Specific strategy method for landscape planning design

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of urban and rural planning and landscape garden design, and discloses a specific strategy method for landscape planning design, and the method comprises the steps: building a basic database, dividing a country into a coastal region, an inland mountain-water region and a linear water system region according to regional dimensions, and matching a low-carbon strategy; spatial function layout is carried out, earthwork data is measured and calculated to realize in-situ balance, and idle land is replaced by carbon fixation green land; constructing a multi-layer carbon sink greenbelt system, and screening high-carbon sink indigenous plants to construct a multi-layer community; a low-carbon infrastructure and building transformation scheme is planned, clean energy and ecological water facilities are arranged, and a building is transformed through local materials and a passive technology; and calculating the carbon emission amount and the carbon sink amount based on a full life cycle evaluation method, comparing the carbon emission amount and the carbon sink amount with a carbon emission target threshold value, and feeding back an adjustment parameter until the standard is reached. According to the invention, through a whole-process quantitative evaluation and feedback regulation mechanism and in combination with regional resource utilization, low-carbon transformation and carbon sequestration capability improvement of the rural landscape are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of urban and rural planning and landscape architecture design, specifically to specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design. Background Technology

[0002] Existing rural landscape planning and design methods mostly focus on creating spatial aesthetics and improving basic functions, which have certain limitations in addressing low-carbon goals.

[0003] Traditional planning processes lack a life-cycle carbon measurement and assessment mechanism, often relying on qualitative concepts instead of quantitative indicators. This makes it difficult to verify the actual emission reduction effectiveness of implemented plans and lacks closed-loop feedback mechanisms for non-compliant solutions. Furthermore, existing technologies are insufficiently tailored to regional characteristics in resource utilization, frequently employing generic construction models that ignore the differences between coastal, mountainous, and water-rich areas. This results in the ineffective utilization of local waste and materials, with significant reliance on imported high-energy-consuming building materials such as cement and steel, increasing implicit carbon emissions during construction. In addition, low-carbon technologies such as landscaping, infrastructure, and building renovation typically operate independently, lacking systematic integration and coordination. This makes it difficult to achieve overall carbon sequestration and emission reduction through comprehensive methods such as earthwork balancing, plant community optimization, and passive energy conservation. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design, solving the problems of insufficient full life-cycle quantitative carbon indicators, weak targeted utilization of regional resources, and low integration of low-carbon technologies in existing rural landscape planning, which makes it difficult to implement emission reduction and carbon sequestration effects.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design, comprising the following steps: Establish a basic database to obtain natural geographical data and human resource data of the target villages, and determine carbon emission target thresholds based on natural geographical data; classify the target villages into coastal areas, inland mountain and water areas and linear water system areas according to the regional classification standards, and match resource utilization priorities and low-carbon planning strategies based on the classification results. Based on the low-carbon planning strategy, the spatial function layout of the target villages is carried out; while preserving the original landform features, the site excavation and filling data are calculated using the grid method based on the digital elevation model, and the earthwork is balanced on-site through internal allocation, and idle construction land is replaced with green space with carbon sequestration function and public activity space. Based on the defined spatial functional layout, a multi-level rural carbon sink green space system is constructed; the area of ​​forest land is conserved around the village, linear protective forest belts are arranged along roads and water systems, and point-like courtyard green spaces are arranged inside the residential area; suitable native plant varieties are selected based on plant carbon sequestration efficiency to construct multi-layered plant communities. Plan low-carbon infrastructure and building renovation schemes with supporting spatial functional layout; deploy distributed clean energy facilities and ecological water treatment facilities; construct a hierarchical road network and slow traffic system; and use local materials and passive technologies to carry out energy-saving renovation and spatial reconstruction of rural buildings. The carbon emissions and carbon sinks of the planning and design scheme are calculated based on the life cycle assessment method. The calculation results are compared with the carbon emission target threshold. If the carbon emission target threshold is not met, the spatial functional layout and low-carbon infrastructure parameters are adjusted until the carbon emission target requirements are met and the final planning and design scheme is output.

[0006] Furthermore, the basic database established in step S1 includes topographic and geomorphological data, hydrological and meteorological data, natural resource distribution data, and historical and cultural heritage data. The specific regional classification criteria are as follows: areas within a distance threshold from the coastline and possessing maritime climate characteristics are classified as coastal areas; areas with topographic relief greater than a relief threshold and preserving historical and cultural heritage are classified as inland mountain and water areas; and areas with major rivers within their village areas and settlements distributed in a strip along the water system are classified as linear water system areas.

[0007] The low-carbon planning strategy performs the following operations based on different region types: For coastal areas, marine waste is recycled. Waste shells and sea stones are collected and desalinated in fresh water to remove surface salt before being used as aggregate for landscape paving. Waste fishing nets are cleaned with high-pressure water guns and then processed into recycled plastic landscape facilities using a hot-melt plasticizing process.

[0008] For inland mountainous and water-type areas, the layout is adapted to the terrain and the application of earthen buildings is implemented. The buildings and landscape nodes are arranged in a terraced manner according to the contour lines. The earthwork generated by the necessary foundation engineering is internally balanced. The cultural display nodes adopt earth-covered building form and semi-underground building form.

[0009] For linear water system areas, water ecological restoration and recycling of old materials are implemented. Ecological red lines are drawn on both sides of the waterfront and emergent and submerged plants are planted. Old bricks, old stone slabs and old wood from abandoned buildings are recycled to repair historical water conservancy facilities.

[0010] In terms of site engineering and land replacement, an earthwork allocation optimization model was constructed when calculating site excavation and filling data. The objective function was set as minimizing the total earthwork transportation work across the entire site. The corresponding relationship between excavation and filling areas was planned, and excess earthwork generated from infrastructure excavation was used for micro-topography creation within the site. The difference between the total excavation and filling volume after planning was controlled to meet the requirements for on-site earthwork balance. The replacement of idle construction land included identifying hollow village land, abandoned homesteads, and idle construction land within rural areas. The construction waste generated from demolition was crushed and used as the subgrade layer for landscape roads, and the cleared homesteads were replaced with green spaces using a sunken structure.

