Materials and methods for pathogen inactivation

Abstract

Materials with uniform electrostatic surface charge for antimicrobial pathogen inactivation while maintaining safety for use by individuals and workers (no cytotoxicity), as well as methods for making such antimicrobial materials and uses thereof.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application relates to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 523,355, filed on June 26, 2023, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated. Technical Field

[0002] This invention, referred to herein as nanoflashing, relates to the uniform and homogeneous generation of electrostatic charges and mechanical free radicals on the surface of a material at a desired surface charge density within a specific range. This invention also relates to the development and manufacture of materials with uniform and safe surface charge densities for safe, efficient, and effective inactivation of microbial pathogens, and the characteristics of such materials and processing methods. Background Technology

[0003] This invention relates to the field of contact electrification (a natural phenomenon observed in both natural and man-made materials). Contact electrification encountered in nature is spontaneous, non-uniform, heterogeneous, and uncontrollable. This invention introduces a novel mechanism, referred to herein as nanoflashing, which redefines and expands the understanding of contact electrification (CE). When needed, at a specific range of surface charge densities, nanoflashing allows for the uniform and homogeneous generation of electrostatic charges and mechanical free radicals on a material surface, producing a process similar to naturally occurring contact electrification. Nanoflashing differs from naturally occurring contact electrification because it can be performed "arbitrarily" at a specific range of surface charge densities, taking into account the important role of other parameters. Surface charge density is expressed in nanocoulombs per square centimeter (nC / cm²). 2 The unit is quantified as nC / cm². This unit provides a measure of the amount of electrostatic charge per unit area on the material surface. This invention demonstrates that maintaining a uniform and homogeneous surface charge density of 17 nC / cm² is possible. 2 - 22 nC / cm 2 It can rapidly inactivate pathogens, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi (i.e., yeast and mold), and pollen, within 60 seconds, while being non-cytotoxic to human cells. This discovery opens up new possibilities for using nanoblistering in a variety of applications, including but not limited to pathogen inactivation, sterilization, and disinfection.

[0004] The natural mechanism of contact electrification involves not only the generation of electrostatic charge as a direct result of heterolytic bond cleavage, but also the transformation of highly reactive mechanical radicals generated during contact electrification through homolytic cleavage of polymer chains. These mechanical radicals, known as latent charges, have the ability to neutralize reactive substances in the environment that could cause electrostatic charge decay.

[0005] When the surface charge density exceeds 22 nC / cm 2In embodiments of the present invention, above a certain threshold, the material surface begins to exhibit cytotoxic properties. This is attributed to the understanding that above this threshold level, the surface charge is sufficiently significant to induce the inactivation of human cells, thereby affecting the viability of these cells. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The structure and system of this invention provide nano-flashover, which differs from naturally occurring contact electrification because nano-flashover can be performed "arbitrarily" at a specific range of surface charge densities, taking into account the important role of other parameters and variables. Surface charge density is expressed in nanocoulombs per square centimeter (nC / cm²). 2 The unit is quantified as nC / cm². This unit provides a measure of the amount of electrostatic charge per unit area on the material surface. This invention demonstrates that maintaining a uniform and homogeneous surface charge density of 17 nC / cm² is possible. 2 - 22 nC / cm 2 It can rapidly inactivate pathogens, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi (i.e., yeast and mold), and pollen, within 60 seconds, while being non-cytotoxic to human cells. This discovery opens up new possibilities for using nanoblistering in a variety of applications, including but not limited to pathogen inactivation, sterilization, and disinfection. Attached Figure Description

[0007] In the accompanying drawings, which form part of and are read together with the specification, and in which similar reference numerals are used to indicate similar parts in the various figures: Figure 1 This is a perspective schematic diagram of a mechanism for developing a uniform and effective surface charge density of the material according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0008] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a method for developing a reactive mechanical radical with an optimal surface charge density range in the material of the present invention, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0009] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for measuring and testing the surface charge density of the test material of the present invention relative to a control reference material, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0010] Figure 4 This is a description of the mathematical relationship between the contribution of the material to the electrostatic charge on the material surface by the nano-blitz method according to the present invention.

[0011] Figure 5 This is an illustrative depiction of the introduction and shaping of the surface charge density of the test material of the present invention during the contact and separation process of the material with the surface charge inducing element according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0012] Figure 6The table presents the corresponding measurements of the antibacterial activity of the tested nano-blitz material (which embodies the present invention) at a range of concentrations and the sustained viability of the test sample cells.

[0013] Figure 7 This shows the relationship between the concentration of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) on spunlace nonwoven fabrics and the resulting surface charge density (nC / cm). 2 A graph showing the relationship between BPEI concentrations and charge density. This graph illustrates how different concentrations of BPEI affect the electrostatic properties of materials treated via nano-flash. The x-axis plots the concentration (%) of BPEI on the spunlace nonwoven fabric, ranging from 0% to 30%, and the y-axis plots the charge density (nC / cm³). 2 ), which represents the measured surface charge density of the treated material.

[0014] The data points in this figure show that the charge density increases steadily at low concentrations of BPEI (0% to 2%). The charge density reaches its peak at a BPEI concentration of approximately 6%, achieving about 11 nC / cm³. 2 Above a concentration of 6%, the charge density begins to decrease, indicating that electrostatic charge retention decreases with increasing BPEI concentration. At the highest tested concentration (30%), the charge density decreases significantly, suggesting a potential saturation point or the optimal range of BPEI concentrations for maximum surface charge density. Figure 7 The optimal concentration range of BPEI required to maximize surface charge density on spunlace nonwoven fabrics treated with the nano-blitz method was effectively demonstrated, ensuring high efficiency in pathogen capture and inactivation.

[0015] Figure 8 This refers to the surface charge density (nC / cm²) of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics treated with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) before and after ozone and UV exposure conditioning. 2 The table includes standard deviation (SD) values ​​to indicate the variability of the measurements. Before conditioning: indicates the initial surface charge density of PP nonwoven fabrics treated with different concentrations of BPEI. Ozone (5 days): depicts the surface charge density after 5 days of conditioning in an ozone aging chamber. UV (7 days): depicts the surface charge density after 7 days of conditioning in a UV aging chamber. Figure 8 The data show that the surface charge density initially increases with BPEI concentration, reaching higher values ​​at concentrations of 2% to 4%. After ozone and UV conditioning, the surface charge density generally decreases, but significant retention of charge is observed, particularly at 2% and 4% BPEI concentrations. Standard deviation values ​​indicate the consistency of measurements across different samples. Therefore, Figure 8The data presented effectively highlight the durability and stability of the surface charge on nano-blitz-treated materials, demonstrating their ability to maintain functional properties under harsh environmental conditions.

[0016] Figure 9 This is a graph illustrating the durability of surface charge on polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics treated with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) under accelerated aging conditions. The graph depicts the surface charge density (nC / cm³) before conditioning, after 5 days of ozone exposure, and after 7 days of UV exposure. 2 The x-axis depicts the concentration (%) of branched polyethyleneimine on polypropylene nonwovens, ranging from 0% to 15%. The y-axis depicts the surface charge density (nC / cm³). 2 The figure indicates the measured surface charge density on the treated material. Data points and error bars represent the following conditions: "Before conditioning" is shown with circles and a solid black line, representing the initial surface charge density before any aging treatment; "Ozone (5 days)" is shown with squares and dashed lines, representing the surface charge density after 5 days of exposure in an ozone aging chamber; "UV (7 days)" is shown with diamonds and dotted lines, representing the surface charge density after 7 days of exposure in a UV aging chamber. Key observations from this figure indicate that, with respect to the initial surface charge density, the surface charge density increases significantly with BPEI concentration, peaking at approximately 4% concentration before conditioning. Furthermore, after 5 days of ozone exposure, the surface charge density decreases, but remains relatively high at 2% and 4% BPEI concentrations. Additionally, after 7 days of UV exposure, a significant decrease in surface charge density is observed at all concentrations, with the highest retention observed at 2% and 6% BPEI concentrations. Figure 9 This effectively demonstrates the durability and stability of the surface charge on materials treated with nano-flash, showcasing their ability to maintain functional properties under harsh environmental conditions.

