Heat pump system and components thereof

Abstract

A heat pump system is provided. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant circuit through which a refrigerant flows and an antifreeze circuit through which an antifreeze solution flows, the antifreeze circuit having an antifreeze reservoir. The refrigerant circuit includes a first refrigerant coil disposed within the first heat exchanger and a second refrigerant coil disposed within the second heat exchanger. The antifreezing agent liquid storage tank heats the antifreezing agent solution. The antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze coil disposed within the first heat exchanger proximate the first refrigerant coil such that the antifreeze coil heats the first refrigerant coil. In some examples, the antifreeze reservoir tank includes a controllable heater arranged to heat the antifreeze solution. In other examples, the refrigerant circuit further includes a third refrigerant coil disposed within the antifreeze reservoir, such that the third refrigerant coil heats the antifreeze solution.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 704,764, filed October 8, 2024, entitled “Heat Pump System and Components Thereof,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure generally relates to heat pumps, and more specifically, to heat pump systems having an antifreeze mechanism to prevent frost formation on outdoor heat exchangers. Background Technology

[0004] Heat pumps are energy-efficient alternatives to furnaces and air conditioners. Air-source heat pumps provide heat to the interior of a building by extracting heat from the outside air and transferring it indoors. Therefore, heat pumps require both an outdoor heat exchanger and an indoor heat exchanger to facilitate this transfer. One drawback of conventional air-source heat pumps is that frost can form on the outdoor unit in cold outdoor conditions. This frost inhibits the heat pump from efficiently extracting heat from the outside air. Therefore, currently available heat pumps are configured to enter a defrost cycle when frost has formed on the outdoor unit. While the defrost cycle reduces the amount of frost, these heat pumps stop producing heat during the defrost cycle. Furthermore, the defrost cycle reduces the energy efficiency of the heat pump by diverting energy to purposes other than heating the interior of the building.

[0005] This disclosure advantageously solves one or more of the problems and defects of the heat pumps described above. However, it is anticipated that the subject matter of this disclosure may prove useful in solving other problems and defects in many other technical fields. Therefore, this disclosure should not be construed as limited to solving any particular problem or defect discussed herein.

[0006] In this specification, any reference or discussion of a document, act, or knowledge item is not an admission that the document, act, or knowledge item, or any combination thereof, was publicly available, publicly known, part of common general knowledge, or otherwise constitutes prior art under applicable law as of the priority date; or is known to be related to any attempt to solve any problem covered in this specification. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This disclosure generally relates to a heat pump system for use in cold weather environments. Generally, the heat pump system includes a dual-loop configuration (also referred to as a dual-path configuration) to prevent frosting at very low temperatures, thereby avoiding the need to operate an inefficient defrost cycle when heating is required. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant loop (also referred to as a refrigerant path), an antifreeze loop (also referred to as an antifreeze path) with an antifreeze accumulator, an outdoor heat exchanger, and an indoor heat exchanger. The refrigerant loop is configured to circulate a refrigerant (e.g., R32, R454B, or R452B refrigerant) to different aspects of the heat pump system. The refrigerant loop includes a first refrigerant coil disposed within the outdoor heat exchanger and a second refrigerant coil disposed within the indoor heat exchanger. Similarly, the antifreeze loop is configured to circulate an antifreeze solution. The antifreeze solution is heated during storage and circulation through the antifreeze accumulator. The antifreeze loop includes an antifreeze coil disposed within the outdoor heat exchanger. The antifreeze coil is positioned close to the first refrigerant coil, allowing the antifreeze coil to heat the first refrigerant coil to prevent frost formation. This arrangement prevents frost buildup at -5°C. And lower, preferably -10 And even lower, down to about -30 Or even as low as approximately -50 Frost forms at outdoor temperatures.

[0008] In one embodiment, a controllable heater, such as an electric rod, is arranged inside the antifreeze tank to heat the antifreeze solution. Furthermore, a temperature sensor is also arranged inside the antifreeze tank. The temperature signal provided by the temperature sensor is used to regulate the temperature of the controllable heater. The temperature of the controllable heater can be, for example, at 180°C. Up to 200 The temperature varies between these parameters. In another example, when the heater is operating in cooling mode rather than heating mode in a heat pump system, the controllable heater can be deactivated at certain outdoor ambient temperatures, resulting in unheated ambient temperature antifreeze solution. Circulating ambient temperature antifreeze solution allows the antifreeze coil to act as a radiator to regulate the temperature of the first refrigerant coil and prevent hot spots from forming on the first refrigerant coil at high outdoor ambient temperatures.

[0009] In another embodiment, a third refrigerant coil is arranged in an antifreeze reservoir and passively heats the antifreeze solution via a refrigerant circuit. The antifreeze solution can be circulated through the antifreeze circuit by an antifreeze pump with a pumping speed of at least, for example, 5.2 gallons per minute.

[0010] The antifreeze solution includes an antifreeze additive. The antifreeze solution can be a mixture of the antifreeze additive and water, although any suitable antifreeze solution is contemplated herein. In some examples, the ratio of antifreeze additive to water is 50:50. The antifreeze additive may preferably be silicone oil. In other examples, the antifreeze additive may be ethylene glycol or another suitable antifreeze additive. Preferably, the antifreeze solution has a temperature of less than or equal to about -30°C. The freezing point is greater than or equal to about 250. The boiling point of the refrigerant. The refrigerant can be R32, R454B, R452B, or a combination thereof. The boiling point of the refrigerant can be less than or equal to approximately -50°C. .

[0011] An outdoor heat exchanger may include several layers, such as an outer layer facing the outdoor environment and one or more inner layers. In some examples, the antifreeze coil is arranged in the outer layer, while the first refrigerant coil is arranged in one or more inner layers.

[0012] Typically, in one aspect, a heat pump system is provided. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant circuit through which refrigerant flows. The refrigerant circuit includes a first refrigerant coil disposed within a first heat exchanger. The refrigerant circuit also includes a second refrigerant coil disposed within a second heat exchanger.

[0013] The heat pump system also includes an antifreeze circuit through which the antifreeze solution flows. The antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze reservoir configured to heat the antifreeze solution.

[0014] The antifreeze circuit also includes an antifreeze coil, which is arranged in the first heat exchanger and close to the first refrigerant coil, so that the antifreeze coil regulates the temperature of the first refrigerant coil.

[0015] The heat pump system is configured to operate at temperatures below approximately -5°C. It can operate continuously at outdoor ambient temperature without entering the defrost cycle, without compressor shutdown, and / or without refrigerant lock-up.

[0016] According to one example, the antifreeze reservoir includes a controllable heater arranged to heat the antifreeze solution.

[0017] According to one example, the antifreeze reservoir also includes a temperature sensor configured to generate a temperature signal. The temperature of the controllable heater is controlled based on the temperature signal.

[0018] According to one example, the temperature of the controllable heater is 180. Up to 200 Within the range.

[0019] According to one example, the ambient temperature sensor is configured to capture the outdoor ambient temperature, wherein if the outdoor ambient temperature is greater than approximately 68°C... If so, the controllable heater will be shut down.

[0020] According to one example, the refrigerant circuit also includes a third refrigerant coil disposed within an antifreeze reservoir, such that the third refrigerant coil heats the antifreeze solution.

[0021] As an example, the freezing point of the antifreeze solution is less than or equal to approximately -30°C. .