[0011] In constructing green space carbon sequestration systems, multi-layered plant communities follow a configuration pattern of tall trees, mid-layer sub-trees, underlayer shrubs, and ground cover plants. Deciduous trees are planted on the south side of buildings to balance winter and summer light requirements, while evergreen trees are planted on the north side to block cold winds. Windbreaks are designed on both sides of roads. In the construction of farmland shelterbelts, the direction of the forest belts is set perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. When selecting suitable native plant varieties, a database of local native plant carbon sequestration efficiency is established, and native tree species with high photosynthetic rates, long growth cycles, and high timber density are selected as backbone tree species.

[0012] In terms of low-carbon infrastructure configuration, the deployment of distributed clean energy facilities includes setting up photovoltaic canopies in public parking lots, arranging self-sufficient smart streetlights along roadsides, and constructing underground biogas digesters. These underground digesters mix livestock manure and crop straw in a suitable carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for fermentation, producing biogas which is then delivered to farmers' kitchens. The biogas residue and slurry are reused in farmland. The ecological water treatment facilities include rainwater bioretention facilities, which are arranged from top to bottom as a water storage layer, a covering layer, a planting medium layer, a filtration layer, and a drainage layer. The planting medium layer is composed of a mixture of native soil, fine sand, and organic fertilizer, and its permeability meets the drainage rate requirements.

[0013] In terms of building energy conservation renovation, local materials are used to upgrade rural buildings. Specifically, modified rammed earth materials are used in the building envelope. These materials consist of undisturbed clay, sand and gravel aggregates, and a curing agent, with plant fibers added to enhance their crack resistance. Passive technologies are employed, including excavating sunken courtyards in deep plain areas, using L-shaped and U-shaped courtyard layouts, with the courtyard openings facing the prevailing summer winds, installing heat-collecting and heat-storing walls on the south facade of the buildings, and installing vertical greening systems on the west-facing walls.

[0014] Regarding the road network, a tiered road network will be constructed. The first-level external traffic roads will be paved with modified asphalt concrete; the second-level production roads and the third-level residential lanes will use permeable pavement structures, including a graded crushed stone base layer and a permeable concrete surface layer. A slow-traffic system will be constructed by transforming existing field ridges and irrigation canals into pedestrian and cycling paths, using local stone processing waste and preservative-treated timber as paving materials.

[0015] In terms of scheme evaluation and closed-loop optimization, the emission factor method is used to calculate carbon emissions, covering both the construction and operation and maintenance phases. Carbon sequestration is calculated using carbon sequestration from the canopy, shrubland, wetland soils, and clean energy substitution for emission reductions. Adjustments to spatial functional layout and low-carbon infrastructure parameters are implemented based on the priority of carbon emission reduction cost-effectiveness: the first priority is adjusting plant configuration parameters, increasing the proportion of high-carbon-sink trees and evergreen plants; the second priority is adjusting energy system parameters, increasing the area of ​​photovoltaic power generation modules and improving biomass energy utilization; the third priority is adjusting spatial layout and building material selection, reducing hard paving area and increasing the proportion of recycled materials used.

[0016] This invention provides specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design. It has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention establishes a quantitative feedback and adjustment mechanism for planning schemes through a life-cycle assessment method. In the initial planning stage, carbon emission target thresholds are set based on natural geographical data. After the scheme is completed, carbon emissions and carbon sinks are calculated and compared for verification. When the scheme fails to meet the targets, plant configuration, energy parameters, and spatial layout are iteratively adjusted based on the cost-effectiveness priority of carbon emission reduction. This mechanism transforms carbon emission targets from qualitative concepts into calculable and verifiable technical indicators, ensuring that the planning scheme has clear emission reduction effectiveness before implementation.

[0017] 2. This invention constructs a differentiated resource utilization strategy based on regional dimensions. According to the different characteristics of coastal, inland, and water system areas, waste materials such as seashells, raw soil, and old bricks and wood are used for landscape and architectural construction. Combined with on-site earthwork balance calculations and construction waste backfilling technology for roadbeds, it reduces reliance on exogenous high-carbon building materials such as cement and steel, as well as carbon emissions from long-distance transportation, thereby reducing the implicit carbon in rural construction and achieving a low-carbon cycle of materials within the region.

[0018] 3. This invention integrates multi-level physical space optimization and biomass enhancement technologies. At the micro level, it enhances carbon sequestration by selecting native plants with high carbon sequestration potential to construct multi-layered communities. At the meso level, it reduces building energy consumption through passive technologies and modified rammed earth materials. At the macro level, it reduces infrastructure waste through compact spatial layout and a hierarchical road network. This integrated technology, covering the entire process from construction to operation and maintenance, systematically improves the net carbon performance of the landscape environment while ensuring the functional needs of rural areas. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the overall method of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] Reference Appendix Figure 1 This invention provides specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design, including the following steps: S1. Obtain natural geographical data and human resource data of the target village, and classify the target village into coastal areas, inland mountain and water areas or linear water system areas according to the preset regional dimension classification standards, and match the corresponding resource utilization priorities and low-carbon planning strategies according to the classification results. S2. Based on the low-carbon planning strategy, spatial functional layout of the target villages is carried out. On the basis of preserving the original landform characteristics, the site excavation and filling data are calculated to achieve on-site earthwork balance, and idle construction land is replaced with green space or public activity space with carbon sequestration function. S3. Construct a multi-level rural carbon sequestration green space system, conserve the area of ​​forest land around the village, arrange linear protective forest belts along roads and water systems, arrange point-like courtyard green spaces inside the residential area, and select suitable native plant species based on plant carbon sequestration efficiency to construct multi-layered plant communities. S4. Plan low-carbon infrastructure and building renovation schemes, deploy distributed clean energy facilities and ecological water treatment facilities, construct a hierarchical road network and slow traffic system, and use local materials and passive technologies to carry out energy-saving renovation and spatial reconstruction of rural buildings. S5. Calculate the carbon emissions and carbon sinks of the planning and design scheme based on the life cycle assessment method, compare the calculation results with the preset carbon emission target threshold, and if the threshold is not met, adjust the parameters of the spatial functional layout or low-carbon infrastructure until the carbon emission target requirements are met, and output the final planning and design scheme.

