Method for synergistically producing mushroom base material from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for synergistically producing a mushroom base material from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing kitchen waste hydrolysate; (2) pretreating the plant fiber solid waste; (3) preparing a synergistic fermentation substrate; (4) high-temperature sterilization; and (5) curing the mushroom base material: sieving the synergistic fermentation substrate fermented in the step (4), and then adding a proper amount of water to adjust the water content to 60-62% to obtain the mushroom base material. The method has the following beneficial effects: (1) efficient synergistic utilization of the kitchen waste and the fiber solid waste is realized; the mushroom base material is suitable for cultivation of various common edible mushrooms and is high in yield and fast in hypha growth, the mushroom base material is high in harmless degree, the raw materials are wide in source and low in cost, the production cost is reduced by about 40% compared with that of a traditional mushroom base material, remarkable economic and environmental benefits are achieved, and the technological operation is simple and large-scale popularization is easy.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of solid waste resource utilization and edible fungi cultivation technology, specifically a method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the main raw materials for mushroom substrates are cottonseed hulls, sawdust, and corn cobs. For example, Chinese patent application CN107691115A discloses a technology for producing enoki mushroom substrate using cyanobacteria, corn cobs, and broadleaf wood sawdust as the main raw materials. This technology belongs to the field of agricultural production technology and can be applied to the production of enoki mushroom substrate. This invention involves mechanically dehydrating cyanobacteria to a moisture content of 75%, mixing it with corn cobs crushed to 6-8 mm particles and broadleaf wood sawdust with particles of 4-5 mm in a 1:2:1 ratio, and then detoxifying it through aerobic fermentation using specific microbial populations. Finally, 1% gypsum, 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% superphosphate, and 1% corn flour are added to adjust the moisture content of the substrate to approximately 60%, producing a high-quality enoki mushroom substrate. However, the above-mentioned existing technologies have the following shortcomings: 1. High raw material prices; 2. Unstable supply; 3. Reliance on limited resources, which is not conducive to sustainable development.

[0003] In addition, some studies have attempted to prepare mushroom substrates using agricultural waste (such as straw, bagasse, etc.). For example, Chinese invention patent application CN 111657054A provides a culture medium for the cultivation of king oyster mushrooms and its preparation method. This invention uses corn cobs, corn stalks, bagasse, and sawdust as the main materials of the culture medium to provide sufficient carbon for the growth of king oyster mushrooms, and wheat bran, cornmeal, and rice bran as auxiliary materials to provide sufficient nitrogen for the growth of king oyster mushrooms, which can ensure the normal growth of king oyster mushrooms. Secondly, by adding king oyster mushroom mycelium to the culture medium, the yield of king oyster mushrooms can be increased to a certain extent. In the process of mixing the culture medium, the main materials and auxiliary materials are first mixed evenly, and then the mixed main materials and auxiliary materials are mixed with water, which can improve the uniformity of the culture medium raw materials. However, the above technical solutions have the following shortcomings: the carbon-nitrogen ratio of fibrous materials is too high (usually >50:1), resulting in unbalanced nutrition and slow mycelial growth.

[0004] Food waste primarily originates from catering establishments, including restaurants and canteens. It has a complex composition, containing food scraps, oil, and water mixtures. Food waste originates from restaurants, hotels, and other catering establishments and their kitchens, and includes various food remnants and waste. Currently, most food waste is disposed of through landfill, resulting in a low rate of resource utilization. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problems that this invention aims to solve are: the imbalance of carbon and nitrogen ratio when using fibrous solid waste as a substrate for mushroom cultivation, the low resource utilization rate of kitchen waste, and the high cost of traditional substrates.

[0006] Objective of the Invention: This invention addresses the problems existing in the prior art by disclosing a method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste. This invention achieves waste reduction and harmless treatment, while simultaneously improving the nutritional balance and cultivation performance of the mushroom substrate.