[0022] As an example, the boiling point of the antifreeze solution is greater than or equal to approximately 200°C. .

[0023] According to one example, antifreeze solutions include silicone oil.

[0024] According to one example, the heat pump system is configured to operate at temperatures as low as approximately -56.9°C. It can operate continuously at outdoor ambient temperature without entering the defrost cycle, without compressor shutdown, and / or without refrigerant lock-up.

[0025] According to one example, the heat pump system includes a cooling mode in which an antifreeze coil is configured as a radiator, preventing hot spots from forming on the first refrigerant coil up to approximately 86°C. Ambient temperature.

[0026] In one example, the first heat exchanger is configured to be placed in an outdoor environment. The second heat exchanger is configured to be placed in an indoor environment.

[0027] According to one example, the heat pump system also includes an antifreeze fluid pump. The antifreeze fluid pump is configured to propel antifreeze solution through the antifreeze circuit. The pumping speed of the antifreeze fluid pump is at least 5.2 gallons per minute.

[0028] According to one example, the heat pump system also includes a controllable heater arranged to heat the antifreeze solution. The heat pump system also includes a controller configured to receive the ambient temperature and the temperature of the first refrigerant coil, and to regulate the controllable heater and the antifreeze fluid pump.

[0029] According to one example, the first heat exchanger includes an outer coil layer and at least one inner coil layer. An antifreeze coil is arranged within the outer coil layer. A first refrigerant coil is arranged within at least one inner coil layer.

[0030] Typically, on the other hand, a heat exchanger is provided. The heat exchanger is configured to be installed in a heat pump system. The heat exchanger includes a refrigerant circuit through which refrigerant flows. The refrigerant circuit includes a refrigerant coil.

[0031] The heat exchanger also includes an antifreeze circuit through which the antifreeze solution flows.

[0032] The antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze reservoir configured to heat the antifreeze solution.

[0033] The antifreeze circuit also includes an antifreeze coil, which is arranged close to the refrigerant coil so that the antifreeze coil regulates the temperature of the refrigerant coil.

[0034] Typically, on the other hand, a heat pump system is provided. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant circuit through which refrigerant flows. The refrigerant circuit includes refrigerant coils arranged within an outdoor heat exchanger.

[0035] The heat pump system also includes an antifreeze circuit through which antifreeze solution flows. The antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze coil located within the outdoor heat exchanger and close to the refrigerant coil to (i) prevent temperatures below approximately -5°C. (ii) Preventing frost formation on the refrigerant coils at ambient outdoor temperatures, and (ii) preventing frost formation at approximately 68°C. Approximately 86 Hot spots are formed under ambient outdoor temperatures.

[0036] As an example, the freezing point of the antifreeze solution is less than or equal to approximately -30°C. It should be noted that some solutions of ethylene glycol (e.g., 50 / 50 ethylene glycol and water) can have a temperature of approximately -30°C. The freezing point. Higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in the solution will increase the freezing point. It should also be noted that some silicone oils can have a freezing point of approximately -50. As low as approximately -100 Or a lower pour point, depending on the oil's composition. This article envisions all suitable options.

[0037] As an example, the boiling point of the antifreeze solution is greater than or equal to approximately 200°C. It should be noted that some solutions of ethylene glycol (e.g., 50 / 50 ethylene glycol and water) can have a concentration of approximately 225. The boiling point of ethylene glycol. Higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in the solution will lower the boiling point. It is further noted that some silicone oils can have a boiling point of approximately 284. Up to approximately 536 Or a higher boiling point, depending on the oil's composition. This article envisions all suitable options.

[0038] As an example, the boiling point of the refrigerant is less than or equal to about -50°C. It should be noted that R32 refrigerant has a temperature of approximately -61°C. The boiling point of R454B refrigerant is approximately -59°C. The boiling point of R452B refrigerant is approximately -60°C. The boiling point. This article considers all suitable options.

[0039] It should be understood that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and the additional concepts discussed in more detail below (assuming these concepts do not contradict each other) are contemplated as part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of the claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be understood that terms expressly adopted herein, which may also appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference, should be given the meaning most consistent with the specific concepts disclosed herein.

[0040] These and other aspects of the various embodiments will become apparent and elucidated with reference to one or more embodiments described below. Attached Figure Description

[0041] In the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals generally refer to the same parts in different views. Furthermore, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, but typically focus on illustrating the principles of various embodiments.

[0042] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a heat pump system according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0043] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of another heat pump system according to an aspect of this disclosure.

[0044] Figure 3A This is an isometric view of the antifreeze reservoir, fluid pump, and outdoor heat exchanger of a heat pump system according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0045] Figure 3B This is an isometric view of the antifreeze reservoir, fluid pump, and outdoor heat exchanger of a heat pump system according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0046] Figure 4 This is another isometric view of the antifreeze reservoir, fluid pump, and outdoor heat exchanger of a heat pump system according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0047] Figure 5 This is an isometric view of an antifreeze reservoir with a controllable heater according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0048] Figure 6A This is an isometric view of a variation of the inner and outer layers of an outdoor heat exchanger according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0049] Figure 6B This is an isometric view of a variation of the inner and outer layers of an outdoor heat exchanger according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0050] Figure 6C This is an isometric view of a variation of the inner and outer layers of an outdoor heat exchanger according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0051] Figure 6D This is an isometric view of a variation of the inner and outer layers of an outdoor heat exchanger according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0052] Figure 7 It is a graph comparing the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump system disclosed herein with that of a conventional system.

[0053] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the measured values ​​of the seasonal heating energy factor (HSPF) of an example heat pump system of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0054] In the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the present invention, and specific embodiments in which the subject matter of this disclosure can be practiced are illustrated by way of example. It should be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0055] This disclosure generally relates to heat pump systems or components thereof for use in cold weather environments. Generally, the heat pump system includes a dual-coil configuration to prevent frost formation at very low temperatures, thereby avoiding inefficient defrosting cycles when heating is required. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant circuit, an antifreeze circuit with an antifreeze accumulator, an outdoor heat exchanger, and an indoor heat exchanger. The refrigerant circuit is configured to deliver refrigerant to different aspects of the heat pump system. The refrigerant circuit includes a first refrigerant coil disposed within the outdoor heat exchanger and a second refrigerant coil disposed within the indoor heat exchanger. Similarly, the antifreeze circuit is configured to deliver an antifreeze solution. The antifreeze solution is heated during storage and circulation through the antifreeze accumulator. The antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze coil disposed within the outdoor heat exchanger. The antifreeze coil is arranged close to the first refrigerant coil such that the antifreeze coil heats the first refrigerant coil to prevent frost formation. In another example, when the heat pump system operates in cooling mode at high outdoor ambient temperatures, the ambient temperature (rather than heated) antifreeze solution can be circulated to prevent hot spots from forming on the first refrigerant coil.

