Membrane with weld quality indicator

Abstract

The present invention relates to a membrane (1) comprising a waterproof layer (2) having opposing top and bottom surfaces and a weld quality indicator (3) placed on one of the opposing surfaces of the waterproof layer (2) wherein the weld quality indicator (3) comprises one or more discontinuous lines substantially parallel and adjacent to the edges (e1, e2) of the waterproof layer (2), wherein the one or more discontinuous lines are formed by a series of spaced-apart areas (on the surface of the water repellent) covered 10 with an ink comprising a thermochromic system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the use of a thermal indicator on a thermoplastic film, the thermal indicator indicating whether the temperature required to achieve a high-quality weld joint formed between two overlapping film portions has been reached. Specifically, this invention relates to a film having a thermal indicator positioned on the film surface near the film edge. Background Technology

[0002] In the construction industry, waterproof polymer sheets (usually referring to membranes or boards) are used to protect underground and above-ground structures (such as basements, tunnels, flat roofs, and low-slope roofs) from water penetration. Common materials for waterproof membranes include plastics, particularly plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC), thermoplastic olefins (TPE-O, TPO), and thermosetting elastomers such as ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM).

[0003] Roofing membranes are typically transported to the construction site in rolls, transferred to the installation location, unrolled, and adhered or secured to the substrate to be waterproofed. The roofing membrane must be firmly secured to the roof substrate to provide sufficient mechanical strength to resist the shear forces exerted upon it due to high wind loads. Furthermore, the edges of adjacent roofing membranes overlap to form a sealable joint. These joints can then be sealed by bonding the bottom surface of the first overlapping edge portion of the first membrane with the top surface of the second overlapping edge portion of the second membrane. Typically, overlapping areas are sealed by heating the adjacent surfaces of the overlapping membranes and then pressing the heated surfaces together, fusing the membrane materials and providing a strong seal.

[0004] The quality of a heat seal depends on the proper and sufficient application of heat to achieve adequate melting of the membrane material. The quality of the seal can be visually or mechanically inspected, spot-by-spot or continuously, by manually probing and lifting the edge of the upper membrane to determine if it is properly secured to the lower membrane. Spot-by-spot inspection of welded seals may miss uninspected unsealed areas and often neglects a comprehensive inspection of each seal, which can lead to leaks and costly corrective work.

[0005] To assist applicators, roofing and waterproofing membranes with heat-sensitive indicators placed near the edges of the membrane surface have been developed. These types of weld quality indicators provide an immediate, positive, and visually perceptible indication that the joint or seam between overlapping membranes has been heated to a sufficiently high temperature to achieve a proper seal. As the adjacent surfaces of the overlapping membrane sections are heated, heat passes through the membrane to the heat seal indicator, causing a color change, provided the target temperature range has been reached. The use of heat-sensitive indicators provides applicators with an additional quality control, making roofing or waterproofing work more reliable and reducing the risk of costly leak repairs.

[0006] Weld quality indicators are typically based on the use of heat-sensitive coatings, inks, or polymer layers that change color when the material is heated to a threshold temperature. Heat-sensitive formulations can also be designed to have a colorless appearance after the heat-induced color change, which is often advantageous in roofing and waterproofing applications. Color memory properties are also essential for weld quality indicators, allowing the indicator to retain its color change as the temperature decreases from the threshold.

[0007] Published patent application WO 2021 / 158997 A1 discloses a thermochromic indicator and its use in providing a roofing membrane with a weld quality indicator. The thermochromic indicator comprises a reversible color-changing system containing dyes, developers, and solvents, and can be incorporated into paints or inks. During manufacturing, the formulation containing the color-changing system is printed as one or more continuous lines onto the roofing membrane and cured, for example, using a UV lamp.

[0008] However, using the continuous line weld indicator of WO 2021 / 158997 A1 for roof membranes may be problematic. This is because the weld indicator, existing as a continuous line, may interfere with weld formation between overlapping edge portions of the membrane. Although weld indicators are typically only present on the upper (exposed) surface of the overlapping membrane, during the installation of any roof, the installer will inevitably need to weld some membrane to the surface of the joint with the weld indicator. This is especially true in areas where three membranes overlap to form a T-junction.

[0009] When a T-joint is formed over an area containing a weld indicator in the form of a continuous coated line, the result is that the area of ​​the weld indicator will extend vertically across the entire weld. This can create an area that extends across the weld where weld formation is blocked and the continuous weld is interrupted, which can have a significant negative impact on weld quality and therefore an increased risk of leakage.

[0010] The applicator can easily remove the coated weld indicator from the film surface, but this adds a time-consuming step to the installation process. Furthermore, if the applicator forgets to remove the coating, they will need to be called back to the installation site to resolve the situation, which is generally unacceptable and should be avoided. Another problem with using a continuous line is that it only shows the weld quality on a portion of the weld width. Using a line as wide as the entire weld is impractical and would consume an unnecessary amount of ink.

[0011] Given that the sole purpose of a welding quality indicator is to reduce installation time and the risk of leakage from poor welds, a new type of welding quality indicator is needed that overcomes the limitations of the existing technical solutions discussed above. Summary of the Invention

[0012] The object of this invention is to provide a membrane with a weld quality indicator that allows visual determination of whether the seam formed between two overlapping membrane portions has been sufficiently heated to a pre-selected threshold temperature to ensure adequate seal strength. In particular, the object of this invention is to provide a novel weld quality indicator that solves or at least mitigates the problems of the prior art solutions discussed above.

[0013] Surprisingly, it was found that the features of claim 1 can be used to achieve the stated purpose.

[0014] Specifically, according to the present invention, a membrane is provided comprising a waterproof layer having opposing top and bottom surfaces and a weld quality indicator disposed on one of the opposing surfaces of the waterproof layer, wherein the weld quality indicator comprises one or more discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel and adjacent to the edge of the waterproof layer, wherein the discontinuous lines (one or more) are formed by a series of spaced regions (on the surface of the waterproof layer) covered by an ink comprising a thermochromic system.