[0017] Figure 10The feature is a series of graphs illustrating voltage measurements of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics treated with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) under different conditions: before conditioning, after 5 days of ozone exposure, and after 7 days of UV exposure. Voltage measurements indicate the surface charge density on the treated material. Before Conditioning: The first set of graphs shows voltage measurements of the PP nonwoven fabrics before any aging treatment. These measurements serve as a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of subsequent conditioning. Ozone (5 Days): The second set of graphs shows voltage measurements of the fabrics after 5 days of ozone exposure. Variations in voltage values ​​indicate the effect of ozone exposure on the retention of the surface charge in the material. UV (7 Days): The third set of graphs shows voltage measurements of the fabrics after 7 days of UV radiation exposure. These measurements reflect the effect of UV exposure on the durability of the surface charge. Each graph represents voltage measurements applied to the PP nonwoven fabrics at different concentrations of BPEI, ranging from 0% to 15%. The consistency and variation of voltage values ​​under these conditions highlight the robustness and stability of nano-flash treatment in maintaining surface charge density under accelerated aging conditions.

[0018] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of a vertical wind tunnel used to evaluate the filtration efficiency and antiviral properties of polymer-coated filters (such as those treated with nano-flash), using pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus. Airflow: The direction of the airflow is indicated by arrows, moving vertically through the wind tunnel. Nebulizer: The nebulizer introduces a controlled aerosol containing test particles or viruses into a plastic tube. Plastic Tube: Delivers the aerosol from the nebulizer to the test filter. Test Filter: The filter to be tested is placed in the wind tunnel with a diameter of 12.7 mm. PTFE Filter: A secondary filter (polytetrafluoroethylene) is used to capture any remaining particles that have passed through the test filter. Flow Meter: Measures the airflow rate through the system to ensure consistent test conditions. Regulator: Controls the pressure and flow rate of the air supplied to the nebulizer and wind tunnel. Exhaust Filter: Captures any residual particles or aerosols before the air is released into the environment. Vacuum Pump: Provides the necessary suction to maintain airflow through the wind tunnel and ensure proper system operation. Figure 11 The setup shown is designed to evaluate the performance of test filters in capturing and inactivating airborne particles and viruses, ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the filter material under controlled experimental conditions.

[0019] Figure 12 This indicates the infectivity titer of the virus input and the viral titers retained at the upstream and downstream filters. The filtration efficiency of the sample is expressed as a percentage. Figure 12In this context, Viral Input (IU): The initial infectious titer of the virus introduced into the system. Untreated Spunlace Nonwoven Filter (Upstream) (IU): The amount of virus trapped on the upstream side of the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter. PTFE Filter (Downstream) (IU): The amount of virus passing through the upstream filter and captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Filtration Efficiency (%): The efficiency with which the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter captures viruses, calculated as the percentage of viral input trapped by the filter. Cationic Polymer Coated Filter (Upstream) (IU): The amount of virus trapped on the upstream side of the cationic polymer coated filter. PTFE Filter (Downstream) (IU): The amount of virus passing through the cationic polymer coated filter and captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Filtration Efficiency (%): The efficiency with which the cationic polymer coated filter captures viruses, calculated as the percentage of viral input trapped by the filter. Figure 12 The table shows that filters coated with cationic polymers treated with nano-flash exhibit higher filtration efficiency compared to untreated spunlace nonwoven filters, with the coated nano-flash filters achieving an efficiency of 97.2% in all tests.

[0020] Figure 13 Results depicting viral titers retained on upstream and downstream filters were presented, comparing untreated spunlace nonwoven filters with filters coated with cationic polymers treated with nano-flash. Filtration efficiency of the samples is expressed as a percentage. On the y-axis, viral titer (IU) represents the amount of virus retained on the filter. On the x-axis, the type of filter used for testing is indicated. Figure 13 In the diagram, the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter is represented by the first pair of bars. The filter coated with a cationic polymer using nano-flash technology is represented by the second pair of bars. The upstream filter, represented by bars, shows the amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter. The downstream (PTFE) filter, represented by bars, shows the amount of virus that passed through the upstream filter and was captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Figure 13 Key observations include: untreated spunlace nonwoven filters showed a large amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter, with a considerable amount passing through to the downstream PTFE filter; cationic polymer-coated filters showed a significantly smaller amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter, with very few viruses passing through to the downstream PTFE filter; and cationic polymer-coated filters exhibited higher filtration efficiency, effectively capturing and trapping viruses compared to untreated filters. Figure 13 This highlights the superior performance of the cationic polymer-coated filter in capturing and trapping airborne viruses, demonstrating its enhanced filtration efficiency.

[0021] Figure 14 This figure depicts the testing efficacy of nanoblister treatment against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For the purposes of this figure, C-POLAR refers to spunlace nonwoven fabric treated with nanoblister. The figure shows the optical density at 600 nm (OD600 nm) as a measure of bacterial growth and viability for various treatments. Part A: Staphylococcus aureus. Control: Untreated sample showed high bacterial growth. Culture medium only: Minimal bacterial growth, indicating no additional nutrients. Control fabric: Slightly lower growth compared to the control, indicating some inherent antimicrobial properties. C-POLAR fabric showed significantly reduced bacterial growth, indicating the efficacy of C-POLAR treatment. Viability was reduced by approximately 65% ​​compared to the untreated control (p < 0.0001). Part B: Enterococcus faecalis. Similar layout to Part A. C-POLAR fabric showed significantly reduced bacterial growth, with viability reduced by approximately 52% compared to the untreated control (p = 0.0002). Part C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Control: High bacterial growth. Culture medium only: Minimal bacterial growth. Control fabric: Moderately reduced bacterial growth. C-POLAR fabric: Significantly reduced bacterial activity by 36% compared to the control fabric (p = 0.0009). Partial D: Escherichia coli. Similar layout to partial C. C-POLAR fabric showed a significant reduction in bacterial activity of approximately 50% compared to the untreated control (p = 0.0001). Figure 14 The results indicated that textiles treated with C-POLAR showed a significant reduction in the activity of both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. The treatment was effective at concentrations of 4% and 6%, with no significant difference in Gram-positive bacteria between these concentrations. Thicker textiles also showed a sustained reduction in bacterial activity, further validating the efficacy of the nano-flash treatment.

[0022] Figure 15 The antimicrobial activity of C-POLAR (a spunlace nonwoven treated with nano-flash) during accelerated aging was depicted. The figure shows the Log10 reduction in bacterial counts for different bacterial types as a function of accelerated aging time (in hours). The y-axis shows the Log10 reduction, representing the decrease in bacterial count. The x-axis depicts accelerated aging (in hours), indicating the duration of the aging process. Data for the following bacteria are included: Staphylococcus aureus: indicated by circles (○); Escherichia coli: indicated by squares (■); Pseudomonas aeruginosa: indicated by triangles (▲). Figure 15Key observations included: at the start of the accelerated aging period (0 hours), all bacterial types showed a significant log10 reduction, indicating the effectiveness of the nano-flash treatment; as the aging period progressed, the log10 reduction values ​​for all bacterial types remained relatively stable, indicating the sustained antibacterial activity of the nano-flash treatment; and the reduction in bacterial counts was consistently high across all bacterial types, with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing similar levels of reduction throughout the aging period. Therefore, Figure 15 This highlights the long-term efficacy of nano-flash treatment in reducing bacterial viability, maintaining significant antibacterial activity even after an extended accelerated aging period.

[0023] Figure 16 and Figure 17 This paper presents a summary of the on-site bioaerosol level testing and monitoring in a government building in Ottawa. C-POLAR refers to PP nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash. Particle counts from the supply vent: y-axis: Particle count, indicating the number of particles detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. This graph shows particle counts at different particle sizes (0.5 μm, 1.0 μm, 2.0 μm, 3.0 μm, 5.0 μm, and 10.0 μm) before and after filter replacement, demonstrating the effectiveness of the C-POLAR filter in reducing particulate levels over time. Bioaerosol counts from the supply vent: y-axis: Bioaerosol count, indicating the number of bioaerosols detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. Similar to particulate counting, this figure shows bioaerosol counts of different particle sizes before and after filter replacement, highlighting the reduction in bioaerosol levels after treatment with nano-flash compared to the control filter.