[0056] Now turn to the attached image. Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a non-limiting example of an air source heat pump system 100. Although Figure 1The example illustrates a heat pump system 100 configured to heat an indoor area, but the same heat pump system 100 could also be configured to cool the same indoor area. Generally, the heat pump system 100 includes a refrigerant circuit 102 (also referred to as a refrigerant path) and an antifreeze circuit 106 (also referred to as an antifreeze path). Each of the circuits 102 and 106 (or paths) consists of several pipes (also referred to as refrigerant pipes or antifreeze pipes) connecting various components of the heat pump system 100. The refrigerant circuit 102 is configured to circulate or deliver refrigerant 108 throughout the heat pump system 100. Similarly, the antifreeze circuit 106 is configured to circulate or deliver antifreeze solution 118 throughout the heat pump system 100. The pipes can be made of any suitable material or combination of materials suitable for delivering refrigerant 108 (for refrigerant circuit 102) or antifreeze solution 118 (for antifreeze circuit 106). Depending on the requirements of the heat pump system 100, each pipe can be flexible or non-flexible.

[0057] Figure 1 An example heat pump system 100 includes an outdoor controller 101, an indoor controller 103, an antifreeze reservoir 104, an outdoor heat exchanger 112, an indoor heat exchanger 116, a fluid pump 130, an outdoor fan 136, an indoor fan 138, a compressor 140, a pressure probe 142, a reverse valve 144, a refrigerant reservoir 146, an expansion valve 152, a filter dryer 154, and a sight glass 180. The heat pump system 100 may not require all of the aforementioned components, but all are shown for illustrative purposes. The indoor controller 103, indoor heat exchanger 116, and indoor fan 138 are configured to be disposed in an indoor environment, such as within a residential or commercial building. The outdoor controller 101, antifreeze reservoir 104, outdoor heat exchanger 112, fluid pump 130, outdoor fan 136, compressor 140, pressure probe 142, reverse valve 144, refrigerant reservoir 146, expansion valve 152, filter dryer 154, and sight glass 180 are configured to be placed in an outdoor environment near the indoor environment, such as on the exterior of a residential or commercial building.

[0058] exist Figure 1In a non-limiting example, refrigerant circuit 102 includes a first refrigerant coil 110, a second refrigerant coil 114, a third refrigerant coil 128, a compressor 140, a reverse valve 144, a refrigerant accumulator 146, an expansion valve 152, a filter dryer 154, a sight glass 180, and multiple pipes or paths connecting the above components, wherein some components may be omitted but are still contemplated within the scope of the invention. Antifreeze circuit 106 includes an antifreeze accumulator 104, an antifreeze coil 120, a fluid pump 130, and multiple pipes or paths connecting the above components. Refrigerant circuit 102 circulates refrigerant 108 in both outdoor and indoor environments, while antifreeze circuit 106 circulates antifreeze solution 118 only in the outdoor environment. Figure 1 As can be seen, the first refrigerant coil 110 and the antifreeze coil 120 are arranged within the outdoor heat exchanger 112, while the second refrigerant coil 114 is arranged within the indoor heat exchanger 116. In this arrangement, the outdoor fan 136 blows outdoor air across the first refrigerant coil 110 to draw heat away from the outdoor environment. The outdoor controller 101 can control the outdoor fan 136 based on the outdoor control signal 164. The co-located antifreeze coil 120 heats the first refrigerant coil 110 to prevent frost formation on the first refrigerant coil 110, thereby preventing the triggering of a wasteful and energy-inefficient defrosting cycle.

[0059] like Figure 1 As shown, compressor 140 receives refrigerant 108 from refrigerant accumulator 146 and converts refrigerant 108 into high-pressure, high-temperature, superheated vapor. In some examples, refrigerant 108 may be R32 refrigerant (boiling point approximately -61°C). R454B refrigerant (boiling point approximately -59°C) Or R452B refrigerant (boiling point approximately -60°C) (or a combination thereof). Typically, the refrigerant preferably has a temperature of about -50°C. Or a lower boiling point. A non-limiting example of refrigerant accumulator 146 is a cylindrical tank with a height of 8 inches and a diameter of 3 inches, but other sizes may be used in different applications. A non-limiting example of compressor 140 is a cylindrical tank with a height of 12 inches and a diameter of 4 inches, but other sizes may be used in different applications. Compressor 140 includes a three-phase 220-volt direct current (DC) motor. The motor of compressor 140 generates a flow of heated refrigerant 108 based on a motor control signal 156 received from outdoor controller 101 and a pressure feedback signal 174 received from pressure probe 142.

[0060] Refrigerant circuit 102 (also referred to as refrigerant path) delivers heated refrigerant 108 from compressor 140 to a second refrigerant coil 114 disposed inside indoor heat exchanger 116. Indoor fan 138 pushes air through second refrigerant coil 114 to heat indoor areas. Indoor fan 138 can be controlled by indoor controller 103. Indoor controller 103 can control indoor fan 138 based on indoor control signal 160 provided by outdoor controller 101. Indoor controller 103 can also provide feedback (such as indoor temperature measurements) to outdoor controller 101 for controlling other aspects of heat pump system 100.

[0061] After passing through the second refrigerant coil 114, the refrigerant 108 exits the indoor heat exchanger 116 as a high-pressure, low-temperature liquid mixture (relative to the refrigerant 108 entering the indoor heat exchanger 116). Therefore, the second refrigerant coil 114 serves as a condenser to condense superheated vapor into a warm liquid. The refrigerant 108 passes through the expansion valve 152 and its temperature is significantly reduced. The expansion valve 152 can be a thermal expansion valve (TXV) or an electronic expansion valve (EEV). In the case of an EEV, the expansion valve 152 controls the flow of refrigerant 108 according to an expansion control signal 162 provided by the outdoor controller 101. The refrigerant 108 then passes through a filter dryer 154, which removes contaminants, such as moisture, from the refrigerant 108. The refrigerant 108 then passes through a sight glass 180, which allows observation of the refrigerant 108 for quality control purposes. After passing through the sight glass 180, the refrigerant 108 is a low-pressure, low-temperature liquid / vapor mixture.

[0062] Refrigerant 108 is then supplied to the first refrigerant coil 110. In this configuration, the first refrigerant coil 110 acts as an evaporator, allowing the refrigerant 108 to absorb outdoor heat even under cold conditions. Therefore, the refrigerant 108 exits the first refrigerant coil 110 as a low-pressure, low-temperature, slightly superheated vapor. The refrigerant circuit 102 then directs the refrigerant 108 to the refrigerant accumulator 146 via the reverse valve 144. The reverse valve 144 is controlled by a reverse signal 158 provided by the outdoor controller 101. The refrigerant 108 then flows from the refrigerant accumulator 146 to the compressor 140, and the heating cycle begins again.

[0063] As previously described, antifreeze circuit 106 (also referred to as antifreeze path) circulates antifreeze solution 118 throughout the heat pump system 100 to prevent frost formation on the first refrigerant coil 110 disposed in the outdoor environment. The antifreeze solution contains antifreeze additives, and in some examples, the antifreeze additives are mixed with water. In a preferred example, antifreeze solution 118 is silicone oil, wherein the silicone oil has a temperature of approximately -112°C. The freezing point and approximately 536 The boiling point. In other examples, antifreeze solution 118 may be a 50 / 50 mixture of ethylene glycol (as an antifreeze additive) and water, resulting in a freezing point of approximately -34°C. And its boiling point is approximately 265°C. A solution or mixture thereof. It can be seen that silicone oil is preferred because it has a wider heat capacity than ethylene glycol, but the invention contemplates both (along with other suitable solutions) as needed or required. Typically, antifreeze solution 118 preferably has a temperature of about -30°C. Or a lower freezing point (e.g., -34 for 50 / 50 ethylene glycol / water). For silicone oil, -58 ) and / or about 200 The boiling point (e.g., 225 for 50 / 50 ethylene glycol / water) For silicone oil, 572 Freezing and boiling points beyond these thresholds are also envisioned, as significantly lower freezing points or significantly higher boiling points should not negatively impact the function of the heat pump system 100. Silicone oil also has the added advantage of being a food-grade oil, being more environmentally friendly than ethylene glycol.