[0015] The proposed membrane has proven to enable visual inspection of the quality of weld joints between overlapping portions of adjacent membranes without significantly impacting the overall installation time. Furthermore, even when weld indicators are present on the surface of the lower membrane portion, the use of the novel weld indicators does not lead to the formation of continuous areas of unwelded material, eliminating the risk of leakage due to the presence of weld indicators in the weld joint area.

[0016] Additional aspects of the invention are set forth in the separate independent claims. Preferred embodiments of the invention are summarized throughout the specification and in the dependent claims. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 A membrane (1) is shown consisting of a waterproof layer (2) having long sides and short sides (e1, e2) and a weld quality indicator (3). The weld quality indicator (3) consists of a single discontinuous line parallel to the long side (e1) and multiple spaced ink-covered areas separated by a distance (D1), wherein the discontinuous line is separated from the long side (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) by a distance (D2).

[0018] Figure 2A membrane (1) is shown consisting of a waterproof layer (2) having long sides and short sides (e1, e2) and a weld quality indicator (3). The weld quality indicator (3) consists of a first discontinuity line and a second discontinuity line parallel to the long side (e1) and consisting of a plurality of spaced-apart ink-covered areas separated by distances (D11, D12). The first discontinuity line is separated from the long side (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) by distance (D21), and the second discontinuity line is separated from the long side (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) by distance (D22). The discontinuities are separated from each other by distance (D3).

[0019] Figure 3 A membrane (1) is shown consisting of a waterproof layer (2) having long sides and short sides (e1, e2) and a weld quality indicator (3). The weld quality indicator (3) consists of a first discontinuity line and a second discontinuity line parallel to the long side (e1) and consists of a plurality of spaced ink-covered areas, wherein the ink-covered areas of the first discontinuity line and the second discontinuity line are not aligned in the row.

[0020] Figure 4a A first membrane strip (A) without a weld quality indicator is shown, and a second membrane strip (B) with a weld quality indicator placed on one of its long side portions is shown. The second membrane strip (B) is positioned above the first membrane strip (A) to form a weldable joint.

[0021] Figure 4b This illustrates the arrangement of a third membrane strip (C) positioned in an overlapping position above the first and second membrane strips (A, B) along one of the short sides of the other two membrane strips to form a three-way overlapping joint (“T-joint”). Figure 4a The membrane strip.

[0022] Figures 5a to 5d Involving in Figure 4b The test of different types of weld quality indicators is shown in the case of a three-way overlapping joint. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The subject of this invention is a membrane (1) comprising a waterproof layer (2) having opposing top and bottom surfaces and a weld quality indicator (3) disposed on one of the opposing surfaces of the waterproof layer (2), wherein the weld quality indicator (3) comprises one or more discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel and adjacent to the edges (e1, e2) of the waterproof layer (2), wherein the discontinuous lines (one or more) are formed by a series of spaced regions (on the surface of the waterproof layer) covered by an ink containing a thermochromic system.

[0024] The term "polymer" refers to a collection of chemically homogeneous macromolecules produced by a polymerization reaction (polymerization, addition polymerization, condensation polymerization), wherein the macromolecules differ in their degree of polymerization, molecular weight, and chain length. The term also includes derivatives of said collection of macromolecules produced by polymerization reactions, i.e., compounds obtained by reactions involving, for example, addition or substitution of functional groups in a predetermined macromolecule, and which may be chemically homogeneous or chemically heterogeneous.

[0025] The term "elastomer" refers to any polymer or combination of polymers capable of recovering from large deformation and which, or has been modified, to be substantially insoluble (but swellable) in boiling solvents. A typical elastomer is capable of elongating or deforming to at least 200% of its original size under externally applied forces and will substantially recover its original size after the external force is released, retaining only small permanent deformations (typically no more than about 20%). As used herein, the term "elastomer" may be used interchangeably with the term "rubber".

[0026] The term "molecular weight" refers to the molar mass (g / mol) of a molecule or a portion of a molecule, also known as the "structural moiety." The term "average molecular weight" refers to the number-average molecular weight (Maverage) of an oligomer or polymer mixture of molecules or structural moieties. n Molecular weight can be determined by gel permeation chromatography.

[0027] The term "softening point" refers to the temperature at which a compound softens to a rubbery state, or the temperature at which the crystalline portions of the compound melt. The softening point is preferably determined by the ring and ball method according to DIN EN 1238.

[0028] The term "melting temperature" refers to the peak melting temperature, which is the temperature at which a material undergoes a transition from a solid to a liquid state. The melting temperature is preferably determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a heating rate of 2 °C / min according to ISO 11357. A Mettler Toledo DSC 3+ apparatus can be used for measurement, and the melting temperature (T0) can be determined from the measured DSC curve using DSC software. g Value. The term "melting point" is used interchangeably with the term "melting temperature".

[0029] The term "glass transition temperature" (T) g The glass transition temperature (T0) refers to the temperature above which the polymer component becomes soft and flexible, and below which the polymer component becomes hard and glassy. g The peak value of the loss modulus (G”) curve, measured using an applied frequency of 1 Hz and a strain level of 0.1%, is preferably determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

[0030] The "amount or content of at least one component X" in the composition, such as "amount of at least one thermoplastic polymer," refers to the sum of the individual amounts of all thermoplastic polymers contained in the composition. Furthermore, if the composition contains 20% by weight of at least one thermoplastic polymer, the sum of the amounts of all thermoplastic polymers contained in the composition equals 20% by weight.

[0031] The term "room temperature" refers to a temperature of 23°C.

[0032] The membrane and waterproof layer are preferably sheet-like elements having a top surface and a bottom surface that define the thickness therebetween. The term "sheet-like element" in this disclosure means an element whose length and width are at least 15 times, preferably at least 25 times, and more preferably at least 50 times the thickness of the element.

[0033] The term "waterproof layer" in this disclosure refers to a continuous layer capable of acting as a barrier against the penetration of water or other liquids. Preferably, the top waterproof layer exhibits a water resistance of 0.6 bar measured according to EN 1928 B for 24 hours.