[0007] Technical solution: A method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste, the steps of which are as follows: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 60℃~70℃ for 3~4 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:0.5~1.5, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 2~3 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile and simmer at 30℃~40℃ for at least 48 h, turning it over once every 4h~6h during the period, and then drying it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1 to 8:1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to ensure that it is 22 to 28:1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 65% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) fermentation is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 62%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

[0008] The mushroom substrate is prepared by any one of the methods described above.

[0009] The innovation of this invention lies in: 1. Food waste is hydrolyzed with a specific microbial agent and then co-fermented with pretreated plant fiber solid waste in a certain proportion. The carbon-nitrogen ratio is precisely controlled and harmful substances are degraded through compound microbial agents and high-temperature fermentation process. No literature reports have been found on this method combination.

[0010] 2. By pretreating kitchen waste with hydrolytic acidifying bacteria, oils and salts are effectively degraded, and the availability of nitrogen sources is improved; 3. Use wood ash to pretreat fiber materials to improve their degradation performance; 4. Through mixed fermentation and nutrient regulation, the carbon-nitrogen ratio was reduced from >50:1 to 22-28:1, which meets the growth requirements of edible fungi; 5. The high-temperature fermentation stage has both sterilization and ripening functions, avoiding secondary contamination.

[0011] Beneficial Effects: The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste disclosed in this invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) Achieve efficient synergistic utilization of kitchen waste and fibrous solid waste, with a waste reduction rate of over 85%; (2) The substrate is suitable for the cultivation of a variety of common edible fungi, with high yield and fast mycelial growth. The carbon-nitrogen ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the mushroom substrate all meet the growth requirements of edible fungi, shortening the mycelial colonization time by 1 to 2 days and increasing the yield by 15% to 20%. (3) High-temperature fermentation effectively kills miscellaneous bacteria and insect eggs, resulting in a high degree of harmlessness of the mushroom substrate; (4) The raw materials are widely available and low in cost, reducing the production cost by about 40% compared to traditional mushroom substrate, thus providing significant economic and environmental benefits; (5) The process is simple to operate and easy to scale up. Detailed Implementation

[0012] The specific embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below.

[0013] The "range" disclosed in this invention is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if a range of 10–50 is listed for a specific parameter, it is also expected that ranges of 10–40 and 20–50 are also included. Furthermore, if the minimum range values ​​are 1 and 2, and the maximum range values ​​are 3, 4, and 5, then the following ranges are all expected: 1–3, 1–4, 1–5, 2–3, 2–4, and 2–5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a–b" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0–5" means that all real numbers between "0–5" have been listed herein; "0–5" is merely a shortened representation of these numerical combinations.

[0014] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0015] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0016] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0017] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "comprising" and "including" as used in this application can be open-ended or closed-ended. For example, "comprising" and "including" can mean that other components not listed may also be included, or that only the listed components may be included.

[0018] Unless otherwise specified, the reaction will proceed under normal temperature and pressure conditions.

[0019] Unless otherwise specified, all parts or percentages are by weight or by weight percentage.

[0020] In this invention, all the substances used are known substances that can be purchased or synthesized by known methods.

[0021] In this invention, all the devices or equipment used are conventional devices or equipment known in the art and are readily available.

[0022] The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 60℃~70℃ for 3~4 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:0.5~1.5, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 2~3 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile and simmer at 30℃~40℃ for at least 48 h, turning it over once every 4h~6h during the period, and then drying it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1 to 8:1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to ensure that it is 22 to 28:1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 65% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) fermentation is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 62%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (1), hard impurities with a diameter of more than 1 cm are removed from the kitchen waste by sieving.

[0024] Furthermore, in step (1), based on the total mass of the kitchen waste after impurity removal, the amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 0.4% to 0.6%.

[0025] Further, in step (1), the mass concentration of the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 8% to 12%, and the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur bacteria and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 1.5 to 2.5: 1.5 to 2.5: 1.

[0026] Furthermore, the pH adjuster in step (1) is composed of an acidic substance and an alkaline substance, wherein: The acidic substance is one or more of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and phosphoric acid; The alkaline substance is one or more of lime, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate.

[0027] Furthermore, the total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 1.5% to 2.0%, and the carbon content is 18% to 22%.