[0064] Antifreeze solution 118 is propelled through antifreeze circuit 106 via fluid pump 130. Fluid pump 130 may have a pumping speed of at least about 5.2 gallons per minute. Antifreeze solution 118 is received by upper port 176a of antifreeze reservoir 104, which may be made of a rust-resistant material such as aluminum or stainless steel. Figure 1 As shown in the non-limiting example, the third refrigerant coil 128 of the refrigerant circuit 102 is arranged within the antifreeze reservoir 104. The refrigerant 108 within the third refrigerant coil 128 is a high-pressure, high-temperature, superheated vapor. Therefore, the hot refrigerant 108 heats the antifreeze solution 118 within the antifreeze reservoir 104. The heated antifreeze solution 118 then leaves the antifreeze reservoir 104 via the lower port 176b and is delivered to the antifreeze coil 120, which is also arranged within the outdoor heat exchanger 112. The first refrigerant coil 110 and the antifreeze coil 120 are physically located together in the outdoor heat exchanger 112 in a dual-coil configuration, such that heat from the antifreeze coil 120 prevents frost formation on the first refrigerant coil. However, the flows of the refrigerant circuit 102 and the antifreeze circuit 106 remain separate and distinct. The antifreeze solution 118 then leaves the antifreeze coil 120 and is recirculated by the fluid pump 130.

[0065] Figure 2 It shows Figure 1 A variation of the heat pump system 100. Figure 2In a non-limiting example, the refrigerant circuit 102 (also referred to as the refrigerant path) lacks a third refrigerant coil 128 to heat the antifreeze solution 118 within the antifreeze reservoir 104. Instead, the antifreeze reservoir 104 includes a controllable heater 122 to heat the antifreeze solution 118. The controllable heater 122 can be a resistance heating element, such as an electric rod. The temperature of the controllable heater 122 can be approximately 180°C. Approximately 200 Within a certain range, and controllable by a heater signal 168 provided by the outdoor controller 101. Furthermore, a temperature sensor 124 may be disposed within the antifreeze reservoir 104 to regulate the temperature of the controllable heater 122. In this example, the temperature sensor 124 provides a temperature signal 166 to the outdoor controller 101. Based on the temperature signal 166, the outdoor controller 101 can adjust the heater signal 168 to ensure that the controllable heater 122 provides an appropriate temperature level. Therefore, this embodiment provides the advantage of controllability and allows the refrigerant 108 to retain its heat, while... Figure 1 The embodiment relies solely on passive heat provided by the third refrigerant coil 128 and forces the refrigerant 108 to potentially lose heat to the antifreeze solution 118.

[0066] In some examples, Figure 1 The heat pump system 100 can be configured to operate in cooling mode. The foregoing example focuses on operating the heat pump system 100 to heat the indoor environment while also preventing frost formation on the first refrigerant coil 110 in cold outdoor temperatures. Frost prevention is achieved by delivering a heated antifreeze solution 118 through the antifreeze coil 120, which is co-located with the first refrigerant coil 110.

[0067] However, in warm outdoor temperatures, Figure 1The heat pump system 100 is also configured to alternatively or additionally cool the indoor environment. A significant drawback of conventional systems is that the outdoor refrigerant coil can generate localized hot spots within the coil, resulting in reduced heat dissipation, higher energy input, and increased compressor workload. Using embodiments of the invention, these hot spots can be prevented by circulating an antifreeze solution 118 at ambient temperature through an antifreeze coil 120 co-located with the first refrigerant coil 110. Thus, the antifreeze solution 118 causes the antifreeze coil 120 to act as a radiator for the first refrigerant coil 110, stabilizing the overall temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 and preventing the formation of hot spots. This temperature stabilization is particularly effective at moderately high ambient temperatures, such as from about 20°C (68°F) to about 30°C (86°F). Therefore, in some examples, the outdoor controller 101 may include or be connected to an ambient temperature sensor 182. If the ambient temperature sensor 182 detects an ambient temperature higher than 20°C, the outdoor controller 101 can use the heater signal 168 to deactivate the controllable heater 122 while continuing to circulate the antifreeze solution 118, thereby causing the antifreeze solution 118 to circulate at the ambient temperature. In a further example, the controller 101 can use the heater signal 168 to adjust or modulate the temperature of the controllable heater 122 according to the ambient temperature, rather than simply deactivating the controllable heater 122. In another example, the outdoor controller 101 can also be connected to a coil temperature sensor configured to monitor the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110, such that if the coil temperature exceeds a temperature threshold, the heater signal 168 deactivates the controllable heater 122. Therefore, in addition to preventing frost, the antifreeze coil 120 can more generally regulate the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 to prevent the formation of hot spots.

[0068] In this cooling example, the antifreeze solution 118 is preferably silicone oil due to its heat capacity. The heat capacity of silicone oil allows it to effectively absorb heat and transfer it away from the first refrigerant coil 110. Furthermore, even under continuous operation and cycling, silicone oil will maintain its viscosity, thereby allowing for consistent flow and temperature regulation.

[0069] Using antifreeze coil 120 to cool first refrigerant coil 110 offers several operational advantages. First, this configuration provides increased heat dissipation for first refrigerant coil 110 and prevents localized overheating. Second, this improved heat dissipation can increase cooling capacity by up to 25%. During cooling, first (outdoor) refrigerant coil 110 must effectively release the heat absorbed by second (indoor) refrigerant coil 114. Overheating of first refrigerant coil 110 reduces the temperature gradient between first refrigerant coil 110 and the outdoor air, thereby reducing cooling capacity. Third, this improved heat dissipation can reduce the total power consumption of heat pump system 100 by up to 15%. Fourth, simulations have shown that systems achieving this heat dissipation can have an estimated seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) of 17.56, superior to the 17.08% of conventional medium-efficiency units (e.g., SEER 15 units).

[0070] Figure 1 and Figure 2 A non-limiting example shows antifreeze solution 118 flowing counterclockwise from a first port 178a of antifreeze coil 120 through fluid pump 130, through antifreeze reservoir 104, and then to a second port 178b of antifreeze coil 120. However, in other examples, antifreeze solution 118 may be modified to flow counterclockwise with... Figure 1 and 2 The flow shown is in the opposite clockwise direction. In these examples, antifreeze solution 118 flows from the second port 178b of the antifreeze coil 120 through the antifreeze reservoir 104, through the fluid pump 130, and then to the first port 178a of the antifreeze coil 120. In the clockwise flow example, the antifreeze reservoir 104 is reconfigured such that the second port 178b of the antifreeze coil 120 is connected to the upper port 176a of the antifreeze reservoir 104, and the fluid pump 130 is connected to the lower port 176b of the antifreeze reservoir 104.