[0034] The membrane is preferably a prefabricated membrane. The term "prefabricated membrane" in this disclosure refers to a membrane that has already been formed before being applied to the surface of a substrate. Such prefabricated membranes are prepared in locations typically away from the construction site, for example, brought to the site in rolls and laid on the surface of the substrate to be waterproofed.

[0035] The distance between successive ink-covered areas in the discontinuous lines (one or more) is preferably at least 0.5 mm, for example at least 1.5 mm, particularly at least 2.5 mm, especially at least 3.5 mm and / or not greater than 100 mm, for example not greater than 75 mm, especially not greater than 65 mm, especially not greater than 50 mm. The expression "distance between successive ink-covered areas" is understood to mean the shortest distance between the outer edges of two ink-covered areas in the discontinuous line.

[0036] A membrane (1) consisting of a waterproof layer (2) with long and short sides (e1, e2) and a weld quality indicator (3) consisting of a single discontinuous line is used in... Figure 1 As shown, the discontinuous line is parallel to the long side (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) and is composed of a plurality of spaced-apart ink-covered areas separated by a distance (D1).

[0037] In one or more embodiments, the distance between successive ink-covered areas in the discontinuous lines (one or more lines) is 1.5-65 mm, preferably 2.5-55 mm, more preferably 3.5-45 mm, even more preferably 5-35 mm, and still more preferably 5-25 mm.

[0038] The spaced-out ink coverage areas can have any shape, such as letters, logos, squares, rectangles, circles, ovals, or triangles. Letters, logos, squares, or rectangles are preferred.

[0039] The size of the ink-covered area can be specifically at least 2.5mm. 2 For example, at least 5mm 2 Especially at least 10mm 2 And specifically, not exceeding 750mm 2 For example, no more than 500mm 2 Especially no more than 350mm 2 .

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the size of the ink-covered area is between 1.5 and 500 mm. 2 5-350mm is preferred 2 More preferably 15-250mm 2 Even better, 25-150mm 2 Within the range.

[0041] In the case of an ink-covered area with a square shape, the width / height of the square can be at least 0.5 mm, for example at least 1.5 mm, especially at least 3.5 mm, and not greater than 25 mm, for example not greater than 20 mm, especially not greater than 15 mm.

[0042] The weld quality indicator is preferably placed on the surface of the waterproof layer in the weld area, that is, on the surface of the waterproof layer in the area where it overlaps with the adjacent membrane to form an overlapping membrane joint. Therefore, the discontinuous lines (one or more) formed by spaced-apart ink-covered areas are preferably positioned within a distance from the edge of the waterproof layer corresponding to the minimum width of an acceptable weld.

[0043] Preferably, the discontinuous lines (one or more) are positioned at a distance of no more than 50 mm, preferably no more than 45 mm, and more preferably no more than 40 mm from the edge of the waterproof layer.

[0044] The distance between the edge of the waterproof layer and the discontinuity line formed by the ink-covered area refers to the width of the area covered by the discontinuity line, measured from the edge of the waterproof layer along a direction perpendicular to the discontinuity line. Figure 1 In the diagram, the distance between the discontinuity line of the welding quality indicator (3) and the edge (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) is shown as "D2", while... Figure 2 In the figure, the distances between the first and second discontinuities of the welding quality indicator (3) and the edge (e1) of the waterproof layer (2) are shown as “D21” and “D22”, respectively.

[0045] Furthermore, the preferred distance between the discontinuity line (one or more) and the adjacent edge of the waterproofing layer also depends on the number of discontinuities forming the weld quality indicator. For example, when the weld quality indicator consists of a single discontinuity line, it is preferable that the discontinuity line is positioned approximately in the middle of the weld area, for example, 5-35 mm, particularly 10-30 mm, inward from the edge of the waterproofing layer. However, when the weld quality indicator consists of multiple discontinuities, such as two discontinuities, it is advantageous that these discontinuities are positioned close to the edge of the weld area.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the weld quality indicator consists of two or more spaced discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel to each other. The term "substantially parallel" should be understood to mean that a first imaginary line passing through the center of the ink-covered area of ​​the first discontinuity and a second imaginary line passing through the center of the ink-covered area of ​​the second discontinuity form an angle α, wherein α has a value of not greater than 5°, preferably not greater than 2.5°, and more preferably not greater than 1.5°.

[0047] The distance between two or more discontinuous lines of a welding quality indicator may be at least 1.5 mm, particularly at least 2.5 mm, particularly at least 3.5 mm, and / or the interval between them may not exceed 50 mm, for example, not more than 40 mm, particularly not more than 30 mm, particularly not more than 20 mm. The expression "distance between discontinuous lines" should be understood as the shortest distance between the outer edges of the ink-covered areas of two adjacent discontinuous lines.

[0048] Figure 2 A membrane (1) is shown, which consists of a waterproof layer (2) having long and short sides (e1, e2) and a weld quality indicator (3). The weld quality indicator (3) consists of two discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel to each other and parallel to the long side (e1) of the waterproof layer (2). The two discontinuous lines are composed of a plurality of spaced-apart ink-covered areas that are separated from each other by a distance (D11, D12). Furthermore, the discontinuous lines are separated from each other by a distance (D3).

[0049] In one or more embodiments, the distance between two or more discontinuous lines of the welding quality indicator is 1.5-30 mm, preferably 2.5-25 mm, more preferably 3.5-20 mm, and even more preferably 5-15 mm.

[0050] Alternatively, the discontinuous lines are positioned on the surface of the waterproof layer such that the ink coverage areas of adjacent discontinuous lines are not aligned in the line, meaning they are offset. Figure 3The image shows a film with a weld quality indicator (3) consisting of two discontinuous lines formed by ink-covered areas that are not aligned in the row.

[0051] The ink used to obtain welding indicators contains a thermochromic system that provides the welding indicator properties of the thermochromic material.

[0052] Substances that change color in response to temperature changes are called thermochromic materials. The temperature at which the color change occurs is usually a range rather than a single temperature. Typically, the color of thermochromic materials begins to change at approximately 4°C below a threshold temperature. The color change can be irreversible or reversible. Irreversible thermochromic materials are suitable for single-use applications, providing evidence of the temperature reached.

