of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter through multi-source data fusion.

[0018] Furthermore, the surface acoustic wave sensor array is arranged outside the ceramic shell and shielding cover of the vacuum interrupter.

[0019] Furthermore, the surface acoustic wave sensor array includes: A surface acoustic wave sensor T1 is arranged at the upper end of the ceramic shell; Surface acoustic wave sensor T2 is arranged at the corresponding position of the main shield; A surface acoustic wave sensor T3 is arranged at the lower end of the ceramic shell; The surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor T1, SAW sensor T2, and SAW sensor T3 are used to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient characteristics.

[0020] Furthermore, the narrowband planar reader antenna has narrowband filtering characteristics, which are used to filter out broadband partial discharge signals and high-frequency noise in the environment.

[0021] Furthermore, the PINN model in the temperature inversion calculation unit uses the temperature difference relationship and evolution trend between the sensing nodes in the external array to accurately calculate the steady-state temperature value of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter.

[0022] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a method for sensing and inverting the contact temperature of the vacuum interrupter chamber of an environmentally friendly switch using a surface acoustic wave array. This method has a non-invasive monitoring function that realizes "external sensing-wireless transmission-internal inference", overcoming the difficulties of single-point temperature measurement in characterizing complex thermal fields, traditional methods damaging equipment insulation, and difficulty in monitoring the vacuum interior.

[0023] This method mainly includes the following three core technical components: surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array perception, arrayed signal parallel transmission based on narrowband radio frequency technology, and contact temperature inversion calculation based on multi-source data fusion and array characteristics.

[0024] 1. Surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing This step involves constructing a sensor array with three or more sensing nodes on the outside of the ceramic shell and shield of the vacuum interrupter. Flat-packaged surface acoustic wave sensors are then non-destructively attached to specific thermally correlated points to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution on the outer wall. This design does not disrupt the vacuum seal of the interrupter and does not affect the insulation performance of the entire system, achieving truly non-destructive implantation monitoring.

[0025] 2. Parallel transmission of arrayed signals based on narrowband radio frequency technology To address the multi-point communication requirements arising from arrayed sensors, this section employs a narrowband planar reader antenna positioned at a certain distance from the arc-extinguishing chamber shell. This narrowband planar reader antenna possesses high-gain directional radiation characteristics, enabling concentrated projection of radio frequency energy to cover the entire sensor array area. By transmitting radio frequency interrogation signals and receiving multiple echoes from each sensor in the array, parallel physical modulation and high-fidelity acquisition of array temperature information can be achieved. Simultaneously, utilizing the antenna's narrowband filtering characteristics, broadband partial discharge (PD) signals and high-frequency noise from the environmental protection switch site can be effectively filtered out, ensuring the signal-to-noise ratio and transmission reliability of the array data.

[0026] 3. Contact temperature inversion calculation based on multi-source data fusion and array characteristics This step demodulates the distributed temperature data of the external array and inputs it as a key feature into the Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) model. This model, through multi-source data fusion and incorporating operating parameters such as load current, ambient temperature, and chamber pressure, can deeply analyze the temperature difference relationships and evolution trends between array measurement points, thereby accurately calculating the true steady-state temperature of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter chamber without intrusion.

[0027] This method enables accurate prediction of internal contact temperature without altering the original structure of the equipment or damaging its insulation performance, providing technical support for the optimized design of insulation structure and full life-cycle management of environmentally friendly switchgear.

[0028] Other advantages, objectives, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examination, or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention can be realized and obtained through the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method described in this invention; Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the system described in this invention; Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the surface acoustic wave sensor array arrangement for the outer shell of a vacuum interrupter. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of narrowband radio frequency communication transmission. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments are only schematic representations of the basic concept of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the following embodiments and features can be combined with each other.

[0031] The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are schematic diagrams, not actual pictures. They should not be construed as limiting the invention. To better illustrate the embodiments of the invention, some parts in the drawings may be omitted, enlarged, or reduced, and do not represent the actual product dimensions. It is understandable to those skilled in the art that some well-known structures and their descriptions may be omitted in the drawings.

[0032] In the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, the same or similar reference numerals correspond to the same or similar components. In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that if terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," and "rear" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, they are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, the terms used to describe positional relationships in the drawings are only for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0033] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of this invention. This invention provides a method for sensing and inverting the contact temperature of a vacuum interrupter chamber in an environmentally friendly switch using a surface acoustic wave array, mainly comprising the following three steps (refer to...). Figure 1 and Figure 2 ): Step 1: Surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing This step serves as the system's perception front end.