[0024] Figure 18 and Figure 19Presents a summary of on-site bioaerosol level testing and monitoring at a testing general hospital in Vancouver. C-POLAR refers to PP nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash. Particle count from supply vents: y-axis: Particle count, indicating the number of particles detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. This graph illustrates particle counts of different particle sizes at multiple time points, demonstrating the effectiveness of the C-POLAR filter in reducing particulate levels compared to the control filter. Bioaerosol count from supply vents: y-axis: Bioaerosol count, indicating the number of bioaerosols detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. This graph illustrates bioaerosol counts of different particle sizes over time, highlighting the superior performance of nano-flash treatment in reducing bioaerosol levels compared to the control filter.

[0025] Figure 20 The passive reduction of airborne particles using a nonwoven fabric treated with nanoblitz is shown. The figure is divided into sections showing the setup and experimental results. Setup: Left panel: Depicts a chamber with a C-POLAR placed in the form of a curtain. The chamber dimensions are 1.71 m x 1.76 m x 1.90 m. The curtain area is 1.0 m². 2 The atomizer introduces particles into the chamber, and the air exchange rate is greater than 0.5 ppm. Middle image: Chamber of a C-POLAR unit mounted on a wall. Wall-mounted area is 5.04 m². 2 They have the same chamber size and air exchange rate. The atomizer introduces particles into the chamber. Table: Provides detailed setup parameters, including: Chamber size: 1.71m x 1.76m x 1.90m; Curtain area: 1.0m² 2 Wall-mounted area: 5.04m² 2 Particle source: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); Nebulization time: 5 minutes; Decay time determination: Tukey's Posthoc test. Test results: The bar graph shows the decay times (in minutes) for different settings: No C-POLAR: Baseline condition without any C-POLAR treatment, showing the longest decay time of 794 minutes; Curtain: C-POLAR curtain setting, showing a reduced decay time of 420 minutes; Wall-mounted: C-POLAR wall-mounted setting, showing the fastest decay time of 34 minutes. Figure 20 This indicates a significant difference in decay time between conditions without C-POLAR and C-POLAR treatment. Figure 20The results clearly demonstrate that the use of nanoblitzes significantly and rapidly reduces the decay time of airborne particles, enhances the passive reduction of airborne particles, and improves air quality.

[0026] Figure 21 This diagram illustrates a wind tunnel setup for studying and illustrating beta coronaviruses using an airborne transmission model. Wind tunnel components include: Blower: Provides the necessary airflow to the system; Flexible duct: Connects the blower to the wind tunnel; HEPA filter: Ensures the air entering the system is clean; Temperature and humidity control: Maintains consistent environmental conditions within the wind tunnel; Aerosol inlet: Introduces virus-laden aerosols into the wind tunnel; Mixing baffle: Ensures uniform aerosol distribution; Test filter: Tests the filter's ability to capture and inactivate the virus; Pre-filter: Protects the aerosol measurement system from large particles; Aerosol measurement system: Monitors aerosol concentration; Nozzle flow meter: Measures airflow rate; Mixing baffle: Ensures uniform distribution of air and aerosols; ΔP pressure gauge: Measures the pressure drop across the filter.

[0027] Figure 22 The results of the inactivation studies are presented, showing the logarithmic reduction of β-coronavirus under different conditions. C-POLAR refers to nonwoven fabrics treated with nanoblister technology. Logarithmic Reduction Charts: Part A: Comparison of logarithmic reduction between no filter, control filter, and filter + C-POLAR. Filter + C-POLAR shows the highest logarithmic reduction. Part B: Similar to Part A, but still focusing on another set of conditions, again demonstrating the superiority of filter + C-POLAR. Part C: Focusing on the comparison between control filter and filter + C-POLAR, showing the significant logarithmic reduction of the filter treated with C-POLAR. Part D: Further comparison of control filter and filter + C-POLAR, demonstrating the enhanced effectiveness of C-POLAR treatment. Figure 22 These results collectively indicate that nanoblister treatment significantly improves the inactivation of β-coronaviruses in the airborne transmission model, as evidenced by a higher log reduction value compared to the control filter.

[0028] The components in the accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, but rather the focus is on illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, the same reference numerals, letters, or other identifiers may refer to corresponding parts in different views.

[0029] Detailed description of the invention Nano-blitzing is a useful innovation that relates to but differs from contact electrification, which exists in nature, because it can be performed "arbitrarily," controlled, and specifically managed within a certain range of surface charge densities, further considering and incorporating the important role of other parameters, including environmental manufacturing conditions. Surface charge density is expressed in nanocoulombs per square centimeter (nC / cm²).2 The unit is used for quantification. This unit provides a measure of the amount of electrostatic charge per unit area on the material surface. In a preferred embodiment, the invention demonstrates maintaining a uniform and homogeneous surface charge density of 17 nC / cm². 2 - 22 nC / cm 2 It can rapidly inactivate pathogens, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi (i.e., yeast and mold), and pollen, within 60 seconds, while being non-cytotoxic to human cells. This discovery opens up new possibilities for using nanoblistering in a variety of applications, including but not limited to pathogen inactivation, sterilization, and disinfection.

[0030] Figure 1 The development of uniform electrostatic charge in the body material of this invention is illustrated. The mechanism of contact electrification involves the generation of electrostatic charge, which arises not only as a direct result of heterolytic bond cleavage but also from the transformation of highly reactive mechanical radicals generated during contact electrification via homolytic cleavage of polymer chains. These mechanical radicals, also known as latent charges, have the ability to neutralize reactive substances in the environment that may cause electrostatic charge decay.

[0031] When the surface charge density exceeds 22 nC / cm 2 At a threshold value, the material surface begins to exhibit cytotoxic properties (which is also in Figure 6 (As depicted in the text). This cytotoxicity is attributed to the fact that above this threshold level, the surface charge is significant enough to induce the inactivation of human cells, thereby affecting their viability.

[0032] The presence of other substances can trigger a cascade of chain reactions, leading to the generation of new macromolecular charges and free radicals. This results in observable electrostatic phenomena and mechanoradical chemical reactions at a macroscopic level. This understanding of the role of contact electrification and other substances represents a significant departure from conventional theories and provides a new framework for utilizing contact electrification energy. For example, in Figure 1 Further depicted, as an exemplary embodiment, the schematic diagram illustrates and demonstrates the natural contact electrification process by which a silicone elastomer (a type of non-adhesive polymer) is contacted with another non-adhesive polymer (e.g., PTFE), generating electrostatic charges and mechanical free radicals through heterolytic and homolytic cleavage of the polymer chains.

[0033] In addition, such as Figure 1 The diagram further illustrates a process involving the direct chemical bond cleavage mode for forming mechanical radicals and electrostatic charges on the surface of a silicone elastomer during the contact electrification process. That is, in Figure 1In step (a), the silicone elastomer comes into contact with another non-adhesive polymer, such as PTFE, by external force. In step (b), the silicone elastomer reaches the closest contact with the other non-adhesive polymer (e.g., PTFE). In step (c), the silicone elastomer separates from the contact with the other non-adhesive polymer (e.g., PTFE) by external force. As presented in (d), the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer is coiled and flexible prior to the contact process. In step (e), the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer is stretched during the deformation process caused by the close approach / contact in step (b) above. In step (f), the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer breaks at the point of closest / contact between the materials, and the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer returns to a coiled and flexible state after the separation (between materials) step. In (g), a typical chemical structure of the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer of the present invention is presented. In (h), mechanical free radicals generated by homolytic cleavage of the polymer chain of the silicone elastomer chain of the present invention are described. In (i), electrostatic charges generated by heterolytic cleavage of the polymer chains of the silicone elastomer of the present invention are described.

[0034] exist Figure 2 The schematic flowchart illustrates and explains the cascade of chain reactions, leading to the generation of new macromolecular charges and free radicals in conventional contact electrification. Specifically, in Figure 2 The flowcharts progressively illustrate the mechanisms used for contact electrification and the generation of mechanical radicals and electrostatic charges in an open, conventional environment. In step (a), the generation of primary mechanical radicals (symbolized as (R·)) and electrostatic charges (R+ and R-) is presented. This method is achieved through direct homolytic cleavage and heterolytic bond breaking of the polymer chain, representing the basic steps of contact electrification. In step (b), the generation of novel macromolecular radicals (denoted as R'·) and charges (R') are described. + and R' - The generation of these entities originates from the polymer substrate attacked by small molecule actives, further advancing the generation mechanism. In step (c), an enhanced generation of electrostatic charge from mechanical free radicals (also referred to herein as latent charges) is observed. This enhancement is achieved with the help of small active molecules, providing insight into the final step of the process and ending the sequence.