[0053] The thermochromic system preferably comprises at least one thermochromic dye, at least one color developer, and at least one solvent.

[0054] Such thermochromic systems are typically provided as thermochromic pigments, which are microencapsulated in a protective covering to protect the pigment from undesirable environmental influences. Each microcapsule is self-contained, containing all the components of the entire thermochromic system required to reproduce color changes. At lower temperatures, below the full color point, the solvent is solid and the thermochromic dye and developer interact. At this stage, the thermochromic dye absorbs visible wavelengths of light and is therefore colored. The term "full color point" refers to the temperature at which the thermochromic system reaches its maximum color density upon cooling and appears not to acquire any further color density if cooled to even lower temperatures.

[0055] At elevated temperatures, approaching the threshold temperature of the thermochromic system, the solvent begins to melt and the interaction between the developer and the thermochromic dye ceases. At this stage, the thermochromic dye undergoes a chemical transformation (e.g., deprotonation), causing it to lose its color. The term "threshold temperature" refers to the temperature above which the thermochromic system has almost reached its final transparent or pale endpoint. Color begins to fade at approximately 4°C below the threshold temperature and will remain in intermediate colors within the threshold temperature range. Typically, the threshold temperature of a thermochromic system is defined as the temperature at which the human eye can perceive the pigment beginning to lose its color, or alternatively, beginning to acquire color. As heating continues, the thermochromic system becomes increasingly disordered and continues to lose its color until it reaches a level of disorder where the pigment lacks any recognizable color. The temperature at which the color of the thermochromic system decreases to a minimum and appears to no longer lose further color density upon further heating is also called the "clearing point."

[0056] Preferably, the thermochromic system and the ink containing the thermochromic system are colored at temperatures below a temperature threshold, and change from a colored state to a colorless state after being exposed to the temperature threshold.

[0057] Furthermore, the color change of a thermochromic system can be reversible, meaning that the temperature-induced color change can be reversed, or irreversible, where the color change is permanent and cannot be reversed by cooling the system below a temperature threshold.

[0058] In one or more embodiments, the thermochromic system is a reversible or irreversible color-changing system, preferably an irreversible color-changing system, and preferably changes from a color to a colorless state after exposure to a preselected temperature threshold.

[0059] Thermochromic dyes can be leuco dyes, such as those selected from crystal violet lactone (CAS No.: 1552-42-7); Pigment Blue 63 (CAS No.: 16521-38-3); 2'-(dibenzylamino)-6'-(diethylamino)fluorane (CAS No.: 34372-72-0); 7-(4-(diethylamino)-2-6-ethoxyphenyl)-7-(1-ethyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)furano[3,4-b]pyridin-5(7H)-one (CAS No.: 69898-40-4); 6'-(diethylamino)-1',3'-dimethylfluorane (CAS No.: 21934-68-9); 3,3-bis(1-butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)phthalide (CAS No.: 50292-91-6); or combinations thereof.

[0060] Color developers suitable for thermochromic systems include, in particular, weak acids that act as proton donors, causing the color of the thermochromic dye to change between its leuco form and its protonated colored form. As non-limiting examples, color developers may be selected from: 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (CAS No.: 1020-31-1); 4,4'-(1,3-dimethylbutylene)diphenol (CAS No.: 6807-17-6); or 2,2'-biphenol (CAS No.: 1806-29-).

[0061] Solvents suitable for thermochromic systems include those with relatively large molecular weights and relatively nonpolar properties. Suitable solvents and co-solvents include, for example, aldehydes, thiols, sulfides, ethers, ketones, esters, alcohols, and amides. These can be used alone or as mixtures of at least two different solvents.

[0062] Further examples suitable for providing weld quality indicators are disclosed in WO 2021 / 158997 A1, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, at least one thermochromic dye, at least one color developer, and at least one solvent are encapsulated within a capsule, preferably a microcapsule, such as within a polymer shell, to provide a (micro)encapsulated thermochromic system. The capsule may have an average particle size of 1-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.

[0064] The term "particle size" in this document refers to the area equivalent sphere diameter of the particles. Particle size distribution can be determined by sieving analysis according to the methods described in ASTM C136 / C136M-14 ("Standard Test Method for Sieving Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates").

[0065] A weld quality indicator can be obtained by applying a curable ink formulation containing a thermochromic system to the surface of a waterproof layer, for example, by printing, coating, or spraying. The thermochromic system may be present in the curable ink formulation at an amount of 5-60% by weight, particularly 5-50% by weight, based on the total weight of the ink formulation.

[0066] Suitable curable ink formulations for application via printing include at least flexographic inks, gravure inks, offset inks, and screen printing inks. Curable ink formulations can be water-based, solvent-based, or UV-curable, depending on the chosen application method.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, a weld quality indicator is obtained by applying a UV-curable ink formulation comprising a thermochromic system to the surface of a waterproof layer. In these embodiments, the ink present on the surface of the waterproof layer in the form of one or more discontinuous lines is a UV-curable ink that is at least partially cured.

[0068] Suitable curable ink formulations comprising thermochromic systems and methods for their preparation have been disclosed in WO 2021 / 158997 A1. Furthermore, ink formulations suitable for use in this invention are commercially available, for example, from Chromatic Technologies Inc.

[0069] The waterproof layer preferably comprises at least one polymer selected from polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, halogenated polyolefin, rubber and ketene ester.

[0070] Suitable PVC resins for use in membranes include those having a K value in the range of 50-85, preferably 65-75, determined by a method described in ISO 1628-2-1998. The K value is a measure of the polymerization grade of the PVC resin and is determined by the viscosity value of the PVC homopolymer dissolved in cyclohexanone as the primary resin at 30°C.