[0022] In step S1, a basic database of the target villages is first established using geographic information systems and field survey data. This database includes topographic data, hydrological and meteorological data, natural resource distribution data, and historical and cultural heritage data. Based on the attribute characteristics of the above data, the rural areas are divided into three specific dimensional types: coastal resource-type areas, inland mountainous cultural-type areas, and linear water system cultural-type areas.

[0023] The specific execution process of step S1 can be further refined into the following steps: S101. Identify coastal resource-type areas and formulate low-carbon landscape strategies. Rural areas within a predetermined distance from the coastline and possessing maritime climate characteristics are identified as coastal resource-type areas. Specific low-carbon strategies implemented in the landscape planning of these areas include: Marine Landscape Area: Landscape creation utilizes marine waste resources. Discarded seashells and rocks are collected, and surface salt is removed through a freshwater desalination process (soaking time no less than 24 hours). After natural sun disinfection, they are used as aggregate for landscape paving or decorative materials for landscape features, replacing traditional cement or stone. Discarded fishing nets are cleaned with a high-pressure water gun to remove attachments and then processed into recycled plastic landscape seats or railings using a hot-melt plasticizing process.

[0024] Construct salt-tolerant, high-carbon-sinking plant communities by selecting native plants adapted to coastal environments, such as black pine, tamarisk, and oleaster, to build windbreak and sand-fixing forest belts.

[0025] By utilizing sea and land breezes and solar energy resources, micro-wind power generation equipment and photovoltaic modules can be installed in open coastal areas or on building rooftops to provide clean energy for rural landscape lighting.

[0026] Plan and construct a low-carbon memorial hall and cultural square. Utilize the elevation differences of the mountainous terrain to design tiered landscape terraces, reducing the need for earthwork transportation.

[0027] The Grand Canal Cultural Specific Area: Implementing a low-carbon restoration strategy for the Grand Canal heritage along its route. The focus is on restoring ancient locks, wharves, and bridges, using existing stone and wood to preserve their original appearance and avoiding the use of high-carbon-emission new building materials. A waterfront ecological corridor will be constructed using the canal waterway to showcase the cultural landscape of the canal transport system.

[0028] S102. Identify inland mountainous cultural areas and develop low-carbon landscape strategies. Rural areas with terrain undulation exceeding a preset threshold and possessing a high density of historical and cultural relics (such as traditional village buildings and memorial sites) are identified as inland mountainous cultural areas. Specific low-carbon strategies implemented in the landscape planning of these areas include: Strict topographical design is implemented, with buildings and landscape nodes arranged in a terraced layout based on contour lines. Except for necessary foundation works, large-scale excavation of the mountain is prohibited. Earthwork balance calculations are used to ensure that the excavation and filling volumes within the site are mutually offset.

[0029] Implement mountain vegetation restoration and forest stand transformation, and on the basis of preserving the original secondary forest, replant deep-rooted native trees such as Chinese arborvitae, black locust, and smoke tree to enhance the carbon sequestration capacity of the mountain ecosystem.

[0030] For cultural display nodes (such as memorial halls and exhibition halls), earth-covered or semi-underground building forms are adopted to reduce the heat load inside the building by utilizing the thermal inertia of the soil; local raw soil and stones are given priority in building materials to reduce the transportation and consumption of industrial building materials.

[0031] S103. Identify linear water system cultural areas and develop low-carbon landscape strategies. Villages with major rivers, canals, or ditches within their boundaries, and settlements distributed in a strip along the water system, are identified as linear water system cultural areas. Specific low-carbon strategies implemented in the landscape planning of such areas include: Construct a waterfront ecological buffer zone, delineate ecological red lines on both sides of the waterfront, and plant emergent plants (such as reeds and cattails) and submerged plants. Utilize the filtering and adsorption effects of plant roots to purify the water body, while simultaneously fixing organic carbon through wetland sedimentation.

[0032] Low-intervention restoration of historical water conservancy facilities (such as ancient locks, wharves, and stone bridges) is carried out. Restoration materials are primarily recycled from old bricks, old stone slabs, and old timber from demolished buildings in the local area, avoiding the use of new concrete materials with high carbon emissions, and maintaining the historical authenticity and low-carbon attributes of the landscape.

[0033] Design water microclimate regulation corridors to regulate summer temperatures in riverside villages by utilizing the heat capacity of water bodies. Combined with permeable paved roads, natural winds will be guided into the villages, reducing reliance on air conditioning equipment in summer.

[0034] Through the above classification and strategy matching, targeted carbon reduction and sequestration enhancement pathways can be provided for villages with different geographical and cultural characteristics, ensuring the technical feasibility and economic rationality of landscape planning schemes. The methods for constructing the basic database and the specific operation of the geographic information system software are existing conventional technologies in this field and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0035] When performing step S2, based on the digital elevation model data, the following specific steps are performed to achieve the low-carbon layout and transformation of the site: S201. Conduct site suitability assessment and vertical design. Based on the site slope and aspect analysis, the site is divided into a suitable construction zone, an agricultural production zone, and an ecological conservation zone. In the vertical design, a terraced approach is adopted to handle elevation differences, avoiding large-scale leveling and excavation. For site drainage planning, gravity-flow stormwater pipe network paths are designed using the original topographic elevation differences to ensure that rainwater can flow by gravity into low-lying collection facilities or natural water bodies, reducing the number of stormwater pumping stations and their energy consumption. For areas with slopes exceeding 25 degrees, construction and development are strictly prohibited; native ground cover vegetation must be preserved to prevent soil organic carbon loss due to water erosion.

