Rydberg atom antenna detection system

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of electromagnetic field detection, in particular to a Rydberg atom antenna detection system. The method comprises the following steps: a temperature control module, a magnetic shielding module and an atomic gas chamber probe module are respectively in bidirectional signal connection with a main control module and are used for receiving a control signal of the main control module and feeding back own working state data; the temperature control module is coupled with an atomic gas chamber in the atomic gas chamber probe module and is used for acquiring and processing temperature data of the atomic gas chamber and the surrounding environment to generate an adjusting signal and performing sub-milliopen-level stabilization and temperature gradient control on the temperature of the atomic gas chamber; the magnetic shielding module wraps the periphery of the atomic gas chamber and is used for collecting and processing environmental magnetic field intensity to generate a driving signal and actively compensate a magnetic field; and the atomic gas chamber probe module is used for converting physical changes corresponding to energy level transition of Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber into electric signals and extracting signal features. According to the invention, the problem of low detection sensitivity of the Rydberg atom antenna can be solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of electromagnetic field detection technology, and more particularly to a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system. Background Technology

[0002] Due to their extreme sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, Rydberg atoms have significant advantages in detecting signals in the radio frequency to terahertz frequency bands, making them an important research direction for high-sensitivity detection technologies in fields such as quantum sensing, communication, and precision measurement.

[0003] Currently, most Rydberg atomic antenna detectors employ temperature control systems, such as temperature sensors, controllers, heaters, and closed-loop coolers, to regulate the ambient temperature. They also use multi-layered magnetic shielding shells for passive isolation and Helmholtz coils for active compensation to counteract magnetic field interference. These systems are combined with basic optical conversion and signal detection modules to extract signals.

[0004] However, existing technologies have obvious limitations: the real-time performance and precision of temperature control are insufficient, making it difficult to eliminate the influence of thermal noise on atomic energy levels; the dynamic coordination and response speed of magnetic field compensation are limited, making it impossible to completely suppress high-frequency magnetic field fluctuations; and the lack of deep coordination among the various modules of the system results in insufficient overall noise suppression capabilities, which restricts the improvement of detection sensitivity. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system to address the problem of low detection sensitivity of Rydberg atomic antennas in the prior art due to insufficient temperature control accuracy and real-time performance, limited magnetic field compensation coordination and response speed, and lack of deep coordination among system modules.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system, comprising: a main control module, a temperature control module, a magnetic shielding module, and an atomic gas cell probe module; The temperature control module, the magnetic shielding module, and the atomic gas chamber probe module are respectively bidirectionally connected to the main control module to receive control signals from the main control module and simultaneously feed back their own working status data. The temperature control module and the atomic chamber thermocouple in the atomic chamber probe module are also used to collect and process temperature data of the atomic chamber and its surrounding environment, generate adjustment signals, and perform sub-millisecond stabilization and temperature gradient control of the temperature of the atomic chamber based on the adjustment signals. The magnetic shielding module is enclosed in the outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber and is also used to collect and process the ambient magnetic field strength, generate a driving signal, and actively compensate the magnetic field based on the driving signal to counteract external magnetic field interference. The atomic gas chamber probe module is used to convert the physical changes corresponding to the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber into electrical signals and extract signal features.

[0007] One possible implementation also includes: a power supply module; The power supply module is connected to the main control module, temperature control module, magnetic shielding module, and atomic gas chamber probe module respectively, and provides independent power supply circuits for the temperature control module, the magnetic shielding module, and the atomic gas chamber probe module. It adopts a two-stage voltage regulation structure, and each independent power supply circuit adopts a four-wire remote sampling method. In the two-stage voltage regulation structure, the upper stage voltage regulation structure adopts a synchronous buck DC-DC converter, and the lower stage voltage regulation structure adopts a low dropout linear regulator or a low-noise point load buck converter.

[0008] In one possible implementation, the power module further includes a "power-observation link" cross-feedback unit. This cross-feedback unit is signal-connected to the main control module and is used to estimate the coupling gain between power supply disturbances and the offset of the detected observations. It also collects the power supply noise of the power module in real time, acquires the observations output by the atomic gas chamber probe module, and calculates the correlation coefficients between the observations and the power supply noise data in each frequency band. Based on the coupling gain and the correlation coefficients, it determines the strong coupling frequency band between the power supply noise and the observations. The noise suppression capability of the strong coupling frequency band is improved through adaptive bandwidth adjustment or notch filter gain enhancement. Simultaneously, a cooperative control signal is sent to the system main control unit, which then coordinates with the temperature control module to adjust the heating PWM carrier frequency or with the magnetic shielding module to adjust the magnetic field coil drive bandwidth, thereby jointly reducing the coupling interference between the power supply noise and the observations.

[0009] In one possible implementation, the temperature control module includes: a distributed temperature sensor, a temperature controller, and a temperature control actuator; The distributed temperature sensor is thermally coupled to the atomic gas chamber and its surrounding environment; the temperature controller is signal-connected to the distributed temperature sensor, the temperature control actuator, and the main control module, respectively. The atomic gas chamber is surrounded by a high magnetic permeability shielding layer, a heat insulation layer, an aluminum shell and a base, and a polyimide partitioned heating film, which are distributed sequentially from the outside to the inside. The temperature control actuator includes the polyimide partitioned heating film; The distributed temperature sensor includes multiple temperature sensors arranged at the midpoint of the inner four quadrants of the polyimide partitioned heating film, near the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber, on the outer side of the heat insulation layer, at the base and the heat sink. The temperature sensors are thinly attached to the surface being measured by insulating thermally conductive adhesive, with shielded wiring and single-point grounding.

[0010] In one possible implementation, a Peltier element and a heat sink are also provided at the bottom of the periphery of the atomic gas chamber; annular heat-repairing rings are provided around the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber; The temperature control actuator also includes a Peltier element and a heat sink.

[0011] In one possible implementation, the temperature controller includes: a signal processing unit and a decoupled control unit; The signal processing unit processes the signals collected by the distributed temperature sensor through linear fusion and Kalman filtering to obtain the equivalent temperature of the atomic gas chamber core, the equivalent quantity of the in-plane temperature gradient, and the equivalent temperature of the window region. The decoupled control unit, based on the pseudo-inverse matrix of the calibrated heating-temperature gain matrix, decouples and distributes the error signals corresponding to the core temperature, temperature gradient, and window temperature to each heating quadrant, and generates a basic adjustment signal in combination with four-channel PID control. When changes in ambient temperature and base temperature are detected, a feedforward compensation signal is generated by identifying the coupling gain, and the feedforward compensation signal is superimposed with the basic adjustment signal to obtain a superimposed signal. The superimposed signal is used to drive the temperature control actuator to perform sub-millisecond stabilization processing of the atomic gas chamber core temperature and temperature gradient control.

[0012] In one possible implementation, the magnetic shielding module includes: a multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, a magnetic field sensor, a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil, and a magnetic control controller; The multi-layer magnetic shielding shell is wrapped around the atomic gas chamber, the magnetic field sensor is disposed inside the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, and the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil is arranged around the atomic gas chamber; The magnetic field sensor is signal-connected to the magnetic controller and is used to send the collected ambient magnetic field strength to the magnetic controller. The magnetic controller is connected to the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil and the main control module respectively, and is used to generate a current control signal according to the magnetic field strength to drive the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil to generate a reverse magnetic field, which, together with the passive isolation of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, cancels out external magnetic field interference.

[0013] In one possible implementation, the multilayer magnetic shielding shell is made of a high-permeability alloy material; The magnetic field sensor is an atomic magnetometer or a fluxgate magnetometer; The three-dimensional Helmholtz coil has a triaxial orthogonal structure and is used to independently compensate for magnetic field interference in the X, Y, and Z directions.

[0014] In one possible implementation, the atomic gas chamber probe module includes: an atomic gas chamber, an optical probe, and a photodetector; The atomic gas chamber is disposed inside the magnetic shielding module, the optical probe is optically coupled to the atomic gas chamber, and the photodetector is signal-connected to the optical probe; The atomic chamber is made of borosilicate glass and filled with alkali metal atoms and buffer gas. It has optical windows with anti-reflective coatings at both ends. The optical probe includes a laser and a polarization element, and uses an EIT or AT laser scheme to convert the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms into optical signals with narrow line transmission or dispersion response. The photodetector is used to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal and extract the characteristic parameters of the electrical signal and feed them back to the main control module. The characteristic parameters include: line center, line width, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio.

[0015] In one possible implementation, the main control module includes: a correlation analysis module; The correlation analysis module is used to perform correlation analysis between the feature parameters extracted by the photodetector and the operating status data of the power supply module, the temperature control module, and the magnetic shielding module. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, when it is determined that the noise in a specific frequency band is related to the power supply or temperature control timing, the suppression frequency band of the power supply module or the PWM carrier frequency of the temperature control module is adjusted in a coordinated manner to achieve full closed-loop optimization.