[0071] Suitable polyolefins for use in membranes include, for example, polyethylene, ethylene copolymers, polypropylene, and propylene copolymers. Particularly suitable polyolefins include thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers (TPO-E), especially heterogeneous propylene copolymers. Heterogeneous polymers are polymer systems comprising a highly crystalline base polyolefin and a low-crystallinity or amorphous polyolefin modifier. The heterogeneous morphology consists of a matrix phase primarily composed of the base polyolefin and a dispersed phase primarily composed of the polyolefin modifier.

[0072] Suitable commercially available heteropolymers include reactor blends of base polyolefins and polyolefin modifiers, also known as “in-situ TPO” or “reactor TPO” or “impact copolymer (ICP)”, which are typically produced in a sequential polymerization process, wherein the matrix phase component is produced in a first reactor and transferred to a second reactor, in which the dispersed phase component is generated and incorporated as a structural domain into the matrix phase. Heteropolymers containing polypropylene homopolymers as base polymers are generally referred to as “heteropolymers of propylene (HECO)”, while heteropolymers containing polypropylene random copolymers as base polymers are generally referred to as “heteropolymers of propylene random copolymers (RAHECO). The term “heteropolymer of propylene” in this disclosure covers both HECO and RAHECO type heteropolymers.

[0073] Rubbers suitable for use in membranes include, for example, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), butyl rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, natural rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), nitrile rubber, acrylic rubber, and silicone rubber, as well as chemically crosslinked versions of the above rubbers.

[0074] According to one or more embodiments, the waterproof layer comprises at least 35% by weight, preferably at least 45% by weight, and more preferably at least 55% by weight of a polymer selected from polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, halogenated polyolefins, rubber and ketene vinyl esters, preferably selected from polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins and rubber, more preferably selected from polyvinyl chloride resin and polyolefins, even more preferably selected from polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene and propylene copolymers, and even more preferably selected from polyvinyl chloride resin and heterogeneous propylene copolymers.

[0075] According to the first embodiment, the waterproof layer comprises at least one polyvinyl chloride-based waterproof layer, which includes:

[0076] -25-65% by weight, preferably 30-60% by weight of polyvinyl chloride resin,

[0077] -15-50% by weight, preferably 25-45% by weight, of at least one plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride resin, and

[0078] -0-30% by weight, preferably 0-25% by weight, of at least one inorganic filler, all proportions are based on the total weight of the waterproof layer.

[0079] Suitable polyvinyl chloride resins include those produced by suspension polymerization (also known as S-PVC) and those produced by emulsion polymerization (also known as E-PVC).

[0080] Polyvinyl chloride resins can have a K value in the range of 50-85, more preferably 65-75, determined by a method described in ISO 1628-2-1998. The K value is a measure of the polymerization grade of polyvinyl chloride and is determined by the viscosity value of the polyvinyl chloride homopolymer dissolved in cyclohexanone as the primary resin at 30°C.

[0081] The type of plasticizer used for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins is not particularly limited in this invention. Suitable plasticizers for PVC resins include, but are not limited to, linear or branched phthalates, such as diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dinonyl phthalate (L9P), diallyl phthalate (DAP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and mixed linear phthalates (911P). Other suitable plasticizers include phthalate-free plasticizers, such as trimellitate plasticizers, adipic acid polyesters, and biochemical plasticizers. Examples of biochemical plasticizers include epoxidized vegetable oils, such as epoxidized soybean oil and epoxidized linseed oil, and acetylated waxes and plant-derived oils, such as acetylated castor wax and acetylated castor oil.

[0082] Phthalate-free plasticizers particularly suitable for use in waterproofing layers include alkyl esters of benzoic acid, dialkyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, polyesters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or aliphatic di, tri, and tetraols whose end groups are unesterified or esterified with monofunctional agents, trialkyl esters of citric acid, acetylated trialkyl esters of citric acid, glycerides, dibenzoate of mono, di, tri, or polyalkylene glycols, trimethylolpropane esters, dialkyl esters of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, dialkyl esters of terephthalic acid, trialkyl esters of trimellitic acid, triaryl esters of phosphoric acid, diarylalkyl esters of phosphoric acid, trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid, and aryl esters of alkyl sulfonic acids.

[0083] According to one or more embodiments, at least one plasticizer for PVC resin is selected from phthalates, trimellitic acid ester plasticizers, adipic acid polyesters, and biochemical plasticizers.

[0084] According to the second embodiment, the waterproof layer comprises:

[0085] -25-65% by weight, preferably 30-60% by weight of at least one polyolefin,

[0086] -10-50% by weight, preferably 15-45% by weight, of at least one flame retardant, and

[0087] -0-30% by weight, preferably 0-25% by weight, of at least one inorganic filler, all proportions are based on the total weight of the waterproof layer.

[0088] According to one or more embodiments, at least one polyolefin comprises at least one propylene copolymer and / or at least one thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer (TPO).

[0089] Preferably, at least one propylene copolymer has a propylene content of at least 60% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the weight of the propylene copolymer.

[0090] In one or more embodiments, at least one propylene copolymer is a propylene-ethylene copolymer, preferably a random propylene-ethylene copolymer, preferably having an ethylene content of 5-20% by weight, more preferably 9-18% by weight, and even more preferably 12-18% by weight, based on the weight of the propylene copolymer.

[0091] Suitable propylene-ethylene copolymers are commercially available, for example, using Versify. ® (From Dow Chemicals) trademark name and Vistamaxx ® (Originally purchased from the Exxon Mobil trademark).

[0092] In one or more embodiments, at least one thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer is a heterogeneous propylene copolymer, preferably comprising:

[0093] -A) At least one melting temperature (T) m The polypropylene is heated to 100°C or higher, preferably a homopolymer of propylene and / or a random copolymer of propylene, wherein the comonomer content is less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer; and

[0094] -B) At least one glass transition temperature (T) of -20°C or lower g The polyolefin, preferably an ethylene copolymer, has a comonomer content of at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, and, based on the weight of the copolymer, preferably has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -25°C or lower, more preferably -35°C or lower. g ), preferably ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR),

[0095] The heterogeneous propylene copolymer comprises a matrix phase mainly composed of A) and a dispersed phase mainly composed of B).