[0028] Further, the plant fiber solid waste mentioned in step (2) is a mixture of waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers grains, with a mass ratio of (10-20): (10-20): (15-25): (15-25): (10-20): (10-20).

[0029] Furthermore, in step (2), the amount of wood ash added is 8% to 12% based on the total mass of the plant fiber solid waste.

[0030] Furthermore, in step (2), the moisture content of the dried plant fiber solid waste is less than 25%.

[0031] Furthermore, in step (3), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is adjusted by regulating the ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate, wherein: When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​less than 22:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be increased based on the original feeding ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​greater than 28:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be reduced from the original ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate.

[0032] Furthermore, the height of the fermentation pile in step (4) is 1.0 to 1.2 m and the width is 1.5 to 2.0 m.

[0033] Furthermore, in step (4), the air flow rate is maintained at 0.3 vvm to 0.5 vvm throughout the fermentation process.

[0034] Furthermore, the fermentation regime for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in step (4) is as follows: Heating period: lasts 1 to 3 days, control the pile temperature to 55 to 60℃, and turn the pile once a day; High temperature period: lasts for 4 to 10 days, maintain pile temperature at 60 to 65°C, turn the pile once every 2 days. If the moisture content of the co-fermentation substrate is lower than 55% during this period, add an appropriate amount of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 65%. Cooling period: lasts 11 to 15 days, the pile temperature naturally drops below 40℃, continue turning the pile until the temperature stabilizes at 25 to 30℃, fermentation ends.

[0035] Furthermore, the aperture of the sieve used in step (5) is 0.6cm to 1.25cm.

[0036] Furthermore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 22 to 28:1.

[0037] Furthermore, the pH value of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 7.0 to 7.5.

[0038] Furthermore, the heavy metal content of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) meets the standard of GB 19783-2005.

[0039] The mushroom substrate is prepared by any one of the methods described above.

[0040] In one embodiment: The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 60℃ for 4 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution of a certain concentration. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:0.5, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 2 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile it up at 30°C for 96 h. During this period, turn it over once every 4 h, and then dry it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to be 22:1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

[0041] Furthermore, in step (1), hard impurities with a diameter of more than 1 cm are removed from the kitchen waste by sieving.

[0042] Furthermore, in step (1), the amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 0.4% based on the total mass of the kitchen waste after impurity removal.

[0043] Further, in step (1), the mass concentration of the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 8%, and the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur bacteria and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 1.5:1.5:1.

[0044] Furthermore, the pH adjuster in step (1) is hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate.

[0045] Furthermore, the total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 1.5%, and the carbon content is 18%.

[0046] Furthermore, the plant fiber solid waste mentioned in step (2) is a mixture of waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers' grains in a mass ratio of 10:10:15:15:10:10.

[0047] Furthermore, in step (2), the amount of wood ash added is 8% based on the total mass of the plant fiber solid waste.

[0048] Furthermore, in step (2), the moisture content of the dried plant fiber solid waste is less than 25%.

[0049] Furthermore, in step (3), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is adjusted by regulating the ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate, wherein: When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​less than 22:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be increased based on the original feeding ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​greater than 28:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be reduced from the original ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate.

[0050] Furthermore, the fermentation pile described in step (4) has a height of 1.0 m and a width of 1.5 m.

[0051] Furthermore, in step (4), the air flow rate is maintained at 0.3vvm throughout the fermentation process.

[0052] Furthermore, the fermentation regime for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in step (4) is as follows: Heating period: lasts for 1 day, control the pile temperature to rise to 55℃, and turn the pile once a day; High temperature period: last for 4 days, maintain pile temperature at 60℃, turn the pile once every 2 days. If the moisture content of the co-fermentation substrate is lower than 55% during this period, add an appropriate amount of kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) to adjust the moisture content to 60%. Cooling period: lasts for 11 days, during which the pile temperature naturally drops below 40℃. Continue turning the pile until the temperature stabilizes at 25℃, at which point fermentation ends.

[0053] Furthermore, the sieve mesh size in step (5) is 0.6 cm.