[0071] also, Figure 1 and Figure 2 A non-limiting example shows a fluid pump 130 connected between a first port 178a of the antifreeze coil 120 and an upper port 176a of the antifreeze reservoir 104. However, in other examples, the fluid pump 130 may be repositioned to connect a lower port 176b of the antifreeze reservoir 104 to a second port 178b of the antifreeze coil 120. In either arrangement, the fluid pump 130 circulates the antifreeze solution 118 through the antifreeze reservoir 104 and the antifreeze coil 120. In some examples, the first port 178a of the antifreeze coil 120 may be located near the top of the outdoor heat exchanger 112, while the second port 178b of the antifreeze coil 120 may be located near the bottom of the outdoor heat exchanger 112.

[0072] In some examples, Figure 2 Certain aspects of the heat pump system 100 can be provided as a modular retrofit kit for installation with an existing heat pump system. In some examples, the modular retrofit kit may include aspects of the antifreeze circuit 106 and the outdoor heat exchanger 112. Therefore, the modular retrofit kit may include an antifreeze reservoir 104 (with a controllable heater 122), a first refrigerant coil 110, an antifreeze solution 118 (preferably silicone oil), an antifreeze coil 120, a fluid pump 130, and one or more flexible and / or non-flexible pipes or paths for connecting the aforementioned components. Furthermore, the modular retrofit kit may include a retrofit controller configured to operate the aforementioned components (such as the controllable heater 122 and / or the fluid pump 130). The retrofit controller may be configured to be integrated with an existing controller operating an existing heat pump system, or it may be configured to operate independently. Integration may include electronic hardware and / or software aspects. With installation such as Figure 1 or Figure 2 Compared to the new heat pump system 100 shown, the modular retrofit kit implemented using an existing heat pump system is significantly more cost-effective.

[0073] Figure 3A , 3B Figures 4 and 5 depict isometric views of various aspects of the heat pump system 100. Specifically, Figure 3A , 3B Figures 1 and 4 illustrate aspects of refrigerant circuit 102 (e.g., one or more refrigerant lines), aspects of antifreeze circuit 106 (e.g., antifreeze reservoir 104, fluid pump 130, and one or more antifreeze lines), and outdoor heat exchanger 112. In one example, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 4 The components depicted will be arranged within the physical structure or enclosure, such that only the outdoor heat exchanger 112 faces the outdoor environment. Figure 3A and 4 A controllable heater 122 (in the form of an electric rod) inserted into the antifreeze reservoir 104 is shown to heat the antifreeze solution 118 collected by the antifreeze reservoir 104. Thus, the antifreeze solution 118 is heated to high temperature, high pressure, superheated steam before entering the outdoor heat exchanger 112. The flow of the antifreeze solution 118 in the antifreeze circuit 106 is controlled by a fluid pump 130. Figure 3A As shown, the fluid pump 130 includes a pump controller 170. The pump controller 170 is compatible with the outdoor controller 101 ( Figure 1 and Figure 2(As shown) communicates to control the pumping speed of fluid pump 130. Pump controller 170 can control or regulate the pumping speed based on measurements captured by one or more sensors (such as temperature sensors and / or pressure sensors) arranged on or within fluid pump 130. Pump speed can vary depending on various conditions. In some examples, the pumping speed can be at least about 5.2 gallons per minute during normal operation. In other examples, such as in extremely cold outdoor temperatures, the pumping speed can be increased to limit heat loss of antifreeze solution 118 as it circulates through antifreeze coil 120. In other examples, the pumping speed can be reduced during maintenance cycles to, for example, flush antifreeze circuit 106. In some examples, fluid pump 130 includes an impeller to propel antifreeze solution 118 through antifreeze circuit 106.

[0074] Figure 3A , 3B The outdoor heat exchanger 112 of unit 4 includes an outdoor fan 136, which is arranged to guide air through an external coil layer 132 and two internal coil layers 134a, 134b. The external coil layer 132 is in fluid communication with an antifreeze reservoir 104 and a fluid pump 130. Therefore, the external coil layer 132 receives antifreeze solution 118 via an antifreeze circuit 106. Figure 3A , 3B In the specific example of 4, fluid pump 130 drives antifreeze solution 118 into outer coil layer 132. After antifreeze solution 118 circulates through outer coil layer 132, it exits and flows to antifreeze reservoir 104 for reheating. Therefore, outer coil layer 132 can be considered as antifreeze coil 120. Furthermore, two inner coil layers 134a, 134b receive refrigerant 108 via refrigerant circuit 102. Each of the inner coil layers 134a, 134b can be considered as discrete outdoor refrigerant coils 110a, 110b. In this arrangement, outdoor fan 136 forces air through inner coil layers 134a, 134b and outer coil layer 132. This process converts the refrigerant 108 within the inner coil layers 134a, 134b into low-temperature, low-pressure, slightly superheated vapor. The heating antifreeze solution 118 of the outer coil layer 132 prevents frost formation on the inner coil layers 134a, 134b, which in turn minimizes (or even eliminates) any need for defrosting cycles. The inner coil layers 134a, 134b may include fin structures or fin matrices to facilitate heat exchange between the air and the inner coil layers 134a, 134b. In some examples, the outer coil layer 132 also includes a similar fin structure or fin matrix. In other examples, such as at warm outdoor ambient temperatures, the ambient temperature antifreeze solution 118 may circulate through the outer coil layer 132 to prevent hot spots from forming on the inner coil layers 134a, 134b.

[0075] The liquid storage tank 104 can be vertically oriented, such as... Figure 3A As shown, or horizontally oriented, such as Figure 3B As shown. The advantage of a horizontally oriented reservoir 104 is that the heater 122 is almost always (or more easily) submerged in the antifreeze solution 118, thus providing stability to the heater 122. In a vertically oriented reservoir 104, there is a risk of damage to the heater 122 (in the form of an electric rod) if the antifreeze solution 118 does not completely submerge the heater 122. Both configurations are envisioned in this paper.

[0076] Figure 5 This is a more detailed isometric view of the antifreeze reservoir 104. (See attached image.) Figure 5 As shown, antifreeze solution 118 enters the antifreeze reservoir 104 from the antifreeze circuit 106 through the upper port 176a. Once in the antifreeze reservoir 104, the antifreeze solution 118 is heated by the controllable heater 122. The heated antifreeze solution 118 then exits the antifreeze reservoir 104 through the lower port 176b. In the example of FIG. 6, the antifreeze reservoir 104 also includes a pressure relief valve 172 to prevent the accumulation of harmful and / or dangerous amounts of pressure within the antifreeze reservoir 104. In a preferred example, the antifreeze reservoir 104 is made of aluminum to prevent rusting under outdoor conditions.

[0077] Figures 6A-6D Various arrangements of one or more outdoor refrigerant coils 110a, 110b and antifreeze coils 120 are shown within the outer coil layer 132 and one or more inner coil layers 134 of the outdoor heat exchanger 112. In these examples, the outer coil layer 132 faces the outdoor environment. Figure 6A In this configuration, the refrigerant coil 110 is arranged within the inner coil layer 134, while the antifreeze coil 120 is arranged within the outer coil layer 132. Figure 6B In this configuration, a first refrigerant coil 110a is arranged within a first inner coil layer 134a, a second refrigerant coil 110b is arranged within an outer coil layer 132, and an antifreeze coil 120 is arranged within a second inner coil layer 134b. The second inner coil layer 134b is positioned between the first inner coil layer 134a and the outer coil layer 132. Figure 6C In this configuration, the first refrigerant coil 110a is arranged within the first internal coil layer 134a, the second refrigerant coil 110b is arranged within the second internal coil layer 134b, and the antifreeze coil 120 is arranged within the external coil layer 132. Figure 6D In this configuration, the first refrigerant coil 110a is arranged within the second inner coil layer 134b, the second refrigerant coil 110b is arranged within the outer coil layer 132, and the antifreeze coil 120 is arranged within the first inner coil layer 134a.