[0096] According to one or more embodiments, the heterogeneous propylene copolymer is a reactor blend of A) and B), wherein the reactor blend has preferably been obtained by using a sequential polymerization method, wherein the matrix phase component is produced in a first reactor and transferred to a second reactor, and the dispersed phase component is produced in the second reactor and incorporated as a structural domain into the matrix phase.

[0097] Particularly suitable heterogeneous propylene copolymers include, for example, “reactor TPO” and “soft TPO” produced using LyondellBasell’s Catalloy process technology, which are available under the trademarks Adflex®, Adsyl®, Clyrell®, Hifax®, Hiflex®, and Softell®, such as Hifax® CA10A, Hifax® CA12A, Hifax® CA60A, and Hifax® CA212A. Other suitable heterogeneous propylene copolymers are commercially available under the trademark Borsoft® (from Borealis Polymers), such as Borsoft® SD233CF.

[0098] Flame retardants suitable for use in waterproof layers include, for example, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, antimony trioxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and melamine-, melamine resin-, melamine derivative-, melamine-formaldehyde-, silane-, siloxane-, and polystyrene-coated ammonium polyphosphate.

[0099] Other suitable flame retardants include, for example, 1,3,5-triazine compounds, such as melamine, melanamine, melon, cyanuric acid diamide, cyanuric acid monoamide, 2-ureidomelamine, acetylguanidine, benzoguanidine, diaminophenyltriazine, melamine salts and adducts, melamine cyanurate, melamine borate, melamine orthophosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, di(melamine) pyrophosphate and melamine polyphosphate, oligomeric and polymeric 1,3,5-triazine compounds and polyphosphate esters (salts) of 1,3,5-triazine compounds, guanine, piperazine phosphate, piperazine polyphosphate, ethylenediamine phosphate, pentaerythritol, borophosphate esters (salts), 1,3,5-trihydroxyethyl isocyanurate, 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate and derivatives of the above compounds.

[0100] Suitable flame retardants are commercially available under trademarks such as Martinal® and Magnifin® (both from Albemarle) and under trademarks such as Exolit® (from Clariant), Phos-Check® (from Phos-Check), and FR CROS® (from Budenheim).

[0101] Suitable inorganic fillers for use in waterproofing layers include sand, granite, calcium carbonate, clay, expanded clay, diatomaceous earth, pumice, mica, kaolin, talc, dolomite, calcium silicate, perlite, vermiculite, wollastonite, barite, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, silica, vaporized silica, fused silica, aerogel, glass beads, hollow glass spheres, ceramic spheres, bauxite, crushed concrete, and zeolite. The term "calcium carbonate" as an inert inorganic filler, in the context of this document, refers to calcitic fillers produced by grinding and / or precipitation from chalk, limestone, or marble.

[0102] The waterproof layer may also contain one or more additives, such as UV stabilizers and heat stabilizers, antioxidants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments such as titanium dioxide and carbon black, matting agents, antistatic agents, impact modifiers, biocides, and processing aids such as lubricants, slip agents, anti-blocking agents, and denesting agents.

[0103] The waterproof layer may have a thickness of 0.5-5 mm, preferably 0.75-4 mm, more preferably 1-3.5 mm, and even more preferably 1.2-3 mm. The thickness of the polymer layer can be determined, for example, by using a measurement method as defined in EN 1849-2.

[0104] In one or more embodiments, the membrane is a multilayer membrane comprising an additional waterproof layer in addition to the waterproof layer, wherein the waterproof layer and the additional waterproof layer are preferably directly bonded to each other on at least a portion of their opposing main surfaces. The composition of the additional waterproof layer may be the same as or different from that of the waterproof layer. However, it is generally preferred that the waterproof layers comprise the same polymer base to ensure compatibility between the waterproof layers.

[0105] Alternatively, the reinforcing layer can be incorporated into the structure of the roofing membrane to improve the membrane's mechanical properties. The reinforcing layer may be completely embedded in the waterproofing layer or adhered to one of the main surfaces of the waterproofing layer or another waterproofing layer. The expression "completely embedded" should be understood as meaning that the reinforcing layer is completely covered by the substrate of the waterproofing layer.

[0106] According to one or more embodiments, the membrane includes a reinforcing layer that is fully embedded in or adhered to one of the main surfaces of the waterproofing layer, wherein the reinforcing layer is selected from nonwoven fabrics, woven fabrics, and laid scrims containing synthetic organic and / or inorganic fibers.

[0107] In this disclosure, the term "nonwoven fabric" refers to a material composed of fibers bonded together by chemical, mechanical, or thermal means, and which is neither woven nor knitted. For example, nonwoven fabrics can be produced using carding or needle punching methods, in which fibers are mechanically entangled to obtain a nonwoven fabric. In chemical bonding, chemical adhesives, such as bonding materials, are used to hold the fibers together to form a nonwoven fabric. Typical materials for nonwoven fabrics include synthetic organic and inorganic fibers.

[0108] In this disclosure, the term "layout mesh fabric" refers to a mesh-like nonwoven product consisting of at least two sets of parallel yarns (also referred to as weft and warp yarns) laid on top of each other and chemically bonded together. The yarns of the nonwoven mesh fabric are typically arranged toward each other at an angle of 60-120°, for example, 90±5°, thereby forming gaps, wherein the gaps occupy more than 60% of the total surface area of ​​the layout mesh fabric.

[0109] According to one or more embodiments, the synthetic organic fibers of the reinforcing layer are selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, and aramid fibers. According to one or more embodiments, the inorganic fibers of the reinforcing layer are selected from glass, carbon, metal, and wollastonite fibers.

[0110] The reinforcing layer can be a nonwoven fabric, preferably with a strength of no more than 300 g / m². 2 More preferably not exceeding 200g / m 2 For example, 15-300g / m 2 Preferred size: 25-250g / m 2 Preferred size: 35-200g / m 2 More preferably 40-150g / m 2 Mass per unit weight.