[0054] Furthermore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 22:1.

[0055] Furthermore, the pH value of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 7.0.

[0056] Furthermore, the heavy metal content of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) meets the standard of GB 19783-2005.

[0057] The mushroom substrate is prepared by any one of the methods described above.

[0058] In another embodiment: The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 70℃ for 3 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution of a certain concentration. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:1.5, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 3 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile it up at 40°C for 48 h. During this period, turn it over once every 6 h, and then dry it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 8:1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to be 28:1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 65% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) fermentation is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 62%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

[0059] Furthermore, in step (1), hard impurities with a diameter of more than 1 cm are removed from the kitchen waste by sieving.

[0060] Furthermore, in step (1), the amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution used is 0.6% based on the total mass of the kitchen waste after impurity removal.

[0061] Further, in step (1), the mass concentration of the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 12%, and the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur bacteria and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 2.5:2.5:1.

[0062] Furthermore, the pH adjuster in step (1) is sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate.

[0063] Furthermore, the total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 2.0%, and the carbon content is 22%.

[0064] Furthermore, the plant fiber solid waste mentioned in step (2) is a mixture of waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers' grains in a mass ratio of 20:20:25:25:20:20.

[0065] Furthermore, in step (2), the amount of wood ash added is 12% based on the total mass of the plant fiber solid waste.

[0066] Furthermore, in step (2), the moisture content of the dried plant fiber solid waste is less than 25%.

[0067] Furthermore, in step (3), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is adjusted by regulating the ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate, wherein: When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​less than 22:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be increased based on the original feeding ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​greater than 28:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be reduced from the original ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate.

[0068] Furthermore, the fermentation pile described in step (4) has a height of 1.2 m and a width of 2.0 m.

[0069] Furthermore, in step (4), the air flow rate is maintained at 0.5 vvm throughout the fermentation process.

[0070] Furthermore, the fermentation regime for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in step (4) is as follows: Heating period: lasts for 3 days, control the pile temperature to rise to 60℃, and turn the pile once a day; High temperature period: last for 10 days, maintain pile temperature at 65℃, turn the pile once every 2 days. If the moisture content of the co-fermentation substrate is lower than 55% during this period, add an appropriate amount of kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) to adjust the moisture content to 65%. Cooling period: lasts for 15 days, the pile temperature naturally drops below 40℃, continue turning the pile until the temperature stabilizes at 30℃, fermentation ends.

[0071] Furthermore, the sieve mesh size in step (5) is 1.25 cm.

[0072] Furthermore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 28:1.

[0073] Furthermore, the pH value of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 7.5.

[0074] Furthermore, the heavy metal content of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) meets the standard of GB 19783-2005.

[0075] The mushroom substrate is prepared by any one of the methods described above.

[0076] In yet another embodiment: The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 65℃ for 3.5 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:1, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 2.5 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile it up at 35°C for 60 h. During this period, turn it over once every 5 h, and then dry it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 9:1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to be 25:1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 62% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) fermentation is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 61%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

[0077] Furthermore, in step (1), hard impurities with a diameter of more than 1 cm are removed from the kitchen waste by sieving.

[0078] Furthermore, in step (1), the amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 0.5% based on the total mass of the kitchen waste after impurity removal.

[0079] Further, in step (1), the mass concentration of the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 10%, and the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur bacteria and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 2:2:1.

[0080] Further, the pH adjuster in step (1) is hydrochloric acid and lime. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is citric acid and calcium hydroxide. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is lactic acid and sodium carbonate. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is malic acid and sodium carbonate. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate. In another embodiment, the pH adjuster in step (1) is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, lime, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate.

[0081] Furthermore, the total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 2%, and the carbon content is 20%.

[0082] Furthermore, the plant fiber solid waste mentioned in step (2) is a mixture of waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers' grains in a mass ratio of 15:15:20:20:15:15.

[0083] Furthermore, in step (2), the amount of wood ash added is 10% based on the total mass of the plant fiber solid waste.