[0035] In contrast, the nano-flash mechanism of this invention represents an engineered simulation of this natural process. It operates independently of material exchange, ion exchange, and electron exchange, and does not involve the consumption of toxic or chemical substances. This characteristic makes the natural mechanism of contact electrification an efficient and environmentally friendly method for uniformly and homogeneously generating and utilizing electrostatic charges to a specific surface charge density.

[0036] This invention further describes the importance of firmly, uniformly, and homogeneously bonding one or more non-adhesive polymers to a material surface. This strong attachment is a key aspect of nanoblitzkrieg because it facilitates the efficient conversion of external forces into surface charge, a crucial component of the nanoblitzkrieg mechanism. This is achieved through the use of one or more bonding mechanisms, including but not limited to covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, physical entanglement, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, π-π stacking, dipole-dipole interactions, metal coordination bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, steric entrapment, adsorption, crosslinking, self-assembly, layer-by-layer self-assembly, grafting to methods, grafting to self-methods, supramolecular chemistry, click chemistry, polymer brushing, sol-gel methods, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, plasma treatment, photopolymerization, reversible inactivated free radical polymerization, mechanochemical bonding, electrospinning, chemisorption, spin coating, spraying, Langmuir-Blodgett films, self-layering, microcontact printing, dip-coating-pen nanolithography. Through molecular imprinting and other suitable mechanisms, non-sticky polymers are firmly attached to material surfaces, ensuring uniform and homogeneous stability and functionality, even under the influence of external friction or mechanical forces (including but not limited to static friction, dynamic friction, rolling friction, fluid friction, internal friction, dry friction, lubricated friction, skin friction, stick-slip friction, Coulomb friction, static resistance, tension, normal force, air resistance, applied force, spring force, gravity, centripetal force, torque, magnetic force, electric force, nuclear force, elastic force, inertial force, buoyancy, weight, drag force, impact force, restoring force, centrifugal force, contact force, conservative force, non-conservative force, drag, pseudo-force, and resultant force). Without a stable bond, non-sticky polymers may experience movement or displacement under the influence of friction or mechanical forces, thus hindering energy conversion processes. This strong attachment facilitates the efficient conversion of external forces into surface charge, a key aspect of the nanoblitzkrieg mechanism.

[0037] This discovery of the role of non-stick polymers refers to polymeric materials with inherently low or no adhesion properties. Due to their specific chemical composition, physical properties, or surface characteristics, such polymers do not readily adhere to or bind to other substances under typical conditions, and this non-stick property makes them resistant to the binding of substances to their surfaces, thereby enabling the simulation of contact electrification under frictional or mechanical conditions. Non-stick polymers include, but are not limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyimide, polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide, polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyterephthalate (PTFE). Ethylene glycol formate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone (PSU), polyarylether ketone (PAEK), polynorbornene, polyarylamide (PARA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polybutadiene (PBD), polyisobutylene (PIB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyurethane (PU), polytetrahydrofuran (PolyTHF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyphenylene ether (PPO) Polyphthalamide (PPA), polybutene (PB), polyisoprene (PI), polyether block amide (PEBA), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD), polysilazane, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acid or polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), dried form of polyethyleneimine (PEI), dried The following are examples of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) in dry form (PDMAEMA), chitosan in dry form, polyallylamine in dry form, poly-L-lysine (PLL) in dry form, polyvinylpyridinium in dry form, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) in dry form (PDMAEMA), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) in dry form (PDDA), poly(amide-amine) in dry form (PAMAM), polyguanidinyloxanorbornene in dry form (PGON), and poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride](PMETAC).Dry forms of poly(diallylamine hydrochloride) (PDAH), dry forms of poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVBTMAC), dry forms of poly(N,N,N-trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride) (PTMAEMC), dry forms of poly(amide-amine) (PAMAM), dry forms of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide) (PDMAPMA), dry forms of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), dry forms of poly (N-(3-sulfopropyl)-N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium betaine) (PSMPDMDAB), dried form of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide) (PDAPA), dried form of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC), dried form of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylenepiperidine chloride) (PDDPC), dried form of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (PAPTAC), dried Polyvinylamine (PVAm) in dry form, poly(1-vinylimidazolium) (PVI) in dry form, poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidine chloride) (DMDAAC) in dry form, poly(N-cyclohexylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride) (PCHAEMC) in dry form, poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) in dry form, poly(N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (PHPMA) in dry form, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in dry form, polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (PVBTC) in dry form, polyquaternary ammonium salt compounds in dry form, poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) in dry form, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in dry form, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) in dry form, poly(2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) in dry form, poly(chloromethane quaternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA) in dry form (Poly(methyl (chloride-quarternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), dried form of poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PAETAC), dried form of poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), dried form of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (PMETMS), dried form of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dried form of polyacrylic acid (PAA), dried form of alginate, dried form of polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), dried form of hyaluronic acid,Dry forms of poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS), dry forms of polyvinylphosphonic acid (PVPA), dry forms of polyaspartic acid (PASA), and dry forms of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).

[0038] Ensuring strong adhesion of cationic polymers to the top of insulating materials with low dielectric constants will enhance the generation and retention of electrostatic charges. This improvement will catalyze a nano-blitz mechanism, significantly reducing the required energy input. The modified material will become highly sensitive to external forces, generating high charges and high voltages to enable the capture and inactivation of pathogens in dynamic localized environments. Examples of cationic polymers include, but are not limited to: gelatin, chitosan, cationic peptides, cationic cyclodextrins, cationic dextran, cationic cellulose, branched polyethyleneimine, linear polyethyleneimine, polylysine, polyamidoamine, poly(amino-co-ester), and poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate].

[0039] When the host polymer exhibits adhesive properties, it may adhere to a surface to which frictional or mechanical forces are applied. Therefore, during the separation process between the adhesive polymer and the surface material, the polymer chains remain intact because the adhesive polymer, adhering to the surface material, cannot trigger a cascade of chain reactions that generate electrostatic charges.

[0040] Their tight adhesion to material surfaces under frictional or mechanical forces, combined with the importance of non-adhesive polymers, provides a novel strategy for designing materials and devices that can effectively utilize the energy of nano-blitzks. This strategy can be applied to a variety of fields, including but not limited to healthcare, food safety, water treatment, air purification, and other suitable applications.

[0041] Nanoblitzes employ a complex and highly optimized manufacturing process, which is crucial for their superior properties and performance. This method has been carefully developed to ensure versatility on a wide range of substrate materials while maintaining precise control over the properties of the final product. The detailed steps of the manufacturing process include, but are not limited to: (1) substrate material selection – the process begins with careful selection of a substrate material with insulating properties and a low dielectric constant; (2) surface preparation – the substrate material undergoes a thorough cleaning process to remove any contaminants that may interfere with the processing, which may involve solvent washing, plasma treatment, and / or UV-ozone cleaning; (3) application of cationic polymer – a cationic polymer is applied to the surface of the prepared substrate material, and such application method is selected to be optimal for the selected substrate material and the desired final material properties. This application method includes: (a) immersion or dipping, wherein the substrate material is immersed in a solution of cationic polymer, wherein the concentration and immersion time are precisely controlled; (b) spraying, wherein a fine mist of the cationic polymer solution is applied using specialized spraying equipment (this method is particularly suitable for large, flat surfaces, or when a thin, uniform layer is desired); (c) vapor deposition, wherein the cationic polymer is evaporated and deposited onto the substrate material in a controlled chamber; (d) foam application, wherein the cationic polymer is applied as a foam (this method is particularly effective for materials with complex surface geometries); (e) brush or roller application; and / or (f) precise deposition techniques; (3) pressing – this key step is in which the treated material undergoes a controlled pressing process, thereby applying pressure uniformly to the surface (eliminating possible “voids” or “hot spots” of uneven concentration), and the precise pressure is determined based on the properties of the substrate material and the desired final product material characteristics, and wherein the duration of pressure application is precisely controlled (this step is in Providing a means to remove (by pressing or squeezing) any excess solution is also critical and helps maintain a consistent thickness and effectiveness of the active layer, and this step promotes strong and effective adhesion between the cationic polymer and the substrate material, and thus significantly reduces the risk of leaching of the final product material and helps promote the orientation of polymer chains, thereby enhancing the overall surface charge retention performance of the material); (4) Drying and curing - the pressed material undergoes a carefully controlled drying and curing process, wherein the parameters of this step are tailored to the specific material involved, such that the temperature is precisely optimized for bonding without damaging the substrate material, the duration is determined by the material thickness, composition and other relevant factors, and the humidity level can be controlled to affect the final material surface charge distribution (this step is used to complete the bonding between the cationic polymer and the substrate material, establish and fix the initial charge distribution across the material surface, and remove any residual solvent or volatile compounds); and (5) Quality control - wherein rigorous quality control measurements are implemented and performed by this method.