[0016] This invention provides a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system. A temperature control module, a magnetic shielding module, and an atomic cell probe module are bidirectionally connected to a main control module to receive control signals from the main control module and simultaneously feed back their own operational status data. The temperature control module and the atomic cell thermocouple in the atomic cell probe module are also used to collect and process temperature data of the atomic cell and its surrounding environment, generate adjustment signals, and perform sub-millisecond temperature stabilization and temperature gradient control of the atomic cell based on these adjustment signals. The magnetic shielding module, which surrounds the atomic cell, is also used to collect and process the ambient magnetic field strength and generate a driving signal. The invention actively compensates for the magnetic field based on the driving signal to counteract external magnetic field interference. The atomic gas cell probe module is used to convert the physical changes corresponding to the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas cell into electrical signals and extract signal features. In this embodiment, the temperature of the atomic gas cell is stabilized at the sub-millisecond level and the temperature gradient is controlled by the temperature control module. External magnetic field interference is counteracted by the magnetic shielding module. By optimizing the synergistic mechanism of temperature control and magnetic shielding, environmental interference noise is reduced and the number of atoms in the atomic gas cell is increased. The more atoms there are, the higher the measurement sensitivity, thereby improving the overall sensitivity and breaking through the bottleneck of Rydberg atom antenna detection sensitivity. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system provided in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a Rydberg atomic antenna detection system provided in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the temperature control module provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the temperature control layout of the Rydberg atomic gas chamber provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the temperature controller provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the magnetic shielding module provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] In the following description, specific details such as particular system architectures and techniques are set forth for illustrative purposes and not for limitation, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the invention can be implemented in other embodiments without these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, apparatuses, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.

[0020] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, specific embodiments will be described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a Rydberg atom antenna detection system provided in an embodiment of the present invention. This system focuses on improving the detection sensitivity of the Rydberg atom antenna and ensures the stability and anti-interference capability of Rydberg atoms during the detection process through precise environmental control and signal processing mechanisms.

[0022] This invention addresses the shortcomings of existing Rydberg atomic antenna detection systems by solving the following core problem: how to significantly reduce environmental interference noise by optimizing the synergistic mechanism of temperature control and magnetic shielding, thereby breaking through the bottleneck of Rydberg atomic antenna detection sensitivity.

[0023] This invention emphasizes temperature stability, magnetic field compensation, and physical isolation throughout the entire process, from system initialization to environmental control (temperature control and magnetic shielding) and signal detection (optical conversion and detection). Temperature control increases the atomic number density within the atomic gas chamber; higher atomic number density leads to higher detection sensitivity, thereby improving the overall system sensitivity. Details are as follows: A Rydberg atomic antenna detection system includes: a main control module 10, a temperature control module 20, a magnetic shielding module 30, and an atomic gas cell probe module 40; Temperature control module 20, magnetic shielding module 30 and atomic gas chamber probe module 40 are bidirectionally connected to main control module 10 to receive control signals from main control module 10 and simultaneously feed back their own working status data. The atomic gas chamber thermocouple in the temperature control module 20 and the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 is also used to collect and process temperature data of the atomic gas chamber and its surrounding environment, generate adjustment signals, and perform sub-millisecond stabilization and temperature gradient control of the atomic gas chamber temperature based on the adjustment signals. The magnetic shielding module 30 is enclosed in the outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber. It is also used to collect and process the ambient magnetic field strength, generate a driving signal, and actively compensate for the magnetic field based on the driving signal to cancel external magnetic field interference. The atomic gas chamber probe module 40 is used to convert the physical changes corresponding to the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber into electrical signals and extract signal features.

[0024] In one embodiment, see Figure 2 or Figure 3 As shown, the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system may also include: a power supply module 50; The power supply module 50 is connected to the main control module 10, the temperature control module 20, the magnetic shielding module 30, and the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 respectively. It also provides independent power supply circuits for the temperature control module 20, the magnetic shielding module 30, and the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 to ensure stable and reliable power supply. It adopts a two-stage voltage regulation structure, and each independent power supply circuit adopts a four-wire remote sampling method. In the two-stage voltage regulation structure, the upper stage voltage regulation structure adopts a synchronous step-down DC converter, and the lower stage voltage regulation structure adopts a low dropout linear regulator or a low-noise point load step-down converter.

[0025] Optionally, to ensure a stable power supply for the entire detection system, efficient power management can be used to reduce voltage fluctuations and provide a basic power guarantee for subsequent high-sensitivity detection.

[0026] The main control module 10 activates the power module 50 to perform power management functions, including voltage regulation, current distribution, and overload protection.

[0027] The main control module 10 monitors the power status data (such as voltage and current) of the power module 50 in real time and makes fine adjustments through a feedback mechanism to avoid power noise affecting signal detection.

[0028] Optionally, in the two-stage voltage regulation structure of the power module 50, the upper-stage voltage regulation structure adopts a synchronous buck DC-DC converter (bus, typically 12V–24V→5V / 12V) to handle high power, efficiency and load jump absorption; the lower-stage voltage regulation structure adopts a low dropout regulator (LDO) or low-noise point load step-down to power sensitive nodes such as laser current drive, detection front end, and magnetic field coil drive reference.

[0029] Each independent power supply circuit adopts a four-wire remote sampling method, placing the feedback detection point at the corresponding actual load end to eliminate the voltage regulation error introduced by the wiring voltage drop. The load is the sensitive node of the temperature control module 20, the magnetic shielding module 30, and the atomic gas chamber probe module 40.

[0030] The low-noise power supply architecture of the power module 50, featuring "multiple independent power supply loops + two-stage voltage regulation + four-wire remote sampling," provides the hardware prerequisite for bandwidth suppression. Independent power supply loops prevent noise cross-coupling between different modules (e.g., temperature control power supply noise does not affect the optical module), ensuring that bandwidth suppression is only for the "target loop"; The low-noise characteristics of the lower-level LDO ensure that the narrow-band suppression effect of the notch filter circuit is not masked by other noise. Four-wire remote sampling ensures the accuracy of the feedback signal (no wiring voltage drop error) and avoids loop "misjudgment" of the suppressed frequency band.

[0031] In one embodiment, to ensure the direct benefit of the improvement to the observed physical quantity, the power supply module is also equipped with a "power supply-observation link" cross-feedback unit. During the initialization phase, the "power supply-observation link" cross-feedback is established. The cross-feedback unit is signal-connected to the main control module and is used to estimate the coupling gain between power supply disturbances and the offset of the detected observation, to collect the power supply noise of the power supply module in real time, to obtain the observation output from the atomic gas chamber probe module, and to calculate the correlation coefficient between the observation and power supply noise data in each frequency band. Based on the coupling gain and correlation coefficient, the strong coupling frequency band between the power supply noise and the observation is determined. The noise suppression capability of the strong coupling frequency band is improved through adaptive bandwidth adjustment or notch filter gain enhancement. Simultaneously, a cooperative control signal is sent to the system main control unit, which then coordinates with the temperature control module to adjust the heating PWM carrier frequency or the magnetic shielding module to adjust the magnetic field coil drive bandwidth, jointly reducing the coupling interference between the power supply noise and the observation.

[0032] Optionally, the coupling gain is ,in, Indicates coupling gain. Representing the observed quantity, This indicates the power supply voltage, i.e., the power supply disturbance. The larger the value, the stronger the interference of power supply voltage fluctuations on core observations such as the energy level stability and laser frequency locking accuracy of Rydberg atoms. These observations are core observations for Rydberg atom detection, such as laser frequency locking error and the signal-to-noise ratio of atomic energy level transition signals.

[0033] When calculating the correlation coefficient, the Pearson correlation coefficient method can be used. If the correlation coefficient between the power supply noise and the observed offset in a certain frequency band is greater than a preset value, then that frequency band is determined to be a "strongly coupled interference band," and the power supply loop should prioritize suppressing this frequency band. The preset value can be set according to requirements; for example, the preset value can be set to 0.7.

[0034] After determining the strong coupling frequency band, the power supply module 50 is also used to dynamically suppress the strong coupling frequency band. Specifically, the dynamic suppression of the strong coupling frequency band includes: if the strong coupling frequency band is wideband coupling, adjusting the adaptive bandwidth of the power supply loop (such as widening the bandwidth of the LDO loop); if the strong coupling frequency band is narrowband coupling, increasing the gain of the notch filter circuit (such as adjusting the quality factor (Q) value of the resistor-capacitor (RC) notch filter network).