[0111] The membrane can be supplied in rolls, transported to the construction site, and unwound to provide sheets with a width of 1-5m and a length several times the width. Additionally, the membrane can be supplied in planar form for repairing damaged areas in existing adhesive roofing systems.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the membrane is a roofing membrane or a flashing membrane, preferably a roofing membrane.

[0113] Unless otherwise stated, the preferred options given above for membrane and weld quality indicators also apply to all aspects of the invention.

[0114] Another subject of the present invention is a method for preparing a membrane having a weld quality indicator according to any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising the following steps:

[0115] i. Provide a pre-fabricated membrane with a waterproof layer, and

[0116] ii. Print a curable ink formulation containing a thermochromic system onto the surface of the waterproof layer.

[0117] The curable ink formulation is applied in a pattern to the surface of the waterproof layer, the pattern comprising one or more discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel and adjacent to the edge of the waterproof layer, and the discontinuous lines are composed of a series of spaced ink-covered areas.

[0118] The distance between the continuous ink-covered areas in the discontinuous lines (one or more) is preferably at least 0.5 mm, for example at least 1.5 mm, especially at least 2.5 mm, especially at least 3.5 mm and / or no more than 100 mm, for example no more than 75 mm, especially no more than 65 mm, especially no more than 50 mm.

[0119] In one or more embodiments, the distance between the continuous ink coverage areas in the discontinuous lines (one or more lines) is 1.5-65 mm, preferably 2.5-55 mm, more preferably 3.5-45 mm, even more preferably 5-35 mm, and still more preferably 5-25 mm.

[0120] In one or more embodiments, the method includes an additional step of curing the ink, preferably by UV curing and / or drying.

[0121] Step ii. of the method can be performed using any conventional printing or coating technique known to those skilled in the art, such as by using a flexographic printing press, an inkjet printing press, or a slot die coating machine.

[0122] Step i, providing a preformed film, may include melt-processing a composition containing the waterproof layer components, and then using a suitable technique (e.g., extrusion and / or calendering) to melt-form the resulting melt-processed composition. Suitable extrusion equipment comprising at least one extruder and extruder die is well known to those skilled in the art. Any conventional extruder, such as a plunger extruder, a single-screw extruder, or a twin-screw extruder, can be used.

[0123] Further details of the membrane provision process depend on the implementation of the membrane, particularly whether the membrane is a single-layer or multi-layer membrane.

[0124] Another aspect of the present invention is a method for covering a substrate, comprising the following steps:

[0125] I) Provide a first membrane according to the invention,

[0126] II) Apply the first sheet to the surface of the substrate.

[0127] III) Provide a second membrane according to the invention,

[0128] IV) Apply the second sheet to the surface of the substrate such that the second edge portion of the second sheet rests on the first edge portion of the first sheet, thereby providing overlapping edge portions.

[0129] V) The opposing surfaces of the first and second edge portions are joined together by means of thermal welding.

[0130] The welding quality indicator for the second piece is located on the top surface of the second edge portion.

[0131] Step V of the method can be performed using hot air welding tools or induction heating welding tools.

[0132] Furthermore, step V) preferably includes heating the opposing surfaces of the first and second edge portions to a temperature above the melting point of the first and second pieces, causing heat to be transferred through the second piece to the weld quality indicator, thereby causing it to change its color.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, the substrate is a roofing substrate, preferably selected from roof panels, insulation panels, cover plates, or wall cladding.

[0134] Example

[0135] Preparation of test samples

[0136] A test specimen consisting of a roofing membrane strip and a welding quality indicator was prepared by printing a UV-curable ink formulation containing a thermochromic system onto the upper surface of a membrane strip having dimensions of 20.32 x 30.48 cm. The ink formulation was applied to the upper surface of the membrane strip in a pattern including one continuous line (reference example) or one or two discontinuous lines (embodiments of the invention), the discontinuous lines being substantially parallel and adjacent to the edge of the membrane strip.

[0137] The membrane strips are cut from commercially available multi-layer PVC-based roofing membrane (Sarnafil S327 60 mils) sheets, and the weld quality indicators are fabricated using UV-curable thermochromic flexographic ink (from CTI Technologies Inc.).

[0138] The weld quality indicator consists of a dashed line formed by spaced-apart ink-coated areas with a square shape and dimensions of 6.35 x 6.35 mm (width, height). The weld quality indicator, consisting of a single continuous line or dashed line, is positioned approximately 10 mm from the edge of the membrane strip at the midpoint of the planned weld.

[0139] In the case of a welding quality indicator consisting of two dashed lines, the distance between the two parallel, spaced-apart discontinuous lines is approximately 6.35 mm, and the first discontinuous line is positioned near the edge of the membrane strip, while the second discontinuous line is positioned near the edge of the planned weld, approximately 20 mm from the edge of the membrane strip.

[0140] Testing of welding quality indicators

[0141] First, a first membrane strip (A) without a weld quality indicator is laid on the surface of the substrate. Then, another membrane strip (B), with a weld quality indicator placed on one of its long sides, is positioned above the first membrane strip (A) to form a weldable joint with a width of at least 20 mm and extending in the longitudinal direction of the membrane strip, as shown. Figure 4a As shown in the diagram. The opposing surfaces of the edge portions of the first and second membrane strips (A, B) are then joined together by thermal welding using a Leister handheld welder.

[0142] Then, the third membrane strip (C) is positioned above the first and second membrane strips in an overlapping position along one of the short sides of the other two membrane strips (A, B) to form as shown. Figure 4b The three-way overlapping joint (“T-joint”) is shown. The overlapping portion of the third membrane strip (C) is then joined to the short side portions of the first and second membrane strips (A, B) by thermal welding using a handheld welding machine.

[0143] Welding of the overlapping edges of the membrane strips is performed at a welding speed of 2-4 m / s. The ink on the weld quality indicator is initially light blue, and this light blue color disappears when the ink temperature reaches a certain threshold temperature, indicating that the appropriate temperature of the membrane material and the corresponding sufficient weld quality / strength have been achieved.