[0084] Furthermore, in step (2), the moisture content of the dried plant fiber solid waste is less than 25%.

[0085] Furthermore, in step (3), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is adjusted by regulating the ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate, wherein: When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​less than 22:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be increased based on the original feeding ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​greater than 28:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be reduced from the original ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate.

[0086] Furthermore, the fermentation pile described in step (4) has a height of 1.1 m and a width of 1.8 m.

[0087] Furthermore, in step (4), the air flow rate is maintained at 0.4 vvm throughout the fermentation process.

[0088] Furthermore, the fermentation regime for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in step (4) is as follows: Heating period: lasts for 2 days, control the pile temperature to rise to 58℃, and turn the pile once a day; High temperature period: last for 6 days, maintain pile temperature at 62℃, turn the pile once every 2 days. If the moisture content of the co-fermentation substrate is lower than 55% during this period, add an appropriate amount of kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) to adjust the moisture content to 62%. Cooling period: lasts for 13 days, the pile temperature naturally drops below 40℃, continue turning the pile until the temperature stabilizes at 28℃, fermentation ends.

[0089] Furthermore, the sieve mesh size in step (5) is 1 cm.

[0090] Furthermore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 25:1.

[0091] Furthermore, the pH value of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 7.3.

[0092] Furthermore, the heavy metal content of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) meets the standard of GB 19783-2005.

[0093] The mushroom substrate is prepared by any one of the methods described above.

[0094] Example 1: Production of oyster mushroom substrate.

[0095] The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Collect kitchen waste, remove hard impurities (such as bones and plastics) with a diameter of more than 1 cm, and ferment it at 65℃ for 3.5 hours. In the first hour of fermentation, based on the total mass of kitchen waste after impurity removal, spray 0.5% of a 10% concentration of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution (the thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent is made by thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur Bacillus and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 2:2:1). After fermentation, add tap water at a mass ratio of 1:1, filter with a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and adjust its pH value to 2.5 with citric acid and sodium carbonate to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: Waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers' grains are mixed at a mass fraction of 15%, 15%, 20%, 20%, 15% and 15%, respectively, and crushed to a particle size of less than 1 cm. Wood ash is added at 10% of the total mass of the mixture. After mixing evenly, the mixture is piled up at 35°C and left to simmer for 48 hours. The mixture is turned over once every 6 hours and dried until the moisture content is less than 22% to obtain pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The plant fiber solid waste pretreated in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1 (for oyster mushrooms, a higher fiber ratio is selected to provide sufficient carbon source). After mixing, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to be 25:1. Add an appropriate amount of water and adjust its moisture content to 62% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High-temperature sterilization: The prepared co-fermentation substrate is piled into a fermentation pile with a height of 1.0m and a width of 1.8m. An aeration pipe is inserted, and air is continuously introduced during the fermentation process. The aeration rate is controlled at 0.4 vvm for high-temperature aerobic fermentation. Heating period: lasts for 1 day, with the pile temperature rising to 58℃, and the pile is turned over once a day; High temperature period: lasts for 4 days, maintaining the pile temperature at 63℃, turning the pile once every 2 days. During this period, as the moisture content drops to 56%, a small amount of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is added once to restore the moisture content to 62%. Cooling period: lasts 11 days: the pile temperature naturally drops to 38℃, and the pile is turned over until the temperature stabilizes at 28℃, at which point fermentation ends.

[0096] (5) Base material maturation: After fermentation, sieve (1.0 cm aperture), add an appropriate amount of water to adjust the moisture content to 61%, and the mushroom base material is obtained.

[0097] After testing, the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 1 had a pH value of 7.2, a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 25:1, and heavy metal content that met the GB 19783-2005 standard.

[0098] Furthermore, the total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 1.8% and the carbon content is 20%.

[0099] When the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 1 was used for oyster mushroom cultivation, the mycelial colonization time was shortened to 5 days (1.5 days less than that of traditional substrates), and the yield was increased by 18%.

[0100] Example 2: Production of shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0101] The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Same as in Example 1, kitchen waste hydrolysate with pH value 2.8, total nitrogen content 1.6% and carbon content 19% was obtained.