[0035] The coordinated operation of multiple modules can avoid new interference caused by suppression operations: If the power supply loop increases the notch gain for the heating PWM carrier frequency, the temperature control loop needs to simultaneously "move" the PWM carrier frequency out of the detection bandwidth (e.g., adjust it from 10kHz to 20kHz) to avoid misalignment between the notch circuit and the PWM carrier frequency. If the independent power supply loop widens the bandwidth to suppress high-frequency noise, the magnetic compensation loop needs to reduce the high-frequency response of the magnetic field coil drive (e.g., reduce the bandwidth of the coil drive signal) to prevent high-frequency power supply noise from coupling to the atomic gas cell through the magnetic field drive.

[0036] The significant reduction in power supply noise directly reduces the degradation of Rydberg atomic energy levels and coherence lifetime caused by laser frequency jitter and magnetic field drive noise, thereby improving antenna detection sensitivity and anti-interference capability.

[0037] The temperature control module 20, as the core environmental control module of the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system, is designed to achieve sub-millisecond stability of the "core temperature" of the atomic gas cell within the operating bandwidth, while controlling the in-plane / axial temperature gradient to ≤0.1℃. Under ambient temperature changes of ±2℃, it ensures that the core temperature deviation is ≤0.1℃, thereby avoiding Rydberg atomic level shifts caused by temperature fluctuations and providing a stable temperature environment for high-sensitivity detection.

[0038] Sub-millisecond stability means that the temperature fluctuation is less than or equal to 0.1℃, preferably less than or equal to 0.05℃.

[0039] In one embodiment, such as Figure 4 As shown, the temperature control module 20 includes: a distributed temperature sensor 201, a temperature controller 202, and a temperature control actuator 203; The distributed temperature sensor 201 is thermally coupled to the atomic gas chamber and its surrounding environment; the temperature controller 202 is signal-connected to the distributed temperature sensor 201, the temperature control actuator 203 and the main control module 10 respectively. The outer periphery of the atomic gas chamber is provided with a high magnetic permeability shielding layer, a heat insulation layer, an aluminum shell and base, and a polyimide partitioned heating film, which are distributed from the outside to the inside. Temperature control actuator 203 includes a polyimide zoned heating film; The distributed temperature sensor 201 includes multiple temperature sensors arranged at the midpoint of the inner four quadrants of the polyimide partitioned heating film, near the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber, on the outer side of the heat insulation layer, at the base and heat sink. The temperature sensors are attached to the measured surface with insulating thermally conductive adhesive, the wiring is shielded and grounded at a single point, that is, the shielded cable is a twisted pair shielded cable, and the single-point grounding position is uniformly the system signal ground.

[0040] The structural design, connection relationship, and arrangement of each component in the temperature control module 20 are as follows: 1. Composition and connection relationship of temperature control module 20.

[0041] The distributed temperature sensor 201 forms a thermal coupling with the atomic gas chamber and its surrounding environment, enabling it to comprehensively collect temperature data from the core area of ​​the atomic gas chamber, key parts, and the external environment, ensuring that there are no blind spots in temperature monitoring. The temperature controller 202 is the control core of the temperature control module. It establishes bidirectional signal connections with the distributed temperature sensor 201, the temperature control actuator 203, and the main control module 10. On the one hand, it receives the temperature feedback signal transmitted by the distributed temperature sensor 201. On the other hand, it generates an adjustment signal based on the temperature data analysis results and sends it to the temperature control actuator 203. At the same time, it feeds back its own working status data (such as temperature control parameters and execution status) to the main control module 10 and accepts the global coordination of the main control module 10. The temperature control actuator 203 performs heating or cooling operations based on the adjustment signal of the temperature controller 202, directly acting on the atomic gas chamber and the surrounding environment to achieve precise maintenance of the target temperature.

[0042] 2. The outer layered structure of the atomic gas chamber.

[0043] To ensure the uniformity and stability of temperature control, such as Figure 5The diagram shows the temperature control layout of the Rydberg atomic gas chamber. The outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber adopts a multi-layered composite structure distributed sequentially from the outside to the inside, with each layer functioning in coordination, as detailed below: The outermost layer is a high-permeability magnetic shielding layer. This layer has reserved optical openings to meet the requirements of laser incident and emission, which can achieve magnetic field shielding without affecting optical signal transmission. Optionally, the high-permeability magnetic shielding layer can be a high-permeability permalloy shielding layer (with reserved slots for the optical window). The inner side of the high magnetic permeability shielding layer is a heat insulation layer made of aerogel or foam material with a thickness of 10 mm–20 mm. Its core function is to reduce the heat exchange between the atomic gas chamber and the external environment and suppress the influence of environmental temperature disturbances on the core temperature of the gas chamber. The inner side of the insulation layer consists of an aluminum shell and a base, made of a high thermal conductivity material, which can quickly conduct heat and facilitate a uniform temperature distribution around the air chamber, avoiding local temperature imbalance. The aluminum shell is bonded to the inner side of the base with a polyimide partitioned heating film (4 partitions in total), which serves as the core heating component of the temperature control actuator 203. The partitioned design enables precise temperature regulation.

[0044] In one embodiment, depending on the actual application scenario, a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) unit is also provided at the bottom of the outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber. The thermoelectric cooler (TEC) unit can be a Peltier element and a heat sink, used for rapid cooling or to offset the effects of ambient temperature rise, further expanding the temperature control range and response speed. At the same time, miniature annular heating rings can be installed around the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber to provide low-power heating specifically for the light window area, avoiding the formation of "cold spots" and convection phenomena in the light windows, and ensuring the overall temperature uniformity of the gas chamber.

[0045] 3. Structural details of the temperature control actuator.

[0046] The temperature control actuator 203 uses a polyimide partitioned heating film as its core. This heating film is independently led out in four quadrants, with pre-reserved thermal slits between each quadrant. This effectively avoids thermal short circuits and ensures that the heating power of each quadrant is independently controllable, providing a basis for temperature gradient adjustment. The temperature control actuator 203 also includes a Peltier element and a heat sink, which are used to regulate the Peltier element and the heat sink to quickly cool down or counteract the effects of ambient temperature rise, further expanding the temperature control range and response speed.

[0047] 4. Arrangement and installation specifications for distributed temperature sensors.

[0048] The distributed temperature sensor 201 adopts a multi-point layout, with a total of 8 temperature sensors, such as... Figure 5 As shown, Figure 5S1-S8 are eight temperature sensors, each with a clearly defined location and function: S1-S4: Arranged at the midpoint of the inner four quadrants of the polyimide partitioned heating film, mainly used for real-time measurement of the "uniform temperature state" and "temperature gradient" of the air chamber. S5-S6: The left and right light windows are set near the atomic gas chamber to focus on monitoring the temperature of the light window area, providing data support for the adjustment of the light window heating ring, and suppressing "window cold spots" and convection interference; S7: Installed on the outside of the insulation layer, used to collect external ambient temperature data, providing a basis for environmental feedforward compensation and disturbance identification; S8: Located at the base / heat sink, used to estimate the thermal state of the base and assist in judging the overall heat conduction of the air chamber.

[0049] To ensure the accuracy and anti-interference capability of temperature measurement, all temperature sensors are fixed to the measured surface with a thin layer of insulating thermally conductive adhesive, which ensures efficient heat conduction and avoids electrical interference. The sensor wiring is shielded and grounded at a single point to effectively reduce the impact of electromagnetic noise on the temperature signal and ensure that the temperature data fed back to the temperature controller is true and reliable.

[0050] As the core control unit of the temperature control module 20, the temperature controller 202 is designed to achieve sub-millisecond stability of the core temperature of the atomic gas chamber, precise suppression of temperature gradients, and temperature balance in the window area through precise signal processing and decoupling control. This completely solves the technical problems of closed-loop response lag and insufficient temperature control accuracy in traditional temperature control systems, and provides key guarantees for the stability of the Rydberg atomic level.

[0051] In one embodiment, such as Figure 6 As shown, the temperature controller 202 includes: a signal processing unit 2021 and a decoupling control unit 2022; The signal processing unit 2021 processes the signals collected by the distributed temperature sensor through linear fusion and Kalman filtering to obtain the equivalent temperature of the atomic gas chamber core, the equivalent quantity of the in-plane temperature gradient, and the equivalent temperature of the window region. The decoupled control unit 2022, based on the pseudo-inverse matrix of the calibrated heating-temperature gain matrix, decouples and distributes the error signals corresponding to the core temperature, temperature gradient, and window temperature to each heating quadrant. It generates a basic regulation signal by combining four-channel proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. When changes in ambient temperature and base temperature are detected, a feedforward compensation signal is generated by identifying the coupling gain. The feedforward compensation signal is then superimposed with the basic regulation signal to obtain a superimposed signal. The superimposed signal is used to drive the temperature control actuator to perform sub-millisecond stabilization of the atomic gas chamber core temperature and temperature gradient control.