[0036] S202. Perform earthwork balance calculations and allocation. Calculate the excavation and filling volumes within the planning and design scope using the grid method or cross-sectional method. Construct an earthwork allocation optimization model, setting the objective function as minimizing the total earthwork transportation work across the entire site, i.e., minimizing the cumulative sum of the products of earthwork volume and transportation distance between the excavation and filling areas. Plan the correspondence between excavation and filling areas based on this objective function. In the planning and design, excess earthwork generated from necessary infrastructure excavation will be directly used for micro-topography creation within the site, such as constructing landscape mounds or backfilling low-lying areas, achieving on-site utilization of earthwork. This step explicitly requires achieving a near-zero external transportation target, i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the total planned excavation and filling volume is less than 5% of the total earthwork volume, thereby eliminating fuel consumption and carbon emissions caused by long-distance earthwork transportation. The specific calculation formula for the grid method is a conventional technique in this field and will not be elaborated here.

[0037] S203. Defining the Boundaries of the Three-Dimensional Spaces and Low-Carbon Management Requirements. Based on carbon sequestration potential and energy consumption characteristics, rural spaces are divided into production spaces, living spaces, and ecological spaces. In the layout of living spaces, an intensive cluster layout model is adopted to shorten the length of roads, water supply, power supply, and heating pipelines, reducing hidden carbon emissions during infrastructure construction (i.e., carbon emissions from building material production and transportation). In the planning of production spaces, permanent basic farmland protection boundaries are delineated, and nearby agricultural waste treatment points are planned to reduce the transportation distance of straw and other waste. In the planning of ecological spaces, ecological protection red lines are delineated, including forests, wetlands, and grasslands with high carbon sequestration capacity under red line management, prohibiting all non-ecological restoration construction activities.

[0038] S204. Implement stock land replacement and ecological restoration of abandoned land. Identify hollow village land, abandoned homesteads, and idle construction land within rural areas. Demolish and clear abandoned buildings, and use the resulting construction waste (such as bricks, stones, and concrete blocks) as roadbed subgrade or ecological retaining wall filling material after crushing, avoiding carbon emissions from the transportation and landfill of construction waste. Replace the cleared homesteads with public green spaces, pocket parks, or permeable paved plazas. In the design of the replaced green spaces, adopt a sunken green space structure to increase the thickness of the soil layer and plant native trees and shrubs, transforming abandoned construction land that originally had no carbon sequestration function into carbon sink spaces with sustainable carbon sequestration capabilities.

[0039] Through the aforementioned technical means, this embodiment solves the problems of large-scale excavation and filling, waste of building materials, and excessive transportation energy consumption in traditional rural construction at the spatial planning level, and lays the foundation for subsequent low-carbon operation through the optimized layout of physical space.

[0040] In step S3, based on the spatial structure theory of points, lines, and planes, and combined with the physiological and ecological characteristics of plants, the system performs the following specific steps to construct a highly efficient carbon sink system: S301. Construct a system of sheet-like ecological conservation forests and productive forests. Plan large-scale, patchy forest areas on the periphery of rural settlements and on barren slopes unsuitable for cultivation. For existing ecological forest land, implement enclosure and protection measures, prohibiting logging and human-caused damage to maintain soil carbon pool stability. For newly afforested areas, establish mixed forests rather than monocultures, utilizing the differences in root depth among different tree species to increase soil biomass in the vertical space. Specifically, plan carbon sequestration economic forest areas, planting economically valuable trees such as walnuts, chestnuts, or persimmons, and intercropping shade-tolerant medicinal herbs or edible fungi in the understory to form a mixed management model of trees, shrubs, and grasses. This will increase carbon sequestration per unit area while generating economic benefits and ensuring the sustainability of maintenance and management.

[0041] S302. Construct linear ecological corridors and protective forest belts. Linear green spaces will be established along both sides of main rural roads, riverbanks, and farmland boundaries. Windbreaks at least 3 meters wide will be designed along both sides of roads, planted with tall trees to reduce wind speed and thus minimize the impact of cold winter winds on the building's thermal environment. Waterfront vegetation buffer zones will be constructed along riverbanks, utilizing plant roots to stabilize the riverbank soil and intercept nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from surface runoff. In the construction of farmland shelterbelts, main windbreaks and auxiliary shelterbelts will be established, with the shelterbelts oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. The grid area will be determined based on the needs of agricultural machinery operations to reduce the loss of topsoil organic carbon due to wind erosion.

[0042] S303. Construct point-like courtyard green spaces and micro-ecological patches. Plan micro-green space systems within villagers' courtyards, around houses, and on unused corners of the village. Promote vertical greening technology, planting climbing plants such as Virginia creeper and trumpet vine on walls and building facades to reduce building surface temperature through the shading and transpiration effects of plant leaves. Implement a "greening in available spaces" strategy, breaking up and transforming abandoned land with excessive hardening rates in the village into rain gardens or grassed swales. Encourage villagers to plant courtyard cash crops, such as grapevines and vegetable beds, to replace purely ornamental lawns, reducing the energy consumption from irrigation and mowing lawn maintenance.

[0043] S304. Screen high-carbon-sink plant varieties and optimize community structure. Establish a database of local native plant carbon sequestration efficiency, prioritizing native tree species with high photosynthetic rates, long growth cycles, and high wood density as backbone species. Construct a multi-layered plant community structure, following a configuration pattern of tall trees, mid-level sub-trees, lower-level shrubs, and ground cover plants to maximize the leaf area index of the community, thereby improving the light energy utilization rate and carbon assimilation per unit land area. Configure the ratio of evergreen to deciduous plants, primarily planting deciduous trees on the south side of buildings to ensure summer shading and cooling, and winter light penetration and heat enhancement; primarily planting evergreen trees on the north side of buildings to block winter cold air.