[0034] Locating key temperature measurement areas: For the physical structure of a vacuum interrupter at a specific voltage level, multiphysics simulation calculations are used to analyze the thermal coupling relationship between the internal contact temperature rise and the external insulation shell temperature distribution, thus identifying key temperature measurement areas on the outer wall that are strongly correlated with the internal contact temperature.

[0035] Array Construction: A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor array with three or more sensing positions is constructed to capture longitudinal temperature gradient features with spatial gradients. Taking the 252kV environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter in this embodiment as an example, a sensor array with three sensing positions (e.g., Figure 3 (As shown).

[0036] Non-destructive attachment: Under circuit breaker de-energized conditions, a special thermally conductive insulating adhesive with high temperature and aging resistance is used to non-destructively attach the flat-encapsulated surface acoustic wave sensor to the designated array points. The sensor adopts a non-ring-shaped chip structure and a polyimide insulating wrapping design to ensure non-invasive array sensing without changing the original insulation distribution of the arc-extinguishing chamber or damaging the vacuum seal.

[0037] Antenna placement: Install a flat-panel reader antenna near the cavity shell and secure it with a pre-laid RF coaxial cable to ensure good interface contact and reliable grounding.

[0038] Array examples (such as) Figure 3 (as shown) Surface acoustic wave sensor T1: Located on the upper end of the ceramic shell.

[0039] Surface acoustic wave sensor T2: positioned at the corresponding location on the main shield.

[0040] Surface acoustic wave sensor T3: Located at the lower end of the ceramic shell.

[0041] Step 2: Parallel transmission of arrayed signals based on narrowband radio frequency technology This step serves as the transmission link between the reader and the surface acoustic wave sensor, primarily consisting of a narrowband planar reader antenna, an RF coaxial cable, and the reader itself (see reference). Figure 4 ).

[0042] Transmitting narrowband interrogation signals: The reader drives a flat panel antenna via an RF cable to transmit narrowband interrogation signals covering a specific frequency band.

[0043] Directional radiation coverage: Utilizing the directional radiation characteristics of the flat panel antenna, radio frequency energy is simultaneously projected onto the entire surface acoustic wave sensor sensing array (T1, T2, T3, etc.) area arranged on the outer wall of the arc extinguishing chamber.

[0044] Multi-channel echo reception: Each surface acoustic wave sensor uses frequency division multiplexing or time division multiplexing mechanism to reflect radio frequency echoes carrying temperature information of their respective array points.

[0045] Narrowband filtering and parallel communication: The narrowband flat panel antenna receives the mixed echo signals from all sensors in the array and uses its narrowband filtering characteristics to filter out partial discharge and mechanical noise in the environment, ensuring complete acquisition of the echo components of each sensor in the array, thereby completing the construction of a multi-channel parallel communication link.

[0046] Step 3: Contact temperature inversion calculation based on multi-source data fusion and array characteristics This step aims to reconstruct the internal thermal field using external array data. The system receives arrayed echo signals transmitted from the radio frequency communication link and simultaneously accesses real-time operating parameters such as the circuit breaker's load current, ambient temperature, and chamber pressure.

[0047] Array signal demodulation: First, the mixed echo is demodulated using fast Fourier transform or other signal processing algorithms, and the precise temperature values ​​of multiple key points such as T1, T2, and T3 in the outer wall array are extracted simultaneously to form an external temperature distribution vector.

[0048] Array inversion calculation: The demodulated external array temperature gradient data (T1, T2, T3) is used as the core feature input, and combined with parameters such as load current, ambient temperature and air chamber pressure, they are input into the pre-trained Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) inversion model.

[0049] Output steady-state temperature: The PINN model utilizes the temperature difference relationship and evolution trend between T1, T2, and T3 to effectively offset the influence of environmental fluctuations. Through multi-physics field mapping, it calculates and accurately inverts the steady-state temperature of the dynamic and static contacts inside the vacuum interrupter, which cannot be directly measured, thus realizing intelligent inversion from "external array sensing" to "internal state perspective".

[0050] Through the above three steps, this invention achieves non-invasive, highly reliable, and intelligent monitoring of the contact temperature of a vacuum interrupter, breaking through the limitations of traditional single-point monitoring and solving the problem of unmeasurable contact temperature in a high-pressure enclosed environment.