[0042] like Figure 3As shown, the present invention also includes a method for measuring surface charge density (via nano-flash) on various surfaces. This method involves controlling environmental conditions at a given temperature and relative humidity, fixing two electrodes to an insulating support and an impactor, and connecting them to an electrometer with conductive wires. The main principle of measuring the fixed surface charge generated on a test material within a specific surface area (via nano-flash) is to measure the mobile electrons transferred between the two electrodes based on the nano-flash action.

[0043] like Figure 3 As shown, the following steps outline the procedure for measuring surface charge density (via nano-bombing): (1) Control the environmental conditions to specific temperature and relative humidity, such as 25°C and 75%RH. (2) Secure two electrodes to an insulating support and an impactor. Connect these electrodes to an electrometer using wires. (3) Secure a test material of a predetermined size (e.g., 2cm × 2cm) to the surface of the electrodes mounted on the insulating impactor. (4) Introduce a reference material, such as PTFE, onto the surface of the electrodes mounted on the insulating support (ensuring a consistent thickness). (5) Activate the linear reciprocating motion device to impact the test material against the reference material at a predetermined impact force and frequency (e.g., 40N and 1Hz). (6) Start the electrometer (e.g., a 6514 system electrometer) and associated software to monitor changes in electrostatic charge in the coulomb measurement mode. Typically, a series of square waves with a frequency matching the externally applied force will be observed. (7) Record the increase in charge as the impact time progresses until it reaches a maximum value. After this point, use the software to record data for further analysis. (8) Import the recorded data into data processing software, such as Origin, and calculate the electrostatic charge difference before and after separation to obtain σ. CE (9) In order to measure the electrostatic charge of the new test material, deactivate the impactor, replace the old sample on the insulating support with a new one, and repeat steps 4, 5, 7 and 8.

[0044] like Figure 3 The diagram further describes the setup for measuring surface charge density (via nano-flash). Specifically, an insulating support is used to hold the test material, i.e., the material whose surface charge density (via nano-flash) is to be measured. A fixed reference material is a non-sticky material used to impact the test material. An insulating impactor repeatedly impacts / collides the test material with the reference material. An ambient chamber is used to control the temperature and relative humidity of the measurement test conditions. An electrometer monitors changes in electrostatic charge in a series measurement mode.

[0045] Figure 4 and Figure 5 The surface charge density of the host material treated with nano-flash is measured, and specifically its VQx relationship is shown. Specifically, Figure 4The formula defines the number of electrons transferred between the two electrodes as Q, which is equal to the instantaneous amount of charge induced on the electrodes via nano-flash. Furthermore, when the transferred or induced charge ( Q(t) The electrostatic potential difference between the two electrodes ( V(t) When ) is determined, it changes with the separation distance (X) 空气 (t) increases during the separation process and decreases during the subsequent contact process. This relationship, namely the VQx relationship, in Figure 4 Presented in the present invention, wherein the referents or equation elements are specifically assigned as follows: V(t) is the electrostatic potential difference between the two electrodes via the nano-blitz method of the present invention ( V(t) ); Q(t) It is the instantaneous amount of induced surface charge via the nano-blitz method of the present invention; S is the surface area; d represents the vacuum dielectric constant; d0 represents the effective thickness constant of the test material; X 空气 (t) represents the separation distance during the separation process. X 空气 (t) ); CE The surface charge density sensed by the nano-flash method of the present invention during the contact or separation process, such as Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown.

[0046] like Figure 6 The results described in the paper demonstrate the effective antibacterial activity of the tested nano-blitz materials at a range of concentrations, while also showing that the surface charge level is between 17 nC / cm². 2 - 22 nC / cm 2 During the test, the application of the material presented minimal cytotoxic risk to the treated cells. This suggests a promising avenue for developing and further investigating the antibacterial and pathogenic activities of nanoblister materials in a wide range of health-oriented commercial applications.

[0047] like Figure 7 The diagram depicts the relationship between the concentration of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) on spunlace nonwoven fabrics and the resulting surface charge density (nC / cm). 2 The figure shows the relationship between the concentrations of BPEI and the electrostatic properties of materials treated with the nanoblitz method. The x-axis depicts the concentration (%) of BPEI on the spunlace nonwoven fabric, ranging from 0% to 30%, and the y-axis depicts the charge density (nC / cm³). 2The graph represents the measured surface charge density of the treated material. The data points on the graph show a steady increase in charge density at low BPEI concentrations (0% to 2%). The charge density reaches its peak at approximately 6% BPEI concentration, achieving approximately 11 nC / cm³. 2 Above a concentration of 6%, the charge density begins to decrease, indicating that electrostatic charge retention decreases with higher BPEI concentrations. At the highest tested concentration (30%), the charge density decreases significantly, indicating that the BPEI concentration has reached the potential saturation point or optimal range for maximum surface charge density. Figure 7 The optimal concentration range of BPEI was effectively demonstrated to maximize the surface charge density on spunlace nonwoven fabrics treated with the nano-blitz method, ensuring high efficiency in pathogen capture and inactivation.

[0048] like Figure 8 The surface charge density (nC / cm³) of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics was tested before and after treatment with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) under ozone and UV exposure. 2 This table includes standard deviation (SD) values ​​to indicate the variability of the measurements. Prior to the conditioning values, the initial surface charge density of PP nonwoven fabrics treated with different concentrations of BPEI is indicated. The ozone (5-day) values ​​depict the surface charge density after 5 days of conditioning in an ozone aging chamber. The UV (7-day) values ​​depict the surface charge density after 7 days of conditioning in a UV aging chamber. Figure 8 The data presented show that surface charge density initially increases with BPEI concentration, reaching higher values ​​at concentrations of 2% to 4%. After ozone and UV conditioning, surface charge density generally decreases, but significant retention of charge is observed, particularly at 2% and 4% BPEI concentrations. Standard deviation values ​​indicate the consistency of measurements across different samples. Therefore, Figure 8 The data presented effectively highlight the durability and stability of the surface charge on nano-blitz-treated materials, demonstrating their ability to maintain functional properties under harsh environmental conditions.

[0049] like Figure 9 The figure depicts the durability of surface charge on polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics treated with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) under accelerated aging conditions. The figure illustrates the surface charge density (nC / cm³) before conditioning, after 5 days of ozone exposure, and after 7 days of UV exposure. 2 The x-axis depicts the concentration (%) of branched polyethyleneimine on polypropylene nonwovens, ranging from 0% to 15%. The y-axis depicts the surface charge density (nC / cm³). 2The data points and error bars indicate the measured surface charge density on the treated material. "Before Conditioning" is shown with a circle and a solid black line, representing the initial surface charge density before any aging treatment; "Ozone (5 days)" is shown with a square and a dashed line, representing the surface charge density after 5 days of exposure in an ozone aging chamber; and "UV (7 days)" is shown with a diamond and a dotted line, representing the surface charge density after 7 days of exposure in a UV aging chamber. Figure 9 Key observations in the figures indicate that, with respect to the initial surface charge density, the surface charge density increases significantly with BPEI concentration, peaking at approximately 4% concentration before conditioning. Furthermore, after 5 days of ozone exposure, the surface charge density decreases but remains relatively high at 2% and 4% BPEI concentrations. Additionally, after 7 days of UV exposure, a significant decrease in surface charge density is observed at all concentrations, with the highest retention observed at 2% and 6% BPEI concentrations. Figure 9 The data effectively demonstrate the durability and stability of the surface charge on materials treated with nano-flash, showcasing their ability to maintain functional properties under harsh environmental conditions.