[0052] Optionally, the working principle, operation procedure, and technical details of each unit in the temperature controller 202 are as follows: 1. The signal processing unit 2021 is a unit for high-precision temperature state sensing and estimation.

[0053] The core function of the signal processing unit 2021 is to fuse and optimize the multi-node temperature data collected by the distributed temperature sensor 201, accurately extract the key temperature state quantities of the atomic gas chamber, and provide a reliable basis for the generation of subsequent control commands. Its specific processing flow includes two key steps: linear fusion and dynamic estimation. (1) Definition of temperature state quantity.

[0054] To achieve precise temperature control, the signal processing unit 2021 first defines the core temperature state variables, including: equivalent temperature of the gas chamber core As the core control target of the temperature control module 20, it directly determines the energy level stability of the Rydberg atom; In-plane temperature gradient equivalent , Used for temperature control to avoid imbalance in the atomic gas room temperature field caused by local temperature differences; Window region equivalent temperature The data is obtained by fusing temperature sensor data (S5, S6) near the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber, and is used to suppress the "window cold spot" phenomenon. Auxiliary temperature measurement: Ambient / casing temperature (From temperature sensor S7) and substrate temperature (From temperature sensor S8), providing data support for feedforward compensation.

[0055] (2) Linear fusion processing.

[0056] For the 8 temperature signals collected by the distributed temperature sensor 201, let the sensor vector be... The signal processing unit 2021 obtains the optimal weight vector through steady-state calibration. A linear fusion algorithm is used to integrate multiple temperature data points. The specific calculation formula is as follows: ; The weight vector is obtained by fitting the least squares or ridge regression algorithm through a method of "small step test in each heating quadrant + environmental disturbance scan" to ensure that the fusion result can best reflect the true temperature state of the atomic gas chamber.

[0057] (3) Dynamic estimation optimization.

[0058] To improve the noise immunity and prediction accuracy of temperature state variables, the signal processing unit 2021 establishes a state-space model based on a simplified thermally equivalent RC network: ; Wherein, the state vector is The input vector is (Including four-quadrant heating drive and Peltier element drive), the output vector is , This represents temperature data collected by distributed sensors. Model parameters are determined using a small signal identification method. , , Then, an online Kalman filter algorithm is used to dynamically estimate the temperature state quantity and output the optimal estimate value, which effectively suppresses the measurement error caused by sensor noise and environmental disturbances, and improves the real-time performance and reliability of temperature sensing.

[0059] 2. The decoupled control unit 2022 is a precise control command generation and execution unit.

[0060] The core function of the decoupling control unit 2022 is to generate precise temperature control execution commands based on the temperature status output from the signal processing unit, through the synergistic effect of decoupling allocation, PID control, and feedforward compensation. This avoids mutual interference between different temperature control targets. Its specific workflow includes five key stages: error formation, decoupling and allocation, feedforward compensation, command superposition, and execution constraints. (1) Error signal formation.

[0061] The decoupling control unit 2022 first calculates the error signal for each control target based on the preset control target and the temperature state estimate output by the signal processing unit: Core temperature error is ( The target core temperature is set at 20℃-25℃; if an increase in atomic number density is required, it can be set to 40℃-60℃. Temperature gradient error is , (Control objective is) ); Window temperature error is (Control objective is) ).

[0062] (2) Decoupling and allocation: Eliminate multi-objective control coupling interference.

[0063] To address the coupling issue between multiple heating quadrants and multiple temperature targets, the decoupling control unit 2022 employs a "pseudo-inverse gain matrix pre-stage decoupling" strategy, with the specific steps as follows: The heating-temperature gain matrix was calibrated. The linear relationship between the four-quadrant heating power and each temperature state variable was obtained through experimental calibration. ,in This is the heating-temperature gain matrix. For the increment of temperature state quantity, This represents the power increment for heating in the four quadrants; Calculate the pseudo-inverse decoupling matrix. Take the heating-temperature gain matrix. Moore-Penrose pseudoreverse If the condition number of the matrix is ​​too large (posing a risk of numerical instability), regularization is used. ,in, For regularization parameters, As an identity matrix, this decoupling matrix can accurately convert "temperature target command" into "four-quadrant power command", realizing multi-objective control decoupling; Four-channel PID control generates correction values. (For...) Four error signals, configured with a four-channel PID controller (gain matrix) Each channel is equipped with anti-integral saturation and slope limiting functions to prevent control command overshoot or saturation, and to generate a correction vector in the temperature state space. ; Decoupling transformation to execution space: via pseudo-inverse decoupling matrix Correction vector Convert to four-quadrant heating power command This achieves precise control with "one control target corresponding to one independent adjustment channel," ensuring that the four targets of core temperature regulation, gradient suppression, and window heating do not "drag" each other.

[0064] (3) Pre-execution constraints and fine-tuning.

[0065] To ensure the physical feasibility of control commands, the control unit is decoupled from... Amplitude and slope limiting are implemented, and an anti-integral saturation mechanism is enabled—when the control command for a heating channel reaches its physical limit (e.g., maximum heating power), the PID integral term for that channel is frozen to prevent control distortion caused by integral accumulation. If the amplitude limiting operation causes temperature field balancing distortion, further fine-tuning is performed using least squares or quadratic programming algorithms to ensure that the control signal meets the specified requirements. Under the constraints, This ensures that control precision is not affected. For static bias, For fine-tuning, For the PID integral term, Minimum adjustment amount, This is the maximum adjustment amount.

[0066] (4) Environment / substrate feedforward compensation.

[0067] To counteract the interference caused by fluctuations in ambient and substrate temperatures, the decoupling control unit 2022 introduces a feedforward compensation mechanism: the ambient temperature coupling gain is obtained through experimental identification. Temperature coupling gain with substrate (Reflecting the degree of influence of temperature disturbances on the core temperature of the gas chamber), when a change in ambient temperature is detected. Or substrate temperature change At the same time, calculate the feedforward compensation command in real time. The feedforward compensation command is preferentially allocated to the convection-sensitive heating quadrant (H1 / H2 region) and the window heating coil, thus offsetting the effects of external disturbances in advance, reducing the adjustment burden and overshoot of the PID controller, and improving the system's anti-interference capability against environmental disturbances.

[0068] (5) Control command superposition and execution.

[0069] The decoupling control unit 2022 will statically bias , Decoupling instructions With feedforward compensation command Superimposed to generate the final control command This signal is then converted into a current or duty cycle signal for the four-quadrant heating film (H1-H4), driving the temperature control actuator to perform the heating operation; simultaneously, the window heating coil adjusts the window temperature error... To enable micro-power regulation, the bottom Peltier element (TEC) is only activated in scenarios with significant environmental disturbances or rapid cooling to maintain stable substrate temperature and reduce DC load pressure on the heating film.

[0070] (6) Self-tuning and health monitoring.

[0071] After the control command is executed, the decoupled control unit 2022 sends real-time temperature status data and control parameters back to the main control module 10 for self-tuning and health monitoring. If a larger temperature coupling interference is detected (such as an increased correlation between core temperature and gradient), the heating-temperature gain matrix can be updated through offline small signal identification. Or make minor adjustments to the regularization parameters online. This ensures the adaptability of the control framework, allowing it to cope with structural or operating condition changes without modifying the core control logic.

[0072] 3. The technical effects of the temperature controller.

[0073] Through linear fusion and Kalman filtering by the signal processing unit 2021, high-precision noise reduction and state estimation of multi-node temperature data were achieved, significantly reducing temperature measurement errors. By employing pseudo-inverse decoupling, four-channel PID control, and feedforward compensation in the decoupling control unit 2022, the coupling problem in multi-target temperature control was completely resolved, achieving the design goals of sub-millisecond core temperature stability, in-plane / axial temperature gradient ≤0.1℃, and core temperature deviation ≤0.1℃ under ambient temperature variations of ±2℃. Finally, the temperature controller 202, through precise temperature control, effectively avoided the impact of thermal disturbances on Rydberg atomic level transitions, laying a solid foundation for the high-sensitivity detection of the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system.

[0074] As the core anti-magnetic field interference module of the Rydberg atom antenna detection system, the magnetic shielding module 30 is designed to solve the technical bottlenecks of weak synergy between passive magnetic shielding and active compensation and limited response speed in the existing technology. Through the synergistic mechanism of "passive isolation + active compensation", it can effectively cancel external magnetic field interference (including geomagnetism, stray magnetic fields of equipment and high-frequency magnetic field fluctuations), suppress the decoherent effect of magnetic field on the quantum state of Rydberg atom, ensure the stability of the magnetic field environment in the atomic gas chamber, and provide reliable magnetic field guarantee for the high-sensitivity electromagnetic field detection of Rydberg atom.