[0051] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: Surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing: A surface acoustic wave sensor sensing array containing three or more sensing nodes is constructed on the outer wall of the vacuum arc interrupter, and the flattened and packaged surface acoustic wave sensor is non-destructively attached to multiple key gradient points on the outer wall that are strongly correlated with the internal contact thermal field in order to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution of the outer wall. Parallel transmission of arrayed signals based on narrowband radio frequency technology: A narrowband flat-panel reader antenna is configured at a certain distance from the outer shell of the vacuum interrupter. The reader antenna uses its directional radiation characteristics to cover the entire sensing array area of ​​the surface acoustic wave sensor. The reader drives the reader antenna to transmit narrowband radio frequency interrogation signals and receive multiple echo signals from each sensor in the array, thereby realizing parallel physical modulation and high-fidelity acquisition of the array temperature information. Contact temperature inversion calculation based on multi-source data fusion and array features: The multi-echo signal is demodulated to obtain the distributed temperature data of each sensing node in the external array. This data is then used as the core feature quantity to input into the pre-trained physical information neural network PINN model. Combined with load current, ambient temperature and air chamber pressure parameters, the steady-state temperature value of the internal contact of the vacuum interrupter is accurately calculated through multi-source data fusion.

2. The method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: In the surface acoustic wave temperature sensing array sensing step, the surface acoustic wave sensor array is arranged outside the ceramic shell and shielding cover of the vacuum interrupter.

3. The method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 2, characterized in that: The surface acoustic wave sensor array includes: A surface acoustic wave sensor T1 is arranged at the upper end of the ceramic shell; Surface acoustic wave sensor T2 is arranged at the corresponding position of the main shield; A surface acoustic wave sensor T3 is arranged at the lower end of the ceramic shell; The surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor T1, SAW sensor T2, and SAW sensor T3 are used to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient characteristics.

4. The method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: In the arrayed parallel transmission step based on narrowband radio frequency technology, the reader antenna uses its narrowband filtering characteristics to filter out broadband partial discharge signals and high-frequency noise in the environment.

5. The method for monitoring the contact temperature of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the contact temperature inversion calculation step based on multi-source data fusion and array characteristics, the PINN model uses the temperature difference relationship and evolution trend between each sensing node in the external array to accurately calculate the steady-state temperature value of the internal contact of the vacuum interrupter.

6. A temperature monitoring system for the contacts of an environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion, characterized in that: include: Surface acoustic wave sensor array: Composed of three or more flat-packaged surface acoustic wave sensors, the array is non-destructively attached to multiple key gradient points on the outer wall of the vacuum interrupter that are strongly correlated with the internal contact thermal field, in order to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient distribution of the outer wall. Narrowband flat panel reader antenna: disposed at a certain distance from the outer shell of the vacuum interrupter, using its directional radiation characteristics to cover the sensing array area of ​​the surface acoustic wave sensor, for receiving the multi-echo signals reflected by the sensing array of the surface acoustic wave sensor; Reader: Connected to the narrowband planar reader antenna via an RF coaxial cable, used to drive the narrowband planar reader antenna to transmit narrowband RF interrogation signals and receive the multi-echo signals; Temperature inversion calculation unit: used to demodulate the multi-echo signals, obtain the distributed temperature data of the array, input the data as the core feature quantity into the pre-trained physical information neural network PINN model, and combine the load current, ambient temperature and air chamber pressure parameters to accurately calculate the steady-state temperature value of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter through multi-source data fusion.

7. The environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 6, characterized in that: The surface acoustic wave sensor array is arranged outside the ceramic shell and shielding cover of the vacuum interrupter.

8. The environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 7, characterized in that: The surface acoustic wave sensor array includes: A surface acoustic wave sensor T1 is arranged at the upper end of the ceramic shell; Surface acoustic wave sensor T2 is arranged at the corresponding position of the main shield; A surface acoustic wave sensor T3 is arranged at the lower end of the ceramic shell; The surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor T1, SAW sensor T2, and SAW sensor T3 are used to capture the longitudinal temperature gradient characteristics.

9. The environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 6, characterized in that: The narrowband planar reader antenna has narrowband filtering characteristics, which are used to filter out broadband partial discharge signals and high-frequency noise in the environment.

10. The environmentally friendly switch vacuum interrupter contact temperature monitoring system based on surface acoustic wave array sensing and inversion according to claim 6, characterized in that: The PINN model in the temperature inversion calculation unit accurately calculates the steady-state temperature of the contacts inside the vacuum interrupter by utilizing the temperature difference relationship and evolution trend between the sensing nodes in the external array.

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