[0078] Conduct tests to Figure 2 The performance of the heat pump system 100 shown is compared with that of a conventional heat pump system under extreme cold conditions. The conventional heat pump system does not include the antifreeze coil 120, which is configured as a dual-coil system with the first refrigerant coil 110 in the outdoor heat exchanger 112. In other words, the conventional heat pump system is modified to include mechanisms and components associated with the antifreeze circuit 106. In this test scenario, Figure 2 The outdoor components are arranged in a simulated outdoor environment, while the indoor components are arranged in a simulated indoor environment. Five (5) calibrated TESTO® sensors (pressure, airflow, humidity, and multiple temperature points) record data per second. The heat pump system is configured to heat the simulated indoor environment by drawing heat from the simulated outdoor environment in an attempt to maintain the indoor temperature at 75°C. The outdoor temperature ranged from 57 degrees Celsius. It stabilized and decreased to -24.2. The performance of the heat pump system was evaluated. Table 1 below shows the test data captured for a conventional heat pump system without a dual-coil configuration.

[0079] Outdoor temperature, physical simulation ( ) Antifreeze temperature at outdoor heat exchanger ( ) The air temperature supplied at the indoor heat exchanger ( ) Airflow at the indoor heat exchanger (m / s) Is it frozen? 57 N / A N / A 1 no 36 N / A 106 1 no 29 N / A 106 0.9 no 24 N / A 106 0.9 no 19 N / A 105 0.9 no 15 N / A 104.5 0.9 no 10 N / A 102 0.9 no 6 N / A 102 0.9 no 3 N / A 100 0.9 no 0 N / A 100 0.9 no -2 N / A 98 0.8 no -6 N / A 97 0.9 yes -10 N / A 95.5 0.9 yes -12 N / A 94. 0.8 yes -15.5 N / A 92.5 0.9 yes -17 N / A 92.5 0.9 yes -19 N / A 91 0.6 yes -20 N / A 90 0.6 yes -22 N / A 91 0.6 yes -23.5 N / A 87 0.6 yes -24.2 N / A 88 0.6 yes

[0080] Table 1.

[0081] As shown in Table 1, at approximately -2 To approximately -6 At outdoor temperatures between -10°C and -10°C, frost begins to form on the outdoor heat exchanger 112, triggering the system to enter defrost mode and reducing system efficiency. In this example, the indoor temperature is -10°C. The outdoor temperature began to drop. At -15.5 degrees Celsius... At that time, the heat pump system was no longer able to produce a comfortable indoor temperature, and the indoor temperature dropped to 57 degrees Celsius. the following.

[0082] In contrast, heat pump system 100 is installed in a system capable of reaching -55°C. In the following cold room environment, the preset defrost cycle is not enabled, and system 100 needs to maintain heating operation for at least two (2) hours. Table 2 (shown below) provides information on achieving this. Figure 2 Similar test data were captured by the dual-coil configuration heat pump system 100 shown, and Table 3 shows additional data for the heat pump system 100. Figure 2 In the example heat pump system 100, a first refrigerant coil 110a is arranged in a first internal coil layer 134a of an outdoor heat exchanger 112, a second refrigerant coil 110b is arranged in a second internal coil layer 134b, and an antifreeze coil 120 is arranged in an external coil layer 132, as shown in Figures 3, 4 and 6C.

[0083] Outdoor temperature, physical simulation ( ) Antifreeze temperature at outdoor heat exchanger ( ) The air temperature supplied at the indoor heat exchanger ( ) Airflow at the indoor heat exchanger (m / s) Is it frozen? 57 67 118 1 no 36 46 107 1 no 29 40 109 0.9 no 24 36 115 0.9 no 19 30 113 0.85 no 15 27 114 0.85 no 10 21.7 114 0.9 no 6 17.4 113 0.86 no 3 14.5 114 0.9 no 0 12 115 0.8 no -2 8.2 113 0.9 no -6 4.1 111 1 no -10 0.3 108 0.83 no -12 -0.6 108 0.87 no -15.5 -4.4 108 0.81 no -17 -7 108 0.8 no -19 -8.8 104.5 0.8 no -20 -9.9 103.8 0.83 no -22 -12.5 103 0.8 no -23.5 -14 102.7 0.7 no -24.2 -14.1 103 0.7 no -30 Not measured 100 0.7 no -33 Not measured 98 0.75 no -37 Not measured 95.5 0.77 no -40 Not measured 94.1 0.71 no -41 Not measured 91.5 0.7 no -42.1 Not measured 90.2 0.7 no -45.9 Not measured 88.5 0.7 no -49.8 Not measured 87.3 0.7 no -52.3 Not measured 86.4 0.7 no -52.4 Not measured 86.8 0.7 no -56.9 Not measured 85.9 0.7 no

[0084] Table 2.

[0085]

[0086] Table 3.

[0087] As shown in Table 2, the dual-coil configuration prevents frost formation on the outdoor heat exchanger 112 when the outdoor temperature drops to -56.9°C. This data is expected even at -30°C. It also prevents frost formation. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the measured temperatures provided by the indoor heat exchanger 116, the dual-coil configuration offers improved heating performance at all temperatures. Therefore, the heat pump system 100 is able to maintain 75°C at all tested outdoor ambient temperatures. A comfortable indoor temperature.

[0088] The data shown in Table 3 were captured from a heat pump system 100 with a 220 V compressor, a Si-05 heater rod, and a 100 V circulation / fluid pump. The 220 V compressor operates at 18 A and 3.96 kW of power. The Si-05 heater rod generates heat from 0 to 3.00 kW per load cycle. The 100 V circulation / fluid pump operates at 0.065 kW of power. The duty cycle of the heater rod is modeled linearly: at 32... The percentage gradually rose from 0% to -56%. At 100%, to maintain the antifreeze (such as silicone oil) at approximately 15°C warmer than the surrounding environment. HSPF instant The value is determined by multiplying the coefficient of performance (COP) by 3.412, used for direct conversion of BTU / Wh. Seasonal HSPF will be higher than HSPF. instant This is because the heater rods rarely operate at full load during the actual heating season. As noted, no defrosting events were observed (i.e., no interruption of heat delivery). The electrical input † values ​​account for all major electrical loads in system 100, including compressor 140, heater 122, and fluid / circulation pump 130.