[0044] S305. Implement a low-maintenance and self-sustaining management strategy. During the plant maintenance phase, adopt an extensive management model, reducing the frequency of pruning, fertilization, and artificial irrigation, except for major landscape nodes. Utilize fallen leaves and dead branches for mulching or composting to promote material cycling within the ecosystem and reduce indirect carbon emissions from fertilizer use. The methods for measuring specific plant physiological parameters involved in plant configuration are existing conventional techniques in this field and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0045] Through the above technical solution, this embodiment transforms the green space system from a simple beautification function into an ecological infrastructure with clear carbon sequestration indicators. Through multi-level spatial layout and scientific plant configuration, it effectively increases the carbon sink increment of the rural ecosystem.

[0046] When performing step S4, the technology is integrated from four dimensions: energy supply, transportation network, water resource recycling, and individual building, as well as from three dimensions: building microclimate spatial layout, improved rammed earth material construction, and passive energy-saving facilities. The specific steps are as follows: S401. Construct a distributed clean energy supply network. Utilize idle rural spaces to deploy photovoltaic power generation facilities. Install photovoltaic canopies in public parking lots, with polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules on the top. Connect these modules to microgrids or energy storage battery packs via inverters to provide power for electric vehicle charging stations. Install self-sufficient smart streetlights along roadsides, integrating photovoltaic panels and small wind turbines on the top of the streetlight poles. Install batteries inside the poles and use LED light sources for lighting, achieving zero-carbon lighting. Construct a biomass energy recycling system. Build underground biogas fermentation tanks in concentrated livestock areas, mixing and fermenting livestock and poultry manure with crop straw. The resulting biogas is piped to farmers' kitchens as cooking fuel, and the biogas residue and liquid are reused as organic fertilizer in farmland, forming a circular chain of livestock farming, biogas production, and crop cultivation.

[0047] S402. Plan a low-carbon road transportation system. Establish a tiered road network, including primary external transportation roads, secondary production roads, and tertiary residential lanes. For primary roads, use modified asphalt concrete to reduce rolling resistance. For secondary production roads and tertiary residential lanes, use permeable pavement structures, with graded crushed stone as the base layer and permeable concrete or recycled aggregate bricks as the surface layer. Construct a slow-traffic system, utilizing existing field ridges and irrigation ditches as pedestrian and cycling paths, prioritizing local stone processing waste or preservative-treated wood as paving materials. In parking areas, use grass pavers, planting durable grass seeds within the pores of the pavers to reduce the area of ​​hard paving and lower the surface runoff coefficient.

[0048] S403. Implement ecological water circulation and rainwater and sewage treatment. Construct a decentralized rainwater harvesting and utilization system, installing rainwater collection buckets or tanks under building eaves. Arrange grassed swales and rain gardens along roadsides and around squares, with a filter media layer at the bottom of the grassed swales, including a sand and gravel layer and geotextile, to intercept suspended solids and sediments in rainwater. Construct a village-level ecological sewage purification system; for areas that cannot be connected to the municipal pipe network, construct artificial wetland treatment ponds. The artificial wetlands adopt a subsurface flow structure, with the filling substrate composed of gravel, zeolite, and ceramic filter media, and the surface planted with emergent plants such as reeds and calamus. Utilizing the triple action of substrate filtration, microbial degradation, and plant absorption, organic pollutants and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in domestic sewage are removed. The treated effluent is used for greening irrigation or to replenish landscape water bodies.

[0049] S404. Reconstruct architectural space and apply low-carbon materials. Optimize the layout of building courtyards based on local prevailing wind direction and solar radiation characteristics. Adopt L-shaped or U-shaped courtyard enclosures, placing auxiliary rooms upwind of the prevailing winter wind direction to form a wind barrier; place the main building on the sunny side and utilize passive solar heating. Perform energy-saving renovations on existing buildings, applying improved virgin soil materials in the building envelope. Improved virgin soil materials are prepared by mixing lime, cementitious agents, and plant fibers (such as wheat straw and rice straw) in a predetermined proportion with the original soil, improving the shear strength and water stability of the walls while maintaining the good thermal and moisture regulation performance and low production energy consumption of virgin soil materials. Implement vertical greening on building exterior walls and roofs, setting up planting troughs and climbing nets, using the plant cover to block summer solar radiation heat and reduce indoor air conditioning cooling load.

[0050] Through the above-mentioned technical measures, this embodiment constructs a low-carbon rural physical environment, reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions, and realizes the resource utilization of waste. The electrical connection methods of the photovoltaic modules and the specific hydraulic load calculations for the constructed wetlands are existing conventional techniques and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0051] S405. Implement a microclimate-adaptive layout for architectural spaces. For plains areas with deep soil layers or sites with deep alluvial soil layers, excavate sunken courtyards. This utilizes the thermal stability of the soil to reduce building energy consumption and creates rich vertical landscape layers. Based on meteorological data of the target village, including wind rose diagrams and solar path diagrams, determine the orientation of the building complex. Adopt an L-shaped or U-shaped courtyard layout, with the courtyard openings facing the prevailing summer wind direction to utilize wind pressure to promote natural ventilation in the courtyard and interiors; on the side facing the prevailing winter wind direction, arrange solid retaining walls or auxiliary buildings to form a wind barrier to reduce cold wind penetration. Control the height-to-width ratio of the courtyard, setting it between 1.2 and 2.0 to ensure that an effective building shade area is formed inside the courtyard in summer, reducing surface radiation temperature, while ensuring that low-angle midday sunlight in winter can reach deep into the main building interior. A vertical greening system is installed on the west-facing walls of the building. Planting troughs are arranged along the base of the wall, and climbing plants (such as Virginia creeper and trumpet vine) are guided to cover the wall by stainless steel traction cables. The transpiration of the plant leaves is used to reduce the temperature of the outer surface of the wall.