[0050] like Figure 10 The figures depict voltage measurements of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics treated with various concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) under different conditions: before conditioning, after 5 days of ozone exposure, and after 7 days of UV exposure. Voltage measurements indicate the surface charge density on the treated material. Before Conditioning: The first set of figures shows voltage measurements of the PP nonwoven fabrics before any aging treatment. These measurements serve as a baseline for assessing the effectiveness of subsequent conditioning. Ozone (5 Days): The second set of figures shows voltage measurements of the fabrics after 5 days of ozone exposure. Changes in voltage values ​​indicate the effect of ozone exposure on the retention of the surface charge in the material. UV (7 Days): The third set of figures shows voltage measurements of the fabrics after 7 days of UV radiation exposure. These measurements reflect the effect of UV exposure on the durability of the surface charge. Each figure represents voltage measurements applied to the PP nonwoven fabrics at different concentrations of BPEI, ranging from 0% to 15%. Figure 10 As shown, the consistency and variation of voltage values ​​under these conditions highlight the robustness and stability of nano-flash treatment in maintaining surface charge density under accelerated aging conditions.

[0051] like Figure 11The diagram depicts a schematic of a vertical wind tunnel used to evaluate the filtration efficiency and antiviral properties of a polymer-coated filter. Specifically, here, a pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus is used as a material sample treated with nano-flash. Airflow: The direction of the airflow, indicated by arrows, moves vertically through the wind tunnel. Nebulizer: The nebulizer introduces a controlled aerosol containing test particles or viruses into a plastic tube. Plastic Tube: Delivers the aerosol from the nebulizer to the test filter. Test Filter: The filter under test is placed in the wind tunnel with a diameter of 12.7 mm. PTFE Filter: A secondary filter (polytetrafluoroethylene) is used to capture any remaining particles that have passed through the test filter. Flow Meter: Measures the airflow rate through the system to ensure consistent test conditions. Regulator: Controls the pressure and flow rate of the air supplied to the nebulizer and wind tunnel. Exhaust Filter: Captures any remaining particles or aerosols before the air is released into the environment. Vacuum Pump: Provides the necessary suction to maintain airflow through the wind tunnel and ensure proper system operation. Figure 11 The described setup was designed to evaluate the performance of test filters in capturing and inactivating airborne particles and viruses, ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the filter material under controlled experimental conditions.

[0052] like Figure 12 The data depicts the collection of infectious titer measurements of the virus input and the viral titers retained at upstream and downstream filters. Filtration efficiency of the samples is expressed as a percentage. Figure 12 In this context, Viral Input (IU): The initial infectious titer of the virus introduced into the system. Untreated spunlace nonwoven filter (upstream) (IU): The amount of virus trapped on the upstream side of the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter. PTFE filter (downstream) (IU): The amount of virus that passes through the upstream filter and is captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Filtration Efficiency (%): The efficiency of the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter in capturing viruses, calculated as the percentage of viral input trapped by the filter. Cationic Polymer Coated Filter (upstream) (IU): The amount of virus trapped on the upstream side of the cationic polymer coated filter. PTFE Filter (downstream) (IU): The amount of virus that passes through the cationic polymer coated filter and is captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Filtration Efficiency (%): The efficiency of the cationic polymer coated filter in capturing viruses, calculated as the percentage of viral input trapped by the filter. Figure 12 The table shows that filters coated with cationic polymers treated with nano-flash exhibit higher filtration efficiency compared to untreated spunlace nonwoven filters, with the coated nano-flash filters achieving an efficiency of 97.2% in all tests.

[0053] like Figure 13The results depicted and evaluated viral titers retained on upstream and downstream filters (comparing untreated spunlace nonwoven filters to filters coated with cationic polymers treated with nano-flash). Filtration efficiency of the samples is expressed as a percentage. On the y-axis, viral titer (IU) represents the amount of virus retained on the filter. On the x-axis, the type of filter used for testing is indicated. Figure 13 In the image, the first pair of bars represents the untreated spunlace nonwoven filter. The second pair of bars represents the cationic polymer-coated filter. The upstream filter, indicated by the bars, represents the amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter. The downstream (PTFE) filter, indicated by the bars, represents the amount of virus that passed through the upstream filter and was captured by the downstream PTFE filter. Figure 13 Key observations from the data presented include: untreated spunlace nonwoven filters showed a large amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter, with a considerable amount passing through to the downstream PTFE filter; cationic polymer-coated filters showed a considerably lower amount of virus trapped on the upstream filter, with very little passing through to the downstream PTFE filter; and cationic polymer-coated filters exhibited higher filtration efficiency, effectively capturing and trapping viruses compared to untreated filters. Figure 13 The data presented highlights the superior performance of cationic polymer-coated filters in capturing and trapping airborne viruses, demonstrating their enhanced filtration efficiency.

[0054] like Figure 14The figure depicts tests of the efficacy of nano-flash treatment against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For the purposes of this figure, C-POLAR refers to spunlace nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash. The figure shows the optical density at 600 nm (OD600 nm) as a measure of bacterial growth and viability for various treatments. Part A: Staphylococcus aureus. Control: Untreated sample showed high bacterial growth. Culture medium only: Very little bacterial growth, indicating no additional nutrients. Control fabric: Slightly lower growth compared to the control, indicating some inherent antimicrobial properties. C-POLAR fabric showed significantly reduced bacterial growth, indicating the efficacy of C-POLAR treatment. Viability was reduced by approximately 65% ​​compared to the untreated control (p < 0.0001). Part B: Enterococcus faecalis. Similar layout to Part A. C-POLAR fabric showed significantly reduced bacterial growth, with viability reduced by approximately 52% compared to the untreated control (p = 0.0002). Part C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Control: High bacterial growth. Culture medium only: Very low bacterial growth. Control fabric: Moderately reduced bacterial growth. C-POLAR fabric: Significantly reduced bacterial activity by 36% compared to the control fabric (p = 0.0009). Part D: Escherichia coli. Similar layout to Part C. C-POLAR fabric showed a significant reduction in bacterial activity of approximately 50% compared to the untreated control (p = 0.0001). Figure 14 The results showed that C-POLAR-treated textiles exhibited a significant reduction in the activity of both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. The treatment was effective at both 4% and 6% concentrations, with no significant difference in Gram-positive bacteria between these concentrations. Thicker textiles also showed a sustained reduction in bacterial activity, further validating the efficacy of the nano-flash treatment.

[0055] like Figure 15 The antimicrobial activity of C-POLAR (a spunlace nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash) was evaluated during accelerated aging. The figure shows the log10 reduction in bacterial counts for different bacterial types as a function of accelerated aging time (in hours). The y-axis shows the log10 reduction, representing the decrease in bacterial count. The x-axis depicts accelerated aging (in hours), indicating the duration of the aging process. Data for the following bacteria are included: Staphylococcus aureus (circled (○)); Escherichia coli (squared (■)); and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (triangled (▲)). Figure 15Key observations included: (1) at the start of the accelerated aging period (0 hours), all bacterial types showed a significant log10 reduction, indicating the effectiveness of the nano-flash treatment; (2) as the aging period progressed, the log10 reduction values ​​for all bacterial types remained relatively stable, indicating the sustained antibacterial activity of the nano-flash treatment; and (3) the reduction in bacterial counts was consistently high across all bacterial types, with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing similar levels of reduction during the aging period. Therefore, Figure 15 The data highlights the long-term efficacy of nano-flash treatment in reducing bacterial activity, with treated materials maintaining significant antibacterial activity even after extended accelerated aging periods.