[0102] (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: The fiber raw material ratio is the same as in Example 1 (15% waste bamboo powder, 15% wood chips, 20% bagasse, 20% coconut meal, 15% cottonseed meal, 15% corn distillers' grains). After adding 10% wood ash for pretreatment, the moisture content is controlled at 24%.

[0103] (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste and kitchen waste hydrolysate were mixed at a mass ratio of 9:1 (for shiitake mushrooms, the proportion of hydrolysate was appropriately increased to increase the nitrogen source). After mixing, the carbon-nitrogen ratio was measured to be 26:1, and the moisture content was adjusted to 63%.

[0104] (4) High-temperature sterilization: The fermentation pile dimensions are 1.2m high and 2.0m wide, with an aeration rate of 0.3 vvm. Fermentation process: During the heating period, which lasts for 3 days, the pile temperature rises to 60℃, and the pile is turned over once a day. During the high-temperature period, which lasted for 10 days, the pile temperature was maintained at 65°C. The pile was turned over once every 2 days. During this period, as the moisture content dropped to 56%, a small amount of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) was added 3 times to restore the moisture content to 63%. Cooling period: lasts 15 days: the pile temperature drops to 35℃, and after turning the pile, the temperature stabilizes at 26℃.

[0105] (5) Base material maturation: After fermentation, sieve (1.0 cm aperture), add an appropriate amount of water to adjust the moisture content to 60%, and the mushroom base material is obtained.

[0106] The tested indicators showed that the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 2 had a pH value of 7.4, a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 26:1, and met the heavy metal standards.

[0107] When the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 2 was used for shiitake mushroom cultivation, the mycelial colonization time was shortened to 8 days (a reduction of 2 days), and the yield was increased by 20%.

[0108] Example 3: Production of Enoki Mushroom Substrate.

[0109] The method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste comprises the following steps: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Same as in Example 1, kitchen waste hydrolysate with pH value 2.3, total nitrogen content 2.0% and carbon content 22% was obtained.

[0110] (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: The fiber raw material ratio is the same as in Example 1, but it is crushed to a particle size of less than 0.8 cm (fineer plant fiber solid waste is conducive to the growth of fusiforme mycelium). After adding 10% wood ash for pretreatment, the moisture content is controlled at 20%.

[0111] (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: Plant fiber solid waste and kitchen waste hydrolysate are mixed at a mass ratio of 8:1 (increasing the proportion of hydrolysate to reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio). After mixing, the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 22:1. Add an appropriate amount of water to adjust the moisture content to 65%.

[0112] (4) High-temperature sterilization: The fermentation pile is 1.1m high and 1.5m wide, with an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm to enhance oxygen supply. Heating period: lasts for 2 days, with the pile temperature rising to 55℃, and the pile is turned over once a day; High temperature period: lasts for 6 days, maintaining the pile temperature at 60℃, turning the pile once every 2 days. During this period, as the moisture content drops to 56%, a small amount of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is added twice to restore the moisture content to 65%. Cooling period: lasts for 12 days. After the pile temperature drops to 40℃, the pile is turned over until the temperature stabilizes at 25℃.

[0113] 5) Substrate maturation: After fermentation, sieve (1.0 cm aperture), add an appropriate amount of water to bring the moisture content to 62%, and you will get the mushroom substrate.

[0114] After testing, the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 2 had a pH value of 7.0, a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 22:1, and a heavy metal content that met the GB 19783-2005 standard.

[0115] When the mushroom substrate prepared in Example 3 was used for enoki mushroom cultivation, the mycelial colonization time was shortened to 6 days (reduced by 1 day), and the yield was increased by 15%.