[0052] S406. Preparation and Application of Improved Rammed Earth Wall Structures. In the enclosure structures of rural buildings, improved rammed earth materials are used to replace sintered bricks or concrete blocks. The specific proportions of the improved rammed earth materials include: 60% to 70% undisturbed clay, 20% to 30% sand and gravel aggregate, and 5% to 10% cement or lime-based curing agent, with uniformly incorporated plant fibers (such as wheat straw or rice straw) of 30mm to 50mm in length to enhance the material's crack resistance and tensile strength. The construction process employs a layered ramming method, using standardized steel or aluminum alloy formwork for support. The thickness of each loosely laid layer of soil is controlled within 200mm, and the thickness after mechanical compaction is controlled within 120mm to 150mm. Reinforced concrete structural columns and ring beams are installed inside the rammed earth walls to form a constrained masonry structure system, thereby improving the overall stability and seismic performance of the walls. Utilizing the high thermal inertia and moisture capacity of rammed earth materials, fluctuations in indoor temperature and humidity are mitigated, reducing the operating time of air conditioning equipment.

[0053] S407. Application of recycled agricultural waste building materials. Collect crop straw and prepare high-density straw bricks using a high-pressure compression process. Fill the interior of the building's wooden or light steel frame with these straw bricks as non-load-bearing infill walls or interior partitions. Apply lime mortar or mud plaster to the surface of the straw bricks as a fireproof and moisture-proof protective layer. Utilize local willow, rattan, or bamboo to weave movable sunshade components, which are installed on the exterior of south- and west-facing windows. Adjust the opening angle of the sunshade components according to seasonal changes, blocking solar radiation in summer and allowing sunlight to enter in winter.

[0054] S408. Construct a passive solar energy and natural ventilation system. Install a thermal collector and storage wall on the south facade of the building. The thermal collector and storage wall consists of an outer high-transmittance glass cover, an intermediate air gap, and an inner black-coated heavy-duty thermal storage wall. Controllable, openable vents are installed at the top and bottom of the thermal storage wall. In winter, the upper and lower vents are opened, using the thermosiphon principle to guide hot air from the air gap into the room. In summer, the indoor vents are closed, and the outdoor exhaust vents are opened, using the chimney effect to expel hot air. Install thermal pressure exhaust shafts on the roof or stairwell tops. These shafts are equipped with non-powered vent caps, utilizing the thermal pressure effect generated by the indoor and outdoor temperature difference to continuously expel hot, stale air from the upper part of the room, drawing in cooler air from the bottom, achieving energy-free natural ventilation circulation. For rooms with a depth exceeding 6 meters, install a light pipe lighting system. Natural light is collected through a roof skylight and transmitted to an indoor diffuser via a high-reflectivity light pipe, achieving full natural lighting during the day.

[0055] Through the above technical solution, this embodiment combines low-carbon technology with local landscape, reducing carbon emissions throughout the building's life cycle while preserving the unique regional cultural characteristics of the countryside. The testing of the compressive strength and calculation of the thermal performance parameters of the improved rammed earth material are existing conventional techniques and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0056] When performing step S5, based on the theory of life cycle assessment, the planning and design scheme is quantitatively evaluated and iteratively revised, and the following specific steps are performed: S501. Establish carbon emission measurement boundaries and a basic data list. Divide the carbon footprint measurement boundaries of rural landscape planning into the construction phase and the operation and maintenance phase. The construction phase includes building material production, material transportation, and on-site construction machinery operation; the operation and maintenance phase includes infrastructure energy consumption, building operation energy consumption, and vegetation maintenance energy consumption. Extract various engineering quantity list data from the planning scheme, including earthwork volume, hard paving area, green planting quantity, building material consumption, and lighting equipment power. Call the pre-set carbon emission factor database to obtain the unit carbon emission factors of various building materials, energy, and construction machinery.

[0057] S502. Calculate the estimated total carbon emissions (carbon sources) of the planning scheme. The emission factor method is used for calculation. For the construction phase, the carbon emissions of each sub-project are calculated according to the formulas: carbon emissions from material production equal material consumption multiplied by the corresponding material production carbon emission factor; carbon emissions from material transportation equal transportation weight multiplied by transportation distance multiplied by the unit turnover emission factor of the transportation vehicle; carbon emissions from the construction process equal construction machinery shift consumption multiplied by the unit energy consumption emission factor of the machinery. For the operation and maintenance phase, the cumulative energy consumption carbon emissions of lighting, water pumps, and building heating and cooling equipment are calculated based on the preset planned service life. The calculation results from the construction phase and the operation phase are added together to obtain the total carbon emissions over the entire life cycle.

[0058] S503. Calculate the estimated total carbon sequestration (carbon sink) of the planning scheme. Based on the green space system planning scheme determined in step S3, calculate the carbon sequestration of plants by category. For the tree layer, multiply by the number of trees and the planning period based on the growth equations of different tree species and the carbon sequestration rate per tree; for the shrub and ground cover layers, multiply by the planting area based on the average carbon sequestration per unit area. Calculate the carbon sequestration of wetlands and soil, estimating the wetland sedimentary carbon sequestration based on the water area and sedimentation rate. Add up the carbon sequestration of plants, soil, and wetlands to obtain the total carbon sequestration over the entire life cycle. In addition, calculate the energy substitution emission reduction generated by the distributed clean energy system in step S4, and include it in the broad carbon sink or as a deduction item from the total carbon emissions.

[0059] S504. Calculate net carbon emissions and perform comparative verification. Calculate the net carbon emissions of the planning scheme, which is the total carbon emissions minus the total carbon emissions. Compare the net carbon emissions with the preset rural low-carbon planning target threshold. The rural low-carbon planning target threshold is set based on the local carbon emission timetable and relevant policy standards. Simultaneously, calculate auxiliary indicators such as carbon emissions per unit area and carbon emissions per capita to evaluate the carbon performance level of the scheme.

[0060] S505. Execution Feedback Adjustment and Scheme Optimization. When net carbon emissions exceed a preset threshold, the system determines that the planning scheme has not achieved the low-carbon target and generates an adjustment instruction. The adjustment instruction is fed back based on a preset carbon reduction cost-benefit priority: First priority: Adjust the plant configuration parameters in step S3 to increase the planting ratio of high carbon sink trees and evergreen plants, thereby enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity of the ecosystem.

[0061] Second priority: Adjust the energy system parameters in step S4 to increase the installation area of ​​photovoltaic power generation modules or improve the utilization rate of biomass energy to replace more fossil energy consumption.