[0075] In one embodiment, such as Figure 7 As shown, the magnetic shielding module 30 includes: a multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301, a magnetic field sensor 302, a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303, and a magnetic control controller 304; A multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 is wrapped around the atomic gas chamber, a magnetic field sensor 302 is set inside the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, and a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 is arranged around the atomic gas chamber. The magnetic field sensor 302 is signal-connected to the magnetic controller 304 and is used to send the collected ambient magnetic field strength to the magnetic controller 304. The magnetic controller 304 is connected to the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 and the main control module 10 respectively. It is used to generate a current control signal according to the magnetic field strength, drive the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 to generate a reverse magnetic field, and cooperate with the passive isolation of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 to cancel the external magnetic field interference.

[0076] The structural design, arrangement, connection relationship, and working principle of each component of the magnetic shielding module 30 are as follows: 1. Composition and core layout of magnetic shielding module 30.

[0077] The components of the magnetic shielding module 30 form an all-round magnetic field protection system around the atomic gas chamber. The layout design takes into account both the magnetic field suppression effect and the optical signal transmission requirements, as detailed below: The multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 is made of a high-permeability alloy (μ-metal) material, which possesses excellent magnetic field adsorption and attenuation capabilities, effectively reducing the penetration of external magnetic fields into the atomic gas chamber. The multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 completely encloses the atomic gas chamber, while reserving optical openings to ensure that optical links such as laser incident, emission, and fluorescence acquisition are not obstructed, achieving compatibility between magnetic field shielding and optical transmission. Its core function is to initially attenuate low-frequency magnetic field noise (such as geomagnetism) in the external environment through passive isolation, providing a basic magnetic field environment for active compensation.

[0078] Magnetic field sensor 302: An atomic magnetometer or fluxgate magnetometer is selected. These sensors have high sensitivity and fast response characteristics, and can accurately capture minute changes in magnetic field strength. The magnetic field sensor 302 is fixedly installed inside the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 and is arranged close to the atomic gas chamber. It can directly collect real magnetic field environment data around the atomic gas chamber, avoiding magnetic field measurement lag or distortion caused by external sensor placement, and ensuring the accuracy of magnetic field feedback signal.

[0079] The 3D Helmholtz coil 303 employs a triaxial orthogonal structure design, uniformly arranged around the atomic gas cell, enabling the formation of a three-dimensional controllable compensating magnetic field around the cell. The advantage of this coil structure lies in its ability to independently adjust the magnetic field strength in the X, Y, and Z dimensions, achieving precise cancellation of external magnetic fields in any direction. It is particularly suitable for suppressing interference caused by high-frequency magnetic field fluctuations, compensating for the shortcomings of passive magnetic shielding in suppressing high-frequency magnetic fields.

[0080] 2. Signal connection relationships between components The 30 components of the magnetic shielding module work together through precise signal connections to form a closed-loop control link: The magnetic field sensor 302 establishes a one-way signal connection with the magnetic controller 304. The magnetic field sensor 302 continuously collects environmental magnetic field strength data (including magnetic field magnitude, direction and fluctuation frequency) and transmits the real-time collected magnetic field strength data to the magnetic controller 304 to provide raw data support for compensation decisions. The magnetic controller 304, as the control core of the magnetic shielding module 30, establishes bidirectional signal connections with the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 and the main control module 10 respectively: on the one hand, it receives the magnetic field feedback signal from the magnetic field sensor 302, and on the other hand, it generates a current control signal based on the magnetic field data analysis results and sends it to the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303. At the same time, it feeds back its own working status data (such as real-time magnetic field strength, compensation current value, compensation efficiency, etc.) to the main control module 10 and accepts the global coordination and optimization of the main control module 10. The three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 establishes a unidirectional signal connection with the magnetic controller 304, receives the current control signal output by the magnetic controller 304, and generates a corresponding reverse magnetic field by adjusting the coil current.

[0081] 3. Working principle of collaborative anti-interference.

[0082] The magnetic shielding module 30 achieves full-band, high-efficiency suppression of external magnetic field interference through a collaborative logic of "passive isolation as a base + active compensation for precise cancellation." The specific workflow is as follows: Passive isolation pretreatment: External magnetic fields (such as geomagnetism, stray magnetic fields of equipment) first act on the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301. The high magnetic permeability alloy material adsorbs part of the magnetic field energy through the hysteresis effect. At the same time, through the reflection and attenuation effect of the multi-layer structure, the penetration intensity of the external magnetic field is greatly reduced, so that the magnetic field noise entering the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell is attenuated to a low level, thus reducing the load for active compensation. Accurate acquisition of magnetic field signals: The magnetic field sensor 302, located inside the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, monitors the dynamic changes of the residual magnetic field and the ambient magnetic field after passive isolation in real time. It converts the acquired magnetic field strength data (including static geomagnetic residue and dynamic stray magnetic field fluctuations) into electrical signals and continuously transmits them to the magnetic controller 304. Compensation parameter calculation and control signal generation: After receiving the feedback signal from the magnetic field sensor 302, the magnetic controller 304 first analyzes the type (static / dynamic), intensity and direction of the magnetic field interference, calculates the required compensation parameters (including magnetic field gradient, magnitude and direction of the compensation magnetic field), and then generates the corresponding current control signal based on the compensation parameters—a constant current control signal is generated for static magnetic fields (such as geomagnetic residue), and a real-time dynamic current control signal is generated for dynamic magnetic field fluctuations (such as high-frequency stray magnetic fields) to ensure accurate matching between the compensation magnetic field and the interference magnetic field; Active compensation magnetic field generation: After receiving the current control signal from the magnetic controller 304, the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 generates a compensation magnetic field that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the external interference magnetic field by adjusting the magnitude and direction of the current in the coil winding. Because the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303 adopts a triaxial orthogonal structure, it can independently compensate for magnetic field interference in the X, Y, and Z directions, achieving omnidirectional, dead-angle-free magnetic field cancellation. Collaborative optimization and feedback: The compensating magnetic field and the passive isolation effect of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 work together to completely cancel out external magnetic field interference, creating a stable zero-magnetic-field environment or a constant magnetic field environment within the atomic gas chamber. Simultaneously, the magnetic controller 304 feeds back real-time magnetic field strength, compensation current value, and other status data to the main control module 10. The main control module 10 can fine-tune the compensation parameters of the magnetic controller 304 based on the overall system detection status (such as signal-to-noise ratio and Rydberg atomic level stability), further improving the accuracy of magnetic field suppression.

[0083] 4. Technical effects.

[0084] Through the passive isolation of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 and the active compensation synergy of the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303, the magnetic shielding module 30 effectively solves the problems of weak synergy and limited response speed of magnetic field dynamic compensation in the prior art. On the one hand, the multi-layer high-permeability alloy shielding shell significantly attenuates low-frequency magnetic field noise, reducing the load of active compensation. On the other hand, the triaxially orthogonal three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303, in conjunction with the high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor 302 and the fast-response magnetic controller 304, realizes real-time tracking and compensation of high-frequency magnetic field fluctuations, significantly reducing residual magnetic field noise. Ultimately, the device can stabilize the magnetic field environment in the atomic gas chamber, suppress Zeeman broadening and drift, and prevent the destruction of the quantum coherence of Rydberg atoms, thus ensuring the efficient coupling of Rydberg atoms and the detection field and improving the sensitivity and anti-interference capability of the entire detection system.

[0085] The atomic gas chamber probe module 40, as the core signal conversion and extraction module of the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system, is designed to utilize the extreme sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to electromagnetic fields to convert detection signals in the radio frequency to terahertz frequency band into accurately detectable optical signals. Then, through high-sensitivity photoelectric conversion, the signal features are efficiently extracted. At the same time, in conjunction with the system's temperature control, magnetic shielding and power management mechanisms, the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the detection signal are maximized, providing core support for the system's sub-microvolt high-sensitivity detection.

[0086] In one embodiment, the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 includes: an atomic gas chamber 401, an optical probe 402, and a photodetector 403; Atomic gas chamber 401 is located inside magnetic shielding module 30, optical probe 402 is optically coupled to atomic gas chamber 401, and photodetector 403 is signal connected to optical probe 402. The atomic gas chamber 401 is made of borosilicate glass and filled with alkali metal atoms and buffer gas. It has optical windows with anti-reflective coatings at both ends. The optical probe 402 includes a laser and a polarization element, and uses an EIT or AT laser scheme to convert the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms into optical signals with narrow line transmission or dispersion response. The photodetector 403 is used to convert optical signals into electrical signals and extract the characteristic parameters of the electrical signals and feed them back to the main control module. The characteristic parameters include: line center, line width, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio.

[0087] The structural design, layout, connection relationship, and working principle of each component in the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 are as follows: 1. Component layout and core connection relationships.