[0089] Furthermore, it can be seen that the rated heat output* remains constant at full rated capacity (33,500 BTU / h) at all temperatures tested, while conventional systems would decrease as the temperature decreases. It can also be seen that the heat pump system 100 achieves a favorable COP under extreme conditions (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 7 (Compared to conventional systems), and operates continuously at a low of at least -56.9. (See) Figure 8 (HSPF measurement), -56.9 This is the temperature at which a conventional heat pump system typically locks out or activates the defrost cycle every 30-40 minutes. In contrast, the heat pump system maintains a stable refrigerant pressure of -56.9°C as the cold room temperature continues to drop. At that time, the temperature of the air supplied at indoor heat exchanger 116 was found to be 85.9°C. And therefore, within the residential comfort range, there is no auxiliary resistor backup. Furthermore, zero defrost cycles were observed. A smooth, continuous supply air profile was observed, with no temperature drop, refrigerant lock-up, or compressor stoppage (which would indicate a defrost event). It should be noted that conventional heat pump systems, at temperatures below approximately -20°C... At ambient temperatures, the refrigerant becomes richer and / or its pressure decreases, causing the compressor to stop to protect itself.

[0090] Further reference Figure 2 The heat pump system offers several advantages by using antifreeze coil 120 to cool the first refrigerant coil 110, as follows: First, the efficiency of the compressor 140 is improved. In conventional cooling mode, when the first refrigerant coil 110 is overheated, the compressor 140 works harder, increasing power consumption and mechanical stress. By maintaining a consistent temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 via ambient temperature silicone oil circulation, the compressor 140 operates within its optimal thermal limits, thereby reducing thermal cycling and extending the life of the compressor 140.

[0091] Second, the performance of the first refrigerant coil 110 is improved. During cooling, the first refrigerant coil 110 must effectively release the heat absorbed from the indoor space. Overheating reduces the temperature gradient between the first refrigerant coil 110 and the outdoor air, thereby reducing cooling capacity. Circulating ambient temperature silicone oil continuously extracts excess heat from the first refrigerant coil 110, thus maintaining a stable temperature conducive to effective heat dissipation. Stabilizing the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 increases the heat dissipation rate by up to 25%, ensuring efficient refrigerant condensation, even under high heat loads.

[0092] Third, the stability of the refrigerant cycle is improved. Fluctuating temperatures in the first refrigerant coil 110 lead to inconsistent refrigerant condensation, resulting in pressure imbalance and suboptimal cooling. The thermal stability provided by the silicone oil ensures that the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 remains within the ideal condensation range, maintaining a consistent phase change. Keeping the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 within the ideal condensation range reduces the possibility of liquid slugging or compressor stress, thereby preserving refrigerant efficiency.

[0093] Fourth, the efficiency of expansion valve 152 is improved. Inconsistent cooling at the first refrigerant coil 110 can lead to incorrect refrigerant metering by expansion valve 152. Stabilizing the temperature of the first refrigerant coil 110 allows the expansion valve to maintain accurate refrigerant flow, optimizes cooling efficiency, reduces valve wear, and prevents over- or under-supply of refrigerant 108.

[0094] Fifth, the efficiency of the outdoor fan 136 and other airflow dynamics are improved. Overheated surfaces on the first refrigerant coil 110 can generate localized hot spots, reducing airflow efficiency and heat transfer rate. Continuous circulation of the ambient temperature oil lowers the surface temperature, promoting efficient air movement through the first refrigerant coil 110. This continuous circulation improves convective heat transfer and reduces the power demand of the outdoor fan 136, resulting in quieter and more efficient operation.

[0095] The improved cooling efficiency of the heat pump system 100 can be demonstrated using the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER). SEER measures the energy efficiency of an air conditioning or heat pump system during a typical cooling season. SEER is determined by dividing the cooling output (in BTUs) by the total energy input (in watt-hours). Cooling output is the total amount of heat removed from the air during the cooling season, and total energy input is the total electrical energy consumed by the system during that period. For example, if the cooling system removes 36,000 BTUs and consumes 2,000 watt-hours in a season, the SEER will be 18, meaning the system generates 18 BTUs for every watt-hour of electricity consumed.

[0096] SEER is an important metric for several reasons. First, a higher SEER value indicates a more energy-efficient system. Second, a higher SEER means lower electricity costs because the unit uses less power for the same cooling output. Third, efficient systems improve environmental impact by reducing their carbon footprint. Fourth, SEER can be used to compare the efficiency of different AC units.

[0097] Typical SEER ratings are provided in Table 4 below.

[0098] efficiency level SEER value range Example usage Inefficient (older) 10 – 13 Older AC units or base cooling systems Medium efficiency 14 - 16 Standard residential air conditioning High efficiency 17 - 20 Modern energy-saving cooling system Ultra-high efficiency 21+ High-quality HVAC systems and heat pumps

[0099] Table 4.

[0100] As of 2023, the minimum SEER for central air conditioning systems in the United States was 14. Canada generally follows the US standard, but with slight variations by province. The EU uses the Seasonal Performance Factor (SCOP), which is similar but takes into account both heating and cooling.

[0101] In addition to SEER, Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is used to quantify efficiency. SEER measures efficiency over a season, taking into account different temperatures, while EER measures efficiency at a specific outdoor temperature (typically 95°C). Efficiency at 35°C or below. SEER is generally preferred for providing real-world estimates because it averages system performance over the cooling season, taking into account fluctuating conditions.

[0102] Various conditions can cause SEER variations. Higher ambient temperatures can lower SEER. Dirty coils or clogged filters can reduce efficiency. Furthermore, advanced systems with variable-speed compressors and intelligent controls typically achieve higher SEER values.

[0103] As previously stated, the SEER of the units implementing the above cooling mode was determined to be an estimated SEER of 17.56. Upgrading from a standard low-efficiency 13 SEER unit to a 17 SEER unit could result in annual savings of approximately 764 kWh, with an annual cooling load of 3,000 kWh. At an electricity cost of 13 cents per kilowatt-hour, this translates to an annual savings of $99.32.

[0104] In summary, SEER measures the seasonal energy efficiency of a cooling system. A higher SEER means lower energy consumption and reduced costs. This is a key factor when selecting new air conditioners or heat pumps, especially in areas with long cooling seasons.

[0105] Table 5 shows the results obtained by using... Figure 2 The heat pump system shown is an improvement to SEER that replaces or modifies conventional systems for heating and cooling.

[0106] Unit size Efficiency Standards Typical SEER Estimation of SEER using embodiments of the present invention SEER gain Increase by percentage (%) One ton Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% One ton Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% One ton Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43% 1.5 tons Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% 1.5 tons Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% 1.5 tons Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43% 2 tons Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% 2 tons Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% 2 tons Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43% 3 tons Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% 3 tons Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% 3 tons Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43% 4 tons Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% 4 tons Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% 4 tons Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43% 5 tons Standard low efficiency 13 17.56 +4.56 +35.09% 5 tons Standard medium efficiency 15 17.56 +2.56 +17.08% 5 tons Standard high efficiency 18 17.56 -0.44 -2.43%

[0107] Table 5.

[0108] The heat pump system 100 may include software (1) to regulate and optimize energy consumption to increase COP and / or heating seasonal energy factor (HSPF), and / or (2) to include flow direction logic based on environmental sensor feedback to switch between heating and cooling modes as described herein. In such a system 100, the fluid pump 130 may optionally be a variable speed pump regulated by such software.

[0109] All definitions used herein should be understood to take precedence over dictionary definitions, definitions in referenced literature, and / or the general meaning of the terms used in the definitions.

[0110] As used herein in the specification and claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” should be interpreted as inclusive, i.e., including multiple elements or at least one of the elements in the list, but also including more than one, and optionally including additional unlisted items. Only terms that explicitly indicate the opposite, such as “only one of…” or “exact one of…”, or when used in the claims, “consisting of…” will refer to including multiple elements or exactly one of the elements in the list. Generally, when preceded by an exclusive term (e.g., “any one,” “one of…,” “only one of…,” or “exact one of…”), the term “or” as used herein should only be interpreted as indicating an exclusive alternative (i.e., “one or another but not two”).