[0056] like Figure 16 and Figure 17 The figure depicts a summary of the testing and monitoring of in-situ bioaerosol levels in a study of government buildings in Ottawa. C-POLAR refers to PP nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash. Particle counts from supply vents: y-axis: Particle count, indicating the number of particles detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. This figure shows particle counts at different particle sizes (0.5 μm, 1.0 μm, 2.0 μm, 3.0 μm, 5.0 μm, and 10.0 μm) before and after filter replacement, demonstrating the effectiveness of the C-POLAR filter in reducing particulate levels over time. Bioaerosol counts from supply vents: y-axis: Bioaerosol count, indicating the number of bioaerosols detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. Similar to particulate counting, this figure shows bioaerosol counts of different particle sizes before and after filter replacement, highlighting the reduction in bioaerosol levels after treatment with nano-flash compared to the control filter.

[0057] like Figure 18 and Figure 19The figure presents a summary of on-site bioaerosol level testing and monitoring from a study conducted at a general hospital in Vancouver. C-POLAR refers to PP nonwoven fabric treated with nano-flash. Particle counts from supply vents: y-axis: Particle count, indicating the number of particles detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. This figure illustrates particle counts at different particle sizes at multiple time points, demonstrating the effectiveness of the C-POLAR filter in reducing particulate levels compared to the control filter. Bioaerosol counts from supply vents: y-axis: Bioaerosol count, indicating the number of bioaerosols detected. X-axis: Date and type of filter (C-POLAR vs. control) with markings indicating filter replacement. Figure 19 The data presented show the bioaerosol counts of different particle sizes over time, highlighting the superior performance of nanoblister treatment in reducing bioaerosol levels compared to control filters.

[0058] like Figure 20 The figure depicts and evaluates the passive reduction of airborne particles using a nonwoven fabric treated with nanoblitz. The figure is divided into sections showing the setup and experimental results. Setup: Left panel: Depicts a chamber with a C-POLAR placed in the form of a curtain. Chamber dimensions are 1.71 m x 1.76 m x 1.90 m. Curtain area is 1.0 m². 2 The atomizer introduces particles into the chamber, and the air exchange rate is greater than 0.5 ppm. Middle image: Chamber of a C-POLAR unit mounted on a wall. Wall-mounted area is 5.04 m². 2 They have the same chamber size and air exchange rate. The atomizer introduces particles into the chamber. The table provides detailed setup parameters, including: chamber size: 1.71 m x 1.76 m x 1.90 m; curtain area: 1.0 m². 2 Wall-mounted area: 5.04m² 2 Particle source: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); nebulization time: 5 minutes; and decay time determination: Tukey's Posthoc test. Test results: The bar graph shows the decay times (in minutes) for different settings: No C-POLAR: Baseline condition without any C-POLAR treatment, showing the longest (worst) decay time of 794 minutes; Curtain: C-POLAR curtain setting, showing a reduced decay time of 420 minutes; Wall-mounted: C-POLAR wall-mounted setting, showing the fastest decay time of 34 minutes. Figure 20 This indicates a significant difference in decay time between conditions without C-POLAR and C-POLAR treatment. Figure 20The results clearly demonstrate that the use of nanoblitzes significantly and rapidly reduces the decay time of airborne particles, enhances the passive reduction of airborne particles, and improves air quality.

[0059] like Figure 21 The diagram illustrates a wind tunnel setup used to study and illustrate beta-coronaviruses using an airborne transmission model. Wind tunnel components include: a blower (providing necessary airflow to the system); a flexible duct (connecting the blower to the wind tunnel); a HEPA filter (ensuring clean air entering the system); temperature and humidity control (maintaining consistent environmental conditions within the wind tunnel); an aerosol inlet (introducing virus-laden aerosols into the wind tunnel); a mixing baffle (ensuring uniform aerosol distribution); a test filter (testing its ability to capture and inactivate viruses); a pre-filter (protecting the aerosol measurement system from large particles); an aerosol measurement system (monitoring aerosol concentration); a nozzle flow meter (measuring airflow rate); a mixing baffle (ensuring uniform distribution of air and aerosols); and a ΔP meter (measuring the pressure drop across the filter).

[0060] like Figure 22 The diagram depicts the results of inactivation studies, showing a logarithmic reduction of β-coronavirus under different conditions. C-POLAR refers to nonwoven fabrics treated with nanoblister technology. Logarithmic Reduction Chart: Part A: Comparison of logarithmic reduction between no filter, control filter, and filter + C-POLAR. Filter + C-POLAR shows the highest logarithmic reduction. Part B is similar to Part A but focuses on another set of conditions, again demonstrating the superiority of filter + C-POLAR. Part C focuses on the comparison between control filter and filter + C-POLAR, showing a significant logarithmic reduction in the C-POLAR-treated filter. Part D shows a further comparison between control filter and filter + C-POLAR, demonstrating the enhanced effectiveness of C-POLAR treatment. (See diagram below.) Figure 22 As presented in the study, these results collectively indicate that nanoblister treatment significantly improves the inactivation of β-coronaviruses in the airborne transmission model, as effectively demonstrated by the higher log reduction value compared to the control filter.

[0061] To ensure the safety and stability of nano-flash treatment, comprehensive leaching studies and safety assessments were conducted. These studies aimed to evaluate the likelihood of leaching of active components from treated materials. Experimental setup and procedures: (1) Sample preparation - PP nonwoven materials were treated with different concentrations of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), where two treatments (impregnation and drying only, or impregnation, pressing, and drying) were compared; (2) Leaching test - The treated samples were immersed in 500 ml of deionized water for 2 minutes, and the pH of the water was then measured after exposure, while the control group was measured with test H3O. +The pH of (deionized water) was used as a baseline, and the pH of untreated BPEI solutions at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.001%, and 0.0001% was measured for comparison. Results are as follows: Impregnation and drying only, control (H3O) + ): pH 6.41; 0% BPEI: pH 7.29; 1% BPEI: pH 10.01; 2% BPEI: pH 10.40; 3% BPEI: pH 10.54; 4% BPEI: pH 10.61; 5% BPEI: pH 10.75; 6% BPEI: pH 10.71; Impregnation, pressing and drying: Control (H3O) + BPEI pH values: 0% BPEI: pH 6.41; 1% BPEI: pH 6.38; 2% BPEI: pH 6.46; 3% BPEI: pH 6.69; 4% BPEI: pH 7.09; 5% BPEI: pH 7.15; 6% BPEI: pH 7.13; BPEI solution pH (for reference): 0.01% BPEI: pH 9.71, 0.001% BPEI: pH 8.24; 0.0001% BPEI: pH 7.17. Discussion of Results: Including a pressing step in the treatment method significantly reduced pH changes in the leaching tests. This strongly suggests that pressing helps to more effectively bind BPEI to PP nonwoven materials, reducing leaching. For materials treated with impregnation, pressing, and drying methods, the pH of the leachate remained near neutral (6.38–7.15) across all BPEI concentrations. This indicates minimal leaching of the active component. Meanwhile, in impregnation and drying alone, increasing the BPEI concentration resulted in a higher pH in the leachate, indicating more leaching; however, this effect was significantly mitigated by impregnation, pressing, and drying. The pH observed in leaching tests using impregnation, pressing, and drying methods was significantly lower than even the pH of the most dilute BPEI solution tested (0.0001%). This indicates that leaching (if any) was below the detection limit of 0.0001% BPEI. Given these results, the near-neutral pH observed in leaching tests of the optimized embodiments of the present invention (i.e., impregnation, pressing, and drying) suggests that C-POLAR / nanoplasty treatment is unlikely to cause pH-related irritation or damage upon contact with skin or mucous membranes.

[0062] In summary, this invention presents an innovative method that utilizes contact electrification via a newly discovered mechanism referred to herein as the nano-flash method. The nano-flash method enables the uniform generation of electrostatic charges and mechanical radicals on material surfaces with specific surface charge densities, revolutionizing our understanding of contact electrification and its potential applications. This novel technique takes into account the often-overlooked influence of environmental substances, resulting in a refined and improved method for manipulating contact electrification for practical applications. A key uniform and homogeneous surface charge density between 17 nC / cm² was discovered for pathogen inactivation. 2 - 22nC / cm 2 This leads to potential applications in fields such as sterilization, disinfection, and pathogen inactivation.