[0088] The components of the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 are arranged around the core link of "signal coupling-optical conversion-electrical signal detection", taking into account both signal transmission efficiency and anti-interference capability, as detailed below: Atomic gas chamber 401: As the carrier of Rydberg atoms and the core of signal coupling, it is set inside the magnetic shielding module 30. It can directly benefit from the passive isolation of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell 301 and the active compensation of the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil 303, avoiding external magnetic field interference from damaging the quantum coherence of Rydberg atoms, and providing a stable magnetic field environment for the efficient coupling of detection signals and atoms.

[0089] Optical probe 402: It establishes optical path coupling with atomic gas cell 401 and realizes laser incidence and signal feedback through the optical windows reserved at both ends of atomic gas cell 401. The optical path design is precisely matched with the optical opening of magnetic shielding module 30 to ensure that laser transmission is unobstructed and has no significant attenuation. At the same time, the power supply of optical probe 402 follows the system power management specifications and is powered by a low dropout regulator (LDO) with an independent power supply circuit to reduce laser frequency jitter caused by power supply noise.

[0090] Photodetector 403: Establishes a signal connection with optical probe 402, receives the optical signal output by optical probe through optical fiber or direct optical path, converts it into an electrical signal, and feeds back the signal characteristic parameters to the main control module through shielded cable. The cable wiring adopts the unified standard of star ground and single-point grounding of shielding layer to avoid power supply ripple and external electromagnetic interference (EMI) from being superimposed on the detection signal through ground loop or wire harness.

[0091] 2. Structural design and technical details of each component.

[0092] (1) Atomic gas chamber 401: a stable carrier of Rydberg atoms and a signal coupling carrier.

[0093] The structural design of atomic gas chamber 401 revolves around three core requirements: "high-density Rydberg atom excitation, long coherent lifetime maintenance, and efficient optical signal transmission." Specific parameters and design details are as follows: Main structure and materials: Made of borosilicate glass, which features a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high temperature resistance, and high light transmittance (>90% @400–1600nm), adapting to the system's high-precision temperature control requirements while ensuring low-loss transmission of optical signals. The overall dimensions of the air chamber are less than or equal to 20cm × 5cm × 5cm, with an effective internal volume of approximately 400cm³. The compact structural design ensures environmental adaptability for both laboratory deployment and industrial field applications.

[0094] Internal Filling Material: The interior is filled with two core materials. The first is alkali metal atoms, preferably cesium (Cs) metal with a purity greater than 99.95%, encapsulated using vacuum distillation to ensure the high purity and stability of the atomic vapor. The second is a buffer gas, using helium (He) or neon (Ne), with the pressure controlled between 10 Torr and 50 Torr, precisely regulated by a vacuum valve. Its core function is to extend the coherence lifetime of Rydberg atoms to 100. This reduces the impact of interatomic collisions on energy level stability.

[0095] Optical window design: Circular optical windows with a diameter of 2 cm are provided at both ends of the gas chamber. The surface of the window is coated with an antireflection film (AR@852 nm). The reflectivity of the antireflection film at the working wavelength of 852 nm laser is less than 0.1%, which can maximize the reduction of reflection loss during the laser incident and outgoing process and improve the coupling efficiency of optical signals.

[0096] (2) Optical probe 402: The core execution component for high-efficiency optical conversion.

[0097] The core function of the optical probe 402 is to induce energy level transitions in Rydberg atoms using a specific laser scheme, converting the electromagnetic field changes of the probe signal into a detectable optical signal. Its structure and operation are as follows: Component composition: It mainly includes optical components such as laser and polarization element. The laser provides the specific wavelength laser required to excite Rydberg atoms, and the polarization element is used to adjust the polarization state of the laser to ensure efficient coupling between the laser and the Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber 401.

[0098] Laser Scheme Selection: Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) or Autoionization (AT) laser schemes are adopted. The core advantage of this type of scheme is that it enables Rydberg atoms to form a narrow line-shaped transmission or dispersion response under the action of the detection field. The center position, linewidth, and contrast of the line shape are directly related to the intensity and frequency of the detection signal, and are strictly controlled by the temperature and magnetic field environment of the atomic gas cell (sub-millisecond stability has been achieved through the system's temperature control system, and a zero magnetic field environment has been achieved through the magnetic shielding system to ensure the stability of the line shape characteristics).

[0099] Optical path integration design: The laser incident and emitted beams employ a collinear dual-beam design, directed along the long axis of the atomic gas cell 401. With a path length of 20cm, this design maximizes the interaction time between the laser and Rydberg atoms, improving signal coupling efficiency. Simultaneously, a high numerical aperture (NA=0.5) objective lens with a focal length of 30mm is mounted on the side of the gas cell to collect the fluorescence signal generated by Rydberg atom transitions. The objective lens is integrated with a core diameter of 200mm. Multimode fiber coupling efficiently transmits the fluorescence signal to the photodetector 403.

[0100] (3) Photodetector 403: a key component for signal feature extraction and feedback The core function of photodetector 403 is to convert optical signals into electrical signals and extract key feature parameters to provide data support for closed-loop optimization of the system. Its specific operating method is as follows: Photoelectric conversion function: Using a high-sensitivity photoelectric detection device, the narrow-line transmission / dispersion response signal (or fluorescence signal) transmitted by the optical probe 402 can be accurately converted into the corresponding current or voltage signal. During the conversion process, the characteristic information of the original detection signal is preserved to the maximum extent and the signal distortion is reduced.

[0101] Feature Parameter Extraction: The built-in signal processing circuit extracts core feature parameters from the converted electrical signal, including line center, linewidth, contrast, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and power spectral density (PSD). These parameters directly reflect the intensity, frequency, and stability of the detected signal. For example, line center offset corresponds to frequency changes in the detected signal, contrast and SNR directly determine the accuracy of signal extraction, and PSD is used to evaluate the system's noise suppression performance.

[0102] Feedback and Collaborative Optimization: The photodetector 403 feeds back the extracted feature parameters to the main control module in real time. This provides raw data for the output of the detection results and, in conjunction with the main control module's correlation analysis function, correlates these feature parameters with the power supply status of the power module, the temperature parameters of the temperature control system, and the magnetic field compensation value of the magnetic shielding module. If noise in a certain frequency band is found to be related to power supply ripple or temperature control timing, the main control module will adjust the power supply loop suppression band or the temperature control carrier frequency accordingly. Through closed-loop optimization of "basic stability + signal feedback," the purity of the detection signal is further improved.

[0103] 3. Module working principle and technical effects.

[0104] The workflow of the atomic gas chamber probe module 40 revolves around the chain of "detection signal - atomic coupling - optical conversion - electrical signal extraction," working in conjunction with other modules of the system to achieve high-sensitivity detection. The specific process and effects are as follows: Preprocessing of detection signals: External detection signals (such as radio frequency and microwave signals) are filtered for environmental noise by a physical isolation layer (vacuum or airtight chamber) and then introduced into atomic gas chamber 401. The isolation structure is consistent with the system grounding specifications to avoid external electromagnetic disturbances from being directly coupled to the detection link. Atomic energy level transition: Alkali metal atoms in atomic gas chamber 401 become Rydberg atoms under laser excitation of optical probe 402. Rydberg atoms couple with the pre-processed detection signal and undergo energy level transition. Their transition state changes with the electromagnetic field of the detection signal. Optical signal conversion: The optical probe 402 converts the energy level transition state of Rydberg atoms into a narrow-line transmission or dispersion response optical signal through EIT or AT laser scheme. Temperature stability ensures that the atomic number density and collision conditions are constant, so that the line shape does not drift and the line width does not expand. Magnetic field stability suppresses Zeeman broadening and drift, making the "slope gain" of the line shape to the detection signal steeper and improving the response sensitivity of the optical signal. Electrical signal detection and feedback: The photodetector 403 converts the optical signal into an electrical signal, extracts the feature parameters and feeds them back to the main control module, thus completing the core extraction of the signal.

[0105] Through the above design, the atomic gas cell probe module 40 achieves three core technological effects: First, the structure and filling design of the atomic gas cell extends the coherence lifetime of Rydberg atoms and improves signal coupling efficiency; second, the narrow-line response characteristics of the EIT / AT laser scheme enhance the resolution of the detection signal; and third, the real-time feedback of characteristic parameters and the collaborative optimization of multiple system modules minimize noise interference, ultimately ensuring that the system can accurately extract weak detection signals and support high-sensitivity detection targets at the sub-microvolt level.

[0106] The main control module 10 serves as the core of global coordination and optimization of the Rydberg atomic antenna detection system. Its built-in correlation analysis module is the key to achieving "deep coordination of the entire system and precise noise suppression". The design goal is to solve the technical bottleneck of the lack of a unified suppression strategy among modules (power supply, temperature control, magnetic shielding) and complex noise coupling in the existing technology. Through cross-module data correlation analysis, the root cause of the detection signal noise is traced and optimized in a coordinated manner, ultimately achieving a closed-loop improvement in the system's detection performance throughout the entire process.