[0111] As used herein in the specification and claims, the phrase "at least one" or "one or more" relating to a list of one or more elements should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more elements in the list, but not necessarily including at least one of each element specifically listed in the list, and does not exclude any combination of elements in the list. This definition also allows for the optional presence of elements other than those specifically identified in the list referred to by the phrase "at least one," whether related to or unrelated to those specifically identified elements.

[0112] It should also be understood that, unless expressly stated to the contrary, in any method claimed herein that includes more than one step or action, the order of the steps or actions of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or actions of the method are described.

[0113] In the claims and the foregoing description, all transitional phrases, such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “consisting of,” etc., should be understood as open-ended, that is, meaning including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “substantially consisting of” should be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0114] As used herein, “about” or “approximately” means approximately or close to, and in the context of the numerical value or range stated, means ±15% of the value. In exemplary embodiments, the term “about” may include conventional rounding based on the significant figures of the numerical value. Furthermore, the phrase “about 'x' to 'y'” includes “about 'x' to about 'y'”.

[0115] Furthermore, any range of numbers listed in the specification or claims, such as ranges representing a particular set of properties, units of measurement, conditions, physical states, or percentages, is intended to be expressly incorporated herein by reference or otherwise. Any number falling within that range includes any subset of numbers within any range so listed. For example, whenever a range of numbers having a lower limit RL and an upper limit RU is disclosed, any number R falling within that range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following number R within the range is specifically disclosed: R = RL + k(RU - RL), where k is a variable from 1% to 100% in increments of 1%, for example, k is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%...50%, 51%, 52%...95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. Furthermore, any range of numbers represented by any two values ​​of R calculated as above is also specifically disclosed.

[0116] Other embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims and other claims that the applicant may authorize.

[0117] While various examples have been described and illustrated herein, those skilled in the art will readily conceive of various other means and / or structures for performing functions and / or obtaining results and / or one or more advantages described herein, and each of these variations and / or modifications is considered to be within the scope of the examples described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily understand that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are intended to be exemplary, and actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend on one or more specific applications using the teachings. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to determine many equivalents of the specific examples described herein using no more than conventional experimentation. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing examples are presented by way of example only, and that the examples may be practiced in ways different from the specific descriptions and claims within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. The examples of this disclosure relate to each individual feature, system, article, material, and / or method described herein. Furthermore, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods is included within the scope of this disclosure if such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods do not contradict each other.

Claims

1. A heat pump system, comprising: a refrigerant circuit through which a refrigerant is caused to flow, wherein the refrigerant circuit comprises: a first refrigerant coil arranged within a first heat exchanger; and a second refrigerant coil arranged within a second heat exchanger; an antifreeze circuit through which an antifreeze solution is caused to flow, comprising: an antifreeze reservoir configured to heat the antifreeze solution; and an antifreeze coil arranged within the first heat exchanger proximate to the first refrigerant coil such that the antifreeze coil regulates a temperature of the first refrigerant coil, The heat pump system is thereby configured to operate continuously at outdoor ambient temperatures below about -5 without entering a defrost cycle, without compressor stall, and / or without refrigerant lockout.

2. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, the antifreeze reservoir comprising a controllable heater arranged to heat the antifreeze solution.

3. The heat pump system of claim 2, wherein, the antifreeze reservoir further comprising a temperature sensor configured to generate a temperature signal, and wherein a temperature of the controllable heater is controlled based on the temperature signal.

4. The heat pump system of claim 3, wherein, The temperature of the controllable heater is in the range of 180 to 200 .

5. The heat pump system of claim 2, further comprising an ambient temperature sensor configured to capture the outdoor ambient temperature, wherein, If the outdoor ambient temperature is greater than about 68 then the controllable heater is deactivated.

6. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, the refrigerant circuit further comprising a third refrigerant coil arranged within the antifreeze reservoir such that the third refrigerant coil heats the antifreeze solution.

7. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, The anti-freeze solution has a freezing point of less than or equal to about -30 .

8. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, The anti-freeze solution has a boiling point greater than or equal to about 200 .

9. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, the antifreeze solution comprises silicone oil.

10. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, The heat pump system is configured to continuously operate without entering a defrost cycle, without compressor stall, and / or without refrigerant lockout at outdoor ambient temperatures as low as about -56.9 °F.

11. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, The heat pump system includes a cooling mode in which the freeze-protectant coil is configured as a radiator that prevents hot spots from forming on the first refrigerant coil at ambient temperatures up to about 86 °F.

12. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, the first heat exchanger is configured to be arranged in an outdoor environment and the second heat exchanger is configured to be arranged in an indoor environment.

13. The heat pump system of claim 1, further comprising an antifreeze fluid pump configured to propel the antifreeze solution through the antifreeze circuit, wherein, the antifreeze fluid pump has a pump rate of at least about 5.2 gallons per minute.

14. The heat pump system of claim 13, further comprising: a controllable heater arranged to heat the antifreeze solution; and a controller configured to receive an ambient temperature and a temperature of the first refrigerant coil and regulate the controllable heater and the antifreeze fluid pump.

15. The heat pump system of claim 1, wherein, the first heat exchanger comprises an outer coil layer and at least one inner coil layer, wherein the antifreeze coil is arranged within the outer coil layer, and wherein the first refrigerant coil is arranged within the at least one inner coil layer.

16. A heat exchanger configured to be installed in a heat pump system, the heat exchanger comprising: a refrigerant circuit through which a refrigerant is caused to flow, wherein the refrigerant circuit comprises a refrigerant coil; and an antifreeze circuit through which an antifreeze solution is caused to flow, wherein the antifreeze circuit comprises: an antifreeze reservoir configured to heat the antifreeze solution, and an antifreeze coil arranged proximate to the refrigerant coil such that the antifreeze coil regulates a temperature of the refrigerant coil.

17. A heat pump system, comprising: a refrigerant circuit through which a refrigerant is caused to flow, wherein the refrigerant circuit comprises a refrigerant coil arranged within an outdoor heat exchanger; and an antifreeze circuit through which an antifreeze solution is caused to flow, wherein the antifreeze circuit comprises: an antifreeze reservoir configured to heat the antifreeze solution, and an antifreeze coil arranged proximate to the refrigerant coil such that the antifreeze coil regulates a temperature of the refrigerant coil. an antifreeze circuit through which an antifreeze solution is caused to flow, wherein the antifreeze circuit includes an antifreeze coil disposed within the outdoor heat exchanger and proximate to the refrigerant coil to (i) prevent frost formation on the refrigerant coil at ambient outdoor temperatures below about -5 degrees Fahrenheit and (ii) prevent hot spots from forming at ambient outdoor temperatures of about 68 degrees Fahrenheit to about 86 degrees Fahrenheit.

18. The heat pump system of claim 17, wherein, The anti-freeze solution has a freezing point of less than or equal to about -30 .

19. The heat pump system of claim 17, wherein, The anti-freeze solution has a boiling point greater than or equal to about 200 .

20. The heat pump system of claim 17, wherein, The refrigerant has a boiling point of less than or equal to -50 .

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