[0063] The impact of this invention is significant, expanding the scope of contact electrification from purely theoretical exploration to tangible, practical applications, with current focus on pathogen inactivation, healthcare, food safety, water treatment, air purification, and other promising and applicable fields. Methods, materials, and devices for implementing nano-flashover provide efficient, non-cytotoxic, and environmentally friendly alternatives to existing technologies for pathogen inactivation. Furthermore, the development of reliable methods for measuring surface charge density facilitates the design and optimization of materials and devices utilizing the energy of contact electrification. Therefore, this invention represents a substantial advance in the understanding and application of contact electrification.

[0064] While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the various features, elements, and embodiments described herein can be claimed or combined in any combination or arrangement.

Claims

1. A method for generating a long-lasting electrostatic charge on the surface of an insulating material, comprising: A cationic polymer material is applied to an insulating substrate material having a low dielectric constant, and the cationic polymer material is applied via impregnation, spraying, vapor deposition, foaming, brushing or rolling, or precision deposition. Press the treated material and verify the uniform distribution of the polymer, the strong physical bond between the polymer and the substrate, and the structural orientation of the polymer chains; Remove excess solution; and The treated material is dried and pressed under controlled conditions, thereby allowing the cationic polymer to adhere stably to the substrate material and maintain a long-term, uniform distribution of electrostatic charge on the material surface.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surface charge density of the resulting material surface is 2-35 nC / cm². 2 between.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the insulating substrate material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), polyvinyl chloride trifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyimide, polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide, polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone (PSU), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polynorbornene, polyarylamide (PARA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polybutadiene (PBD), polyisobutylene (PIB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyurethane (PU), polytetrahydrofuran (PolyTHF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyphenylene ether (PPO), polyphthalamide (PPA), polybutene (PB), polyisoprene (PI), polyether block amide (PE) BA), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD), polysilazane, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acid or polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), dried form of polyethyleneimine (PEI), dried form of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), dried form of chitosan, dried form of polyallylamine, dried form of poly-L -Lysine (PLL), dried polyvinylpyridinium, dried poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), dried poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), dried poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), dried polyguanidinyloxanorbornene (PGON), dried poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC), dried poly(diallylamine hydrochloride) (PDAH), dried poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVBTMAC), dried poly(N,N-methacrylic acid)N-Trimethylaminoethyl ester chloride)(PTMAEMC), dried form of poly(amide-amine))(PAMAM), dried form of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide)(PDMAPMA), dried form of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))(PDMAEMA), dried form of poly(N-(3-sulfopropyl)-N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium betaine)(PSMPDMDAB), dried form of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide)(PDAPA), dried form of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC), dry form of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidine chloride) (PDDPC), dry form of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (PAPTAC), dry form of polyvinylamine (PVAm), dry form of poly(1-vinylimidazolium) (PVI), dry form of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidine chloride) (DMDAAC), dry form of poly(N-cyclohexylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride) (PCHAEMC), dry form of poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA), dry form of poly(N- 2-Hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (PHPMA), dried form of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), dried form of polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (PVBTC), dried form of polyquaternary ammonium salt compounds, dried form of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC), dried form of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dried form of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dried form of poly(2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA), dried form of poly(chloromethane quaternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA), dried form of poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA), dried form of poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA) Methyl ammonium chloride (PAETAC), dried poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), dried poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (PMETMS), dried polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dried polyacrylic acid (PAA), dried alginate, dried polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), dried hyaluronic acid, dried poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS), dried polyvinylphosphonic acid (PVPA), dried polyaspartic acid (PASA), dried carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and combinations thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from: gelatin, chitosan, cationic peptides, cationic cyclodextrin, cationic dextran, cationic cellulose, branched polyethyleneimine, linear polyethyleneimine, polylysine, polyamidoamine, poly(amino-co-ester), poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], and combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressing step involves applying a specific pressure uniformly to the surface of the treated material for a controlled duration.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying process conditions of temperature, duration and humidity are optimized for the specific material used.

7. A long-lasting electrostatically charged material having a long-lasting electrostatically charged surface, said material being produced by a method comprising the following steps: A cationic polymer material is applied to a substrate material having a low dielectric constant, and the cationic polymer material is applied via impregnation, spraying, vapor deposition, foam application, brush or roller application, or precision deposition. Press the treated material and verify the uniform distribution of the polymer, the strong physical bond between the polymer and the substrate, and the structural orientation of the polymer chains; Remove excess solution; as well as The treated material is dried and pressed under controlled conditions, thereby allowing the cationic polymer to adhere stably to the substrate material and maintain a long-term, uniform distribution of electrostatic charge on the material surface.

8. The material according to claim 7, wherein the long-term sustained surface charge density of the material surface is 2-35 nC / cm². 2 between.

9. The material of claim 8, wherein the substrate material comprises materials selected from: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA), polyvinyl chloride trifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyimide, polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide, polyethyleneimine (PEI), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone (PSU), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polynorbornene, polyarylamide (PARA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polybutadiene (PBD), polyisobutylene (PIB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyurethane (PU), polytetrahydrofuran (PolyTHF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyphenylene ether (PPO), polyphthalamide (PPA), polybutene (PB), polyisoprene (PI), polyether block amide (PE) BA), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD), polysilazane, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acid or polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), dried form of polyethyleneimine (PEI), dried form of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), dried form of chitosan, dried form of polyallylamine, dried form of poly-L -Lysine (PLL), dried polyvinylpyridinium, dried poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), dried poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), dried poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), dried polyguanidinyloxanorbornene (PGON), dried poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC), dried poly(diallylamine hydrochloride) (PDAH), dried poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVBTMAC), dried poly(N,N-methacrylic acid)N-Trimethylaminoethyl ester chloride)(PTMAEMC), dried form of poly(amide-amine))(PAMAM), dried form of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide)(PDMAPMA), dried form of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))(PDMAEMA), dried form of poly(N-(3-sulfopropyl)-N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium betaine)(PSMPDMDAB), dried form of poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide)(PDAPA), dried form of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC), dry form of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidine chloride) (PDDPC), dry form of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (PAPTAC), dry form of polyvinylamine (PVAm), dry form of poly(1-vinylimidazolium) (PVI), dry form of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidine chloride) (DMDAAC), dry form of poly(N-cyclohexylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride) (PCHAEMC), dry form of poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA), dry form of poly(N- 2-Hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (PHPMA), dried form of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), dried form of polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (PVBTC), dried form of polyquaternary ammonium salt compounds, dried form of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC), dried form of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dried form of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dried form of poly(2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA), dried form of poly(chloromethane quaternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA), dried form of poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA), dried form of poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methacrylate) (PMCDMAEMA) Methyl ammonium chloride (PAETAC), dried poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), dried poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (PMETMS), dried polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dried polyacrylic acid (PAA), dried alginate, dried polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), dried hyaluronic acid, dried poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS), dried polyvinylphosphonic acid (PVPA), dried polyaspartic acid (PASA), dried carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and combinations thereof.

10. The material according to claim 7, wherein the cationic polymer is selected from: gelatin, chitosan, cationic peptides, cationic cyclodextrin, cationic dextran, cationic cellulose, branched polyethyleneimine, linear polyethyleneimine, polylysine, polyamidoamine, poly(amino-co-ester), poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], and combinations thereof.

11. The material of claim 7, wherein the pressing step involves applying a specific pressure uniformly to the surface of the treated material for a controlled duration.

12. The material of claim 7, wherein the drying method conditions of temperature, duration and humidity are optimized for the specific material used.

13. The material according to claim 7, wherein the material primarily comprises materials selected from: textiles, woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, foams, sponges, carbon, aggregates, sand, rigid plastics, flexible films, powders, granules, elastomers, ceramics, composite materials, and glass.

14. The material of claim 7, wherein the material retains significant charge density and electrostatic properties after being subjected to UV radiation, ozone exposure, and high temperature.

15. The material of claim 7, wherein the material exhibits antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

16. The material of claim 15, wherein the material retains its antimicrobial properties under dynamic local environmental conditions, said dynamic local environmental conditions including: Rapidly moving air currents, rapid moving water currents, blood flow, or material movement.

17. A method for measuring the surface charge density of a material, comprising: Establish controlled humidity and temperature in the environmental testing chamber; Controlled repeated contact and separation between test material and reference material is achieved via a linear reciprocating motion device in an environmental test chamber; And the change in charge is measured using an electrometer in the environmental chamber.

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