[0116] The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above. However, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made within the scope of knowledge possessed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for co-producing mushroom substrate using kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste, characterized in that, The steps are as follows: (1) Preparation of kitchen waste hydrolysate: Remove impurities from kitchen waste, and then ferment it at 60℃~70℃ for 3~4 hours. During the first hour of fermentation, spray an appropriate amount of thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution. After fermentation, add water at a mass ratio of 1:0.5~1.5, filter it using a plate and frame filter press, take the filtrate, and then adjust its pH value to 2~3 using a pH adjuster to obtain kitchen waste hydrolysate. (2) Pretreatment of plant fiber solid waste: crush the plant fiber solid waste to a particle size of less than 1 cm, then add an appropriate amount of wood ash, mix evenly, and then pile and simmer at 30℃~40℃ for at least 48 h, turning it over once every 4h~6h during the period, and then drying it to obtain the pretreated plant fiber solid waste. (3) Preparation of co-fermentation substrate: The pretreated plant fiber solid waste obtained in step (2) and the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) are mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1 to 8:

1. After mixing evenly, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is measured to ensure that it is 22 to 28:

1. Then, an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 65% to obtain the co-fermentation substrate. (4) High temperature sterilization: The co-fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is piled into a fermentation pile, and an air pipe is inserted to continuously introduce air for high temperature aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, proceed to step (5). (5) Mushroom substrate maturation: The co-fermentation substrate after step (4) fermentation is sieved, and then an appropriate amount of water is added to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 62%, thus obtaining the mushroom substrate.

2. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the kitchen waste is sieved to remove hard impurities with a diameter of more than 1 cm, and / or In step (1), based on the total mass of the kitchen waste after impurity removal, the dosage of the thermophilic acidifying compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 0.4% to 0.6%, and / or In step (1), the mass concentration of the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent aqueous solution is 8% to 12%, and the thermophilic acidification compound bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic Bacillus, sulfur bacteria and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in a mass ratio of 1.5 to 2.5: 1.5 to 2.5:

1.

3. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The pH adjuster in step (1) consists of an acidic substance and an alkaline substance, wherein: The acidic substance is one or more of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and phosphoric acid; The alkaline substance is one or more of lime, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate, and / or The total nitrogen content of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) is 1.5% to 2.0%, and the carbon content is 18% to 22%.

4. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The plant fiber solid waste mentioned in step (2) is a mixture of waste bamboo powder, sawdust, bagasse, coconut meal, cottonseed meal and corn distillers grains, with a mass ratio of (10-20):(10-20):(15-25):(15-25):(10-20):(10-20) and / or In step (2), based on the total mass of the plant fiber solid waste, the amount of wood ash added is 8% to 12% and / or In step (2), the moisture content of the dried plant fiber solid waste is less than 25%.

5. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is adjusted by regulating the ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate, wherein: When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​less than 22:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be increased based on the original feeding ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the matrix is ​​greater than 28:1, the proportion of pretreated plant fiber solid waste should be reduced from the original ratio of pretreated plant fiber solid waste to kitchen waste hydrolysate.

6. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation pile described in step (4) has a height of 1.0–1.2 m and a width of 1.5–2.0 m, and / or In step (4), the air flow rate is maintained at 0.3 vvm to 0.5 vvm throughout the fermentation process.

7. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation regime for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in step (4) is as follows: Heating period: lasts 1 to 3 days, control the pile temperature to 55 to 60℃, and turn the pile once a day; High temperature period: lasts for 4 to 10 days, maintain pile temperature at 60 to 65°C, turn the pile once every 2 days. If the moisture content of the co-fermentation substrate is lower than 55% during this period, add an appropriate amount of the kitchen waste hydrolysate obtained in step (1) to adjust the moisture content to 60% to 65%. Cooling period: lasts 11 to 15 days, the pile temperature naturally drops below 40℃, continue turning the pile until the temperature stabilizes at 25 to 30℃, fermentation ends.

8. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The sieve mesh size in step (5) is 0.6cm to 1.25cm, and / or The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) is 22-28:

1.

9. The method for co-producing mushroom substrate from kitchen waste and plant fiber solid waste as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) has a pH value of 7.0–7.5, and / or The heavy metal content of the mushroom substrate obtained in step (5) meets the standard of GB 19783-2005.

10. A mushroom substrate, characterized in that, Prepared by the method described in any one of claims 1-9.