[0144] The quality of the thermally welded joint is tested by cutting rectangular blocks from the overlapping edges of the upper membrane and removing these blocks through peeling. The rectangular blocks have the following characteristics: Figures 5a-5d The long side shown is perpendicular to the width of the weld seam. Under good weld quality conditions, removing the rectangular block of the upper membrane results in:

[0145] 1) Expose the back layer (black) of the lower membrane because the interlayer bond strength between the welded membrane portions is higher than the bond strength between the top and back layers of the membrane. Figure 5a and 5d )or

[0146] 2) The rectangular block breaks before it can be pulled off because the interlayer bond strength between the welded membrane portions is higher than the tensile strength of the membrane. Figure 5c ).

[0147] In cases of unacceptable weld quality, removing the rectangular block exposed the top layer (white) of the lower membrane, indicating insufficient interlayer bond strength between the welded edges. Figure 5b ).

[0148] like Figure 5b As can be seen, the coated weld quality indicator, existing as a continuous line, results in areas of no weld material formed between the overlapping portions of the film strips in the region of the weld indicator. However, the coated weld indicator is formed by a discontinuous (dashed) line (such as...). Figure 5c (as shown in the middle) or composed of two discontinuous lines (such as...) Figure 5d In the case of the structure shown in the figure, no continuous area without welding material is formed between the overlapping portions of the membrane strips in the welding area, so that a continuous weld seam can be formed.

[0149] Therefore, experimental data clearly show that weld indicators obtained by applying ink containing a thermochromic system to the surface of a PVC-based roofing film will, in some cases, interfere with weld formation between overlapping portions of the film. Specifically, when a T-joint is formed over a continuous line containing ink, the resulting coated area extends vertically across the entire weld. This creates a region extending across the weld that has blocked weld formation and thus interrupts the continuous weld.

[0150] However, when an alternative dashed pattern of sufficient size is chosen, the coated area will never extend across the entire width of the weld, and therefore there will be no area where the weld formation is obstructed from extending across the entire weld. Thus, by using dashed lines, the continuous weld is never interrupted. Therefore, when using a dashed pattern, it is not necessary to remove ink from the surface of the film to ensure a continuous weld.

Claims

1. A membrane (1) comprising a waterproof layer (2) having opposing top and bottom surfaces and a weld quality indicator (3) disposed on one of the opposing surfaces of the waterproof layer (2), wherein the weld quality indicator (3) comprises one or more discontinuous lines substantially parallel to and adjacent to the edges (e1, e2) of the waterproof layer (2), wherein the one or more discontinuous lines are formed by a series of spaced regions (on the surface of the waterproof layer) covered with an ink comprising a thermochromic system.

2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the distance (D1, D11, D12) between successive ink-covered areas in one or more discontinuous lines is at least 1.5 mm, preferably at least 2.5 mm.

3. The film according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the distance (D1, D11, D12) between successive ink-covered areas in one or more discontinuous lines is 1.5-65 mm, preferably 2.5-55 mm.

4. The film according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spaced ink-covered areas have the shape of letters, symbols, squares, rectangles, circles, ovals or triangles.

5. The membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more discontinuous lines are positioned at a distance (D2, D21, D22) not exceeding 50 mm, preferably not exceeding 45 mm, inward from the edge of the waterproof layer (2).

6. The membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the weld quality indicator comprises two or more discontinuous lines spaced apart and substantially parallel to each other.

7. The membrane according to claim 6, wherein the distance (D3) between the two discontinuous lines is at least 1.5 mm, preferably at least 2.5 mm, particularly 1.5-30 mm, especially 2.5-25 mm.

8. The film according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the discontinuity line is positioned such that the ink coverage area of ​​the adjacent discontinuity line is not aligned (misaligned) in the row.

9. The membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thermochromic system comprises at least one thermochromic dye, at least one color developer, and at least one solvent.

10. The membrane according to claim 9, wherein the at least one thermochromic dye, at least one color developer and at least one solvent are encapsulated within a capsule, preferably within a microcapsule, to provide a (micro)encapsulated thermochromic system.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the capsule has an average particle size of 1-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.

12. The film according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ink is at least partially cured UV-curable ink.

13. The membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the waterproof layer (2) comprises at least one polymer selected from polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, halogenated polyolefin, rubber and ketene vinyl ester.

14. The membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the membrane is a roofing membrane or a flashing membrane.

15. A method for preparing a membrane having a weld quality indicator according to any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising the steps of: i. Provide a pre-fabricated membrane with a waterproof layer, and ii. Print a curable ink formulation containing a thermochromic system onto the surface of the waterproof layer. The curable ink formulation is applied in a pattern to the surface of the waterproof layer, the pattern comprising one or more discontinuous lines that are substantially parallel and adjacent to the edge of the waterproof layer.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the distance between successive ink-covered areas in one or more discontinuous lines is at least 1.5 mm, preferably at least 2.5 mm.

17. The method according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the distance between successive ink-covered areas in one or more discontinuous lines is 1.5-65 mm, preferably 2.5-55 mm.

18. The method according to any one of claims 15-17, further comprising the step of curing the ink, preferably by UV curing and / or drying.

19. The method according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein step ii. is performed using a flexographic printing press, an inkjet printing press, or a slot die coating machine.

20. A method for covering a substrate, comprising the steps of: I) Provide a first membrane according to any one of claims 1-14, II) Apply the first sheet to the surface of the substrate. III) Provide a second membrane according to any one of claims 1-14, IV) Apply the second sheet to the surface of the substrate such that the second edge portion of the second sheet rests on the first edge portion of the first sheet, thereby providing overlapping edge portions. V) The opposing surfaces of the first and second edge portions are joined together by means of thermal welding. The welding quality indicator for the second piece is located on the top surface of the second edge portion.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein step V) is performed using a hot air welding tool or an induction heating welding tool.

22. The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein step V) comprises heating the opposing surfaces of the first and second edge portions (to a temperature above the melting point of the first and second sheets), causing heat to be transferred through the second sheet to the weld quality indicator, thereby causing it to change its color.

23. The method according to any one of claims 20-22, wherein the membrane is a roofing membrane or a flashing membrane and / or the substrate is a roofing substrate.

Images