[0107] In one embodiment, the main control module 10 includes: a correlation analysis module; The correlation analysis module is used to perform correlation analysis between the feature parameters extracted by the photodetector 403 and the working status data of the power supply module 50, temperature control module 20, and magnetic shielding module 30. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, when it is determined that the noise of a specific frequency band is related to the power supply or temperature control timing, the suppression frequency band of the power supply module 50 or the PWM carrier frequency of the temperature control module 20 is adjusted in a coordinated manner to achieve full closed-loop optimization.

[0108] The core function of the correlation analysis module is to establish a correlation link between "detected signal characteristics and the working status of each module". Through precise analysis and dynamic linkage, it minimizes cross-module noise coupling interference. Its specific working principle, analysis objects, execution process, and technical effects are as follows: 1. The core analytical object of correlation analysis The correlation analysis module's analysis data covers two main categories: "detection signal result data" and "full module status data," ensuring the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the correlation analysis. Specifically, it includes: Category 1: Detection signal characteristic parameters.

[0109] The photodetector 403, directly derived from the atomic gas chamber probe module 40, provides core data reflecting detection accuracy and noise levels. This data includes line center, line width, contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and noise floor (PSD). These parameters are directly related to the energy level stability of Rydberg atoms and the purity of the detection signal. For example, line drift may originate from temperature fluctuations or power supply noise, while abnormal PSD may be related to magnetic field interference or temperature control timing coupling, providing direct evidence for noise source tracing.

[0110] The second category: Operating status data of each module. This includes real-time operating data collected from the power supply module 50, temperature control module 20, and magnetic shielding module 30. This data is crucial for tracing the source of noise. Status data of power module 50: including output voltage ripple, current fluctuation, suppression bandwidth, notch filter gain, and coupling gain of the power-observation link for each independent power circuit. And the power supply noise spectrum of each sensitive node (laser current drive, magnetic field coil drive reference); The status data of the temperature control module 20 includes: the equivalent temperature of the atomic gas chamber core, the in-plane temperature gradient, the window area temperature, the power supply duty cycle (PWM carrier frequency) of the heating film in four quadrants, the feedforward compensation parameters (Fa, Fb), the PID adjustment parameters of the temperature controller, and the ambient / substrate temperature change. , ); The status data of the magnetic shielding module 30 includes the real-time magnetic field strength around the atomic gas chamber, the compensation current value of the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil, the magnetic field gradient parameters, the isolation efficiency feedback of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, and the dynamic response parameters of the magnetic controller.

[0111] 2. The specific execution process of correlation analysis.

[0112] The correlation analysis module achieves global optimization through a closed-loop process of "real-time data acquisition - multi-dimensional correlation calculation - noise source identification - linkage command output". The specific steps are as follows: Data synchronous acquisition and preprocessing. A real-time data transmission link is established between the correlation analysis module and photodetector 403, power supply module 50, temperature control module 20, and magnetic shielding module 30 to synchronously acquire the two types of analytical data mentioned above. The acquired data is preprocessed: time-domain data (such as voltage ripple and temperature fluctuations) are converted to frequency-domain data using Fourier transform; discrete state parameters (such as PID parameters and compensation current values) are normalized to ensure that data of different types and magnitudes can be correlated and analyzed.

[0113] 2. Multi-dimensional correlation calculation.

[0114] For the preprocessed data, a two-dimensional correlation analysis method combining the time domain and frequency domain is used to establish a one-to-one and one-to-many correlation model between "feature parameters and module state data": Temporal correlation: Using algorithms such as Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation strength between the characteristic parameters of the probe signal (such as signal-to-noise ratio SNR) and the state data of each module (such as power supply voltage ripple and core temperature fluctuation) in the time dimension is calculated to identify the continuous steady-state interference coupling. Frequency domain correlation: Focus on analyzing the source of noise in a specific frequency band -- decompose the noise floor PSD by frequency band (e.g., low frequency 50Hz, mid frequency 1kHz, high frequency 10kHz), calculate the correlation between noise in each frequency band and power supply noise spectrum, temperature control PWM carrier frequency spectrum, and magnetic field fluctuation spectrum, and accurately locate "the interference module corresponding to a certain frequency band noise".

[0115] Unlike the power module 50, which focuses on "only detecting power supply noise and observed values ​​with a fixed correlation coefficient greater than a preset threshold", this module's correlation analysis has no fixed threshold limit. It dynamically judges whether "the correlation strength is significantly higher than the baseline value under normal operating conditions" to flexibly determine the source of noise.

[0116] Precisely pinpoint the source of noise.

[0117] Based on the results of the two-dimensional correlation analysis, the following conclusions were drawn regarding the root cause of the noise: If the noise floor PSD of a certain frequency band is significantly correlated with the power supply noise spectrum of the power module (e.g., the frequency domain correlation peaks are concentrated at the same frequency point), and the interference contribution of the temperature control and magnetic shielding modules is excluded, then the noise in this frequency band is determined to originate from power supply noise coupling. If linear drift and signal-to-noise ratio decrease are highly correlated with the PWM carrier frequency spectrum of the temperature control module and fluctuate synchronously with the PWM carrier frequency, then the noise is determined to originate from the coupling between the temperature control timing and the detection bandwidth. If the characteristic parameters of the detected signal are significantly correlated with the fluctuation of the magnetic field compensation current of the magnetic shielding module, then the noise is determined to originate from the response lag or residual interference of the dynamic compensation of the magnetic field.

[0118] 3. Cross-module linkage adjustment and closed-loop optimization.

[0119] After locating the root cause of the noise, the correlation analysis module immediately generates targeted adjustment instructions, which are transmitted to the corresponding functional modules through the main control module 10. Simultaneously, these instructions are synchronized with other relevant modules for collaborative adaptation, ensuring that the optimization actions do not trigger new coupling interference. The specific linkage logic is as follows: Scenario 1: Determine if the noise is related to power module 50.

[0120] The power supply module 50 adjusts its noise suppression strategy: adaptively widening the power loop suppression bandwidth for the associated frequency band, or increasing the notch gain of the notch filter circuit to enhance power supply noise attenuation in that frequency band; if the associated frequency band is a "power-observation link", the coupling gain is adjusted. If an anomaly is detected, the feedback mechanism of the power module will be adjusted synchronously to reduce the impact of power disturbances on the observed measurements (such as laser frequency locking error and magnetic field bias). At the same time, the temperature control module 20 and the magnetic shielding module 30 will be prompted to adjust their own operating parameters (such as the temperature control PWM carrier frequency avoiding the associated frequency band) to further weaken the coupling path.

[0121] Scenario 2: Determine if the noise is related to the temperature control module 20.

[0122] The linkage temperature control module 20 adjusts its working timing and parameters: shifting the PWM carrier frequency of the heating film out of the detection bandwidth (e.g., from 10kHz to 20kHz) to avoid coupling of PWM switching noise with the detection signal; or optimizing the PID adjustment parameters and feedforward compensation allocation strategy of the temperature controller to reduce the high-frequency components of temperature fluctuations and reduce the interference of thermal noise on the stability of the Rydberg atomic level; at the same time, coordinating the power supply module 50 to specifically improve the power supply stability of this frequency band, forming a "temperature control-power supply" collaborative suppression.

[0123] Scenario 3: Determine if the noise is related to the magnetic shielding module 30.

[0124] The linkage magnetic shielding module 30 optimizes the magnetic field compensation strategy: adjusts the dynamic response parameters of the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil to improve the compensation speed of high-frequency magnetic field fluctuations; or updates the magnetic field-temperature coupling gain data and coordinates with the temperature control module 20 to optimize temperature gradient control and avoid temperature-magnetic field cross-coupling; if it is necessary to strengthen passive isolation, it prompts the system to adjust the adaptation status of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell (such as optimizing the shielding design of the optical opening).

[0125] Closed-loop verification and iterative optimization After the linkage adjustment command is executed, the correlation analysis module continuously collects the characteristic parameters of the photodetector 403 and the adjusted status data of each module, and performs correlation analysis again to verify the noise suppression effect: if the characteristic parameters (such as signal-to-noise ratio and PSD) reach the preset target, the current adjustment parameters are maintained; if they do not reach the target, the "analysis-positioning-adjustment" process is repeated until the noise coupling interference is reduced to the minimum, so as to realize the dynamic iterative optimization of system performance.

[0126] 4. Technical effects.