[0062] Third priority: Adjust the spatial layout and building material selection in step S2, reduce the area of ​​hard paving with high carbon emission factors, and increase the proportion of permeable paving and recycled materials.

[0063] The system re-executes the calculation process of steps S502 to S504 based on the adjusted parameters until the net carbon emissions are less than or equal to the preset threshold, and outputs the final rural landscape planning and design scheme.

[0064] Through the aforementioned quantitative calculations and closed-loop feedback mechanism, this embodiment ensures that the planning scheme possesses clear carbon reduction effectiveness before implementation, transforming the carbon emission target from a qualitative conceptual description into a calculable and verifiable technical indicator. The specific source of the carbon emission factor database is a conventional existing technique and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0065] This embodiment mainly includes ecological interception ditches, rainwater biological retention facilities, and biomass energy recycling devices.

[0066] In the specific construction of ecological interception ditches, the ditches are set along farmland boundaries or road edges, adopting a trapezoidal cross-section structure. An impermeable geomembrane is laid at the bottom of the ditch to prevent sewage infiltration and groundwater pollution. A 200mm to 300mm thick layer of pebbles is laid on top of the geomembrane as a substrate for microbial attachment. Ecological bags are used for slope protection on both sides of the ditch; the bags are filled with planting soil mixed with grass seeds to form a vegetated slope surface. Every 30 to 50 meters inside the ditch, a porous interception dam is installed. The dam is constructed of gabion mesh cages filled with boulders and zeolite particles to slow the water flow and absorb nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the water. Emergent plants with purification functions, such as reeds, cattails, and water onions, are planted within the ditch, with a planting density controlled at 10 to 15 plants per square meter.

[0067] In the specific construction of rainwater bioretention facilities (such as rain gardens), the facility is arranged from top to bottom as follows: a water storage layer, a cover layer, a planting medium layer, a filter layer, and a drainage layer. The water storage layer is designed to be 150mm to 250mm deep and is used to temporarily store rainwater during peak rainfall periods. The cover layer uses 50mm thick fermented bark or wood chips to maintain soil moisture and prevent topsoil compaction. The planting medium layer is 400mm to 600mm thick and is composed of native soil, fine sand, and organic fertilizer, with a volume ratio ranging from 50% to 60% native soil, 30% to 40% fine sand, and 10% to 20% organic fertilizer, and a permeability coefficient controlled between 10mm / h and 30mm / h. The filter layer, made of permeable geotextile, is located between the planting medium layer and the drainage layer to prevent soil particles from being lost and causing blockage in the lower layers. The drainage layer is located at the bottom layer, with a thickness of 200mm to 300mm. It is filled with crushed stone with a particle size of 20mm to 40mm, and perforated PVC drainage pipes are buried inside. The drainage pipes are connected to the municipal rainwater pipe network or a water collection and storage tank.

[0068] The biomass energy recycling device comprises a pretreatment tank, an anaerobic digester, a gas storage tank, and a biogas slurry storage tank. The pretreatment tank is connected to both the rural domestic sewage network and the livestock manure collection channel. It is equipped with a bar screen and a pulverizer to remove large particles and crush solid organic matter. The crushed crop straw and livestock manure are mixed at a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 20:1 to 30:1 and then pumped to the inlet of the anaerobic digester. A biogas collection pipe is installed at the top of the anaerobic digester, connecting to a double-membrane gas storage tank. The outlet of the gas storage tank is connected to a farmer's gas terminal or gas generator set via a gas transmission network. The bottom discharge port of the anaerobic digester connects to a solid-liquid separator. The separated solid biogas residue is transported to a composting site, while the separated liquid biogas slurry flows into the biogas slurry storage tank. The biogas slurry storage tank is connected to the drip irrigation system of surrounding farmland or orchards via an irrigation network. A fertilizer controller is installed on the network to adjust the mixing ratio of biogas slurry and irrigation water.

[0069] In the resource utilization of construction waste, recycled aggregate roadbed structures are used for demolished bricks, stones, and concrete blocks. These recycled aggregate roadbed structures consist of a subgrade layer and a pavement layer. The subgrade layer is formed by backfilling and compacting crushed construction waste aggregate in layers, with aggregate particle size controlled between 5mm and 60mm and a compaction degree of not less than 93%. A graded crushed stone leveling layer is laid on top of the subgrade layer, and the top layer is paved with permeable bricks or asphalt concrete. For intact waste bricks and stone slabs, they are directly used as surface materials for landscape walls or paving, fixed using cement mortar masonry or dry-laying techniques, preserving the historical weathering marks on the material surface.

[0070] Through the specific structural design described above, this invention implements the low-carbon concept into concrete engineering nodes. By employing physical interception, biodegradation, and material recycling technologies, it achieves source control of rural water pollution and the energy and resource utilization of waste, providing substantial engineering support for the low-carbon operation of rural landscapes. The performance indicators of geotechnical materials and concrete mix proportions involved in the above facilities are existing conventional techniques and will not be elaborated upon here.

Claims

1. Specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Establish a basic database, obtain natural geographical data and human resource data of the target villages, determine carbon emission target thresholds based on the natural geographical data, the carbon emission target thresholds include a composite index of carbon emission intensity limit during construction period and carbon neutrality rate limit during operation period, divide the target villages into coastal areas, inland mountain and water areas and linear water system areas according to the regional classification standard, and match resource utilization priorities and low-carbon planning strategies according to the classification results. S2. Based on the low-carbon planning strategy, spatial functional layout is carried out for the target villages, the original landform features are preserved, and the site excavation and filling data are calculated using the grid method based on the digital elevation model to facilitate on-site earthwork balancing operations, and idle construction land is replaced with green space and public activity space with carbon sequestration function. S3. Based on the spatial functional layout determined in step S2, construct a multi-level rural carbon sink green space system, conserve the area of ​​woodland around the village, arrange linear protective forest belts along roads and water systems, arrange point-like courtyard green spaces inside the residential area, and select suitable native plant varieties based on plant carbon sequestration efficiency to construct multi-layered plant communities. S4. Plan low-carbon infrastructure and building renovation schemes to match the spatial functional layout, deploy distributed clean energy facilities and ecological water treatment facilities, construct a hierarchical road network and slow traffic system, and use local materials and passive technologies to carry out energy-saving renovation and spatial reconstruction of rural buildings. S5. Calculate the carbon emissions and carbon sinks of the planning and design scheme based on the life cycle assessment method, and compare the calculation results with the carbon emission target threshold determined in step S1. If the carbon emission target threshold is not met, adjust the spatial functional layout and low-carbon infrastructure parameters until the carbon emission target requirements are met and output the final planning and design scheme.

2. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the basic database includes topographic data, hydrological and meteorological data, natural resource distribution data, and historical and cultural heritage data; The geographical dimension classification criteria include: Areas that are within a certain distance threshold from the coastline and possess maritime climate characteristics are classified as coastal areas. Areas with terrain relief greater than the relief threshold and containing historical and cultural relics are classified as inland mountain and water type areas. Areas with major rivers within their boundaries and settlements distributed in a strip along the water system are classified as linear water system areas.

3. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 2, characterized in that, The low-carbon planning strategy includes: For the coastal areas, waste seashells and sea stones are collected and desalinated in fresh water to remove surface salt before being used as landscape paving aggregate. Waste fishing nets are cleaned with high-pressure water guns and then processed into recycled plastic landscape facilities using a hot melt plasticizing process. For the inland mountain and water type areas, the buildings and landscape nodes are arranged in a terraced layout based on contour lines, and the earthwork generated by the necessary foundation engineering is internally balanced. Cultural display nodes adopt earth-covered building form and semi-underground building form. For the linear water system area, ecological red lines are drawn on both sides of the waterfront and emergent and submerged plants are planted. Old bricks, old stone slabs and old wood from abandoned buildings are recycled to repair historical water conservancy facilities.

4. The specific strategies and methods for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S2 involves calculating the site excavation and filling data, including: An earthwork allocation optimization model was constructed, with the objective function set as minimizing the total earthwork transportation work across the entire site. The corresponding relationship between excavation and filling areas was planned, and the excess earthwork generated from infrastructure excavation was used for micro-topography creation within the site. The difference between the total excavation and filling volume of the site after planning was controlled to meet the requirements for on-site earthwork balance. The replacement of idle construction land in step S2 includes: identifying hollow village land, abandoned homesteads and idle construction land in rural areas, crushing and processing the construction waste generated from demolition and using it as the subgrade layer for landscape roads, and replacing the cleared homesteads with green spaces using a sunken structure.

5. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the construction of a multi-layered plant community follows a configuration pattern of tall trees, middle-layer sub-trees, lower-layer shrubs, and ground cover plants. Plant deciduous trees on the south side of the building and evergreen trees on the north side of the building; Design windbreak strips on both sides of the road; In the construction of farmland shelterbelts, the direction of the shelterbelts should be perpendicular to the direction of the main wind. The selection of suitable native plant varieties includes establishing a local native plant carbon sequestration efficiency database and selecting native tree species with high photosynthetic rates, long growth cycles, and high wood density as backbone tree species.

6. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4 involves deploying distributed clean energy facilities, including: Photovoltaic canopies were installed in public parking lots, self-powered smart streetlights were installed on both sides of the road, and underground biogas fermentation tanks were constructed. The construction of the underground biogas fermentation tank includes mixing livestock and poultry manure with crop straw to produce biogas, transporting the biogas to farmers' kitchens, and reusing the biogas residue and biogas liquid in farmland. The fermentation of livestock and poultry manure and crop straw involves mixing crushed crop straw and livestock and poultry manure according to a suitable carbon-nitrogen ratio for fermentation.

7. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the ecological water treatment facility includes a rainwater bioretention facility, which is configured from top to bottom as a water storage layer, a covering layer, a planting medium layer, a filter layer, and a drainage layer. The planting medium layer is composed of a mixture of native soil, fine sand and organic fertilizer, and the permeability coefficient of the planting medium layer meets the drainage rate requirements.

8. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4, which involves using local materials to perform energy-saving renovations on the rural buildings, includes: Modified rammed earth material is used in the enclosure structure. The modified rammed earth material contains undisturbed clay, sand and gravel aggregate and curing agent, and plant fiber is added to enhance the material’s crack resistance. The passive technology includes: excavating sunken courtyards in plain areas with deep soil layers, adopting L-shaped and U-shaped courtyard enclosures, or facing the prevailing summer wind direction, installing heat-collecting and heat-storing walls on the south facade of the building, and installing vertical greening systems on the west-facing walls of the building.

9. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4, which involves constructing a hierarchical road network, includes: The primary external traffic roads are paved with modified asphalt concrete; The secondary production roads and the tertiary living lanes adopt permeable pavement structures, which include graded crushed stone base layers and permeable concrete surface layers. The construction of the slow-traffic system includes transforming existing field ridges and irrigation canals into pedestrian and cycling paths, with paving materials made from local stone processing waste and preservative-treated wood.

10. The specific strategy and method for landscape planning and design according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the carbon emissions are calculated using the emission factor method, and the calculation scope covers both the construction and operation and maintenance phases. The calculation of carbon sink includes carbon sequestration by the tree layer, carbon sequestration by the shrub ground cover layer, carbon sequestration by wetland soil, and emission reductions from clean energy substitution. The adjustments to the spatial functional layout and low-carbon infrastructure parameters are implemented based on the priority of carbon emission reduction cost-effectiveness: The first priority is to adjust the plant configuration parameters in step S3, increasing the proportion of high carbon sink trees and evergreen plants. The second priority is to adjust the energy system parameters in step S4, increase the area of ​​photovoltaic power generation modules, and improve the utilization rate of biomass energy. The third priority is to adjust the spatial layout and building material selection in step S2, reduce the area of ​​hard paving and increase the proportion of recycled materials used.

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