[0127] The correlation analysis module, through its core logic of "tracing the source of results and cross-module coordinated suppression," thoroughly solves the technical pain points of isolated module operation and inaccurate noise coupling suppression. On the one hand, its correlation analysis, covering all modules and spanning two dimensions, enables precise location of noise sources, avoiding resource waste or the introduction of new interference caused by blind suppression. On the other hand, its dynamic linkage adjustment mechanism ensures that the power supply, temperature control, and magnetic shielding modules form a unified noise suppression strategy, significantly reducing cross-module noise coupling (such as power supply ripple-laser jitter and temperature control timing-detection bandwidth coupling). Ultimately, through full-process closed-loop optimization, this module further enhances the system's anti-interference capability and detection sensitivity, providing crucial global collaborative support for the system to achieve high-sensitivity detection at the sub-microvolt level.

[0128] This invention provides a Rydberg atom antenna detection system. A temperature control module, a magnetic shielding module, and an atomic chamber probe module are bidirectionally connected to a main control module to receive control signals from the main control module and simultaneously feed back their own operational status data. The temperature control module and the atomic chamber thermocouple in the atomic chamber probe module are also used to collect and process temperature data of the atomic chamber and its surrounding environment, generate adjustment signals, and perform sub-millisecond temperature stabilization and temperature gradient control of the atomic chamber based on these adjustment signals. The magnetic shielding module, enclosing the atomic chamber, is also used to collect and process the ambient magnetic field strength, generate a driving signal, and actively compensate for the magnetic field based on the driving signal to cancel external magnetic field interference. The atomic chamber probe module is used to convert the physical changes corresponding to energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms in the atomic chamber into electrical signals and extract signal features. This invention employs a temperature control module to achieve sub-millisecond temperature stabilization and temperature gradient control within the atomic gas chamber. A magnetic shielding module counteracts external magnetic field interference. By optimizing the synergistic mechanism of temperature control and magnetic shielding, environmental interference noise is significantly reduced, increasing the number of atoms within the atomic gas chamber. A higher number of atoms results in higher measurement sensitivity, thereby improving overall sensitivity and overcoming the bottleneck in the detection sensitivity of the Rydberg atomic antenna.

[0129] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and should all be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A Rydberg atomic antenna detection system, characterized in that, include: Main control module, temperature control module, magnetic shielding module, and atomic gas chamber probe module; The temperature control module, the magnetic shielding module, and the atomic gas chamber probe module are respectively bidirectionally connected to the main control module to receive control signals from the main control module and simultaneously feed back their own working status data. The temperature control module and the atomic chamber thermocouple in the atomic chamber probe module are also used to collect and process temperature data of the atomic chamber and its surrounding environment, generate adjustment signals, and perform sub-millisecond stabilization and temperature gradient control of the temperature of the atomic chamber based on the adjustment signals. The magnetic shielding module is enclosed in the outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber and is also used to collect and process the ambient magnetic field strength, generate a driving signal, and actively compensate the magnetic field based on the driving signal to counteract external magnetic field interference. The atomic gas chamber probe module is used to convert the physical changes corresponding to the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber into electrical signals and extract signal features.

2. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: Power module; The power supply module is connected to the main control module, temperature control module, magnetic shielding module, and atomic gas chamber probe module respectively, and provides independent power supply circuits for the temperature control module, the magnetic shielding module, and the atomic gas chamber probe module. It adopts a two-stage voltage regulation structure, and each independent power supply circuit adopts a four-wire remote sampling method. In the two-stage voltage regulation structure, the upper stage voltage regulation structure adopts a synchronous buck DC-DC converter, and the lower stage voltage regulation structure adopts a low dropout linear regulator or a low-noise point load buck converter.

3. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The power module also includes a "power-observation link" cross-feedback unit, which is signal-connected to the main control module. This unit estimates the coupling gain between power supply disturbances and the offset of the observed quantity, acquires the power supply noise of the power module in real time, obtains the observed quantity output by the atomic gas chamber probe module, and calculates the correlation coefficient between the observed quantity and the power supply noise data in each frequency band. Based on the coupling gain and the correlation coefficient, it determines the strong coupling frequency band between the power supply noise and the observed quantity. It improves the noise suppression capability of the strong coupling frequency band through adaptive bandwidth adjustment or notch filter gain enhancement. Simultaneously, it sends a cooperative control signal to the system main control unit, which then coordinates with the temperature control module to adjust the heating PWM carrier frequency or with the magnetic shielding module to adjust the magnetic field coil drive bandwidth, thereby jointly reducing the coupling interference between the power supply noise and the observed quantity.

4. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The temperature control module includes: a distributed temperature sensor, a temperature controller, and a temperature control actuator; The distributed temperature sensor is thermally coupled to the atomic gas chamber and its surrounding environment; the temperature controller is signal-connected to the distributed temperature sensor, the temperature control actuator, and the main control module, respectively. The atomic gas chamber is surrounded by a high magnetic permeability shielding layer, a heat insulation layer, an aluminum shell and a base, and a polyimide partitioned heating film, which are distributed sequentially from the outside to the inside. The temperature control actuator includes the polyimide partitioned heating film; The distributed temperature sensor includes multiple temperature sensors arranged at the midpoint of the inner four quadrants of the polyimide partitioned heating film, near the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber, on the outer side of the heat insulation layer, at the base and the heat sink. The temperature sensors are thinly attached to the surface being measured by insulating thermally conductive adhesive, with shielded wiring and single-point grounding.

5. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The bottom of the outer perimeter of the atomic gas chamber is also equipped with a Peltier element and a heat sink; annular heat-repairing rings are arranged around the left and right light windows of the atomic gas chamber; The temperature control actuator also includes a Peltier element and a heat sink.

6. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The temperature controller includes: a signal processing unit and a decoupling control unit; The signal processing unit processes the signals collected by the distributed temperature sensor through linear fusion and Kalman filtering to obtain the equivalent temperature of the atomic gas chamber core, the equivalent quantity of the in-plane temperature gradient, and the equivalent temperature of the window region. The decoupled control unit, based on the pseudo-inverse matrix of the calibrated heating-temperature gain matrix, decouples and distributes the error signals corresponding to the core temperature, temperature gradient, and window temperature to each heating quadrant, and generates a basic adjustment signal in combination with four-channel PID control. When changes in ambient temperature and base temperature are detected, a feedforward compensation signal is generated by identifying the coupling gain, and the feedforward compensation signal is superimposed with the basic adjustment signal to obtain a superimposed signal. The superimposed signal is used to drive the temperature control actuator to perform sub-millisecond stabilization processing of the atomic gas chamber core temperature and temperature gradient control.

7. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to any one of claims 2-6, characterized in that, The magnetic shielding module includes: a multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, a magnetic field sensor, a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil, and a magnetic control controller; The multi-layer magnetic shielding shell is wrapped around the atomic gas chamber, the magnetic field sensor is disposed inside the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, and the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil is arranged around the atomic gas chamber; The magnetic field sensor is signal-connected to the magnetic controller and is used to send the collected ambient magnetic field strength to the magnetic controller. The magnetic controller is connected to the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil and the main control module respectively, and is used to generate a current control signal according to the magnetic field strength to drive the three-dimensional Helmholtz coil to generate a reverse magnetic field, which, together with the passive isolation of the multi-layer magnetic shielding shell, cancels out external magnetic field interference.

8. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 7, characterized in that, The multi-layer magnetic shielding shell is made of a high magnetic permeability alloy material; The magnetic field sensor is an atomic magnetometer or a fluxgate magnetometer; The three-dimensional Helmholtz coil has a triaxial orthogonal structure and is used to independently compensate for magnetic field interference in the X, Y, and Z directions.

9. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 7, characterized in that, The atomic gas chamber probe module includes: an atomic gas chamber, an optical probe, and a photoelectric detector; The atomic gas chamber is disposed inside the magnetic shielding module, the optical probe is optically coupled to the atomic gas chamber, and the photodetector is signal-connected to the optical probe; The atomic chamber is made of borosilicate glass and filled with alkali metal atoms and buffer gas. It has optical windows with anti-reflective coatings at both ends. The optical probe includes a laser and a polarization element, and uses an EIT or AT laser scheme to convert the energy level transitions of Rydberg atoms into optical signals with narrow line transmission or dispersion response. The photodetector is used to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal and extract the characteristic parameters of the electrical signal and feed them back to the main control module. The characteristic parameters include: line center, line width, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio.

10. The Rydberg atomic antenna detection system according to claim 9, characterized in that, The main control module includes: a correlation analysis module; The correlation analysis module is used to perform correlation analysis between the feature parameters extracted by the photodetector and the operating status data of the power supply module, the temperature control module, and the magnetic shielding module. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, when it is determined that the noise in a specific frequency band is related to the power supply or temperature control timing, the suppression frequency band of the power supply module or the PWM carrier frequency of the temperature control module is adjusted in a coordinated manner to achieve full closed-loop optimization.

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